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2A12 Boquila, Paul Klondike P. - Centrifugal Pump and Submersible Pump PDF

Centrifugal pumps use a rotating impeller to transfer rotational energy to a fluid, increasing its velocity and pressure. Fluid enters the impeller along its central axis and is expelled outward by centrifugal force through vanes. The pump casing then controls and directs the fluid discharge. Submersible pumps are fully submerged centrifugal pumps with a sealed motor coupled directly to the pump body. This prevents cavitation by pumping fluid to the surface rather than using suction. Electric submersible pumps are multistage and use diffusers to convert kinetic energy to pressure at each stage, lifting fluids through intake screens. Screw-type submersible pumps also exist, using a rotating screw instead of an impeller

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42 views2 pages

2A12 Boquila, Paul Klondike P. - Centrifugal Pump and Submersible Pump PDF

Centrifugal pumps use a rotating impeller to transfer rotational energy to a fluid, increasing its velocity and pressure. Fluid enters the impeller along its central axis and is expelled outward by centrifugal force through vanes. The pump casing then controls and directs the fluid discharge. Submersible pumps are fully submerged centrifugal pumps with a sealed motor coupled directly to the pump body. This prevents cavitation by pumping fluid to the surface rather than using suction. Electric submersible pumps are multistage and use diffusers to convert kinetic energy to pressure at each stage, lifting fluids through intake screens. Screw-type submersible pumps also exist, using a rotating screw instead of an impeller

Uploaded by

Paul Boquila
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Paul Klondike P.

Boquila
BSMT 2A12

Centrifugal Pump and Submersible Pump

A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move a fluid by means of the transfer of
rotational energy from one or more driven rotors, called impellers. Fluid enters the rapidly
rotating impeller along its axis and is cast out by centrifugal force along its circumference
through the impeller’s vane tips. The action of the impeller increases the fluid’s velocity and
pressure and also directs it towards the pump outlet. The pump casing is specially designed to
constrict the fluid from the pump inlet, direct it into the impeller and then slow and control the
fluid before discharge.

The impeller is the key component of a centrifugal pump. It consists of a series of curved
vanes. These are normally sandwiched between two discs (an enclosed impeller). For fluids
with entrained solids, an open or semi-open impeller (backed by a single disc) is preferred.

Fluid enters the impeller at its axis (the ‘eye’) and exits along the circumference between the
vanes. The impeller, on the opposite side to the eye, is connected through a drive shaft to a
motor and rotated at high speed (typically 500-5000rpm). The rotational motion of the
impeller accelerates the fluid out through the impeller vanes into the pump casing.

There are two basic designs of pump casing: volute and diffuser. The purpose in both designs is
to translate the fluid flow into a controlled discharge at pressure. In a volute casing, the impeller
is offset, effectively creating a curved funnel with an increasing cross-sectional area towards the
pump outlet. This design causes the fluid pressure to increase towards the outlet.

A submersible pump (or electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has
a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged
in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump
cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between the pump and the
fluid surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface, rather than jet pumps, which create
a vacuum and rely upon atmospheric pressure. Submersibles use pressurized fluid from the
surface to drive a hydraulic motor downhole, rather than an electric motor, and are used in
heavy oil applications with heated water as the motive fluid.

Electric submersible pumps are multistage centrifugal pumps operating in a vertical position.
Liquids, accelerated by the impeller, lose their kinetic energy in the diffuser, where a conversion
of kinetic to pressure energy takes place. This is the main operational mechanism of radial and
mixed flow pumps. In the HSP, the motor is a hydraulic motor rather than an electrical motor,
and may be closed cycle (keeping the power fluid separate from the produced fluid) or open
cycle (mingling the power fluid with the produced fluid downhole, with surface separation).
The pump shaft is connected to the gas separator or the protector by a mechanical coupling at
the bottom of the pump. Fluids enter the pump through an intake screen and are lifted by the
pump stages. Other parts include the radial bearings (bushings) distributed along the length of
the shaft, providing radial support to the pump shaft. An optional thrust bearing takes up part of
the axial forces arising in the pump, but most of those forces are absorbed by the protector's
thrust bearing.
There are also screw-type submersible pumps, there is a steel screw which is used as a working
element in them. The screw allows the pump to work in water with a high sand content and
other mechanical impurities.

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