Stoichiometric

Calculations
Tools of Analytical Chemistry
Lecture 2
Topic Outline
• Stoichiometry
• The Mole Method
• Solve Problems involving Stoichiometric
Calculations
• The Limiting and Excess Reagents
• Experimental and Theoretical Yield
 Stoichiometry
• is the quantitative study of reactants
and products in chemical reactions
Predicts the ff.
- how much product is obtained
from a given amount of reactants
- how much reactant is needed
to give the required amount of
products
The Mole Method
Stoichiometric Calculations
 Sample Problem 1:
Based on the given chemical reaction below:
2Al(s) + 3I2(s) → 2All3(g)
How many moles of I2 are required to react with
0.429 mol of Al?

Given: 0.429 mol Al mol A 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑨 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑩

Find: mol 𝐼2 (mol B)

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐼2
0.429 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙 × = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑰𝟐
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙
 Sample Problem 2:
A vigorous reaction occurs when a solid potassium is
added to water:
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
a.) How much hydrogen gas (grams) will be produced if only 8.5
moles of potassium is used?

Given: 8.5 mol K mol A 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑨 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑩 → 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑩

Find: mass 𝐻2 (mass B)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 2 𝑔𝐻2
8.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 × × = 𝟖. 𝟓 𝒈𝑯𝟐
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
 Sample Problem 3:
Airbags are a safety feature provided in most automobiles since the
1990s. The effective operation of an airbag requires that it should be
rapidly inflated with an appropriate amount (volume) of gas when the
vehicle is involved in a collision. The inflation is caused when sodium azide
rapidly decomposed via the reaction below:

2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

How many grams of nitrogen gas will be produced when
100.00 g of sodium azide is used?

Given: 100.00 g 𝑁𝑎𝑁3 mass A 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑨 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑩 → 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑩

Find: mass 𝑁2 (mass B)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑁3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 28 𝑔𝑁2

100.00 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁3 × × × = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝒈 𝑵𝟐
65 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑁3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2
 Sample Problem 4:
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O
How many grams of solid calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, are required
to react with 350 mL of 0.40 M HCl?
Given: 𝑉 = 350 𝑚𝐿 𝑀 = 0.40 𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 Vol A
Find: mass 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 (mass B)

𝑽𝒐𝒍 𝑨 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑨 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑩 → 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑩

1𝐿 0.40 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 74 𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2

350 𝑚𝐿 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × × × × = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝒈 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐
1000 𝑚𝐿 1 𝐿 𝐻𝐶𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
 Sample Problem 5:
According to the chemical reaction below, what volume of NO2(g) is
produced from the combustion of 100.00 g of NH3(g) , assuming
the reaction takes place at STP?
4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) → 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Given: 100.00 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 mass A
Find: Vol 𝑁𝑂2 (Vol B)
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑨 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑩 → 𝑽𝒐𝒍 𝑩

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂2 22.4 𝐿 𝑁𝑂2

100.00 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 × × × = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟔 𝒈 𝑵𝑶𝟐
17 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂2
 Sample Problem 6: Excess and Limiting Reagents
1. ) 𝑇𝑜 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑅, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4
In a combustion reaction, 30 g CH4 30 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4 × = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝑯𝟒 𝐄𝐑
reacts with 30 g O2. 16 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
30 𝑔 𝑂2 × = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐 𝐋𝐑
• Which of the two reactants is 32 𝑔 𝑂2
limiting reagent? Oxygen gas
2. ) 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑅, 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
• Calculate the mass of CO2 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡.
produced (21 g CO2)
• How much excess reagent is left 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑨 → 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑩 → 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑩
at the end of the reaction?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 44 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
0.9375 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 × × = 𝟐𝟏 𝒈 𝑪𝑶𝟐
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
 Sample Problem 6: Excess and Limiting Reagents
3. ) 𝑇𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒d
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
In a combustion reaction, 30 g (𝒂𝒎𝒕. 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻
4
CH4 reacts with 30 g O2. 𝟑𝟎 𝒈 𝑪𝑯𝟒 × = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝑯𝟒 𝐄𝐑
16 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
30 𝑔 𝑂2 × = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐 𝐋𝐑
• Which of the two reactants is 32 𝑔 𝑂2
limiting reagent? Oxygen gas 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑇𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
• Calculate the mass of CO2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
produced (21 g CO2)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 16 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4
• How much excess reagent is 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐 × × = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒈 𝑪𝑯𝟒
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4
left at the end of the
(𝑹𝒒. 𝒂𝒎𝒕. 𝒐𝒇𝑪𝑯𝟒 )
reaction? ( 23 g CH4)
𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 30 𝑔 − 7.5 𝑔 = 22. 5 ≈ 𝟐𝟑 𝒈 𝑪𝑯𝟒
 Sample Problem 7: Experimental, Theoretical and Percent
Yield
Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in the presence of a catalyst, according to the
reaction below.
2KClO3(s)→2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
In a certain experiment, 23.0 g KClO3 is heated until it completely decomposes. The experiment
is performed, the oxygen gas is collected, and its mass is found to be 8.05 g.
a.) What is the theoretical yield of oxygen gas?
b.) What is the percent yield for the reaction? percent error?
Terms:
Experimental Yield: the actual yield of the product from the experiment
Theoretical Yield: the stoichiometric amount of the product from calculations
Percent Yield: the ratio of the experimental and theoretical yield multiplied by 100
𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
% 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
 Sample Problem 7: Experimental, Theoretical and Percent
Yield
Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in the presence of a catalyst, according to the
reaction below.
2KClO3(s)→2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
In a certain experiment, 23.0 g KClO3 is heated until it completely decomposes. The experiment
is performed, the oxygen gas is collected, and its mass is found to be 8.05 g.
a.) What is the theoretical yield of oxygen gas?
b.) What is the percent yield for the reaction? percent error?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 32 𝑔 𝑂2
𝑎. ) 23.0 𝑔 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 × × × = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 𝒈 𝑶𝟐
123 𝑔 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 8.05 𝑔 𝑂2

𝑏. ) % 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100 = × 100 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟔 %
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 8.98 𝑔 𝑂2
 Sample Problem 7: Experimental, Theoretical and Percent
Yield
Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in the presence of a catalyst, according to
the reaction below.
2KClO3(s)→2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
In a certain experiment, 23.0 g KClO3 is heated until it completely decomposes. The
experiment is performed, the oxygen gas is collected, and its mass is found to be 8.05 g.
a.) What is the theoretical yield of oxygen gas?
b.) What is the percent yield for the reaction? percent error?
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 8.05 𝑔 − 8.98 𝑔
𝑏. ) % 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100 = × 100 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒 %
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 8.98 𝑔

% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 100 − % 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 100 − 89.6 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒 %

 Sample Problems:
1.) Based on the given chemical reaction below:

CO(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

a.) How many moles of carbon dioxide will be produced when 3.56 moles of carbon monoxide
is used?
b.) How many grams of carbon dioxide will be produced when 25.0 g of oxygen gas is
consumed in the reaction?
2.) Based on the given chemical reaction below:

S(l) + F2(g) → SF6(g)

a.) How many moles of sulfur is needed to produce 375 g of sulfur hexafluoride?
b.) How many liters of fluorine gas is needed to produce 155 g of sulfur hexafluoride, assuming
the reaction takes place at STP?
 Sample Problems:

3.) Lead (II) nitrate and sodium chloride react to form sodium nitrate
and the insoluble compound, lead (II) chloride.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) → PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
a.) If we mixed 0.591 L of a 2.04 M solution of NaCl with 1.75 M
solution of Pb(NO3)2, what is the volume of Pb(NO3)2 solution
needed to completely precipitate the Pb2+ ions?
b.) How many grams of the precipitate will be produced by adding
0.591L of a 2.04 M solution of NaCl in the mixture?
 Sample Problems:
4.) The reaction between aluminum and iron(III) oxide can generate
temperatures approaching 3000°C and is used in welding metals:
2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe
In one process 124 g of Al are reacted with 200 g of Fe2O3.
a. What is the limiting reactant? Excess reactant?
b. Calculate the mass (in grams) of Al2O3 formed.
c. How much of the excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of
the reaction?
d. If the reaction is 88 % efficient at a certain temperature, How
many grams of Al2O3 will be collected from the process?