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Techniques of Integration

This document discusses several techniques for evaluating integrals, including integration by change of variable, integration by parts, and trigonometric substitution. Integration by change of variable involves introducing a new variable to make the integral easier to solve. Integration by parts uses the formula: the integral of u dv = uv - integral of v du. Trigonometric substitution replaces radical expressions with trigonometric functions to simplify integrals, using trigonometric identities. Examples are provided to illustrate each technique.

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Jaren Hidalgo
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19 views

Techniques of Integration

This document discusses several techniques for evaluating integrals, including integration by change of variable, integration by parts, and trigonometric substitution. Integration by change of variable involves introducing a new variable to make the integral easier to solve. Integration by parts uses the formula: the integral of u dv = uv - integral of v du. Trigonometric substitution replaces radical expressions with trigonometric functions to simplify integrals, using trigonometric identities. Examples are provided to illustrate each technique.

Uploaded by

Jaren Hidalgo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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techniques of

Integration
Integration by change

Integration by change of variable is the inverse of the chain rule for derivatives.

The integral by change of variable is performed by introducing a new variable into the
equation and using this choice of change to make the integral easier to solve.

Whenever we do an integral by change of variable, we must change, also, the


differential in the integral; since we will now be considering the area with respect to a
change in a different variable. We do this by differentiating the change of variable and
then treating the differential of the change of variable (for example) as a fraction to
replace the original differential.

To get to the basic formula for integration by parts, we can integrate both sides with
respect to to obtain:

We substitute, then, so that: U = g(x)

and we arrive at the integral of f'(2): f'(w) = f°(q(x)).

Steps To solve
1)Choose a change of variable that allows to change all the terms and make the integral
as easy as possible.
2)Differentiate the change of variable, so that we can change the differential.
3)Perform the change of variable.
4)Complete the integral.
5)Undo the change of variable.

For example:
Use integration by change of variable:
Solution
Try, first, a change of variable of:

If you use this change of variable, then:

Then substitute this into the integral:

This is now a standard integral, so we can integrate it. As we have already seen, this
integrates to

since the argument of the logarithm is a quadratic function, we can eliminate the
absolute value, since the function within it will always be greater than 0.
Integration by parts
When the integrand is formed by a product (or a division, which we can treat as a
product) it is recommended to use the integration by parts method which consists
of applying the following formula:

Mnemonic rule: One Day I Saw A LESS Skinny Cow Dressed In Uniform (UDV
= UV - FVDU).
Although this is a simple method, it must be applied correctly.

Method:
1. The integrand must be a product of two factors.
2. One of the factors will be u and the other will be dv.
3. Calculate du by deriving u and calculate v by integrating dv.
4. The formula is applied.

Tips
Choose u and dv properly:
A bad choice can further complicate the integrand.
Suppose we have a product in which one of its factors is a monomial (for
example x3). If we consider dv = x3. Then, integrating we will have that v =
x4/4, so we have increased the degree of the exponent and this is usually a step
backwards.
Normally, monomials like u are chosen to reduce their exponent when deriving
them. When the exponent is 0, the monomial is equal to 1 and the integrand is
easier.
Something similar happens with fractions (such as 1/x). If we consider dv = 1/x,
we will have v = log|x| and, probably, we will obtain a more difficult integral.

Examples:
1)

2)

Integrals by trigonometric substitution


In mathematics, trigonometric substitution consists of the substitution of certain
expressions through the use of trigonometric functions. In calculus, trigonometric
substitution is a technique that allows integrals to be evaluated, since
trigonometric identities can be used to simplify certain integrals that contain
radical expressions

Trigonometric integrals include algebraic combinations of the six basic


trigonometric functions, we can always express such integrals in terms of breasts
and cosines.
 

Trigonometric substitution method

The trigonometric substitution method consists of solving integrals that contain


terms of the form:

To make these substitutions with the basic trigonometric functions, each case
must be seen as appropriate.

We can help ourselves with a right triangle as we see in the figure, and
remember a little basic trigonometry, let's remember that in a right triangle:
Examples:

1)

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