GUIPOS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Pob. Guipos, Zamboanga del Sur

WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 10
Quarter 3 – Week 4

Name of Learner: ________________________________ Grade & Section: _____________ Date: ________

A. Topic: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

B. MELCS with Code: Explain how protein is made using information from DNA (S10LT-IIId-37)
C. Week Number: Quarter 3 – Week 4
D. Background Information:
What are proteins? They are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
What are the roles and functions of proteins?
• channels in membranes – control the movement of molecules in and out of the cell
• structural molecules – for example, making up hair or muscle in animals
• hormones – to regulate the activity of cells
• antibodies – in the immune system
• enzymes – to act as catalysts in biological systems.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) work together to produce proteins from genetic
codes. Genetic codes are found in DNA or RNA which is made up of nucleotide bases usually in three’s
(triplet) that code for the amino acids making up the proteins.
Before we proceed, let us talk about the different types of ribonucleic acids and their functions.
There are 3 types of RNA:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) - transcribes the DNA nucleotide bases to RNA nucleotide bases
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - binds the mRNA and tRNA to ensure that codons are translated correctly
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - translates the mRNA codons into the correct amino acids
There are two stages of protein synthesis:
1. Transcription
2. Translation
To further understand the protein synthesis, let’s talk about genetic code.
Genetic codes are found in DNA or RNA which is made up of nucleotide bases usually in three’s
(triplet) that code for the amino acids making up the proteins. Specifically, the DNA genetic codes have
mRNA codon counterparts determined during transcription. The mRNA codons code for specific amino
acids (Table 1).

Important Codons:
Start Codons: AUG (starts the translation
stage);
Stop Codons: UAG, UGA, UAA (stops the
translation stage).
When the ribosome reads the start codon, AUG,
it will present the codons to the tRNA for
translation stage to begin.

Transcription occurs inside the nucleus, and it is

the first step in gene expression.
In transcription stage of protein synthesis, the DNA
unzips through the help of enzymes called RNA
polymerases. They combine nucleotides to form an RNA
strand (using one of the DNA strands as a template).

For a protein-coding gene, the messenger RNA

carries the information needed to build a polypeptide.
The messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA form of the
gene that leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore
and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are made.
Take note, transcription is the process wherein the DNA
sequence of a gene is "rewritten" using RNA
nucleotides.
 The second stage of protein synthesis is translation. It is where the codes in the messenger
RNA is translated to a polypeptide that contains a specific series of amino acids. Amino acid bonds with
each other to form polypeptides which make up proteins.

So, let’s take a look on the first stage of translation

which is initiation. In this stage of translation, the ribosome
sandwiches the mRNA between its small and large subunit to
be translated. The first codon that will be read is AUG that is
called the start codon, and consequently codes for the amino
acid methionine.

Elongation is the
second stage in
translation where the amino acid chain gets longer. In this
stage, messenger RNA reads one codon at a time. Then,
the amino acid corresponding each codon is added to a
growing polypeptide chain. Remember, genetic codes are
found in DNA or RNA which is made up of nucleotide bases
usually in three’s (triplet) that code for the amino acids
making up the proteins. Specifically, the DNA genetic codes
have mRNA codon counterparts determined during
transcription. The mRNA codons code for specific amino
acids.
Each time a new codon is read, a matching transfer RNA
gets into the ribosomes carrying the anticodon and the corresponding amino acid of the mRNA codon.
Amino acids are connected with each other by peptide bonds becoming a polypeptide.
During elongation, transfer RNAs move through the A and P sites of the ribosome, as shown
above. This process repeats many times as new codons are translated and new amino acids are added
to the polypeptide chain.

Termination is the last stage of translation. It is where the

finished polypeptide is released. It starts when a stop
codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) is read by the ribosome,
activating a series of events that stop translation and
disassemble the subunits of the ribosomal RNA.
The polypeptide produced in this stage will be
processed further before it becomes a functional protein.

E. Activity

Activity 1 Can you “fill” me

Directions:
Step 1. Fill in the correct mRNA bases by transcribing the bottom DNA strand.
Step 2. Translate the mRNA codons.
Step 3. Write in the anti-codon of the tRNA and the corresponding amino acids.
Step 4. Find the correct amino acid using the Codon Chart.
 GUIPOS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Pob. Guipos, Zamboanga del Sur
WORKSHEET IN SCIENCE 10
Quarter 3 – Week 5

Name of Learner: ________________________________ Grade & Section: _____________ Date: ________

A. Topic: EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

B. MELCS with Code: Explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information provide evidence
for evolution (S10LT-IIIf-39)
C. Week Number: Quarter 3 – Week 5
D. Background Information:
Evidence of Evolution
Evolution is not a historical process; it occurs at this moment. Populations constantly adapt to variations in their
environment and thereby gather changes in the genes that are existing to the species through its gene pool.
Charles Darwin proposed the idea that all new species descend from an ancestor. Thus, he performed an
exhaustive amount of research to provide as much evidence as possible. Today, the significant evidence for this theory is
the fossil record, embryology, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.
Evidence to support the theory of evolution comes from different fields of science. However, pieces of evidence of
evolution are divided into two groups: direct and indirect. Direct evidence can be directly observed or seen, such as fossil
evidence. On the other hand, indirect evidence does not involve actual observation of evolution. We can conclude that
evolution has taken place such of homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures, embryology, and biogeography.

Geological Time Scale and Evolution of Animals and Plants

Giovanni Avduina developed the first geological time scale. The oldness of the Earth is about 4600 million years.
Life first initiated in water (3600 million years ago). The history of the Earth has been separated into several major divisions
called eras. The modern periods are divided into epochs.
The origin of vertebrates took place in the Ordovician period in ostracoderms (jawless vertebrates related to
cyclostomes). Ostracoderms were small, jawless bony fish-like forms. After the ostracoderms, acanthodians (the earliest
known vertebrates with lower jaws) appeared in the Silurian period. Placoderms (the ancient gnathostomes- jawed
vertebrates) also emerged in the Silurian period. Also, the origin of amphibians occurred in the Devonian period. Reptiles
appeared in the Carboniferous period. The origin of dinosaurs and mammals took place in the Triassic period. Toothed
birds (first birds) appeared in the Jurassic Period. Thus, fishes' origin took place first, with amphibians next, followed by
reptiles, then mammals and birds.
Different kinds of algae were present in the Cambrian period. Marine algae were abundant in the Ordovician period.
The origin of bryophytes took place before vascular plants' appearance (pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms).
The origin of vascular plants took place in the Silurian period. First gymnosperms appeared in the Devonian period. The
origin of the first seed plants occurred in the Carboniferous period. Angiosperms appeared in the Cretaceous period.
Angiosperms diversified in the Miocene, and their adaptive radiation occurred in the Pliocene.

PART 1: EVIDENCE OF FOSSIL

Fossils are the remnants of a creature from the primitive times. Most organisms do not fossilize, and geological
processes usually destroy those that do, or they never surface for examination. Fossils are generally formed when an
organism is covered by sediments that then harden into sandstone, slate, mudstone, or flint. Organisms also fossilize when
buried in volcanic ash or entombed in tar or tree sap.
According to experts, fossil provides direct evidence for evolution because it can tell what has happened. By simply
studying fossils occurring in different strata of rocks, geologists can reconstruct evolutionary change time and course. It can
show that variation in time has happened. When fossils are set in the order of how old they are, we can directly compare
their body structures. Through these, fossils' experts can confirm that species are not fixed but can evolve into other species
over time.
Experts have difficulty interpreting fossil evidence because the fossil record is relatively incomplete since a small
number of fossils are found. Moreover, the remains of organisms are preserved only in places where the condition is
favorable.

PART II: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

A. Homologous and Analogous Structure
The discipline of comparative anatomy is vital in understanding relationships among creatures. Structures are
classified to be homologous if they have similar embryonic origins and analogous if they are identical only in function. For
instance, birds' and flies' wings are examples of comparable structures in which they serve the same function but have
different embryonic origins (one is made of bone and flesh, the other is mainly composed of non-living chitin). On the other
hand, birds' wings and the foreleg of a frog are considered homologous structures (though limbs have different functions,
their embryonic origins are alike). For some comparative anatomists, homologous structures are important because they
imply an evolutionary linkage between two species. However, comparing the anatomy and the development of organisms
reveals a unity of plan among those strictly connected. The more species have the same functions in terms of body, the
nearer they are related.

B. Vestigial Structure
Gradual changes have occurred through time that has, in some cases, reduced or removed the function of
somebody's organs and structure. The human’s appendix that is reduced and no longer digests rough vegetation
(Figure 5) and pelvic bones of snakes with reduced hind legs (Figure 6) are examples of this phenomenon. Moreover,
vestigial structures are structures that have gone their function in the organism and have become reduced in size (because
of efficiency).

PART III: EMBRYOLOGY

A study of organism's embryonic progress provides further clues to its evolutionary past. Scientists proclaimed that
"ontogeny summarizes phylogeny." Simply means that this theory proposes that if a certain organism undergo its
embryonic development (ontogeny), it duplicates (recapitulates) the stages in its evolutionary history (phylogeny). For
example, during your development, human folds in the neck area are referred to as pharyngeal pouches, which in some
animals become gills. This notion of embryology as an "instant replay" of evolution has been called the biogenetic law.
Although the connection between evolution and embryonic development is more complex than once thought, related
organisms do show similarities in their embryonic development (see figure 5). These resemblances can be traced to the
conservative nature of embryology: small changes on the early development can have severe significances in advanced
phases concluded a "domino" effect. Gills are not found in adult humans therefore all vertebrates have comparable pouches
from which they ascend. For humans, these pharyngeal pouches go on to develop muscles for eating and facial appearance,
endocrine glands in the neck and bones of the middle ear. From an evolutionary perspective, many people believe
similarities in embryology are valuable because they reveal our kinship with other phylum members.