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El Desafío de Don Pantaleón (2xhoja87) - Beatriz Concha PDF

This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences: Don Pantaleon Cornejo, a former school teacher and director, had become the unofficial correspondent of Molina, describing events and gossip to locals. At the beginning of the story, he is observing the arrival at church of a bride whose groom is late. The story then shifts to discuss how Don Pantaleon shares news throughout the town, including the discovery of the groom's dead body a few days later in a nearby field.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
553 views87 pages

El Desafío de Don Pantaleón (2xhoja87) - Beatriz Concha PDF

This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences: Don Pantaleon Cornejo, a former school teacher and director, had become the unofficial correspondent of Molina, describing events and gossip to locals. At the beginning of the story, he is observing the arrival at church of a bride whose groom is late. The story then shifts to discuss how Don Pantaleon shares news throughout the town, including the discovery of the groom's dead body a few days later in a nearby field.

Uploaded by

PAOLA ANGULO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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