Solve the ODE 7 + 2ve" + (y + ey’ = 0. Here, M = y?/2 + 2ye, N=ytet => My=y+2e% Ny = eh # My. Hence, it is not an exact equation. Now, My-Ny_ytet N yrer Hence, 1 = exp ( J f(x) dx) = exp ( fa ‘There exists a function u(x, y) such that = 1=f x). is an integrating factor. (a) uy = pM = + 2ye*, (b) uy = uN = ye +e Integrating (a) with respect to x and (b) with respect to y, we have ay? = sye* +90), v= oe + ye™ + h(x), 1 Matching these, we take g(y) = h(x) = 0. ey The solution curves: u(t.y) = C or, So +ye* =Solve the IVP (e* + yo") dx + (xe” = 1) dy = 0, (0) = = 1. Here, M = e+ ye, N = xe? — 1 = My—Ny = e+ ye? So, itis not an exact equation. Now, My-Ne _ et? +ye? el is not a function of x alone. And, My-Ny _ e+ ye? M &¥ + yey a) is a function of y alone. So, we take the integrating factor as ls) = exp (~ / 20) dy) = exp( = / dy) = Multiplying it with the ODE, we have (ce +y)dv+ (ve) dy =0.The ODE (e* +y) d+ (xe) dy = 0 should be exact. Verify: (e+y), = 1 = (v-e),. Since it is an exact equation, u(x, y) exists with (aur=e ty, (b) uy =x- Integrating (a) with respect to x and (4) with respect to y we get uy) =e taxyt gy). uly) = xy +e +: Q). Matching these: gi(y) = e~ and M(x) = &*. Then the solution curves are given by u(x, y) = Cor, Cay eee, Since y(0) = -1, we get e+ 0(-I) +e! = C > C= 1 +e. The solution of the IVP is e* +xy+e% = 1 +e.ODES of the following type can be reduced to variables separable: dy ax t+ by+c dx x+bty+cr Use x=X+h, y=Y¥ +k. Then, we have dY _ dy _ ax+byt+ dX dx aX + bY +ah+ bk+c axt+bly+e aX+bY¥ +ath+b'k+c! Choose h,k so that ah+ bk+c=0, ath+b’k +e’ =0. Then, the ODE is simplified to dY — aX+bY _ a+ b(¥/X) dX a’X+d'Y = ebay St.Now, the earlier method of substituting Y = wX will separate the variables. Then, solution curves will be obtained in the form o(X, Y) = 0, and then we substitute back to obtain g(x = h,y- k).= 0.Solve the ODE (3y— 7x +7) + (Ty—3x+ 3)’ = 0. 7 7 The ODE is y’ = ——-—.. Y* Taye Ty+3 The coefficients of x, y in the linear expressions are not in ratio. So, substitute x =X +h, y=Y+k. The linear equations are 7h Solving, h = 1, k = 0. Take a = -3h + Tk +3. y = Y. Then the ODE is [3y -70X +1) +7] +[ty-30+ +3] =0 dy _ 1X dX -3X +79 7-3(Y/X) 34 7(Y/X)dY du 7-3u Substitute Y = uX so that xe mt "= Then, du Ta3u Ta But 3u-2e 7-7 ax 340 BT STTu - 31 4 Now, aa 1 du-1 nie 7-1 1 2 3 3 5 log la? = I] + Flog lu I] = Flog |u + I] = log |X] + C1. Take exponential of both sides: aX] = | = 17a 17. Substitute w = Y/X, X =.x— 1, Y = y and simplify: (y+x-1(y—x +1)?This method fails when we cannot solve ah+bk+co=0, ah+b'k+e = When does it happen? When a/a’ = b/b’. In that case, the ODE is dy __axt+byte dx m(ax + by) +e"Then, instead of shifting both the variables, we substitute u = ax + by. Then, w’ = a + by’. And the ODE is reduced to ute u’ =atby =atb. ute Here, the variables are separated.Solve (x+y— Ly! = 20+ 2y 41. Here, the coefficients of x, y are in ratio. Substitute w = .x + y so that w’ = 1 + y’, the ODE is 2 +1 = du wl dx wl u-l Integrate. | w= fas = : =log|ul =x+C1. Substi ite u = x + y and simplify to get y-2v-Cy =log|y+y| > Ce = x+y.MA acto Diffewohisl Equchens [9 Ansignmeat Uh 1. 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