ANSI/HI 14.

6-2011

••
d'.. ~N•lfan,,~

American National Standard for

Rotodynamic
Pumps
for HydraulicPerformance
AcceptanceTests

6 Campus Drive
First Floor North
Parsippany, New Jersey
07054-4406
www.Pumps.org
 This page intentionally blank.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 ANSI/HI 14.6-2011

American National Standard for

Rotodynamic Pumps
for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests

Sponsor
Hydraulic Institute
www.Pumps.org

Approved August 9, 2011

American National Standards Institute, Inc.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

American Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the
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Published By

Hydraulic Institute
6 Campus Drive, FirstFloor North
Parsippany, NJ 07054-4406
www.Pumps.org

Copyright© 2011 Hydraulic Institute

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior
written permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

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Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

Contents
Page

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
14.6 Hydraulic performance acceptance tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
14.6.1 Scope 1
14.6.2 Terms and definitions 1
14.6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
14.6.2.2 Lists of basic letters and subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
14.6.2.3 Factory performance tests 9
14.6.3 Pump acceptance tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
14.6.3.1 General 10
14.6.3.2 Guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
14.6.3.3 Measurement uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
14.6.3.4 Performance test acceptance grades and tolerances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14.6.4 Default test acceptance grades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
14.6.5 Test procedures 17
14.6.5.1 General 17
14.6.5.2 Date of testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
14.6.5.3 Test procedure 18
14.6.5.4 Testing equipment 18
14.6.5.5 Records and report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
14.6.5.6 Test arrangements 18
14.6.5.7 Test conditions 18
14.6.5.8 NPSH tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
14.6.6 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
14.6.6.1 Translation of the test results to the guarantee conditions 20
14.6.6.2 Obtaining specified characteristics 22

Appendix A Test arrangements (normative) 23

A.1 General 23
A.2 Measurement principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A.3 Various measurement methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
A.4 Simulated test arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A.5 Pumps tested with fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A.6 Pumping installation under submerged conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.7 Self-priming pumps 31
A.8 Friction losses at inlet and outlet. 31

Appendix 8 Hydrostatic pressure testing (normative) 34

8.1 Scope 34
8.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.3 General 34
8.4 Timing of the test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 35
8.5 Preparation for testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 35
8.6 Test liquid 35
8.7 Test pressure 35
8.8 Test procedure 36
8.9 Acceptance criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 36
8.10 Repairs 36

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved iii

 B.11 Test records 37
B.12 Test certificate 37
B.13 Test report 37

Appendix C Purpose of test tolerances (informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

C.1 Explanation of test tolerances - variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
C.2 Manufacturing variations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
C.3 Effect of accessories on mechanical losses (power) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
C.4 Selection of pump test acceptance grades and corresponding tolerance bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Appendix D Recommended tests (informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

D.1 General 40
D.2 Recommended test specification matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Appendix E Mechanical test (informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

E.1 Mechanical test objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
E.2 Mechanical test setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
E.3 Mechanical test operating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
E.4 Mechanical test instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
E.5 Mechanical test procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
E.6 Mechanical test acceptance criteria 43
E.7 Mechanical test records 44

Appendix F NPSH test arrangements (informative) 45

F.1 General 45
F.2 Characteristics of the circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
F.3 Characteristics of the test liquid 45
F.4 Allowable air content during NPSH testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
F.5 Determination of the vapor pressure 46
F.6 Example of test arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7

Appendix G Tests performed on the entire equipment set - string test (informative) 50

Appendix H Reporting of test results (informative). 52

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H.1 Performance test report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Appendix I Measurement equipment (informative) 56

1.1 Head measuring apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.2 Measurement of rotating speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.3 Measurement of flow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.4 Measurement of pump power input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.5 Special cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.6 Determination of motor pump unit overall efficiency 60

Appendix J Suitable time periods for calibration of test instruments (informative) 61

J.1 Recalibration interval 61

Appendix K Special test methods (informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

K.1 General 62
K.2 Model tests for pump acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Appendix L Unit conversions (informative) 68

Appendix M References (informative) 70

iv Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

Appendix N Index 73

Figures
14.6.2.1 - Datum elevation for various pump designs at eye of first-stage impeller 7
14.6.3.4.2a - Unilateral tolerance acceptance 15
14.6.3.4.2b- Bilateral tolerance acceptance 15
14.6.3.4.3a - Tolerance field for acceptance grades 1U and 2U 16
14.6.3.4.3b - Tolerance field for acceptance grade 1E 16
14.6.3.4.3c- Tolerance field for acceptance grades 18, 28, and 38 16
A.1 - Determination of the pump total head (isometric illustration) 25
A.2 - Flow at suction at part load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
A.3 - Error in measurement of H( Q) depending on distance of suction pressure gauge from impeller 26
A.4 - Correction of suction pressure for suction recirculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A.5 - Pressure tapping perpendicular to the plane of the volute or to the plane of a bend, respectively 27
A.6 - Requirements for static pressure tappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
A.7 - Four pressure tappings connected by a ring manifold (grade 1) 28
A.8 - One pressure tapping (general for grade 2 and 3) 28
A.9 - Measurement example of pump total head H for submerged pumps 32
A.10 - Measurement example of pump total head H for submerged pump with closed suction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
F.1 -Air separating at the pump suction nozzle as a function of NPSHA if the pump draws cold water
from a tank with air-saturated water. Air pressure above tank equal to atmospheric pressure 46
F .2 - Variation of NPSHA in a closed loop by head and/or temperature controlled 48
F.3 - Variation of NPSHA by control of liquid level at pump inlet sump 49
F.4 - Variation of NPSHA by means of an inlet throttle valve 49
H .1 - Sample pump test curve 53
H .2 - Example test sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.1 - Arrangement for determination of reference plane of spring pressure gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Tables
14.6.2.1 - List of quantities 2
14.6.2.2a -Alphabetical list of basic letters used as symbols 8
14.6.2.2b - List of letters and numbers used as subscripts 8
14.6.3.3.2 - Permissible amplitude of fluctuation as a percentage of mean value of quantity being measured . 11
14.6.3.3.3- Maximum permissible measurement device uncertainty at guarantee point 12
14.6.3.4 - Pump test acceptance grades and corresponding tolerance band 13
14.6.4 - Default acceptance grade based on purchaser's intended service 17
14.6.5.8.2.1 - Methods of determining NPSH3 21
B.1 - Requirements for longer test periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
0.1 - Matrix of recommended tests 41
G.1 - Influencing factors for calculating pump efficiency for different configurations 51
J.1 - Instrument recalibration intervals 61
L.1 - Conversion factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved v

 This page intentionally blank.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

Foreword (Not part of Standard)

This new ANSI/HI 14.6 pump test standard is a substantially revised and updated standard replacing ANSI/HI 1.6
Centrifugal Pump Tests and ANSI/HI 2.6 Vertical Pump Tests. It is in harmony with the revised ISO 9906 Rotody-
namic pumps - Hydraulic performance acceptance test standard and ANSI/HI 11.6 Submersible Pump Tests.
These three standards now have identical pump acceptance test criteria with worldwide acceptance. This means
that users in all parts of the world, whether they are using this standard, ANSI/HI 11.6, or ISO 9906, when specify-
ing a pump hydraulic performance acceptance test, will be working with identical technical requirements and
acceptance grades.
Although quite different in both format and layout, the changes in this standard from ANSI/HI 1.6 and 2.6 are mostly
in the area of acceptance requirements and informational details rather than in pure technical issues and test pro-
cedures. Test methods and procedures are similar in both the new and old ANSI/HI standards.
This standard is normative, meaning that what is written in the standard must be adhered to in order to comply with
the standard. The appendices of this standard are either normative or informative; they are individually marked to
clearly show their status. The normative appendices must be adhered to in order to comply with the standard,
whereas informative appendices are written to inform and educate the user and do not require compliance.

Differences between the old (ANSI/HI 1.6 and ANSI/HI 2.6) and new (ANSI/HI 14.6) standards
include:

Old: Has two test acceptance levels, A and B. New: Has three levels of acceptance: Grade 1 with tighter toler-
ance band that can be applied in three acceptance grades (1 U, 1 E, 1 B}; Grade 2 with a broader tolerance band
can be applied in two acceptance grades (28, 2U}; and Grade 3 with even broader tolerance band. Acceptance
grades 1 U and 2U have no negative tolerance.

The new standard spells out measurement uncertainty and allowable measurement fluctuations in greater
detail than the old standard.

The new standard goes into a more detailed discussion of the tolerance band and what constitutes accep-
tance.

The new standard allows a wider efficiency tolerance for pumps with an input power below 10 kW.

The new standard defines industry-specific default test acceptance grades for cases where the user has not
defined an acceptance grade.

The new standard has an informative appendix that provides information about various types of measurement
equipment.

The new standard has an informative appendix that provides information about performing string tests.

The new standard has an informative appendix that provides educational information about testing parameters
and variations.

Purpose and aims of the Hydraulic Institute

The purpose and aims of the Institute are to promote the continued growth and well-being of pump users and pump
manufacturers and further the interests of the public in such matters as are involved in manufacturing, engineering,
distribution, safety, transportation, and other problems of the industry, and to this end, among other things:
a} To develop and publish standards for pumps;
b} To collect and disseminate information of value to its members and to the public;

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved vii

c) To appear for its members before governmental departments and agencies and other bodies in regard to mat-
ters affecting the industry;
d) To increase the amount and to improve the quality of pump service to the public;

e) To support educational and research activities;

f) To promote the business interests of its members but not to engage in business of the kind ordinarily carried on
for profit or to perform particular services for its members or individual persons as distinguished from activities
to improve the business conditions and lawful interests of all of its members.

Purpose of Standards
1) Hydraulic Institute Standards are adopted in the public interest and are designed to help eliminate misun-
derstandings between the manufacturer, the purchaser and/or the user and to assist the purchaser in
selecting and obtaining the proper product for a particular need.
2) Use of Hydraulic Institute Standards is completely voluntary. Existence of Hydraulic Institute Standards
does not in any respect preclude a member from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to the
Standards.

Definitionof a Standard of the HydraulicInstitute

Quoting from Article XV, Standards, of the By-Laws of the Institute, Section B: "An Institute Standard defines the
product, material, process or procedure with reference to one or more of the following: nomenclature, composition,
construction, dimensions, tolerances, safety, operating characteristics, performance, quality, rating, testing, and
service for which designed."

Comments from users

Comments from users of this standard will be appreciated to help the Hydraulic Institute prepare even more useful
future editions. Questions arising from the content of this standard may be sent to the Technical Director of the
Hydraulic Institute. The inquiry will then be directed to the appropriate technical committee for provision of a suit-
able answer.
If a dispute arises regarding the contents of an Institute Standard or an answer provided by the Institute to a ques-
tion such as indicated above, the point in question shall be sent in writing to the Technical Director of the Hydraulic
Institute, who shall initiate the Appeals Process.

Revisions
The Standards of the Hydraulic Institute are subject to constant review, and revisions are undertaken whenever it is
found necessary because of new developments and progress in the art. If no revisions are made for five years, the
standards are reaffirmed using the ANSI canvass procedure.

Units of measurement
In this standard all principal quantities and formulae, as well as charts and graphs, are given in coherent metric
units. Corresponding US customary units appear in brackets. Example calculations are given in metric and US cus-
tomary units, as appropriate.
Because values given in metric units are not exact equivalents to values given in US customary units, it is important
that the selected units of measure be stated in reference to this standard. If no such statement is provided, metric
units shall govern.

viii Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

Consensus for this standard was achieved by use of the Canvass Method
The following organizations, recognized as having an interest in the standardization of rotodynamic (centrifugal)
pumps, were contacted prior to the approval of this revision of the standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessar-
ily imply that the organization concurred with the submittal of the proposed standard to ANSI.
2guysfromTU Kemet Inc.
A.R. Wilfley & Sons, Inc. LWWD - Las Vegas Valley Water District
A.W. Chesterton Company National Pump Company
Brown and Caldwell Peerless Pump Company
E.I. DuPont Company Pentair Water - Engineered Flow GBU
ekwestrel corp Powell Kugler, Inc.
Fluid Sealing Association Pump Design, Development & Diagnostics, LLC
GIW Industries, Inc. Sulzer Pumps (US) Inc.
Healy Engineering, Inc. TACO, Inc.
ITI - Industrial Process Wasserman, Horton - Consultant
ITI - Water & Wastewater Weir Floway, Inc.
J.A.S. Solutions Ltd. Weir Minerals North America
John Crane Inc. Weir Specialty Pumps

Committee list
Although this standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Canvass Method, a working com-
mittee met many times to facilitate its development. At the time it was developed, the committee had the following
members:
Chair (2000 - 2011) - Stefan Abelin, ITI - Water & Wastewater
Chair (2011) - Al lseppon, Pentair Water
Vice-chair (2000 - 2011) - Roger Turley, formerly of Flowserve
Vice-chair (2011) - Michael Coussens, Peerless Pump Company

Committee Members Company

Graeme Addie GIW Industries, Inc.
John Anspach John Anspach Consulting
Charles Cappellino ITI - Industrial Process
Jack Claxton Patterson Pump Company
Michael Cropper Sulzer Pumps (US) Inc.
James Healy Healy Engineering, Inc.
Greg Highfill A.R. Wilfley & Sons, Inc.
Allen Hobratschk National Pump Company
David McKinstry IMO Colfax
Rodney Mrkvicka Smith & Loveless, Inc.
Michael Mueller Flowserve Corporation
James Roberts ITI - Residential & Commercial Water
Mark Rosebraugh Yeomans Chicago Corporation
Aleksander Roudnev Weir Minerals North America
Paul Ruzicka ITI Residential and Commercial Water
Joseph Salah Sulzer Process Pumps (US) Inc.
Arnold Sdano Pentair Water
Ernest Sturtz COM
Greg Towsley Grundfos North America
Fred Walker Weir Floway, Inc.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved ix

Alternates Company
Lech Bobowski Peerless Pump Company
Dimitar Kalchev Peerless Pump Company
Gary Leander Weir Minerals North America
Patrick Moyer ITT - Residential & Commercial Water
Bruce Ticknor National Pump Company
Robert Visintainer GIW Industries, Inc.

Other Contributors Company

Charlie Allaben Formerly of COM
Ed Allis Formerly of Peerless Pump Company
Tom Angle Formerly of Weir Specialty Pumps
Thomas Hendrey Whitley Burchett & Associates
Michael Hiscock South Florida Water Management District
Garr Jones Brown and Caldwell
Mika Kaplan King County Wastewater Treatment Division
Yuri Khazanov lnCheck Technologies Inc
Zan Kugler Powell Kugler, Inc.
Bill Livoti Baldor
Rolf Lund
Richard O'Donnell ITT - Industrial Process
Sarni Sarrough Brown and Caldwell
Special thanksto:
Bill Beekman, formerly of Weir Floway
Fred Buse, formerly of Flowserve
IPSC:
Rene Barbarulo, CLYDEUNION
Frank Ennenbach, ABS Group
Norbert Kastrup, KSB
Friedrich Kluetsch, Fachverband Pumpen Im VDMA

x Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

14.6 Hydraulic performance acceptance tests

14.6.1 Scope

This standard covers hydraulic performance tests for acceptance of rotodynamic pumps (centrifugal, mixed flow,
and axial flow pumps}, in this document referred to as pumps.

ANSI/HI Standard 14.6 is intended to be used for pump acceptance testing at pump test facilities, such as manu-
facturers' pump test facilities or laboratories only. Industry experience shows that it is very difficult to perform mea-
surements accurate enough to satisfy the acceptance requirements in this standard when testing is performed in
the field.

Information in the standard may be applied to pumps of any size and to any pumped liquids behaving as clear
water.

The standard includes three grades of accuracy of measurement: grade 1 for higher accuracy, and grades 2 and 3
for lower accuracy. These grades include different values for tolerance factors for allowable fluctuations and uncer-
tainties of measurement.

This standard applies to a pump by itself without any fittings. The pump may also be tested with a combination of
upstream and/or downstream fittings by prior agreement and agreed on contractually.

References to ANSI/HI 1.6 Centrifugal Pump Tests or ANSI/HI 2.6 Vertical Pump Tests in procurement documents
and test specifications shall refer to ANSI/HI 14.6 for all applicable parts of the standard.

There are other pump acceptance test standards for submersible and sealless pumps, as defined in their respec-
tive documents, that take into account the unique features that those products exhibit. The Hydraulic Institute rec-
ommends that the user of this standard consult those respective standards (ANSI/HI 11.6 Submersible Pump Tests
and ANSI/HI 4.1-4.6 Sea/less, Magnetically Driven Rotary Pumps for Nomenclature, Definitions, Application, Oper-
ation, and Test) to determine if they are more appropriate for the products being considered for testing.

14.6.2 Terms and definitions

14.6.2.1 Introduction

For the purposes of this standard, the quantities, definitions, symbols, and units given here apply.

Pump performance acceptance grades for flow, head, efficiency, or power are used in this standard when evaluat-
ing acceptance of a pump for a guarantee point. A guarantee point, as defined in Section 14.6.3.1, is a flow/head
( Q/1-1) point that a tested pump shall meet, within the tolerances of the agreed acceptance class, to be accepted
according to this standard.

Table 14.6.2.1 gives definitions of quantities used in this standard. The definitions, particularly those given for head
and net positive suction head (NPSH), may not be appropriate for general use in hydrodynamics, and are for the
purpose of this standard only.

Table 14.6.2.2a gives an alphabetical list of symbols used, and Table 14.6.2.2b gives a list of subscripts.

In this standard all formulae are given in coherent metric units. For conversion of other units to metric units see
Appendix L.

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HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

Table 14.6.2.1 - List of quantities

Row Quantity Definitiona Symbol Dimension Unit

3.1.1 Mass The inertial resistance of a body to acceleration. A m M kg
quantitative measure of inertia. (lbm)
3.1.2 Length I L m (ft)
3.1.3 Time The measure of a sequence of events. t T s
3.1.4 Temperature A measurement of the average kinetic energy of e e -c (OF)
the molecules in an object or system and can be
measured with a thermometer or calorimeter. It is a
means of determining the internal energy
contained within the system.
3.1.5 Area A L2 m2
(ft2)
3.1.6 Volume The quantity of three-dimensional space occupied v L3 m3
by a liquid, solid, or gas. (ft3)
3.1.7 Angular velocity Number of radians of a shaft per unit time, m = 21tn. 0) ,1 rad/s
(Rotation)
3.1.8 Velocity v L,1 mis
(ft/s)
3.1.9 Acceleration due See Note b. The acceleration of a body due to the g L,2 m/s2
to gravity influence of the pull of gravity alone. (ft/s2)
3.1.10 Speed of rotation Number of rotations per unit time. n ,1 s-1,
min-1
3.1.11 Density Mass per unit volume. p ML-3 kg/m3
(lbm/
ft3)
3.1.12 Pressure Force per unit area. In this standard, all pressures p ML-1,2 Pa
are gauge pressures, i.e., measured with respect to (psi)
the atmospheric pressure, except the atmospheric
pressure and the vapor pressure, which are
absolute pressures.
3.1.13 Kinematic A coefficient defined as the ratio of the dynamic v L2,1 m2/s
viscosity viscosity of a fluid to its density. (ft2/s)
3.1.14 Energy The capability of doing work. E ML2,2 J
(ft•lbf)
3.1.15 Power (general Energy transferred per unit time. p M L2,3 w (hp)
term)
3.1.16 Reynolds Defined, especially for this standard by the relation: Re pure number
number Re= UD
v
3.1.17 Diameter D L m (ft)

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 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests- 2011

Table 14.6.2.1 - List of quantities(continued)

Row Quantity Deflnitlon" Symbol Dimension Unit

3.1.18 Mass rate of flow The mass rate of flow designates the external mass cf M11 kg/s
rate of flow of the pump, i.e., the rate of flow from (lbm/s)
the pump discharge.

NOTE: Losses or abstractions inherent to the

pump, such as:
• discharge necessary for hydraulic balancing of
axial thrust,
• cooling of bearings of the pump itself,
• flush water to the seal or packing,
• leakage from the fittings, internal leakage, etc.,
are not to be reckoned in the rate of flow.

On the contrary, all derived flows for other

purposes, such as:
• cooling of the motor bearings,
• cooling of a gearbox (bearings, oil cooler), etc.,
are to be reckoned in the rate of flow.
Whether and how these flows must be taken into
account depends on the location of their derivation
and of the section of flow measurement,
respectively.
3.1.19 Volume rate of The outlet volume rate of flow has the following Cf L311 m3/s
flow (ft3/s)
value: Q = g
p
In this standard this symbol may also designate the
volume rate of flow in any given sectlon". It is the
quotient of the mass rate of flow in this section by
the density. (The section may be designated by
subscripts.)
3.1.20 Mean velocity The mean axial velocity of flow equal to the volume u L,1 m/s
rate of flowd divided by the pipe cross-section area (ft/s)
U=g
A
3.1.21 Local velocity Local velocity of flow at any point. v L,1 m/s
(ft/s)
3.1.22 Head (general The energy per unit mass of fluid, divided by h L m (ft)
term) acceleration due to gravity, g.

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HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

Table 14.6.2.1 - List of quantities (continued)

Row Quantity Deflnltlon" Symbol Dimension Unit

3.1.23 Height above The height of the considered point above the z L m (ft)
reference plane reference plane. Its value is:
• positive, if the considered point is above the
reference plane;
• negative, if the considered point is below the
reference plane.
Reference plane:
Any horizontal plane used as a datum for height
measurement. For practical reasons it is
preferable not to specify an imaginary reference
plane.
• Difference between NPSH datum plane (see Zo L m (ft)
3.1.36) and reference plane.
3.1.24 Gauge pressure The pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. Its p ML-1,2 Pa
value is: (psi)
• positive, if this pressure is greater than the
atmospheric pressure;
• negative, if this pressure is less than the
atmospheric pressure.
NOTE: All pressures in this standard are gauge
pressures read from a manometer or similar
pressure-sensing instrument, except atmospheric
pressure and the vapor pressure of the liquid,
which are expressed as absolute pressures.
3.1.25 Atmospheric The pressure exerted by the weight of the air above Pamb
ML-1,2 Pa
pressure it at any point on the earth's surface. (psi)
(absolute)
3.1.26 Vapor pressure The pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in Pv ML-1,2 Pa
(absolute) equilibrium with its own vapor. The vapor pressure (psi)
is a function of the substance and the temperature.
3.1.27 Velocity head The kinetic energy per unit mass of the liquid in hy L m (ft)

movement, divided by g. It is expressed by~:

3.1.28 Total head In any section, the total head is given by: Hx L m (ft)
Px U~
H
x
= z +-+-
x pg 2g
where z is the height of the center of the cross
section above the reference plane and p is the
gauge pressure related to the center of the cross
section. The absolute total head in any section is
given by:
p p LJ2
H = z + __.!!_ + amb + __..!!.
x(abs) x pg pg 2g

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 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

Table 14.6.2.1 - List of quantities (continued)

Row Quantity Definltlon" Symbol Dimension Unit

3.1.29 Inlet total head Total head in the inlet section of the pump: h1 L m (ft)
P1
h1 = Z1 +-+
Uf
-
pg 2g
3.1.30 Outlet total head Total head in the outlet section of the pump: h2 L m (ft)
P2 U?
h2 = Z2+-+-
pg 2g
3.1.31 Pump total head Algebraic difference between the outlet total head H L m (ft)
h2 and the inlet total head h1:
H = h2 - h1 if compressibility is negligible.
If the compressibility of the pumped liquid is
significant, the density p should be replaced by the
mean value:
P1 + P
pm = ~ and the pump total head should be

calculated by the formula:

P2-P1 U?- Uf
H = Z2-Z1 +--+
Pm. g 2g
For vertical turbine pumps, the pump total head
includes the bowl assembly head minus all the
pump internal hydraulic friction losses.
3.1.31.1 Bowl assembly The bowl assembly total head is the gauge head Hba L m (ft)
total head measured at the gauge connection located on the
column pipe downstream from the bowl assembly,
plus the velocity head at the point of the gauge
connection, plus any losses between top of bowl
assembly to tap location, plus datum from gauge
plus liquid level. Friction losses of suction piping,
can (barrel), and strainers must also be added if
significant.
(hj includes all losses before and after the bowl
assembly.)
3.1.32 Specific energy Energy per unit mass of liquid. It is given by the y L2,2 J/kg
equation: y = gH. (Btu/
lbm)
3.1.33 Loss of head at The difference between the total head of the liquid hJ1 L m (ft)
inlet at the measuring point and the total head of the
liquid in the inlet section of the pump.
3.1.34 Loss of head at The difference between the total head of the liquid hJ2 L m (ft)
outlet in the outlet section of the pump and the total head
of the liquid at the measuring point.
3.1.35 Pipe friction loss Coefficient for the head loss by friction in the pipe. A. pure number
coefficient

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HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

Table 14.6.2.1 - List of quantities (continued)

Row Quantity Deflnltlon" Symbol Dimension Unit

3.1.36 Net positive Net positive suction head is the absolute inlet total NPSH L m (ft)
suction head, head above the head equivalent to the vapor
NPSH pressure referred to the NPSH datum plane.
(NPSH) = h -
1
z + Pamb-Pv
D P1g
This NPSH is referred to the NPSH datum plane,
whereas inlet total head is referred to the reference
plane.
NPSH datum plane:
The horizontal plane through the center of the
circle described by the external points of the
entrance edges of the impeller blades; in the first
stage in the case of multistage pumps. In the
case of double inlet pumps with vertical or
inclined axis, it is the plane through the higher
center. The manufacturer should indicate the
position of this plane with respect to precise
reference points on the pump.
Examples: See Figure 14.6.2.1.
3.1.36.1 NPSH Available The NPSH available as determined by the NPSHA L m (ft)
(NPSHA) conditions of the installation for a specified rate of
flow.
3.1.36.2 NPSH Required A minimum NPSH given by the manufacturer/ NPSHR L m (ft)
(NPSHR) supplier for a pump achieving a specified
performance at the specified rate of flow, speed,
and pumped liquid (occurrence of visible cavitation,
increase of noise and vibration due to cavitation,
beginning of head or efficiency drop, head or
efficiency drop of a given amount, limitation of
cavitation erosion).
3.1.36.3 NPSH3 NPSH3 is defined as the value of NPSHR at which NPSH3 L m (ft)
the first-stage total head drops by 3% due to
cavitation.
3.1.37 Type number' Dimensionless quantity calculated at the point of K pure number
best efficiency, which is defined by the following
formula:
21tnQ'0.5 ooQ'0.5
K = = (y') o. 75
( g H') o. 75
where Q' is the volume rate of flow per eye and H'
is the head of the first stage.
NOTE: The type number (specific speed)' is to be
taken at maximum diameter of the first-stage
impeller.

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 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

Table 14.6.2.1 - List of quantities(continued)

Row Quantity Definltlon" Symbol Dimension Unit

3.1.38 Pump power The power transmitted to the pump by its driver. p ML2,3 w (hp)
input For vertical turbine pumps, the pump power input is
the power required to drive the complete pump
assembly, including the bowl assembly input power,
the lineshaft bearing power loss, stuffing-box loss,
and thrust bearing loss.
3.1.38.1 Bowl assembly Power delivered to the bowl assembly. This is the Pba ML2,3 w (hp)
power input pump power input minus any losses external to the
bowl assembly.
3.1.39 Pump power The mechanical power transferred to the liquid as it Pu ML2,3 w (hp)
output passes through the pump, also known as pump
hydraulic power.
Pu= pQgH = pQy
3.1.40 Driver power The power absorbed by the pump driver. Pgr ML2,3 w (hp)
input
3.1.41 Rated shaft The maximum pump shaft power, as set by the Pmax ML2,3 w (hp)
power manufacturer, that is adequate to drive the pump
over the specified operating conditions.
3.1.42 Pump efficiency Pu T\ pure number
T\ = -p = Pump power output
Pump power input
3.1.42.1 Bowl efficiency Pu Tlba pure number
T\b = ~ = Bowl power output
a pba Bowl power input
3.1.43 Overall efficiency p T\gr pure number
Pump power output
T\gr = p u = Driver power input
gr
a In order to avoid any error of interpretation, it is deemed desirable to reproduce the definitions of quantities and units as given
in ISO 31 and to supplement these definitions by some specific information on their use in this standard.
b In principle, the local value of g should be used. Nevertheless, for grade 2 it is sufficient to use a value of 9.81 m/s2. For the
= =
calculation of the local value g = 9.7803 (1 + 0.0053 sin2 q>)- 3 · 10-6 · z, where q> latitude and z altitude.
c An optional symbol for mass rate of flow is qm.
d Attention is drawn to the fact that in this case Q may vary for different reasons across the circuit.
e An optional symbol for volume rate of flow is q.,
f See Appendix L, Table L.1, for conversion to specific-speed terms.

NPSH
datum plane

Figure14.6.2.1 - Datum elevation for variouspump designsat eye of first-stageimpeller

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HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

14.6.2.2 Lists of basic letters and subscripts

Table 14.6.2.2a- Alphabetical list of basic letters used Table 14.6.2.2b - List of letters and numbers
as symbols used as subscripts

Symbol Quantity Unit Subscript Meaning

A Area m2 (ft2) 1 Inlet

D Diameter m (ft) 1' Inlet measuring section
E Energy J (ft•lbf) 2 Outlet
e Overall uncertainty, relative (%) 2' Outlet measuring section
value
abs Absolute
f Frequency s". Hz
amb Ambient
g Acceleration due to gravity m/s2 (f/s2)
ba Bowl assembly
H Pump total head m (ft)
D Difference, datum
hJ Losses in terms of head of liquid m (ft)
f Fluid in measuring pipes
k Equivalent uniform roughness m (ft)
G Guaranteed
K Type number
gr Combined motor/pump unit (overall)
I Length m (ft)
H Pump total head
m Mass kg (lbm)
L Liquid level
n Speed of rotation s·1, min"
m Mean
NPSH Net positive suction head m (ft)
M Manometer
p Pressure Pa (psi)
p Power w (hp) n Speed of rotation
p Power
q Mass rate of flow kg/s (Ibis)
Q (Volume) rate of flow m3/s (ft3/s) Q Rate of flow (volume)

Re Reynolds number sp Specified

t Tolerance factor, relative value (%) T Translated, torque

t Time s u Useful

T Torque N•m (lbf•ft) v Vapor (pressure)

u Mean velocity mis (fUs) T\ Efficiency
v Local velocity m/s (fUs) x At any section
v Volume m3 (ft3)

y Specific energy J/kg (Btu/

lbm)
z Height above reference plane m (ft)

T\ Efficiency
e Temperature -c (OF)
x Pipe friction loss coefficient
v Kinematic viscosity m2/s (ft2/s)
p Density kg/m3
(lbm/ft3)
co Angular velocity rad/s

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 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests- 2011

14.6.2.3 Factory performance tests

14.6.2.3.1 General

Pump tests are performed to verify the initial performance of new pumps as well as checking for repeatability of
production units, accuracy of impeller trim calculations, performance with special materials, etc. A typical perfor-
mance test consists of measurement of flow, head, and power input to the pump or pump test motor. Additional
optional tests, such as NPSH, may be included as agreed on. A factory test is understood to mean testing at a ded-
icated test facility, often at a pump manufacturer's plant or at an independent pump test facility.

14.6.2.3.2 Nonwitnessed pump test

14.6.2.3.2.1 Factory test

Nonwitnessed factory tests are performed without the presence of a purchaser representative. The pump manufac-
turer is responsible for the data collection and judgment of pump acceptance. The advantages of this test are cost
savings and accelerated pump delivery to the pump user. In many cases, if the purchaser is familiar with the perfor-
mance of the pump (e.g., an identical pump model order), then a factory nonwitnessed test may be acceptable.

14.6.2.3.2.2 Certified factory test

Nonwitnessed certified factory tests are performed without the presence of a purchaser representative. The pump
manufacturer is responsible for compliance with this test standard. The pump manufacturer conducts the test,
passes judgment of pump acceptance, and produces a certified and signed pump test document. The advantages
of this test are the same as the nonwitnessed factory test, i.e., the test is substantially less expensive and often
leads to accelerated pump delivery to the end user.

14.6.2.3.3 Witnessed pump test

The witnessing of a pump test by a representative of the pump purchaser can serve many useful functions. There
are various ways of witnessing a test.

14.6.2.3.3.1 Witnessing by the purchaser's representative

A representative of the purchaser physically attends the testing. The representative signs off on the raw test data to
certify that the test is performed satisfactorily. Final acceptance of the pump performance may or may not be deter-
mined by the witness. The benefit of witness testing depends largely on the effectiveness and expertise of the wit-
ness. A witness cannot only ensure the test is conducted properly, but also observe operation of the pump during
testing prior to pump shipment to the jobsite. A disadvantage to witness testing can be extended delivery times and
substantially higher cost. With today's "just-in-time" manufacturing methods, scheduling of witness testing requires
flexibility on the part of the witness, and may lead to additional costs if the schedule of the witness causes delays in
manufacturing.

14.6.2.3.3.2 Remote witness by the purchaser's representative

Pump performance testing may be remotely witnessed by the purchaser or its representative. With a remote cam-
era system, the purchaser can monitor the entire testing remotely in real time. The raw data as recorded by the
data acquisition system can be viewed and analyzed during the test, and the results can be discussed and submit-
ted for approval. The advantages of this type of testing are savings in travel costs and accelerated pump delivery.

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HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

14.6.3 Pump acceptance tests

14.6.3.1 General

The specified and contractually agreed on rated point (duty point), hereafter called the guarantee point, shall be
evaluated against one acceptance tolerance grade. For a pump performance test, this guarantee point must always
specify guaranteed flow OG and guaranteed head HG, and may also specify guaranteed efficiency, guaranteed
shaft power, or guaranteed NPSHR. When applicable, these optional guarantee parameters need to be specified
for those tests, see respective test Sections 14.6.3.2 and 14.6.5.8.

The acceptance tolerance grade applies to the guarantee point only. For cases where a guarantee point is given,
but no acceptance grade is specified, this standard reverts to a default test acceptance grade, as specified in Table
14.6.4. Other specified duty points, including their tolerances, shall be per separate agreement between the manu-
facturer and purchaser. If other specified duty points are agreed on, but no tolerance is given for these points, then
the default acceptance grade for these points shall be grade 38.

A guarantee point can be detailed in a written contract, in a customer-specific pump performance curve, or in simi-
lar written and project-specific documentation.

If not otherwise agreed on between the manufacturer/supplier and the purchaser, the following shall apply:

a) Acceptance grade tolerances according to the grades given in Table 14.6.3.4.

b) Tests shall be carried out on the test stand of the manufacturer's pump test facilities or laboratories with clear
water by the methods and in the test arrangements specified in this standard.

c) The pump performance shall be guaranteed between the pump's inlet flange and discharge flange.

d) Pipe and fittings (bends, reducers, and valves) outside of the pump are not a part of the guarantee.

The combination of manufacturing and measurement tolerances in practice necessitates the usage of tolerances
on tested values. The tolerances given in Table 14.6.3.4 have been established as a means to mitigate the effects
of both manufacturing and measurement tolerances. See Appendix C for details.

The performance of a pump varies substantially with the nature of the liquid being pumped. Although it is not possi-
ble to give general rules whereby performance with clear water can be used to predict performance with other liq-
uids, it is desirable for the parties to agree on empirical rules to suit the particular circumstances.

When a number of identical pumps are to be purchased, the number of pumps to be tested shall be agreed on by
the purchaser and manufacturer/supplier.

Both purchaser and manufacturer/supplier shall be entitled to witness the testing, by prior agreement. When tests
are not carried out at the manufacturer's test stand, opportunity shall be allowed for verification of pump installation
and instrumentation adjustments by both parties.

14.6.3.2 Guarantees

The manufacturer guarantees that, for the guarantee point and at the rated speed (or in some cases frequency and
voltage), the measured pump curve will touch or pass through a tolerance band surrounding the guarantee point as
defined by the applicable acceptance grade, see Table 14.6.3.4 and Figures 14.6.3.4.2a and b.

A guarantee point shall be defined by a guarantee flow QG and a guarantee head HG-

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In addition, one or more of the following quantities may be guaranteed at the specified conditions and the rated
speed:

a) 1) The minimum pump efficiency TIG or the maximum pump input power
PG, or (Defined in Section
14.6.3.4.3 and
2) In the case of a combined pump and motor unit, Figures 14.6.3.4.3a, b,
the minimum combined efficiency llgrG or the maximum pump motor and c.)
unit input power PgrG·
b) The maximum required net positive suction head (NPSHR) at the
guarantee flow.

The maximum power input may be guaranteed for the guarantee point or for a range of points along the pump
curve. This, however, may require larger tolerance bands to be agreed on by the purchaser and manufacturer/
supplier.

14.6.3.3 Measurement uncertainty

14.6.3.3.1 General

Every measurement is inevitably subject to some uncertainty, even if the measuring procedures, instruments used,
and methods of analysis fully comply with good practice and with the requirements of this standard.

14.6.3.3.2 Permissible fluctuations(random fluctuations)

For each quantity to be measured, Table 14.6.3.3.2 gives the permissible ampitude of fluctuations per acceptance
grades 1, 2, and 3 (see Section 14.6.3.4).

Where the construction or operation of a pump is such that fluctuations of great amplitude are present, measure-
ments may be carried out by providing a damping device in the measuring instruments, their connecting lines, or by
electronic data averaging. This can reduce the amplitude of the fluctuations to within the values given in Table
14.6.3.3.2.

Since it is possible that damping will affect the accuracy of the readings, use shall be made of symmetrical and lin-
ear damping devices, for example, a capillary tube, which must provide an integration over at least one complete
cycle (peak-to-peak) of fluctuations.

Table 14.6.3.3.2 - Permissible amplitude of fluctuationas a percentage of mean value of quantitybeing

measured

Permissible amplitude of fluctuations per grade

Measured quantity Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

Rate of flow ±2% ±3% ±6%

Differential head ±3% ±4% ±10%

Discharge head ±2% ±3% ±6%

Suction head ±2% ±3% ±6%

Input power ±2% ±3% ±6%

Speed of rotation ±0.5% ± 1% ±2%

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HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

Table 14.6.3.3.2 - Permissibleamplitudeof fluctuationas a percentage of mean value of quantitybeing

measured (continued}

Permissible amplitude of fluctuations per grade

Measured quantity Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

Torque ±2% ±3% ±6%

Temperature ± 0.3 °C ± 0.3 °C ± 0.3 °C

14.6.3.3.3 Maximum permissiblemeasurement device uncertainty(systematic)

The uncertainty of a measurement depends on the residual uncertainty of the measurement device and on the
method of measurement used. After all known errors have been removed by zero adjustment, calibration, careful
measurement of dimensions, proper installation, etc., this remains an uncertainty that never disappears. This
uncertainty cannot be reduced by repeating the measurements if the same instrument and the same method of
measurement is used.

Table 14.6.3.3.3 shows maximum permissible measurement device uncertainty for the different acceptance
grades. It is important to note that these maximum uncertainty values pertain to the measurements at the guaran-
tee point. Many measurement devices have their uncertainty based on their full-scale capability and, when practi-
cally applied, the actual measurement uncertainty can be two to four times higher. This means that the
measurement device must often have a correspondingly higher accuracy (lower uncertainty).

Appendix I describes different methods of measurement and devices that typically are used to determine rate of
flow, pump total head, speed of rotation, and pump power input in the range of accuracy required for tests accord-
ing to grades 1, 2, and 3.

After having selected an appropriate measurement device and setup, the best assurance of an accurate measure-
ment is obtained by ensuring that a zero adjustment is performed regularly and that device calibration is performed
at proper intervals.

Table 14.6.3.3.3 - Maximum permissiblemeasurement device uncertaintyat guarantee point

Maximum permissible measurement device uncertainty at guarantee point per

grade

Measured Quantity Grade 1 Grade 2 and 3

Rate of flow ± 1.5% ±2.5%

Differential head ± 1.0% ±2.5%

Discharge head ± 1.0% ±2.5%

Suction head ± 1.0% ±2.5%

Suction head for NPSH ± 0.5% ± 1.0%

testing

Driver power input ± 1.0% ±2.0%

Speed of rotation ± 0.35% ± 1.4%

Torque ± 0.9% ±2.0%

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 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

14.6.3.3.4 Overall measurement uncertainty

The fluctuation due either to the characteristics of the measuring system or to variations of the measured quantity,
or both, appears directly as a scatter of the measurements. Unlike the systematic uncertainty, the fluctuation can
be reduced by increasing the number of measurements of the same quantity under the same conditions.

The overall measurement uncertainty is calculated by the square root of the sum of the squares of the systematic
and random uncertainties (fluctuations).

14.6.3.4 Performance test acceptance grades and tolerances

Six pump performance test acceptance grades: 18, 1 E, 1 U, 28, 2U, and 38 are defined below.

Grade 1 is the most stringent, with acceptance grade 1 U having a unilateral tolerance band and 18 having a bilat-
eral tolerance band. Acceptance grade 1 E is also bilateral and is important to those concerned with energy effi-
ciency. Grades 2 and 3 have wider tolerance bands, with 28 and 38 being bilateral and 2U unilateral. Note that all
grade 1 tolerances have the same tolerance bandwidth for flow and head; the same is true for grades 2 and 3.

The purchaser and manufacturer can agree to use any grade to judge if a specific pump will meet a guarantee
point. If a guarantee point is given, but no acceptance grade is specified, then this standard reverts to a default test
acceptance grade, as described in Section 14.6.4.

Guarantee point acceptance grades for pump head, flow, power, and efficiency are provided in Table 14.6.3.4.

Table 14.6.3.4- Pump test acceptance grades and corresponding tolerance band

Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

d to 10% 16% 18%
dtH 6% 10% 14%
Test Guarantee Acceptance grade
parameter requirement Symbol 18 1E 1U 28 2U 38
Rate of flow Mandatory to(%) ±5% ±5% 0% to+ 10% ±8% 0% to +16% ±9%
Total head Mandatory tH(%) ±3% ±3% 0% to+ 6% ±5% 0% to +10% ± 7%
Power" } Optional tp(%) +4% +4% +10% +8% +16% +9%
Efficlency" ( either/or) t(%) -3% -0% -0% -5% -5% -7%
a The power and efficiency tolerances are not the result of an exact calculation using the maximum values of a related column.
They are instead reflecting real life experience. For grade 1E and 1U, no negative tolerance on efficiency is allowed.

NOTE: All tolerances are percentages of values guaranteed.

Other specified duty points, including their tolerances, shall be per separate agreement between the supplier and buyer. If other
specified duty points are agreed on, but no tolerance is given for these points, then the default acceptance grade for these
points shall be grade 38.

14.6.3.4.1 Tolerances for pumps with an input power of 10 kW (13 hp) and below

For pumps with a shaft power input up to 10 kW (13 hp) but larger than 1 kW (1.3 hp), the tolerance factors given in
Table 14.6.3.4 may be too stringent. If not otherwise agreed on between manufacturer and purchaser, the tolerance
factors shall be as follows for pumps falling within this range:

rate of flow 'o = ± 10%

pump total head tH = ± 8%

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 13

HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

If efficiency is guaranteed, the tolerance factor on efficiency ti, shall be calculated as follows:

tll = -[ 10( 1 - :J + 7]010

where Pis the maximum shaft power in kW over the range of operation.

If power is guaranteed, the tolerance factor on power tp will be calculated as follows:

For pumps with shaft power input of 1 kW (1.3 hp) and below, special agreements should be made between the
parties.

14.6.3.4.2 Evaluation of flow and head

Guarantee point evaluation shall be performed at the rated speed. Test points do not have to be recalculated based
on speed in cases where the test speed is identical to the rated speed and for tests with a combined motor and
pump (i.e., submersible pumps, close-coupled pumps, and all pumps tested with a job motor). For tests in which
the test speed is different from the rated speed, each test point has to be recalculated to the rated speed, using the
affinity rules.

The tolerances for flow and head shall be applied in the following manner:

The pump flow tolerance shall be applied to the guarantee flow QG, at the guaranteed head HG

The pump head tolerance shall be applied to the guarantee head HG, at the guaranteed flow QG

Acceptance is achieved when either flow or head (or both) are found to be within the applicable tolerance band(s),
see Figures 14.6.3.4.2a and b.

14.6.3.4.3 Evaluation of efficiency or power

If efficiency or power has been guaranteed, then it shall be evaluated against the applicable acceptance grade tol-
erance factor, i.e., the same as for Q/H in the following manner:

After a best-fit test curve (Q-H-IQ-rilor Q-P-curves) has been drawn and smoothly fitted through the measured test
points, an additional straight line shall be drawn between the origin (0 rate of flow, 0 head) and the guarantee point
(rate of flow/head). If necessary this line shall be extended until it crosses the fitted test curve. The intersection
between the smoothly fitted test curve and this straight line shall form the new rate of flow/head point that is used
for evaluation of efficiency or power. The measured input power or calculated efficiency at this point shall be com-
pared to the guaranteed value and the applicable power or efficiency tolerance factors. See Figures 14.6.3.4.3a, b,
and c.

NOTE 1: The reason for using the "line from origin" method when evaluating the guaranteed efficiency or power
is that it best retains the pump characteristics if the impeller diameter is changed. Additionally this
method will always give one single point of reference for evaluation, and the line can be seen as a fair
approximation of the system curve that the pump will eventually operate against.
NOTE 2: If power is guaranteed, then the actual upper flow and/or head tolerance limit may be reduced
depending on the power guarantee.
NOTE 3: If the water temperature during the test is substantially different from the specified guarantee condi-
tion, the manufacturer and the purchaser shall beforehand mutually agree on any efficiency correction
that may be appropriate; see Appendix K (model testing).

14 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests- 2011

Curve 1: Crosses the head tolerance band,

p P pass=
Curve 2: Crosses the flow tolerance band,
P pass=
HG Curve 3: Crosses both the head and flow
tolerance bands, P pass =
Curve 4: Does not cross any tolerance band,
3
F fail=
Curve 5: Does not cross any tolerance band,
F fail=

QG Rate of Flow Q

Figure 14.6.3.4.2a - Unilateral tolerance acceptance

::c
't,
tU
Q)
::c

Curve 1: Crosses the head tolerance band, P =

pass
Curve 2: Crosses the flow tolerance band, P =
pass
Curve 3: Crosses both the head and flow tolerance
bands, P = pass
Curve 4: Does not cross any tolerance band, F =
fail
Curve 5: Does not cross any tolerance band, F =
fail

Q0 Rate of Flow Q
Figure 14.6.3.4.2b- Bilateral tolerance acceptance

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 15

HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

I
"'O
(13
Q)
5 Hu
I

~
>,
CJ
c:
6
·u
Q)

IE
w
0...
....Q)
3:
0
0...

~
Rate of Flow O 4
" Measuring points
1: H(O) 2: 11(0) 3: P(O)
o Guarantee point
• Constructed result
Figure 14.6.3.4.3a-Tolerance field for acceptance grades 1U and 2U

I
"'O I
(13 "'O
~ 5 Hu -------------------t---0-1--''d lE 5
I
11
I J
11
~
>, ~ Ti
CJ i:j' I J
c:
Q)
·u 6 ·~ 6 IJG -------------- -~1
I -l'l,IJG
IE IE
w W
JI
JI
a.. 3 ti 2
....Q) 0...
....
-------------~ 3
3:
0
a.. ~
0...
~-!! I
I
I
I
I
I
I

°'1 ~
Rate of Flow O 4 Rate of Flow O 4
" Measuring points " Measuring points
1: H(O) 2: 11(0) 3: P(O) 1: H(O) 2: 11(0) 3: P(O)
O Guarantee point o Guarantee point
• Constructed result • Constructed result
Figure 14.6.3.4.3b - Tolerance field for acceptance Figure 14.6.3.4.3c-Tolerance fieldfor acceptance
grade 1E grades 1 B, 2B, and 3B

16 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

14.6.4 Default test acceptance grades

For cases where a guarantee point is given, but no acceptance grade is specified, this standard reverts to a default
test acceptance grade, as specified in Table 14.6.4, whereby only flow and head will be guaranteed. Table 14.6.4
specifies the applicable acceptance grade for a pump based on the pump's rated shaft power and the purchaser's
intended service for the pump. The purchaser is encouraged to specify its own preferred acceptance grade at the
time that a guarantee point is agreed on. When this is done, it takes precedence over any classification provided by
this table, and this section and table shall not be used.

Table 14.6.4- Default acceptance grade based on purchaser's intended service

Rated shaft power of pump

> 10 to 100 kW > 100 kW

Application (13 to 134 hp) (134 hp)

Municipal water and wastewater 28 18

Building trades and HVAC 28 18

Electric power industry 18 18

Oil and gas API pumps 18 18

industry
Pipeline 18 18

Water injection Not applicable 18

Chemical industry 28 28

Cooling tower 28 28

Pulp and paper 28 28

Slurry 38 38

General industry 38 28

Dewatering, drainage, and irrigation 38 28

Pumps not listed above 38 28

NOTE: This table only applies to situations where the purchaser and manufacturer have agreed to a guar-
antee point, but no test acceptance grade has been specified.

Other specified duty points, including their tolerances, shall be per separate agreement between the man-
ufacturer and purchaser. If other specified duty points are agreed on, but no tolerance is given for these
points, then the default acceptance grade for these points shall be grade 3B.

14.6.5 Test procedures

14.6.5.1 General

This standard is intended for tests conducted at pump test facilities, such as manufacturers' pump test facilities or
laboratories. Special agreement is necessary for performance tests on-site providing all the requirements of this
standard can be satisfied. It is, however, recognized that the conditions at most sites typically preclude full compli-
ance with this standard. In these instances, site performance tests may still be acceptable providing the parties
have agreed on how allowances are made for the added inaccuracies that will inevitably result from deviation from
the specified requirements of this document.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 17

HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

14.6.5.2 Date of testing

For witness testing, the date of testing shall be mutually agreed on by the manufacturer/supplier and the purchaser.

14.6.5.3 Test procedure

In case of witness tests, the program and procedure to be followed in the test shall be submitted to the purchaser in
ample time for consideration and agreement.

Test data other than the guaranteed, determined during the tests, shall have merely an indicative (informative)
function.

14.6.5.4 Testing equipment

The test instrumentation used shall be documented and this information shall be made available to the customer
upon request. Instruments shall be periodically calibrated. Guidance for a suitable period between calibrations of
test instruments is given in Appendix J.

14.6.5.5 Records and report

A complete set of records, written or electronic, shall be kept on file for a minimum of five years.

In the case of witness tests, all test records shall be initialed by representatives of the parties witnessing the test,
each of whom shall be provided with a copy of all records.

The test results shall be evaluated to the extent possible while the tests are in progress. In order that questionable
measurements can be reevaluated, it is advisable that the installation and instrumentation remain intact until accu-
rate data is obtained.

If required, the test results shall be summarized in a report. Further guidance regarding the contents of a test
report and a suitable pump test sheet is given in Appendix H.

14.6.5.6 Test arrangements

The conditions necessary to ensure satisfactory measurement of the characteristics of operation are defined here,
taking into account the accuracy required for tests of grades 1, 2, and 3.

NOTE 1: The performance of a pump in a given test arrangement, however accurately measured, may not be
repeatable in another installation.

NOTE 2: Recommendations and general guidance about suitable pipe arrangements to ensure satisfactory
measurements for flow and head are given in Appendix A and, if necessary, they can be used in con-
junction with the ISO Standards on measurement of flow rates in closed conduits concerning the dif-
ferent methods (see Appendix M).

14.6.5.7 Test conditions

14.6.5.7.1 Test procedure

The duration of the test shall be sufficient to obtain repeatable results.

All measurements shall be made under steady state conditions (see Appendix A). If not otherwise specified, the
tests have to be conducted under conditions where cavitation does not affect the performance of the pump.

18 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

A minimum of five test points shall be taken for all performance tests, regardless of acceptance grade, with one of
the points being within -5% and 0%, and one being within 0% and +5% of the guarantee point flow rate. The other
three points shall be spaced over the allowable operating range of the pump performance curve, with points taken
near the maximum allowable head and flow regions.

NOTE: Other test procedures apply to NPSH tests. See Appendix F.

14.6.5.7.2 Speed of rotation during test

Unless otherwise agreed, tests may be carried out at a speed of rotation within the range of 50 to 120% of the test
point(s) specified speed of rotation to establish rate of flow, pump total head, and power input. The efficiency may
be affected if testing with different speeds. However, if the variation of speed is within 20% of the specified speed,
then the efficiency change is considered negligible.

For NPSH tests, the speed of rotation should lie within the range of 80 to 120% of the specified speed of rotation,
provided that the rate of flow lies within 50 and 120% of the rate of flow corresponding to the maximum efficiency at
the test speed of rotation.

14.6.5.8 NPSH tests

14.6.5.8.1 Objective of NPSH tests

The objective of the NPSH test is to verify the pump's NPSHR for the guarantee. This test deals only with measure-
ments relating to the hydraulic performance of the pump (variations of head, flow, and power) and not with other
effects that can be caused by cavitation (e.g., noise, vibration, and erosion).

Cavitation effects may be detected as a drop in head or power at a given rate of flow. Unless otherwise specified, a
3% drop in head (the accepted industry practice) will be used to determine NPSHR and defined as NPSH3. In the
case of multistage pumps, the head drop shall be referred to the head of the first stage, which should be measured
if accessible. For very low head pumps, a head drop larger than 3% may be agreed on.

In most cases, cavitation tests will be conducted with deaerated clear water. Cavitation tests in water cannot accu-
rately predict the behavior of the pump with liquids other than clear water.

NOTE: Air content may have a significant effect on measured NPSHR values and should be considered.

14.6.5.8.2 NPSH test types

14.6.5.8.2.1 Type I test: Determination of NPSH3 for multiple flow rates

In this test NPSHA is reduced progressively until the drop of the total head at constant flow rate reaches 3%. This
value of NPSHA is the NPSH3 (see Table 14.6.5.8.2.1 ). A minimum of four different suitably spaced flow rates shall
be evaluated within the allowable operation region.

14.6.5.8.2.2 Type II test: Determination of NPSH3 for a single flow rate

In this test NPSHA is reduced progressively until the drop of the total head of 3% at specified constant flow rate can
be determined. This value of NPSHA is NPSH3 (see Table 14.6.5.8.2.1 ).

14.6.5.8.2.3 Type Ill test: Verification of limited influence of cavitation on the performance at specified
NPSHA

Verification is made at the specified NPSHA to show that the total head at rated flow of the pump is not affected by
cavitation more than 3%.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 19

HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

14.6.5.8.2.4 Type IV test: Verification of guaranteed characteristics at specified NPSHA

The pump meets the requirements if the guaranteed pump total head and power are obtained under the specified
rate of flow and under the specified NPSHA.

14.6.5.8.3 Tolerance factor for NPSHR

No positive tolerances are allowed for the guaranteed NPSHR value.

14.6.6 Analysis

14.6.6.1 Translation of the test results to the guarantee conditions

The quantities required to verify the characteristics guaranteed by the manufacturer/supplier are typically mea-
sured under conditions more or less different from those on which the guarantee is based.

To determine whether or not the guarantee would have been fulfilled if the tests had been conducted under the
guarantee conditions, it is necessary to translate the quantities measured under different conditions to those guar-
antee conditions.

14.6.6.1.1 Translation of the test results into data based on the specified speed of rotation (or frequency)
and density

All test data obtained at the speed of rotation n in deviation from the specified speed of rotation nsp shall be trans-
lated to the basis of the specified speed of rotation n5p-

If the deviation from the test speed of rotation n to the specified speed of rotation nsp does not exceed the permis-
sible variations stated in Section 14.6.5.7.2, the measured data on the rate of flow Q, the pump total head H, the
power input P. and the pump efficiency 11 can be converted by means of the equations:

n
Or= Q"...2.P.
n

l1r=T1
and the results obtained for the NPSHR can be converted by means of the equation

(NPSHR)r = (NPSHR)(~f

=
As a first approximation for the NPSH, the value x 2 may be used if the specified conditions given in Section
14.6.5.7.2 for the speed of rotation and the rate of flow have been fulfilled and if the physical state of the liquid at
the impeller inlet is such that no gas separation can affect the operation of the pump. If the pump operates near its
cavitation limits, or if the deviation of the test speed from the specified speed exceeds the specifications given in
Section 14.6.5.7.2, the phenomena may be influenced by, for example, thermodynamic effects, the variation of the
surface tension, or the differences in dissolved or occluded air content. Values of exponent x between 1.3 and 2
have been observed and an agreement between the parties is mandatory to establish the conversion formula to be
used.

20 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011
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Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 21
HI Rotodynamic Pumps for Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests - 2011

In the case of combined motor pump units or when the guarantees are with respect to an agreed frequency and
voltage instead of an agreed speed of rotation, the rate of flow, pump total head, power input, and efficiency data
are subject to the above mentioned translation rules, provided that nsp is replaced by the frequency f5 and n by the
frequency f. Such translation, however, shall be restricted to cases where the selected frequency during the test
varies by no more than 1 %. If the voltage used in the test is no more than 5% above or below the voltage on which
the guaranteed characteristics are based, the other operational data require no change.

If the above mentioned deviations, i.e., ± 1 % for frequency and± 5% for voltage, are exceeded, it will be necessary
for the purchaser and the manufacturer/supplier to arrive at an agreement.

14.6.6.1.2 Test made with NPSHA differentfrom that guaranteed

Pump performance at a higher NPSHA than guaranteed cannot be accepted, after correction for speed of rotation
within the permitted ranges in Section 14.6.5.7.2, to indicate performance at lower NPSHA.

On the other hand, pump performance at a lower NPSHA than guaranteed can be accepted, after correction for
speed of rotation within the permitted ranges given in Section 14.6.5.7.2, to indicate performance at a higher
NPSHA provided that the absence of cavitation has been checked in accordance with Sections 14.6.5.8.2.1,
14.6.5.8.2.2, or 14.6.5.8.2.3.

14.6.6.1.3 Performance curve

Curves of best fit to the measured points will represent the performance of the pump. Separate curves shall be
made for head versus flow rate, power versus flow rate, and efficiency versus flow rate. These curves shall be
deemed to determine the tested pump's performance and shall be used to evaluate the test results per Section
14.6.5.4 of this standard.

14.6.6.2 Obtaining specified characteristics

14.6.6.2.1 Reduction of impeller diameter

A reduction of the impeller diameter is usually carried out when it appears from the tests that the characteristics of
the pump are higher than the specified characteristics.

If the difference between the specified values and the measured values is small, it is possible to avoid a new series
of tests by applying proportionality rules that allow the evaluation of the new characteristics.

The application of this method and the practical conditions for reducing the impeller diameter shall be the subject of
a mutual agreement.

14.6.6.2.2 Requirement for retesting after reducing impeller diameters

If it is necessary to dismantle a pump after the performance test for the sole purpose of trimming the impeller to
meet the acceptance level, and if the type number K is ~ 1.5 (specific speed in US customary units, N5 s 4100),
then no retest will be required unless the reduction in diameter exceeds 5% of the tested diameter.

22 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative) - 2011

Appendix A

Test arrangements {normative)

A.1 General

The best flow measuring conditions are obtained when, in the measuring sections, the flow has

An axially symmetrical velocity distribution

A uniform static pressure distribution

Freedom from swirl induced by the installation

It is possible to prevent a nonuniform velocity distribution or swirl by avoiding any bend or a combination of bends,
any expansion, or any discontinuity in the transverse profile in the vicinity (less than four pipe diameters) of the
measuring section.

Typically, the effect of the inlet flow conditions increases with the type number K of the pump (Table 14.6.2.1, item
3.1.37). When K is greater than 1.2 (specific speed in US customary units, N5 < 3300), it is recommended to simu-
late the site conditions.

NOTE: (Specially valid for grade 1 tests.) It is recommended that for standard test arrangements leading from
reservoirs with a free surface or from large stilling vessels in a closed circuit, the inlet straight length L shall be
=
determined by the expression UD K + 5, where Dis the pipe diameter.

This expression is also valid for an arrangement that includes, at a distance L upstream, a simple right-angle bend
that is not fitted with guide vanes. Under these conditions, flow straighteners are not necessary in the pipe between
the bend and the pump. However,in a closed circuit where there is neither a reservoir nor a stilling vessel immedi-
ately upstream of the pump, it is necessary to ensure that the flow into the pump is free from swirl induced by the
installation and has a normal symmetrical velocity distribution.

Significant swirl can be avoided by

Careful design of the test circuit upstream of the measuring section

Judicious use of a flow straightener

Suitable arrangement of the pressure tappings to minimize their influence on the measurement

A throttle valve is allowed in the suction pipe for NPSH testing only when other methods of NPSH testing cannot be
used.

A.2 Measurement principles

The pump total head is calculated in accordance with its definition given in row 3.1.31 of Table 14.6.2.1. Expressed
as a height of pumped liquid column, it represents the energy transmitted by the pump per unit weight of liquid.

The various quantities specified in the definition of head in row 3.1.31 of Table 14.6.2.1 should as a rule be deter-
mined in the inlet section S1 and the outlet section S2 of the pump (or of the pump set and fittings that are the sub-
ject of the tests). Practically, for convenience and measurement accuracy, the measurements are generally carried

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 23

Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative)- 2011

out in cross sections 51, and 52, some way upstream from 51 and downstream from 52 (Figure A.1 ). Thus, account
shall be taken of the friction losses in the pipe, i.e., hJ1 between 51, and 51 and hJ2 between 52 and ~· (and even-
tually of the local head losses), and the pump total head is given by

where h1, and h2, are the total head at 51, and 52,.

A.3 Various measurement methods

Depending on the installation conditions of the pump and on the layout of the circuit, the pump total head may be
determined either by measuring separately the inlet and outlet total heads, or by measuring the differential pres-
sure between inlet and outlet and adding the difference in velocity head, if any (see Figure A.1 ).

Total heads may also be deduced either from pressure measurements in conduits or from water level measure-
ments in basins.

A.3.1 Pump tested on a standardized installation

A.3.1.1 Inlet measuring section

When a pump is tested in a standard test arrangement, the inlet measuring section shall normally be located at a
distance of two pipe diameters upstream from the pump inlet flange, when the length of the inlet pipe allows it.
Should this length not be available (for instance in the case of a short bellmouth), in the absence of a prior agree-
ment, the available straight length should be divided so as to take the best possible advantage of the local condi-
tions upstream and downstream of the measuring section (for example, in the ratio 2 upstream to 1 downstream).

The inlet measuring section should be located in a straight pipe section of the same diameter and coaxial with the
pump inlet flange so that the flow conditions are as close as possible to those recommended in A.1. If a bend is
present a short distance upstream of the measuring section and if only one or two pressure tappings are in use
(grade 2 and 3 tests), these should be perpendicular to the plane of the bend.

For grade 2 tests, if the ratio of the inlet velocity head to the pump total head is very low (less than O .5%) and if the
knowledge of the inlet total head itself is not very important (such is not the case for NPSH tests), it may be suffi-
cient that the pressure tapping (see A.3.1.3) be located on the inlet flange itself and not at two diameters upstream.

The inlet total head is derived from the measured gauge head, from the height of the measuring point above the
reference plane, and from the velocity head calculated as if a uniform velocity distribution prevailed in the suction
pipe. For pumps without inlet piping (for example, submersible pumps), see ANSI/HI 11.6 (Section 11.6.4.3.8.6).

Errors in the measurement of pump inlet head can occur at partial flow due to preswirl. These errors can be
detected and should be corrected per examples as follows:

a) If the pump draws from a free surface reservoir where the water level and the pressure acting on it are con-
stant, the head loss between the reservoir and the inlet measuring section, in the absence of preswirl, follows a
square law with rate of flow. The value of the inlet total head should follow the same law. When the effects of
preswirl lead to a departure from this relationship at low rates of flow, the measured inlet total head should be
corrected to take this difference into account (see Figure A.4).

b) If the pump does not draw from a reservoir with a constant level and head, another measuring section shall be
selected sufficiently far upstream where the preswirl is known to be absent and it is then possible to reason
about the head losses between the two sections (but not directly about the inlet total head) in the same way as
above (see Figure A.3).

The assumption is that the fluid in the gauge line is the same fluid that is being measured.

24 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative)- 2011

A.3.1.2 Outlet measuring section

The outlet measuring section should be arranged in a straight pipe section coaxial with the pump outlet flange and
of the same diameter. When only one or two pressure tappings are used (grade 2 and 3 tests), the pressure tap-
pings should be perpendicular to the plane of the volute or of any bend existing in the pump casing (see Figure
A.5).

2 pipe
diameters

Key: 1 Line of total head (total energy)

NOTE: In this case for a horizontal shaft, z1 = z0 = z1

Figure A.1 - Determination of the pump total head (isometricillustration)

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 25

Appendix A - Test arrangements (normative) - 2011

Figure A.2 - Flow at suctionat part load

L-suction recirculation(O)

..<I
I
I
I
II
I
I II
I
i 11(0)
•

L2

Q2 01 0-critical

Figure A.3 - Error in measurement of H(Q) depending on distanceof

suctionpressure gauge from impeller

26 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative) - 2011

The outlet total head is derived from the measured gauge head, from the height of the measuring point above the
reference plane, and from the velocity head calculated as if a uniform velocity distribution prevailed in the discharge
pipe. The determination of the total head may be influenced by a swirl of the flow induced by the pump or by an
irregular velocity or pressure distribution; the pressure tapping can then be located at a greater distance down-
stream. The head losses between the outlet flange and the measuring section shall be taken into account.

A.3.1.3 Pressure tappings

For grade 1 tests, four static pressure tappings are to be provided symmetrically disposed around the circumfer-
ence of each measuring section (see Figure A.7).

For grade 2 and 3 tests, it is normally sufficient to provide one static pressure tapping at each measuring section,
but when flow can be affected by a swirl or an asymmetry, two or more may be necessary (see Figure A.8).

Ps

Correction of Ps

Increase of Ps
caused by backflow

Suction backflow reaches pressure tap

,I Suction backflow occurs
,I
value of Ps

Ps measured at
not running pump

Ocritica/ Q2

Figure A.4 - Correctionof suctionpressure for suctionrecirculation

- ........
I \
( -+·- j\
" ....__ _., /
\ I

Figure A.5 - Pressure tappingperpendicularto the plane of the

voluteor to the plane of a bend, respectively

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 27

Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative)- 2011

Except in the particular case where their position is determined by the arrangement of the circuit, the pressure tap-
ping(s) should not be located at or near the highest nor the lowest point of the cross section.

Static pressure tappings shall comply with the requirements shown in Figure A.6 and shall be free from burrs and
irregularities and flush with, and normal to, the inner wall of the pipe.

The diameter of the pressure tappings shall be between 3 and 6 mm (0.11 and 0.24 in) or equal to 1/10 of the pipe
diameter, whichever is the smaller. The length of a pressure tapping hole shall not be less than two and a half times
its diameter.

The bore of the pipe containing the tappings shall be clean, smooth, and resistant to chemical reaction with the liq-
uid being pumped. Any coating, such as paint, applied to the bore shall be intact. If the pipe is welded longitudi-
nally, then the tapping hole shall be displaced as far as possible from the weld.

d_
Thick wall Thin wall
,~ 2.5 d, where d= 3 to
6 mm or 1/10 pipe diameter,
whichever value is smaller
r« d/10
Figure A.6 - Requirements for static pressure tappings

NOTE: 1 is a vent, 2 is a drain, and 3 is a connection

to the pressure-measuring instrument.

Figure A.7 - Four pressure tappings connected by a ring manifold (grade 1)

Figure A.8 - One pressure tapping (general for grade 2 and 3)

28 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright © 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative)- 2011

When several pressure tappings are used, the pressure tappings shall be connected through shut-off cocks to a
ring manifold of cross-sectional area not smaller than the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the tappings, so that
the pressure from any tapping may be measured if required. Before making observations, the pressure with each
individual tapping successively open shall be taken at the normal test condition of the pump. If one of the readings
shows a difference of more than 0.5% of the total head with respect to the arithmetical mean of the four measure-
ments, or if it shows a deviation of more than one times the velocity head in the measuring section, then the cause
of this spread shall be ascertained and the measuring conditions rectified before the test proper is started.

When the same pressure tappings are used for NPSH measurement, this deviation shall not exceed 1 % of the
NPSH value or one times the inlet velocity head.

Pipes connecting pressure tappings to possible damping devices and to instruments shall be at least equal in bore
to the bore of the pressure tappings. The system shall be free from leaks.

Any high point in the line of the connecting pipes shall be provided with a purging valve to avoid trapping of air bub-
bles during measurements.

Whenever possible, it is recommended that transparent tubing be used to determine if air is present in the tubing.

A.3.1.3.1 Correction for height difference

Correction of the pressure reading PM for height difference between the middle of the measuring section and the
reference plane of the pressure-measuring instrument shall be made by the following formula:

The assumption is that the fluid in the gauge line is the same fluid being measured.

A.4 Simulated test arrangements

When, for the reasons given above, it is agreed to test a pump under simulated site conditions, it is important that
at the inlet of the simulated circuit the flow should as far as possible be free from significant swirl induced by the
installation and have a symmetrical velocity distribution. All necessary provisions shall be made to ensure these
conditions are achieved.

If necessary, for grade 1 tests, the velocity distribution of the flow into the simulated circuit shall be determined by
careful Pitot tube traverses, in order to establish that the required flow characteristics exist. If not, then the required
characteristics can be obtained by the installation of suitable means, such as a flow straightener adapted for the
fault of the flow to be corrected (swirl or asymmetry). Specifications of the most widely used types of flow straight-
eners can be found in ISO 7194. Care shall be taken to ensure that the conditions of test will not be affected by the
head losses associated with some straightening devices.

A.5 Pumps tested with fittings

If specified in the contract, standard tests can be carried out on a combination of a pump and

a) associated fittings at the final site installation, or

b) an exact reproduction thereof, or

c) fittings introduced for testing purposes and taken as forming part of the pump itself.

The flow at the inlet and outlet of the whole combination shall comply with the requirements specified in A.1.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 29

Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative)- 2011

If the tests are on the combination of the pump and the whole or part of its upstream and downstream connecting
fittings, these being considered an integral part of the pump, the provision of A.1 apply to the inlet and outlet
flanges of the fittings instead of the inlet and outlet flanges of the pump. This procedure debits against the pump all
head losses caused by the fittings.

A.6 Pumping installation under submerged conditions

Where a pump, or a combination of a pump and its fittings, is tested or installed in conditions where the standard
pipe connection as described in A.3.1 cannot be made owing to inaccessibility or submergence, measurements
shall be taken in accordance with the following requirements.

The inlet total head is equal to the height above the reference plane of the free surface level of the liquid from which
the pump draws, plus the head equivalent to the gauge pressure prevailing above this surface.

According to the circumstances, the outlet total head can be determined either by a pressure measurement in the
discharge pipe (see A.3.1.2) or, if the pump discharges into a free surface basin, by a level measurement in this
basin. In this case, and provided that the liquid is really at rest near the level measuring point, the outlet head is
equal to the height above the reference plane of the free surface level of the liquid in which the pump discharges
plus the head equivalent to the gauge pressure prevailing above this surface.

The definition of head is sometimes misunderstood for vertically suspended pumps compared to other rotodynamic
pumps, which can also lead to misunderstanding on power or efficiency (refer to Table 14.6.2.1, row 3.1.38.1 and
3.1.42.1). Manufacturers' performance curves and acceptance are based on bowl head rather than pump total
head. This is due to the fact that losses within the pump are not known until the pump configuration is selected and
finalized. These losses must be calculated by qualified personnel.

The bowl assembly total head (Hba) is the gauge head measured at the gauge connection located on the column
pipe downstream from the bowl assembly, plus the velocity head (hvd) at the point of the gauge connection, plus
any losses between top of bowl assembly to tap location, plus datum from gauge (zM2' + z2,), plus liquid level (zL).
Refer to Figure A.9. Friction losses of suction piping, can (barrel), and strainers must also be added if significant.

Unless otherwise agreed on, acceptance of test result of a vertically suspended pump is based on bowl perfor-
mance.

Pump total head is the sum of the head as measured at the centerline of the pump discharge head flange or there-
after plus the distance from the centerline of the discharge head to the water surface. It includes the velocity head
correction at the discharge gauge pressure tap.

This procedure debits against the pump all head losses arising between the measuring sections.

If necessary, the friction head losses between the measuring sections and the contractual limits of the pump may
have to be determined by calculations. The local head losses due to the singularities of the circuit and to various fit-
tings (suction filter, nonreturn valve, delivery elbow, valve, expanders, etc.) shall as far as possible be specified
when drafting the contract, by the party that provides these fittings. If this appears impossible, then the purchaser
and the manufacturer/supplier shall agree the loss value to be adopted before the acceptance tests.

As deep-well pumps (Figure A.9) are normally not tested with their whole vertical pipes, unless the acceptance test
is carried out on-site, the friction head losses in the missing parts shall be evaluated and specified to the purchaser
by the manufacturer/supplier. If it appears necessary to verify the specified characteristics by an on-site test, then
this shall be specified in the contract.

For tests of pumps of this kind, the guarantees apply to the fittings only when specified in the contract.

30 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative)- 2011

For Pm1 pressure tap location above liquid level and equal to atmospheric pressure:

PM1 = Parm= 0

For Pm1 pressure tap location above liquid level and not equal to atmospheric pressure:

For PM1 pressure tap location below the pump intake and U1 is not 0, see Figure A.10.

NOTE: Borehole and deep-well pumps cannot usually be tested with their complete lengths of delivery main
and, consequently, the loss of head in the portions omitted, and the power absorbed by any shafting therein,
cannot be taken into account. The thrust bearing will be more lightly loaded during the test than it would be in
the final installation.

A.7 Self-priming pumps

In principle the priming ability of self-priming pumps shall always be verified at the contractual static suction head
with the attached inlet piping equivalent to that in the final installation. When the test cannot be carried out in the
described manner, the test arrangement to be used should be specified in the contract.

A.8 Friction losses at inlet and outlet

The guarantees under Section 14.6.3.4 refer to the pump inlet and outlet flanges, and the pressure-measuring
points are in general at a distance from these flanges. It may therefore be necessary to add to the measured pump
total head the head losses due to friction (h;1 and h.12) between the measuring points and the pump flanges.

Such a correction should be applied only if

h;1 + h;2 ~ 0.005H for grade 2 and 3 or

h;1 + h;2 ~ 0.002H for grade 1.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 31

Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative) - 2011
a,
c
0
0. a,
>
a,
E
:J
-I->
0
"'O 0
:J
CJ
_J
Ill
Q.
E
~
Q.
. "C
G)
.
0 e>
G)
E
Jl
L ~
0 ...Ill
,2
a,
L ::z:
:J "C
(/) ns
en
G)
..c
a, ca
L
0. sQ.
u E
~
Q.
L
a, 'o
.c G)
Q.
0.
en E
-
0 ns
E ~
..)..)
c
0 G)
E
::Jl e
~
~
0 G)
u :iE
0. 0,
I
::Jl
..)..) rti.
(/)
e~
a,
ii:
~
w
l-
o
z
+
0
32 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved
 Appendix A- Test arrangements (normative)- 2011

If the pipe between the measuring points and the flanges is unobstructed, straight, of constant circular cross sec-
tion, and of the length L, then:

L U2
hJ = A.- -
D 2g

The value of 11. may be determined from a Moody chart or derived from

-1 = -210910 [ --+--
2.51 k J
Ji.. Re Ji.. 3.7 D

where relative roughness is

~ = pipe diameter uniform roughness (pure number)

D pipe diameter

If the pipe is other than unobstructed, straight, and of constant circular cross section, then the correction to be
applied shall be the subject of special agreement in the contract.

0
Rererence plane

Figure A.10 - Measurement example of pump total head H for

submerged pump with closed suction

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 33

Appendix B - Hydrostatic pressure testing (normative)- 2011

Appendix B

Hydrostatic pressure testing (normative)

B.1 Scope

This appendix covers a factory hydrostatic pressure test procedure that, when specified, applies to pressure-
containing parts of all types of rotodynamic pumps within the scope of this standard, including any auxiliary equip-
ment making up a pump unit.

Requirements are included for applying a hydrostatic pressure test to separate zones within a pump that are sub-
ject to different pressures.

B.2 Definitions

For purposes of this document, the following definitions apply:

Pressure-containing parts means any part or assembly of parts that is normally subjected to a pressure dif-
ferential

Rated pressure is the maximum pressure that would occur in that part when the pump is operated at rated
conditions for the given application of the pump

Containment of liquid means only prevention of its escape through the external surfaces of the pumps or
pump components, normally to atmosphere

ltem(s) to be tested means any part, component, subassembly, pump, or pump unit that is to be the subject of
hydrostatic pressure test

NOTE: A mechanical seal assembled into a pump or into a separate subassembly, together with an end plate to
connect the stationary elements of the seal to the stationary parts of the pump, will not be considered an item to
be tested but may be subjected to the test pressure.

B.3 General

All pressure-containing items shall be hydrostatically pressure tested. The purpose of this test is to demonstrate
the absence of leakage through pressure-containing walls of any item under test and from the joints formed by an
assembly of items under test, by imposing a defined pressure in excess of the rated pressure for which the item is
supplied.

Pumps with double volutes, multiple stages, and otherwise with internal separating walls and to be tested in seg-
ments shall have a hydrostatic pressure applied to each segment related to the operating conditions in the segment
when the pump is working at its rated discharge pressure.

Pressure-containing chambers that function independently shall be tested separately without pressure being
applied to any adjacent chamber.

34 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix B - Hydrostatic pressure testing (normative)- 2011

B.4 Timing of the test

The manufacturer shall allow sufficient time during manufacture for the test and examination of all items within the
scope of this standard. The test may be carried out on an individual item or a subassembly as a group of items.
Normally, the hydrostatic pressure test is carried out:

after completion of machining

following nondestructive testing, or after special leak tests below a gauge pressure of 50 kPa (7.25 psi)

B.5 Preparation for testing

Items to be subjected to test shall be free from grease, oil, and other contaminants, and any cleaner used shall be
compatible with the materials of manufacture of the pump, its auxiliaries, and its intended use.

The items to be tested are to be assembled for the test and all openings are to be sealed by appropriate means,
which may include blind flanges, plugs, closures, and tension rings.

The item to be tested and the gauge lines are to be vented and filled completely with the test liquid. Provisions shall
be made to vent all the air at the high points on the item.

Wherever feasible the mating parts and fasteners used in any assembly shall be those to be used in the delivered
pump, otherwise reasons for deviating from this requirement shall be recorded.

B.6 Test liquid

The hydrostatic pressure test is normally to be carried out using clean water at ambient temperature, with the addi-
tion of corrosion preventatives, wetting agents, and organic growth inhibitors where necessary. If the properties of
the material impose a limit on the test temperature, which affects the test procedure, then this is to be noted on the
test record.

An alternative liquid, such as oil having maximum viscosity of 32 est (150 SSU), contractually agreed on, shall be
used where clean water is not appropriate for the application. The liquid used and the reason for its selection shall
be recorded.

B.7 Test pressure

The hydrostatic test pressure relates to the rated pressure at ambient temperature of the items to be tested.

The hydrostatic test pressure shall be calculated from the formula:

Ptest = K1 x Kz x Prated

Where:

Ptest = the hydrostatic test pressure

Prated= the rated pressure at operating temperature

K1 = a factor whose value shall be determined by the pump specification, but shall not be less than 1.3,
except for thermoset parts

K2 = a factor whose value shall be determined by the material strength, as follows

= allowable stress at ambient temperature
allowable stress at operating temperature

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 35

Appendix B - Hydrostatic pressure testing (normative) - 2011

Due to the irreversible damage that can occur to the reinforcement of thermoset parts that are put under excessive
pressure, hydrostatic test pressure shall be 1.1 times the rated pressure for those parts. The manufacturer shall
verify through test records that adequate sampling was done to prove that the parts can sustain full hydrostatic test
pressure calculated using the above formula. When a full hydrostatic test pressure on thermoset parts is
requested, all parties should agree to the consequences of possible irreversible damage.

B.8 Test procedure

At the start of the hydrostatic pressure test, the external walls of the item to be tested shall be dry.

The arrangements used to seal the chambers to be pressurized shall be inspected for proper bolting and enclosure
before applying the test pressure. The hydrostatic pressure shall be steadily increased in a controlled manner until
the test pressure is achieved. The test pressure shall be held essentially constant for the duration of the test period.
Throughout this procedure continuous observation shall be maintained to detect any leakage.

The test pressure shall be maintained for a sufficient time to allow complete inspection of the item being tested.
Table B.1 gives the minimum test times based on the tested pump's pressure rating. For pumps with a shaft power
of less than 1 O kW (13 hp) and a pressure rating of less than 1000 kPa (145 psi), the minimum test time shall be 1
minute.

Larger pumps, parts, and assemblies will by necessity require longer test times; this shall be determined by the
pump specification or as otherwise set out in Table B.1 below.

Table B.1 - Requirements for longer test periods

Items to be tested Test duration,

Pumps and pressure-containing parts in minutes

Rated above 2500 kPa (360 psi) 30

Rated above 1000 kPa (145 psi) and not above 2500 kPa (360 psi) 10

Rated up to 1000 kPa ( 145 psi) 5

If the item to be tested is a completely assembled pump or pump unit, checks shall be made to ensure that exces-
sive stresses are not created on the shaft seals and the results of the checks recorded.

If necessary, the tested item shall be completely drained of test liquid and thoroughly washed and dried.

B.9 Acceptance criteria

The integrity of the item under test is to be regarded as satisfactory if during the test period there are no visible
signs of leakage.

Leakage through shaft packing, temporary gaskets, or internal test partitions required for segmental hydrostatic
pressure testing is acceptable.

B.10 Repairs

If the acceptance criteria stated in Appendix B.9 are not met, the cause shall be identified and the manufacturer
shall either safely dispose of the item tested or apply suitable corrections. After correction, the hydrostatic pressure
test shall be repeated. The methods of correction and any changes to the design shall be recorded.

36 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright © 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix B - Hydrostatic pressure testing (normative)- 2011

B.11 Test records

The manufacturer shall keep a record of the test and its results for a minimum of five years. The record shall con-
tain:

a) Identification of the item tested.

b) Details of the test, including the liquid used, the test pressure, and the test result.

c) Any corrective actions applied, including changes to the design.

d) Other information required by this document to be recorded.

B.12 Test certificate

If required by the purchaser, a test certificate may be made available. The test certificate shall certify that the
hydrostatic pressure test was carried out in accordance with this document, and that the test item met the accep-
tance criteria.

B.13 Test report

If required by the purchaser, the manufacturer/supplier may supply a report of the hydrostatic pressure test, which
shall indicate at least the following information:

Identification of the pump

Type and characterizing data (e.g., dimensions) of the item tested

List of any modifications made to the design

Applicable test standard

Type of test liquid

Test pressure

Test duration

Result of the test

Date when the test was carried out

Signature of the inspector or test controller

Each item subject to a test report shall be marked uniquely for identification.

In the case of a witnessed test, the acceptance of an item or its release for further manufacturing steps shall be
confirmed by the signature of the purchaser's representative.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 37

Appendix C - Purpose of test tolerances (informative) - 2011

Appendix C

Purpose of test tolerances (informative)

C.1 Explanation of test tolerances - variations

Variations in hydraulic performance, as measured in a test, may occur for several reasons.

Common reasons for performance variations include manufacturing tolerances, instrument fluctuations, instrument
accuracy, and inherent fluctuations in the pumped media in the vicinity of the pump suction and discharge. The
magnitude of variation will vary directly with the degree of precision applied both to manufacturing processes and
to test equipment and procedures.

Variation in test results, as indicated above, also includes an uncertainty related to instrument measurements. In
this standard, the reported results are applied directly to the acceptance criteria. Uncertainty of the measurement
is reported separately as a characteristic of the instrumentation and is included in the test tolerance, which is
explained in Section 14.6.3.3 of the standard. The application of a specific test tolerance to any guarantee point
therefore infers a level of precision that must be achieved to provide repeatable results.

Various manufacturing processes often dictate the level of precision that is possible to obtain in the manufacture of
a certain part. The selection of the appropriate tolerance bandwidth therefore must take into account the overall
requirements in terms of product performance and repeatability against cost and manufacturing lead time.

C.2 Manufacturing variations

A large percentage of pump components are produced as cast parts that must be subsequently machined,
cleaned, dressed, and assembled into stationary and rotating assemblies prior to pump test. Normal manufacturing
variations occur that have an impact on the continuity of hydraulic geometry and therefore impact performance.

C.2.1 Casting dimensions

Casting dimensional variations depend on the molding process. Low-volume, large components are frequently
molded in sand using manual processes. As with most manual processes, there is an inherent large variation in the
process, both dimensionally and in the resulting surface finish. Machine molding is used on higher production vol-
ume components and results in less variation in dimensions and finishes. For a higher level of precision, some
components may be cast using an investment process that results in the smallest variation in both dimensions and
finishes.

C.2.2 Casting surface finish

The variation of hydraulic surface finish of the casing or impeller is different for the various types of cores used to
make the part. Wax cores exhibit very little variation in finish and typically do not cause hydraulic performance vari-
ations. Sand cores, particularly those that are hand-molded, can have significant variation in surface finish. Varia-
tion in molten metal temperature can also result in variations in surface finish in a single foundry run. The surface
finish in these types of cores can affect head and efficiency.

Minor variations in the contour of the leading edge of impeller vanes can affect NPSHR significantly. Because the
leading edges are often thin, these can be easily deformed.

Casting shrink rates are affected by chemical composition variations within alloy specifications, pouring tempera-
ture, and cooling rates. Resulting dimensional variations affect head and efficiency.

38 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix C- Purpose of test tolerances (informative)- 2011

C.2.3 Casting cleaning

Casting cleaning is the process in which a raw casting is manually or automatically cleaned and dressed. Casting
burrs, surface imperfections, mold split lines, etc. are often ground off and smoothened out. Hydraulic passage-
ways are often dressed and matched by hand. These processes result in variations of the local geometry of the
part. An increased level of precision can be obtained through the introduction of more sophisticated metal removal
processes and metrology.

C.2.4 Machining dimensions

Assemblies are made with close clearances between adjacent parts. Variations in machined component dimen-
sions can have an impact on controlling leakage between different pressure regions within the pump assembly. The
resulting variation in leakage can change the pump performance.

C.2.5 Machining finishes

Normal machining finish variations do not affect total developed head significantly, but can affect efficiency and
power. For example, variations of surface finish on a packed sleeve can affect the friction between packing and
sleeve. Impeller shroud surface finish quality has an impact on disk friction. (Smoother shroud surfaces create less
friction). The effect of increasing shroud surface roughness is a reduction in head and efficiency (more noticeably
on pumps with lower type numbers [specific speeds]).

Although the addition of the effects of each variation can result in large performance variations, usually many vari-
ations counteract each other, resulting in a lesser overall effect. Manufacturing tolerances follow the normal distri-
bution law, thus a manufacturer can calculate the likelihood of meeting a certain tolerance requirement. Experience
has shown that these typical manufacturing process variations result in performance variations in the range of ± 2
to 5%. A higher level of precision may reduce this variation but will demand the use of selective manufacturing pro-
cesses, additional controls, and consequent impact on cost and lead time.

C.3 Effect of accessories on mechanical losses (power)

It must be noted that the mechanical losses occur within bearing units and shaft sealing (dynamic, mechanical,
packing}. These are friction losses and have a direct effect on the measured power absorbed during test. Magni-
tude varies with bearing and seal design, load, setting, and speed of rotation. Any variation of these factors must
be accounted for between tests.

C.4 Selection of pump test acceptance grades and corresponding tolerance bands

There are a wide range of parameters to be considered during manufacture and test, any variation of which may
have influential impact on the accuracy and repeatability of test-stand measurements. The magnitude of these
effects on pump performance often depends on pump design and type numbers (specific speed}. The selection of
pump test acceptance grades and corresponding tolerance bands should therefore reflect a measure of the level of
engineering analysis and manufacturing effort required for a specific application in order to fulfil the overall needs of
the pump owner. Noting that, if no acceptance grade is specified, then the default values per Section 14.6.4 and
Table 14.6.4 of the standard will be applied.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 39

Appendix D - Recommended tests (informative)- 2011

Appendix D

Recommended tests (informative)

D.1 General

ANSI/HI 14.6 mandates an acceptance test based on pump flow and head delivered. It also details several optional
tests that a pump purchaser may want to have performed. This appendix gives a baseline recommendation for
optional tests and it attempts to shed light on the consequences of specifying tighter test tolerances as well as
optional tests.

It is recommended that the costs of acceptance tests and special tests be clearly stated in the contract. It should be
understood that specifying tighter acceptance tolerances generally leads to higher testing costs and longer lead
times. When NPSH testing is specified, test costs will increase because the tested pump will have to undergo a dif-
ferent and more time-consuming test program, often performed at a different test rig, requiring additional set-up
and tear-down time.

D.1.1 Bandwidth of manufacturing tolerances

To reduce the tolerance bandwidth, tighter manufacturing tolerances are required, which add cost and may
increase delivery time.

Sand-cast molds are the least expensive to make, but typically have the widest tolerance. Investment casting will
have the best finish and the most repeatable dimensions. The molding equipment cost for an investment casting
may be two to four times that of a sand mold. It takes a high production volume to justify the cost of this casting
equipment. To have a smaller bandwidth when sand casting may require many hours in hand labor to obtain the
same exact results from one pump to another.

Machining parts to closer tolerances can increase the cost of the labor by 50% as well as the time to make it to the
required tolerances.

Reducing the tolerances increases costs because of the additional care required during production and a likely
scrap rate increase. Both effects will increase delivery time.

Sometimes the impeller can be hand worked to obtain as-quoted results; again this increases the labor and deliv-
ery time.

Sometimes the impeller can be axially adjusted to obtain better impeller-casing alignment. This will obtain more
head, but may increase assembly cost and delivery time.

If it is desired to reduce the head of the pump, even though it is within the tolerance band, the impeller diameter can
be reduced. This also adds to the delivery time.

Machining the outside of the impeller shrouds and polishing the hydraulic passage of the casings or diffusers can
improve performance by reducing internal fluid friction losses, but adds significantly to the cost and delivery.

D.1.2 Bandwidth of measuring tolerances

Reduction of the tolerance bandwidth for measuring tolerances will add cost and may increase delivery time. This
is a result of using more sophisticated test equipment and extension of the actual test period to get a higher stabil-
ity of the operation point.

40 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix D - Recommended tests (informative)- 2011

D.2 Recommended test specification matrix

The recommended test specification matrix shown below is intended to be used as a guideline for users as to
which tests should be specified based on pump power and intended service. For normally manufactured pumps,
users may consider a certificate of compliance in place of actual testing.

Table D.1 - Matrix of recommended tests

Recommended Test Specification Matrix

Service \ Test Type Performance Hydrostatic NPSH Mechanical

Standard Up to 50 kW (67 hp) NO NO NO NO

Pumps

Greater than 50 kW (67 hp) YES NO NO NO

Additional New/Unique Design YES YES NO YES

Considerations

Critical Service or Application YES YES NO YES

NPSH Critical YES NO YES NO

Definitions:

Standard pumps - Pumps that have previously been manufactured and have a history of
consistently demonstrated compliance with HI test standards.

New/unique design - Pumps of a new size, or with new design features.

Critical service or application - As defined by customer.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 41

Appendix E - Mechanical test (informative)- 2011

Appendix E

Mechanical test (informative)

E.1 Mechanical test objective

A mechanical test demonstrates the satisfactory mechanical operation of a pump at the rated conditions, including
vibration levels; lack of leakage from shaft seals (except for packed stuffing box), gaskets, and lubricated areas;
and free-running operation of rotating parts. When specified, bearing temperature stabilization will be recorded.

These tests do not apply to submersible close-coupled pumps, both diffuser and volute style, as described in ANSI/
HI 1.1-1.2 Rotodynamic (Centrifugal) Pumps for Nomenclature and Definitions.

References to shaft seal do not apply to sealless pumps.

E.2 Mechanical test setup

The test setup should conform to the requirements of Appendix A of the standard where applicable, and the test liq-
uid should be clear water. In addition, instrumentation should be added to measure the following:

a) Vibration at the pump bearing housing in two directions perpendicular to the shaft and in the axial direction.

b) Temperature of both bearings or bearing housings.

c) Leakage from mechanical seals, gaskets, and bearing lubricant. Visual observation is sufficient for all leakage.

d) Oil temperature, when oil sump is used.

E.3 Mechanical test operating conditions

The mechanical test should be conducted under the following operating conditions:

a) Shaft speed - as required to meet rated conditions as specified in the customer order. Testing at other rota-
tional speeds is allowed if agreed to by manufacturer and purchaser.

b) Rate of flow - the rated flow for which the pump is specified. Testing at other flow rates is allowed if agreed to
by manufacturer and purchaser.

c) Suction pressure - as available from the test facility sufficient to prevent cavitation.

d} Liquid temperature - at ambient condition.

e) Air temperature - ambient.

E.4 Mechanical test instrumentation

E.4.1 Vibration

Vibration instruments can be either handheld or rigidly attached to the pump. For pumps with speeds above 600
rpm, the measurement instrumentation should be capable of measuring the RMS vibration velocity. For pumps with
speeds of 600 rpm and below, the measurement instrumentation should be capable of measuring RMS velocity
and RMS peak-to-peak displacement. Refer to ANSI/HI 9.6.4 Rotodynamic Pumps for Vibration Measurements
and Allowable Valuesfor vibration test requirements, including instrumentation.

42 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix E - Mechanical test (informative) - 2011

E.4.2 Temperature

Temperature instruments can be any recognized temperature sensor, such as pyrometers, thermometers, thermo-
couples, and the like. They should be capable of measuring the metal temperature on the outside of the housing of
both bearings, and may be handheld or rigidly attached to the bearing housing. The top center over the bearing is
usually the location of the highest temperature. Where temperature sensors are built into the pump, they should be
used instead of sensors on the bearing housing. If built-in, they must be at a location where temperature is of
interest.

E.5 Mechanical test procedure

The pump speed and rate of flow should be set per specification. The pump should be operated for a minimum of
10 minutes, and the following observations should be made and recorded:

a) Leakage from shaft seals, gaskets, mechanical seal piping, and bearing housing(s).

b) Vibration level in accordance with ANSI/HI 9.6.4 Rotodynamic Pumps for Vibration Measurements and Allow-
able Values.

c) Bearing temperatures at both inboard and outboard bearings. When specified, the pump should be operated
until the bearing temperature stabilizes. See ANSI/HI 1.4 Rotodynamic (Centrifugal) Pumps for Manuals
Describing Installation, Operation, and Maintenance for the temperature stabilization procedure.

d) Rubbing of rotating parts may be detected by indications of structureborne noise (in some instances, this may
be audible) and input power fluctuations. Observe the coast down of the pump when power is cut off. Torque
readings or other changes in similar instrument readings can also indicate rubbing.

e) Liquid temperature and ambient air temperature shall be taken.

E.6 Mechanical test acceptance criteria

The mechanical performance is considered acceptable when each of the following is achieved:

a) Vibration levels do not exceed the specified allowable limits.

b) Temperature of both bearings' housing surfaces do not exceed the pump manufacturer's standard for the prod-
uct as established prior to test.

c) Mechanical seals may have an initial small leakage, but should have no visible leakage when running at test
operating conditions for a minimum of 10 minutes. There are seal designs that may exhibit a prescribed level of
leakage during test and this can be confirmed with the seal manufacturer. When shut down, there should be no
visible leakage from seals for 5 minutes with the test suction pressure applied. The purpose of this test is to
ensure that the entire seal (cartridge) has been properly installed.

Soft packing typically should have no more than 12 drops per minute leakage for a 25-mm (1-in) shaft up to
3500 rpm. For larger shafts or higher test speeds and pressures, allowable leakage will be increased propor-
tionately with shaft diameter speed and pressure or as agreed to by the purchaser.

There should be no visible leakage through pressure-containment parts, gaskets, seal recirculation piping,
bearing housing, etc.

d) Rubbing of rotating parts should not be apparent from excessive noise during operation nor abrupt stopping of
the pump when power is cut off.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 43

Appendix E - Mechanical test (informative) - 2011

E. 7 Mechanical test records

The following data should be recorded in either written or computer form and kept on file, available to the purchaser
by the test facility, for five years.

a) The manufacturer's serial number, pump type and size, or other means of identification of the pump.

b) Vibration levels on both bearings in two directions perpendicular to the shaft. In addition, a single vibration
reading that is paralled to the rotational axis of the shaft.

c) Bearing temperatures.

d) Ambient air temperature.

e) Leakage from the pump as observed at the following:

• Pump pressure-containment components

• Pump gaskets

• Mechanical seal piping

• Mechanical seal(s) or packing

• Bearing housing(s)

f) Free-running rotating parts.

g) Date of test.

h) Name of test technician.

44 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix F - NPSH test arrangements (informative)- 2011

Appendix F

NPSH test arrangements (informative)

F.1 General

The test described in Section 14.6.5.8 of the standard can be conducted by any of the methods indicated in Table
14.6.5.8.2.1 and in any of the installations described in the following clauses.

It is possible to vary two control parameters and thus keep the rate of flow constant during a test, but this is usually
more difficult.

F.2 Characteristics of the circuit

The circuit should be such that when cavitation appears in the pump, it should not occur elsewhere to such an
extent that it affects the stability or the satisfactory operation of the installation or the measurement of the pump
performance.

It should be ensured that cavitation and the bubbles and degassing produced by cavitation in the pump do not
affect the functioning of instrumentation, particularly the flow measuring device.

The measuring conditions on the cavitation test rig should conform to the conditions specified in Appendix A of this
standard.

Special regulating valves at inlet and outlet may be needed to avoid cavitation that can influence the test results.

Cavitation in the flow through a throttle valve can sometimes be prevented by using two or more throttle devices
connected in series or by arranging for the throttle valve to discharge directly into a closed vessel or a large-
diameter tank interposed between the throttle and the pump inlet. Baffles and means of extracting air from such a
vessel may be needed, especially when the NPSH is low.

When a throttle valve is partially closed it is necessary to make sure that the pipe is full of liquid, and pressure and
velocity distributions at the inlet measuring section are uniform. This may be achieved by use of a suitable flow-
straightening device and/or long straight pipe of at least 12 D lengths at the pump inlet.

F.3 Characteristics of the test liquid

The liquid should be clean and clear and should not contain solid matter. Free gas should be removed to the extent
possible before test.

Deaeration of water used for a cavitation test is necessary only if the pump is to be used in practice with deaerated
water.

Conversely, to avoid degassing in any part of the pump, the water of the circuit should not be supersaturated.

The general flow conditions stipulated in Appendix A, especially at the inlet of the pump, should be fulfilled.

F.4 Allowable air content during NPSH testing

NOTE: All testing is assumed to be done in cold water.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 45

Appendix F - NPSH test arrangements (informative)- 2011

F.4.1 Testing in open loops

Assumptions:

The atmospheric pressure above the water level is 100 kPa (14.5 psi)

The water is saturated with air (worst case, assumption is on the safe side)

The standard could limit the air content to 1 % by volume of total flow at the pump suction nozzle. An air content of
1 % by volume is assumed to have no significant impact on performance and NPSH. Under these assumptions, the
pump can be tested down to about NPSHA = 7 m (23 ft), as demonstrated by Figure F.1. Testing with much lower
NPSHA would require degassing in a closed loop for accurate measurements. However, when testing with NPSHA
lower than 7 m (23 ft), the testing is on the safe side, i.e., if the pump meets the guaranteed NPSH3 with air content
higher than 1 %, operation is safe with respect to suction capability. The pump vendor may thus choose - without
detriment to the client - to test for simplicity and cost reasons with NPSHA lower than 7 m (23 ft), as long as the
guarantees are fully met.

F.4.2 Testing in closed loops with suction pressure below atmospheric

In contrast to open loops, air cannot escape from the circuit when testing in a closed loop. Testing with water that
has not been properly degassed may negatively impact the test result. Reducing the content of dissolved air to one
forth of saturation (or less) ensures that free air bubbles are largely absent from the water. The water must be par-
tially degassed by applying a vacuum in the tank while circulating water with sufficiently high velocity through the
loop in order to sweep trapped air and allow it to be removed. As an example, saturated water at 20 °C (68 °F) dis-
solves about 9.5 ppm of oxygen. Depending on the level of the vacuum achieved in the tank, an oxygen content of
less than 2.5 ppm should be attained during degassing. Addition of fresh water into the test tank will require a
period of degassing. The system should be run in vacuum long enough to ensure proper degassing of the water.
The duration of degassing may be based upon experience or checked with an oxygen meter or other methods.

F.5 Determination of the vapor pressure

The vapor pressure of the test liquid entering the pump should be determined with sufficient accuracy to comply
with Appendix F.3. When the vapor pressure is derived from standard data and the measurement of the tempera-
ture of the liquid entering the pump, the necessary accuracy of temperature measurement should be demon-
strated.

4.0

3.5 \.

l \
!!
N

2
3.0
-,
_ij
g
2.5

2.0
r-,
<, .......

""~
Ill
111
1.5
i
8 1.0
~ ............... .............
0.5

0.0
- ~
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NPSHA(m)
Figure F.1 - Air separating at the pump suction nozzle as a function of NPSHA if the pump draws cold
water from a tank with air-saturated water. Air pressure above tank equal to atmospheric pressure.

46 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix F - NPSH test arrangements (informative)- 2011

The source of standard data to be used should be agreed on between manufacturer/supplier and purchaser.

The active element of a temperature-measuring probe should not be less than one eighth of the inlet pipe diameter
from the wall of the inlet pipe. If the immersion of the temperature-measuring element in the inlet flow is less than
that required by the instrument manufacturer, then a calibration at that immersion depth will be required.

Care should be taken to ensure that temperature-measuring probes inserted into the pump inlet pipe do not influ-
ence the measurements of inlet pressure.

F.6 Example of test arrangements

Examples of different test arrangements are described below and in Table 14.6.5.8.2.1.

F.6.1 Closed-loop arrangement

The pump is installed in a closed pipe loop as shown in Figure F.2 in which, by altering the pressure, level, or tem-
perature, the NPSHA is varied without influencing the pump head or rate of flow until cavitation occurs in the pump.

Arrangements for cooling or heating the liquid in the loop may be needed in order to maintain the required temper-
ature, and a gas separation tank may also be required.

A liquid recirculation loop may be necessary to avoid unacceptable temperature difference in the test tank.

The tank should be of sufficient size and so designed as to prevent the entrainment of gas in the pump inlet flow.
Additionally stilling screens may be needed in the tank if the average velocity exceeds 0.25 mis (0.82 ft/s).

F.6.2 Open sump with level control

The pump draws liquid through an unobstructed suction pipe from a sump in which the level of the free liquid sur-
face may be adjusted (see Figure F.3).

F.6.3 Open sump with throttlevalve

The pressure of the liquid entering the pump is adjusted by means of a throttle valve installed in the inlet pipe at the
lowest practicable level (see Figure F.4).

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 47

Appendix F - NPSH test arrangements (informative)- 2011
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48 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved
 Appendix F - NPSH test arrangements (informative)- 2011

Pump on test .---.,----~

..,_
- To flow control valve
and flowmeter

Adjustable
water level

Figure F.3 - Variation of NPSHA by control of liquid level at pump inlet sump

Pump on test
------ ... To flow control
valve and
flowmeter

----
-1==:-
----
Inlet pressure
- ----
-~ &::::,... ~
control valve .== L-=-=..-

Figure F.4 - Variation of NPSHA by means of an inlet throttle valve

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 49

Appendix G - Tests performed on the entire equipment set - string test (informative) - 2011

Appendix G

Tests performed on the entire equipment set - string test

(informative)

Generating a pump curve requires the measurement of head, capacity, and power. From this information the effi-
ciency of the pump can be calculated. The efficiency shown on the pump curve has always been related to the
shaft input power. The published efficiency is the hydraulic power produced by the pump divided by the mechanical
input power to the pump shaft. Thus the efficiency published is only that of the pump, not of any other component.
From a testing standpoint, the most accurate way to obtain the power data is by direct measurement of the shaft
torque and rpm. This is typically done using a torque transducer and a tachometer. These values are then used
when calculating the power input to the pump.

A less accurate method, but one that may be specified, is to do a "string" test using the complete assembly with the
motor, pump, and drive (e.g., gearbox, belt drive, etc.). The accuracy of this test will be lower than when the pump
is tested by itself. In this instance, the power measured is the input power to the motor. The input power to the
pump shaft is then calculated by taking into account the published motor and drive efficiencies. Since these effi-
ciencies are not known precisely, this method of calculating pump input power is less accurate than when the shaft
torque and rpm are directly measured.

When a VFD is used as a part of the string, it becomes very difficult to obtain an accurate value of input power to
the pump shaft. A wattmeter cannot accurately measure the power from the VFD to the motor because of the non-
sinusoidal wave form generated by the VFD. A wattmeter can measure the input power to the VFD. But when the
input power to the VFD is measured, the efficiency of the VFD must be known to calculate VFD output power to the
motor. This information may be available, but it adds yet another degree of error since the motor efficiency will
change due to the nonsinusoidal wave form of the output power from the VFD. (Although many VFDs provide a
measurement of output power, the value of this measurement is only approximate and is generally not accurate
enough for acceptance testing. This reading also does not take into account the reduction in motor efficiency when
operated on VFD power.)

The need for string testing with a VFD can come from two requirements. The first is when the customer wishes to
use its VFD on the string test. The second is when a string test is required and the customer wishes to have curves
produced at a number of different speeds. In both instances the suggested procedure is to conduct one test without
using a VFD by running the motor directly across the line. This will allow a complete head-capacity-efficiency curve
to be produced at nominal speed. The VFD can then be connected to the motor, and head-capacity curves can be
produced at the required speeds without any power data being measured.

Table G.1 gives the influencing factors needed to calculate pump efficiency for different configurations. The config-
urations are shown from the highest to the lowest measuring accuracy.

It is not possible to obtain pump efficiency during a string test of an engine-driven pump. In this situation, the pump
should be tested separately to obtain accurate shaft power measurements.

The pump manufacturer's curves often only provide the end user the required power at the pump input shaft. Fur-
thermore this information is generally provided with the pump being sealed by packing. From an energy consump-
tion standpoint, these data do not provide the user with the true cost to operate the pump.

In fact, it is far more useful to provide wire-to-water efficiency and power consumption curves, but this is rarely
requested. Wire-to-water performance can be measured with all of the configurations given in Table G.1 simply by
placing a wattmeter at the input to the motor or VFD. These data will allow the end user to know the true power

50 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix G - Tests performed on the entire equipment set - string test (informative)- 2011

consumption of the pump system and to evaluate the true operating cost of various seal, drive, motor, and VFD
options.

Table G.1 - Influencingfactorsfor calculatingpump efficiencyfor differentconfigurations

Pump
Power RPM Efficiency
Configuration Drive Measurement Measurement Influencing Factors Accuracy

Pump only Mechanical Torque Tachometer None Highest

transducer

Pump and Line power Wattmeter Tachometer (1) Motor efficiency

motor, direct
connected

Pump and Line power Wattmeter Tachometer (1) Motor efficiency

motor, belt or (2) Transmission
gear driven efficiency

Pump and Line power Wattmeter From motor or (1) Motor efficiency
submersible vibration data (2) Seal power
motor consumption
(3) Cooling system
power consumption

Pump and Motor+ Wattmeter Tachometer (1) Motor efficiency

motor, direct VFD input to VFD (2) VFD efficiency
connected (3) Motor efficiency
correction for VFD
power

Pump and Motor+ Wattmeter Tachometer (1) Motor efficiency

motor, belt or VFD input to VFD (2) Mechanical drive
gear driven efficiency
(3) VFD efficiency
( 4) Motor efficiency
correction for VFD
power

Pump and Motor+ Wattmeter From motor or (1) Motor efficiency

submersible VFD input to VFD vibration data (2) Seal power
motor consumption
(3) Cooling system
power consumption
(4) VFD efficiency
(5) Motor efficiency
correction for VFD
power Lowest

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 51

Appendix H - Reporting of test results (informative) - 2011

Appendix H

Reporting of test results (informative)

H.1 Performance test report

The applicable acceptance criteria should be clearly indicated on the head/flow curve plot in the form of a vertical
line for head limits (at the flow rate guarantee point), and a horizontal line for flow limits (at the head guarantee
point), see Figures 14.6.3.4.2a, 14.6.3.4.2b, 14.6.3.4.3a, 14.6.3.4.3b, and 14.6.3.4.3c for examples using various
acceptance grades. The ends of the vertical line should represent the upper and lower limits of head; and the ends
of the horizontal line should represent the upper and lower limits of flow rate. The lines should intersect at the guar-
antee point. The head/flow curve must touch or cross at least one of the lines to pass the head/flow acceptance cri-
teria. Measured test points should be shown on the curve.

The following data should be included in pump test report, as applicable:

Pump data

- Model number

- Impeller type

- Number of impellers

- Impeller diameter

- Nominal speed

- Inlet and outlet nozzle sizes

- Serial number

Test condition data

- Test code and acceptance grade

- NPSH available

- Test liquid temperature

Test data (uncorrected and corrected data)

- Flow

- Head

- Power

Test motor data (as applicable for factory or job motor)

Test performed by/witnessed by

52 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix H - Reporting of test results (informative) - 2011

PUMP SERIAL NUMBER: TEST CURVE NUMBER: CUSTOMER I ORDER

MANUFACTURER INFORMATION:

SPEED POWER IMPELLER DIAMETER PUMP MODEL NUMBER:

n (rpm) P(kW) (IDENTIFICATION) D(m)

TEST DATE: TESTER: ACCEPTANCE CLASS:

38

DATAPOINT RATE OF FLOW HEAD PUMP POWER PUMP

GAUGE VELOCITY ELEVATION
PUMP TOTAL INPUT EFFICIENCY
Q p h, z H p 11
(m'/s) (kPal (ml Cml Cml (kW) %
1 0.0000 871.4 0.00 0.70 89.58 51.2 00.0
2 0.0389 778.3 0.24 0.70 80.32 66.4 46.1
3 0.0518 741.0 0.43 0.70 76.71 70.0 55.6
4 0.0680 695.0 0.70 0.70 72.29 75.3 63.9
5 0.0905 642.9 1.25 0.70 67.52 83.0 72.1
6 0.1087 601.5 1.83 0.70 63.88 89.0 76.4
7 0.1345 547.9 2.65 0.70 59.23 96.7 80.7
8 0.1455 501.2 3.26 0.70 55.08 97.4 80.6
9 0.1694 408.5 4.42 0.70 46.79 98.0 79.2
GUARANTEE POINT CERTIFICATION: TEST WAS PERFORMED WITH CLEAR WATER AT 21 °C
FLOW 0.1400 m'/s AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. HEAD, FLOW, AND POWER DATA ACQUIRED BY
HEAD 55.6 m ELECTRONIC METERING EQUIPMENT. ACCURACY OF TEST EQUIPMENT IS
EFFICIENCY % VERIFIED BY PERIODIC CALIBRATIONS.

[ 120

-- - -
f-
::>
Cl.
~
a:: _ ...... - -
-

--
w 80 .-

---
s
0 ......
Cl.
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I
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-i-
- -- - .. r-. ........ ..... ---- -
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s
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J:
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/ 25
/
I/
/
20 v 0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

FLOW (m3/s)

Figure H.1 - Sample pump test curve

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 53

Appendix H - Reporting of test results (informative) - 2011

H.1.1 NPSH test report requirements

The results of NPSH3 testing may be displayed on the pump performance curve or reported on a separate NPSH
test curve.

H.1.2 Pump test sheet

The pump test sheet illustrated in this appendix (Figure H.2) is given for guidance for presenting pump test results
and to assist in their interpretation. It does not purport to include all the information required from a pump test, and
modifications may be necessary depending on the type of pump and its application, and is subject to agreement
between manufacturer and specifier.

54 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix H - Reporting of test results (informative) - 2011
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<11
Q)
:c
.....
Ql
l ~

Ill
Q)
t>
tl ,g ~
C1l Jg
g. e ~
Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 55
Appendix I - Measurement equipment (informative) - 2011

Appendix I

Measurement equipment {informative)

1.1 Head measuring apparatus

1.1.1 Springpressure gauges

This type of gauge uses the mechanical deflection of a loop of tube, plain or spiral (Bourdon dial gauge), or a mem-
brane to indicate pressure.

If this type of apparatus is used to measure the pressure at inlet or outlet, then it is recommended that:

a) Each apparatus is used within its optimum measuring range (above 40% of its full scale).

b) The interval between two consecutive scale graduations is between 1.5 and 3 mm (0.06 and 0.12 in).

c) Such divisions correspond to a maximum of 5% of the pump total head.

The calibration of this measuring apparatus shall be checked regularly.

Figure 1.1 shows an arrangement for determining the reference plane of spring pressure gauges.

1.1.2 Electronicpressuretransducers

There is a large diversity of pressure transducers, absolute or differential, based on the variation of various
mechanical and/or electrical properties. They may be used provided the required accuracy, repeatability, and reli-
ability are achieved; the transducer is used within its optimum measuring range; and the transducer together with
its electronic equipment are calibrated regularly by comparison with a pressure device of higher accuracy and reli-
ability.

1.2 Measurement of rotatingspeed

The speed of rotation can be measured by (1) counting revolutions for a measured interval of time, (2) a direct indi-
cating tachometer, (3) a tachometric dynamo or alternator, (4) an optical or magnetic counter, or (5) a stroboscope.

In the case of a pump driven by an AC motor, the speed of rotation can also be deduced from observations of the
grid frequency and motor slip data, either supplied by the motor manufacturer or directly measured (for example,

using an induction coil). The speed of rotation is then given by the following formula: n = ~(r - fJ

1 1 - Reference plane of the manometer

2 - Open to atmosphere

Figure 1.1 - Arrangementfor determinationof reference plane of springpressuregauges

56 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix I - Measurement equipment (informative)- 2011

When the speed of rotation cannot be directly measured on a rotating element due to the design of the pump (for
example, for submersible pumps), it can be measured by counting a vibration frequency detected by an accelerom-
eter reading displacement or vibration velocity in a direction radial to the pump shaft.

1.3 Measurement of flow rate

Any flow measuring system may be used for measurement of pump flow rate provided that:

a) The entire flow passing through the pump also passes through the instrument section.

b) It can be demonstrated that the measuring instrument meets the requirements of Table 14.6.3.3.3 of the stan-
dard.

The piping upstream of the flow measuring device should be straight, having the same diameter as the device and
a length of at least 10 pipe diameters. The piping downstream of the flow measuring device has the same require-
ments, except that it can have a length of down to five pipe diameters. The lengths are measured from flange to
flange.

1.3.1 Measurement by weighing

The weighing method, which gives only the value of the average rate of flow during the time taken to fill the weigh-
ing tank, may be considered the most accurate method of flow rate measurement. This procedure is mainly used
for calibration of other flow measuring devices.

ISO 4185 and ASME MFC-9M indicate all necessary information for the measurement of the liquid rate of flow by
the weighing method.

1.3.2 Volumetric method

The volumetric method approaches the accuracy of the weighing method and similarly only supplies the value of
the average rate of flow during the time it takes to fill the gauged rate of flow.

ISO 8316 indicates all necessary information for the measurement of the liquid rate of flow by the volumetric
method.

1.3.3 Differential pressure devices

The construction, installation, and use of orifice plates, nozzles, and venturi tubes are the subject of ISO 5167-1
and ASME MFC-3M, while ISO 2186 and ASME MFC-8M give specifications on connecting piping for the manom-
eter.

Attention should particularly be drawn to the minimum straight lengths to be adhered to upstream of the differential
pressure device. These are specified in ISO 5167-1 and ASME MFC-3M for various configurations of piping. If it is
necessary to place the differential pressure device downstream of the pump (which is not covered in the tables
referred to), then the pump may be considered for the purpose of this standard to create a disturbance in the flow
equivalent to a single 90-degree bend either in the same plane as the pump volute, the last stage of a multistage
pump, or the outlet branch of the pump.

It should also be noted that the diameter of the pipe and the Reynolds number should fall within the ranges speci-
fied in ISO 5167-1 and ASME MFC-3M for each type of device. It should be ensured that the flow measuring appa-
ratus is not influenced by cavitation or degassing that can occur, for example, at a control valve. The presence of air
can usually be detected by operating the air vents on the measuring device.

It should be possible to check the differential pressure measurement apparatus by comparison with other measur-
ing apparatus. If all the requirements of the relevant standards are met, then the discharge coefficients given in the
standards can be used without calibration.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 57

Appendix I - Measurement equipment (informative) - 2011

1.3.4 Thin-plate weirs

Particular attention is to be drawn to the great sensitivity of these devices to the upstream flow conditions and thus
to the necessity to comply with the prescriptions for the approach channel.

For the application of this standard, the smallest scale division of all instruments used for the measurement of the
head over the weir shall not be more than that corresponding to 1.5% of the rate of flow to be measured.

The specifications for the construction, installation, and utilization of rectangular or triangular thin-plate weirs are
given in ISO 1438-1, and ISO 4373 indicates prescription for the level measuring device.

1.3.5 Velocity area methods

These methods are the subject of ISO 3354, ISO 3966, and ASME MFC-12M, which deal with discharge measure-
ments in closed conduits by means of current meters and Pitot static tubes. These standards give all the necessary
specifications concerning conditions of application, choice, and operation of the apparatus; measurement of local
velocities; and calculation of the rate of flow by integration of the velocity distribution.

Except in very long pipe installations, it is preferable that the measuring section should be placed upstream of the
pump to avoid too much turbulence or swirling flow.

The complication of these methods does not justify their use for grade 2 and 3 tests, but they are sometimes the
only ones that can be applied when testing pumps with large rates of flow for grade 1 tests.

1.3.6 Electromagnetic method

Electromagnetic flowmeters do not require very long upstream straight pipe lengths (a length of five times the pipe
diameter is in most cases sufficient) and achieve a very good accuracy.

Requirements for electromagnetic velocity meters should be in accordance with ISO 9104 and ASME MFC-16.

1.3.7 Ultrasonic method

Ultrasonic flowmeters are very sensitive to the velocity distribution and should be calibrated in their actual condi-
tions of operation.

Requirements for ultrasonic velocity meters should be in accordance with ISO/TR 12765 (ISO 6416) and ASME
MFC-5M.

1.3.8 Turbine meters

Turbine meters do not require very long upstream straight pipe lengths (a length of five times the pipe diameter is in
most cases sufficient) and achieve a very good accuracy.

Requirements for turbine meters should be in accordance with ISO 9951 and ASME MFC-4M (for gases).

1.3.9 Tracer and other methods

These methods, applied to the measurement of the flow rate in the pipes, are the subject of ISO 2975 and ASME
MFC-13M, the different parts of which cover both the dilution method (constant rate injection) and transit time
method, each method using either radioactive or chemical tracers.

Some apparatus, such as vortex or variable area flowmeters, may be used provided they are calibrated beforehand
by means of one of the primary methods described in this appendix. When installed permanently on a test facility,
the possibility of a periodic check of their calibration shall be taken into account.

58 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix I - Measurement equipment (informative)- 2011

The calibration should bear on the whole of the flowmeter and the associated measuring system. The calibration
should normally be carried out under the actual operating conditions (head, temperature, water quality, etc.) pre-
vailing during the tests, and attention should be given to the fact that the flowmeter is not affected by cavitation dur-
ing the tests.

As for the velocity area methods, the tracer methods are justified only for grade 1 tests. They should only be used
by specialized staff, and it should be noted that the use of radioactive tracers is subject to certain constraints.

1.4 Measurement of pump power input

1.4.1 General

Pump power input may be determined by dynamometers, torque meters, calibrated motors, wattmeters, or other
devices that can be demonstrated to meet the requirements of Section 14.6.3.3.3 of the standard.

Where the power input to an electric motor coupled to an intermediate gear, or the speed of rotation and torque
measured by a torque meter between gear and motor are used as a means for determining the pump power input,
the method for determining the losses due to the reduction gear should be stated in the contract.

If necessary, see ISO 5198 for more information on the methods described in the following.

1.4.2 Torque measurement

Torque should be measured by a suitable dynamometer or a torque meter capable of complying with the require-
ment of Section 14.6.3.3.3 of the standard.

Measurement of torque and speed of rotation should, within practical limits, be simultaneous.

1.4.3 Electric power measurements

Where the electrical power input to an electric motor coupled directly to the pump is used as a means of determin-
ing the pump power input, the motor should be operated only at conditions where the efficiency is known with suffi-
cient accuracy. Motor efficiency should be determined in accordance with the recommendations of I EC 60034-2
and is to be stated by the motor manufacturer.

This efficiency does not take into account motor cable losses.

The electric power input to the AC motor should be measured by either the two-wattmeter or the three-wattmeter
method. This allows using either single-phase wattmeters or a wattmeter measuring two or three phases simulta-
neously or integrating watt-hour-meters.

In the case of a DC motor, either a wattmeter, or an ampere meter and a voltmeter may be used.

The type and grade of accuracy of the indicating instruments for measuring electrical power should be in accor-
dance with IEC 60051.

1.5 Special cases

1.5.1 Pumps with inaccessible ends

In the case of combined motor-pump units (for example, a submersible pump or monobloc pump, or separate pump
and motor with overall efficiency guarantee), the power of the unit should be measured at the motor terminals if
accessible. When a submersible pump is involved, the measurement should be effected at the incoming end of the
cables; cable losses should be taken into account and specified in the contract. The efficiency given should be that
of the combined unit proper, excluding the cable and the starter losses.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 59

Appendix I - Measurement equipment {informative)- 2011

1.5.2 Deep-well pumps

In this case, the power absorbed by the thrust bearing and the vertical shafting and bearings should be taken into
account. Because deep-well pumps in general are not tested with the entire stand pipe attached, unless the accep-
tance test is performed on-site, the thrust and vertical shaft bearing losses should be estimated and stated by the
manufacturer/supplier.

1.5.3 Motor pump unitswith common axial bearing (other than close-coupled pumps)

In this case, if the power and the efficiency of the motor and those of the pump should be determined separately,
then the influence of the axial thrust, and possibly of the weight of the pump rotor on the losses in the thrust bear-
ing, should be taken into account.

1.6 Determination of motorpump unit overall efficiency

To determine the overall (wire-to-water) efficiency of a motor pump unit {i.e., pump and driver coupled together and
treated as an integral unit), the driver input power and the pump output power are measured with the driver working
under conditions specified in the contract. The ratio between output power and input power yields the overall pump
unit efficiency.

60 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix J - Suitable time periods for calibration of test instruments (informative) - 2011

Appendix J

Suitable time periods for calibration of test instruments

(informative)

J.1 Recalibration interval

The frequency of instrument recalibration depends on usage and the design of the equipment. Table J.1 is based
on experience with general usage of instruments. If historical data exist to support a longer recalibration interval,
then this should be acceptable to all parties. If an instrument is physically abused or overloaded, then it should be
recalibrated before being used.

Table J.1 - Instrumentrecalibrationintervals

PERIOD PERIOD
EQUIPMENT (Years) EQUIPMENT (Years)

Rate of Flow Input Power

Weigh tank 1 Dynamometer 0.5

Volumetric tank 10 Torque meter 1
Venturi, nozzle, NRa Calibrated motor NRb
orifice, weir

Turbine 1 Wattmeter 1
Electromagnetic 1c Gears 10
Ultrasonic 0.5 Head

Current meter 2 Bourdon tube 0.33

Pump Speed Dead weight NR

Tachometer 3 Manometer NR

Electronic (gear teeth) NRC Transducers 0.33

Frequency Responsive Devices Temperature

Magnetic 10 Electric 2
Optical 10 Mercury 5
Stroboscopes 5
a Not required unless a change of a critical dimension is suspected.
b Not required unless damage is suspected.
c Secondary (electronic processor). The primary section should be recalibrated every five
years, unless electrical or mechanical failure.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 61

Appendix K - Special test methods (informative) - 2011

Appendix K

Special test methods (informative)

K.1 General

For certain pump acceptance testing situations there are specialized test methods that may be more practical to
use than those described earlier. These and other possible methods are typically highly specialized and require
experience and intimate knowledge of the respective methods and processes in order to obtain accurate and
repeatable test results. Two examples of special test methods are given below.

Testing of a smaller-scale pump model. This method requires that a geometrically similar model pump is con-
structed such that the entire internal pump geometry is linearly scaled down, including surface roughness and
gaps. The pump test results, including efficiency, can be scaled up to accurately represent the full-scale proto-
type pump. The model should be constructed as large as possible to achieve the best accuracy. See Appendix
K.2 below for a detailed description of this test method. Japanese Industrial Standard JIS B 8327:2002 also
describes this test method.

Pump efficiency testing may be performed by precisely measuring the difference in pumped media tempera-
ture between the suction and discharge of the pump. This is commonly referred to as the thermodynamic test
method. See ISO Standard 5198 for a detailed description of this method.

K.2 Model tests for pump acceptance

Acceptance of hydraulic performance for very large pumps may sometimes be advantageous to determine by
using a geometrically similar, reduced-scale model of the prototype pump. Even if it might be feasible to test the
prototype unit in the factory, a model may be tested with greater accuracy and thoroughness.

The relationships between the model and the prototype are governed by the rules of hydraulic similarity. This
implies geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarity.

Geometric similarity refers to the similarity of dimensions and shapes and requires that the ratio of any two dimen-
sions in the model be the same as the corresponding ratio in the prototype. In many instances, geometric similarity
cannot be fully achieved, for example, variation in surface roughness height is not scaled in relation to model scale.

Kinematic similarity relates to similarity of motion. Essentially, velocities and accelerations at equivalent points in
the model and prototype should be in a constant ratio.

Dynamic similarity requires that forces at equivalent points in the model and prototype should be in a constant ratio.
For flow of a homogeneous liquid in a rotodynamic pump equivalence of pressure, viscous and inertial effects
should be achieved.

Given that the model pump is constructed to be geometrically similar with the prototype, achieving dynamic similar-
ity will imply that kinematic similarity is also achieved.

Testing models in advance of final design and installation of a large pump not only provides advance assurance of
performance, but also makes design alterations possible at a lower cost and faster in time for incorporation in the
prototype pump.

Not all installations lend themselves to a practical model testing. The pumping of water carrying considerable quan-
tities of solids or other foreign material is not readily reproduced in model operation. This standard, therefore, is lim-
ited to scale models pumping clear water, free from abnormal quantities of air or solids.

62 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix K- Special test methods (informative)- 2011

The effects of free-surface liquid disturbances in open channel sumps, interference between neighboring pump
units, and hydraulic conditions caused by poor approach flow quality are not covered by a model pump acceptance
test. See ANSI/HI 9.8 Pump Intake Design for sump model tests addressing these types of problems.

The model hydraulic passages should have complete geometric similarity with the prototype, not only in the pump
proper, but also in the intake and discharge conduits as specified above for tests on full-size pumps. If NPSH data
are not available, the NPSHA should be such as to give the same suction specific speed as the prototype. As pre-
viously explained, if the prototype NPSHR is known to be safely below the NPSHA, then a higher NPSHA can be
used for the model tests, although it is preferable to maintain the same value.

There is danger of air separation destroying similarity relationships if the absolute pressure is reduced too low.
Consequently, condensate pumps should not be modeled.

K.2.1 Pump model test

By adopting a fixed linear scale model for prototype pump, accurate performances may be obtained. The model
pump shall have an impeller diameter of not less than 0.30 m (11.8 in) in diameter. Typical model scale ratios are
found in the interval between 2 and 6. The pump manufacturer shall select the model-to-prototype scale. All dimen-
sions of the model hydraulic passages must be in accordance with the selected model-to-prototype ratio. Efforts
should be made to approach this scale relationship for surface finishes and gaps, although it may not be possible to
completely meet this requirement. This will mainly affect the pump's efficiency. Formulas below give guidance on
how to handle such situations. Subscript "rn" refers to model and "p" to prototype.

If corresponding diameters of model and prototype are Dm and Dp, respectively, then the model speed nm and
model rate of flow Om, under the test head Hm, must agree with the relationships:

One simplification of the above is to require that the model pump be run at heads equal to the prototype heads.
This results in equal model and prototype velocities. For this special case, the formula can be simplified as shown
below.

nm = (DE.), and Om = (Dmf

np D,,I Op DP

Example {Metric): A single-stage pump designed to deliver 5.556 m3/s against a head of 120 mat 450 rpm and
have an impeller diameter of 2.00 m. This pump is too large for a factory test and, in place of such test on the pro-
totype pump, a model test is to be tested at a reduced head of 100 m. The model impeller is to be 0.50 min diam-
eter.

Determine speed and rate of flow for the above model test.

Apply the above relationships:

or

nm= "o" ( Dd
of!., (H ~o.s
x H;) =
[
450 x
(2 Q, (1oQ1o.s]
Q.5) x 120) = 1643 rpm

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 63

Appendix K- Special test methods (informative)- 2011

or

Dm'/ (Hm1 o.s (0.5Q12 (100)0.50 3

Om = QP x ( op) x HP) = 5.556 x 2_06) x 120 :::: 0.317 m Is

The model test should therefore be run at a speed of 1643 rpm delivering 0.317 m3/s against a head of 100 m.

To check these results, it will be noted that the prototype pump type number is:

K = 21tnpog·5 = 6.28 x 450 x 5_5550.5 = 0.55

P (gHp)0.75 60 x (9.81 x 120)0.75

And the model pump type number will be:

K = 21tnmQ~5
= 6.28 x 1643 x 0.3710.5 = 0.55
m (gHm)0.75 60 x (9.81 x 100)0.75

Therefore the type numbers (specific speeds) are the same as required.

K.2.2 Efficiency scaleup

The efficiency of the model will not, in general, be equal to that of the prototype. In testing a model of reduced size,
the above conditions being observed, complete hydraulic similarity may not be attained because of certain influ-
ences. As mentioned before, complete geometric similarity will not be obtained unless the relative roughness of the
impeller and pump casing surfaces are the same. With the same surface texture in both model and prototype, the
model efficiency will still be lower than that of the larger unit due to operating at a lower Reynolds number. Further,
it is generally not practical to model running clearances or bearing sizes. When such is the case, the model effi-
ciency will be reduced.

The Reynolds number can be calculated with the following formula:

02
Re= nx-
v

Where:

n = speed of rotation, in rps

D = impeller diameter, in m

v = kinematic viscosity, in m2/s

With prior agreement between the manufacturer and the user, the prototype efficiency may be scaled up from the
tested model values obtained.

64 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix K- Special test methods (informative)- 2011

Numerous comparisons of prototype and model efficiencies, with consistent surface finish of models and proto-
types, are necessary for a given factory to establish a basis for calculating model performance to field performance.
The calculation can be applied conveniently according to the formula in use for rotodynamic pumps; namely

1-llm _ (ReE!. x 1
1-llp - Ren/

For the special case where the model is run at prototype velocities, the following simplified formula may be used:

1-llm _ (D~x
~-o p

The values for the exponent (x) have been found to vary between 0.05 and 0.26, depending on relative surface
roughness of model and prototype and other factors. When no supporting data are available for selection of the
exponent, a conservative value of O .10 shall be used. See K.2 .4 for the affinity formulas to be used when applying
an efficiency scaleup.

K.2.3 Model test at increased head

Under special and unusual circumstances, it may be desirable to carry out factory tests at higher heads than the
prototype head. This, for example, may be due to the limitations of available test motors or electrical frequency. In
this case, all of the above considerations continue to apply.

The choice of using a model is based on balancing the cost benefits of a smaller model versus the manufacturing
and test accuracies.

It should be pointed out, however, that the reduced-size model, coupled with an increase in head corresponding to
an increase in speed tends to minimize the change in Reynolds number; that is, the product of flow velocity and lin-
ear dimensions tends to be equal for the model and the prototype. This effect tends to restore dynamic similarity in
model and prototype and to equalize efficiencies and other performance factors. With increased head, however, the
suction specific speed value must still be the same for the model and in the prototype, requiring an increase in sub-
mergence or reduction in suction lift in the factory test.

The last mentioned requirement may result in another reason for the use of an increased head in the factory test.
Cases may arise in which the limitations of the factory test setup may preclude obtaining sufficient suction lift to
reproduce the prototype suction specific speed. In such cases, the required value can be obtained by an increase
in the pumping head instead of by a reduction in suction head or increase in suction lift.

K.2.4 Model test scaling formulas

When testing a pump where the model efficiency is to be scaled up to prototype values, the model best efficiency
point (BEP) shall be scaled up to determine the prototype value. The ratio of prototype to model efficiency at the
BEP shall be used to correct the efficiency at all other points away from the BEP.

When the pump type number K is less than 0.76 (specific speed N5 is less than 2000 in US customary units), the
disk friction can be assumed to be the dominant factor in determining pump efficiency, and increases in prototype
efficiency shall be accounted for by a reduction in prototype power. This is shown in the following affinity formulas:

1 -11 m
__ =
(Re
:..:.::..E. )x , therefore:
1-llp Rem

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 65

Appendix K - Special test methods (informative) - 2011

H = H x ( _E_ (n
D~2 x .....!!. )2 x~Tl
P m D nm Tlm

Example (US customary units): A single-stage pump designed to deliver 60,000 ~pm against a head of 180 ft at
505 rpm and have an impeller diameter of 54.0 in (n5 = (60,000)°-5 x 505/(180°·7 ) = 2517]. The prototype driver
will be 3500 hp. The guaranteed minimum efficiency at the rated point is 88%. The expected NPSHR at the rated
point is 30 ft, while the minimum NPSHA is 35 ft. This pump is too large for the manufacturer's test facility. A model
test at prototype heads will be undertaken to confirm the prototype performance. The model impeller is to be 18.0
in. in diameter.

Determine model rated points:

Since the model is to be run at prototype heads:

_ DP _ 54.0 _
nm - npx - 505 x - 1515 rpm
0m 18_0

H m = Hp = 180 ft

NPSHAm = NPSHAp = 35.0

The model test is completed and demonstrates the following results:

Hm = 178 ft at 6667 gpm at 1515 rpm

Pm= 343.7 bhp at 6667 gpm at 1515 rpm

Tlm = 87.2% at 6667 gpm at 1515 rpm

NPSH3 = 29.5 ft at 6667 gpm at 1515 rpm

Om= 7000 at BEP at 1515 rpm

66 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix K - Special test methods (informative)- 2011

Hm = 172 ft at 7000 gpm (BEP) at 1515 rpm

llm = 87.8% at 7000 gpm (BEP) at 1515 rpm

Calculate the prototype efficiency at the BEP:

Re ~x
11 = 1-(1-11 ) x ( ____!!!
P m Rep

Since the model was run at a head equal to the prototype, and since no prior data are available to determine the
exponent, this equation becomes:

Om,/ (18.Q'\0.10
llp = 1-(1-llm) x ( op) = 1-(1-0.878) x 54.oJ = 0.8907 = 89.1%

Calculate the prototype performance at the rated point:

llp = 87.2 x :~:~ = 87.2 x 1.0148 = 88.5%

_ (DP )3 (np )2 _ (54.Q'\3 505 _

Op - Omx Om x nm - 6667 x 18.Q) x 1515 - 60,003 gpm

_ (Dp)2 (!!.f!.)2 np _ (54.Q'\2 (505_12 89.1 _

HP - Hm x Om x nm x nm - 178 x 18.Q) x 1515) x 87_8 - 180.6 ft

_ (DP )5 (np )3 _ (54.Q'\5 ( 505_'\3 _

PP- Pmx Om x nm - 343.7x 18.Q) x 1515) - 3093bhp

NPSHRp = NPSHRm = NPSH3m = 29.5 ft

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 67

L_
 Appendix L - Unit conversions {informative)- 2011

Appendix L

Unit conversions (informative)

This appendix gives factors for conversion units used within this document. The conversion factor is the number by
which the value expressed in various units should be multiplied to find the corresponding value in metric units.

Table L.1 - Conversion factors

Various units
Symbol of Conversion
Quantity metric unit Name Symbol factors

{Volume) m3ls liter per second Us 10-3

rate of flow cubic meter per hour m3lh 113600
liter per hour Uh 113,600,000
liter per minute Umin 1160,000
imperial gallon per minute gal {UK)lmin 75.77 x 10-6
cubic foot per second tt3ls 28.3168 x 10-3
gallon {US) per minute gal {US)lmin 63.09 x 10-6
barrel {US) per hour {petroleum) barrel {US)lh 44.16x10-6
Mass rate kgls metric ton per second tis 103
of flow metric ton per hour t/h 10136
kilogram per hour kglh 113600
pound per second Ibis 0.45359237
Pressure Pa kilopond per square centimeter kplcm2 98,066.5
kilogram-force per square centimeter kgflcm2 98,066.5
bar bar 105
hectopieze hpz 105
torr torr 133.322
conventional millimeter of mercury mm Hg 133.322
conventional millimeter of water mmH20 9.80665
poundal per square foot pdllft2 1.48816
standard atmosphere atm 101,325
pound-force per square inch lbflin2 {psi) 6894.76
Density kglm3 kilogram per cubic decimeter kgldm3 103
gram per cubic centimeter glcm3 103
pound per cubic foot lblft3 16.0185
Power w kilowatt kW 103
kilopond meter per second kp · mis 9.80665
I.T. kilocalorie per hour kca11rlh 1.163
chevalvapor ch 735.5
horsepower hp 745.7
British thermal unit per hour Btulh 0.293071
kilogram-force meter per second kgf · mis 9.80665

68 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

L
 Appendix L - Unit conversions (informative)- 2011

Table L.1 - Conversionfactors(continued)

Various units
Symbol of Conversion
Quantity metric unit Name Symbol factors

Viscosity Pa-s poise p 10-1

(dynamic vis- dyne second per square centimeter dyn • s/cm2 10-1
cosity) gram per second centimeter g/s • cm 10-1
kilopond second per square meter kp • s/m2 9.80665
Poundal second per square foot pdl • s/ft2 1.48816

Kinematic m2/s stokes St= cm2/s 10-4

Viscosity square foot per second ft2/s 92.903 x 1 o-3

Specific speed - based on cubic meter ns 52.93

per second and meter - assumed
Pump type dimensionless
Ka
number
Specific speed - based on gallon per Ns 2733.72
minute and foot - assumed dimension-
less

a Pump type number Kis not a metric unit but is derived from consistent metric units, see Table 14.6.2.1, row 3.1.37.

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 69

Appendix M - References (informative)- 2011

Appendix M

References (informative)

The following referenced documents are presented to help the user in considering factors beyond this standard;
they do not form a part of this standard.

ASME - AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers

Fluid meters, Their Theory and Application

ASME MFC-3M, Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice, Nozzle, and Venturi

ASME MFC-4M, Measurement of Gas Flow by Turbine Meters

ASME MFC-5M, Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduits Using Transit-Time Ultrasonic F/owmeters

ASME MFC-8M, Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits - Connections for Pressure Signal Transmissions between Pri-
mary and Secondary Devices

ASME MFC-9M, Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduits by Weighing Method

ASME MFC-12M, Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits Using Multiport Averaging Pitot Primary
Elements

ASME MFC-13M, Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits: TracerMethods

ASME MFC-16, Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduits with Electromagnetic Flowmeters

ANSI/ASME PTC 18-1992, Hydraulic Turbines

American Society for Mechanical Engineers

Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5990

www.asme.org

IEEE • Instituteof Electricaland ElectronicsEngineers

IEEE Standard 552, Application of Power Measuring Equipment

ANSI/IEEE 112, Test Procedures for Polyphase Induction Motors & Generators

ANSI/IEEE 113, Test Procedures for Direct Current Machines

ANSI/IEEE 115, Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

3 Park Ave., 17th Floor
New York, NY 10016-5997

www.ieee.org

70 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix M - References (informative) - 2011

IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission

IEC Publication 34-2, Recommendations for rotating electrical machinery (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
- Part 2: Determination of efficiency of rotating electrical machinery

IEC Publication 41, International code for the field acceptance tests of hydraulic turbines

IEC Publication 51, Recommendations for direct acting electrical measuring instruments and their accessories

IEC Publication 497, International code for model acceptance tests of storage pumps

International Electrotechnical Commission

3, rue de Varernbe
P.O. Box 131
CH - 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland

www.iec.ch

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

ISO 31, General principles concerning quantities, units and symbols

ISO 1438-1, Water flow measurement in open channels using weirs and venturi flumes - Part 1: Thin-plate weirs

ISO 2186, Fluid flow in closed conduits - Connections for pressure signal transmissions between primary and
secondary elements

ISO 2372, Mechanical vibrations of machines with operating speeds from 10 to 200 revls - Basis for specifying
evaluation standards

ISO 2975-1, Measurement of water flow in closed conduits - Tracer methods - Part 1: General

ISO 2975-2, Measurement of water flow in closed conduits - Tracer methods - Part 2: Constant rate injection
method using non-radioactive tracers

ISO 2975-3, Measurement of water flow in closed conduits - Tracer methods - Part 3: Constant rate injection
method using radioactive tracers

ISO 2975-6, Measurement of water flow in closed conduits - Tracer methods - Part 6: Transit time method using
non-radioactive tracers

ISO 2975-7, Measurement of water flow in closed conduits - Tracer methods - Part 7: Transit time method using
radioactive tracers

ISO 3354, Measurement of clean water flow in closed conduits - Velocity-areamethod using current-meters in full
conduits and under regular flow conditions

ISO 3740, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise sources - Guidelines for the use of basic
standards and for the preparation of noise test codes

ISO 3744, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise sources - Engineering methods for freefield
conditions over a reflecting plane

ISO 3745, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise sources - Precision methods for anechoic
and semi-anechoic rooms

ISO 3746, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels of noise sources - Survey method

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 71

Appendix M - References (informative)-2011

ISO 3945, Mechanical vibration of large rotating machines with speed range from 10 to 200 rev/s - Measurement
and evaluation of vibration severity in situ

ISO 3966, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits - Velocity area method using Pitot static tubes

ISO 4185, Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits - Weighing method

ISO 4373, Measurement of liquid flow in the channels - Water level measuring devices

ISO 5167-1, Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices - Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles
and Venturi tubes inserted in circular cross section conduits running full

ISO 5198, Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps - Code for hydraulic performance tests- Precision class

ISO 6081, Acoustics - Noise emitted by machinery and equipment - Guidelines for the preparation of test codes
of engineering class requiring noise measurements at the operator's or bystander's position

ISO 7194, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits - Velocity-area methods of flow measurement in swirling
or asymmetric flow conditions in circular ducts by means of current-meters or Pilot-static tubes

ISO 8316, Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits - Method by collection of the liquid in a volumetric tank

ISO 9104, Methods of evaluating the performance of electromagnetic f/owmeters for liquids in closed conduits

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse,
Case postale 56
CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland

www.iso.org

72 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix N - Index - 2011

Appendix N

Index

This appendix is included for informative purposes only and is not part of this standard. It is intended to help the
user gain a better understanding of the factors referenced in the body of the standard.

Note: an f. indicates a figure, and a t. indicates a table.

ANSI/HI 1.6 Centrifugal Pump Tests, 1 and maximum permissible measurement device
ANSI/HI 2.6 Vertical Pump Tests, 1 uncertainty, 12, 12t.
ANSI/HI 4.1-4.6 Sea/less, Magnetically Driven Rotary
Pumps for Nomenclature, Definitions, Hydraulic performance acceptance tests (rotodynamic
Application, Operation, and Test, 1 pumps), 1
ANSI/HI 11.6 Submersible Pump Tests, 1 conducting at test facilities, 1
See also Factory performance tests; Hydrostatic
Containment of liquid, 34 pressure testing; Mechanical tests
Conversion factors, 68, 68t. See also Model tests for pump acceptance; NPSH
tests; Optional tests; Performance tests
Datum elevation for various pump designs, 7f. See also Pump acceptance tests; String tests;
Default test acceptance grades, 17 Thermodynamic test method
based on purchaser's intended service, 17, 17t. Hydrostatic pressure testing, 34
Duty point. See Guarantee point acceptance criteria, 36
application to all pressure-containing items, 34
Factory performance tests, 9 certificates, 37
nonwitnessed, 9 containment of liquid, 34
nonwitnessed and certified, 9 definitions, 34
remote witnessing by purchaser's representative, 9 duration, 36, 36t.
witnessed, 9 item(s) to be tested, 34
witnessing by purchaser's representative, 9 preparation for, 35
See also Performance test reports pressure-containing parts, 34
procedure, 36
Grades of accuracy, 10 rated pressure, 34
acceptance tolerances, 10 records, 37
and corresponding tolerance bands, 13, 13t. repairs, 36
default test acceptance grades, 17, 17t. reports, 37
grade 1 (18, 1E, 1U), 13, 13t. test liquid, 35
grade 2 (28, 2U), 13, 13t. test pressure, 35
grade 3 (38), 13, 13t. timing of, 35
grades 1, 2, and 3, 1
permissible amplitude of fluctuations per grade, 11, Instrument recalibration intervals, 61, 61 t.
11 t.
pressure tappings for, 27, 28f. Maximum pump input power, 11
tolerance field for acceptance grade 1 E, 14, 16f. Maximum pump motor unit input power, 11
tolerance field for acceptance grades 1 B, 28, and Maximum required net positive suction head, 11
38, 14,16t. Measurement equipment
tolerance field for acceptance grades 1 U and for deep-well pumps, 60
2U, 16f. differential pressure devices (flow rate), 57
See also Test tolerances, reasons for for electric power measurements, 59
Guarantee point, 1, 10 for electromagnetic method (flow rate), 58
documentation, 10 electronic pressure transducers, 56
for flow rate, 57

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 73

Appendix N - Index - 2011

Measurement equipment-continued example arrangements, 47, 48f.

for head, 56 open sump with level control, 47, 49f.
for motor pump unit overall efficiency, 60 open sump with throttle valve, 47, 49f.
for motor pump units with common axial bearing, 60
for pump power input, 59 Optional tests, 40
for pumps with inaccessible ends, 59 bandwidth of manufacturing tolerances, 40
for rotating speed, 56 bandwidth of measuring tolerances, 40
special cases, 59 cost considerations, 40
spring pressure gauges, 56, 56f. critical service or application, defined, 41
thin-plate weirs (flow rate), 58 definitions, 41
for torque measurement, 59 new/unique design, defined, 41
for tracer and other methods (flow rate), 58 standard pumps, defined, 41
turbine meters (flow rate), 58 test specification matrix, 41, 41 t.
for ultrasonic method (flow rate), 58
for velocity area methods (flow rate), 58 Performance tests
for volumetric method (flow rate), 57 analysis, 20
for weighing method (flow rate), 57 bilateral tolerance acceptance, 14, 15f.
Mechanical test date of testing, 18
acceptance criteria, 43 default test acceptance grades, 17, 17t.
instrumentation, 42 duration oftest, 18
objective, 42 efficiency evaluation, 14, 16f.
operating conditions, 42 flow evaluation, 14
procedure, 43 flow tolerance, 14, 15f.
records, 44 grades and tolerances, 13, 13t.
setup, 42 head evaluation, 14
temperature instruments, 43 head tolerance, 14, 15f.
vibration instruments, 42 impeller diameter reduction to obtain specified
Minimum combined efficiency, 11 characteristics, 22
Minimum pump efficiency, 11 made with NPSHA different from that guaranteed, 22
Model tests for pump acceptance, 62 measurements under steady state conditions, 18
efficiency scaleup, 64 minimum of five test points, 19
at increased head, 65 performance curves, 22
pump model test, 63 power evaluation, 14, 16f.
scaling formulas, 65 procedure submittals, 18
procedures, 17
NPSH tests records and reports, 18
objective, 19 retesting after reducing impeller diameter, 22
tolerance factor for NPSHR, 20 site tests, 17
Type I: determination of NPSH3 for multiple flow speed of rotation during, 19
rates, 19, 21 t. test conditions, 18
Type II: determination of NPSH3 for single flow testing equipment (documentation and
rate, 19, 21 t. calibration), 18
Type Ill: verification of limited influence of cavitation tolerance field for acceptance grade 1 E, 14, 16f.
on performance at specified NPSHA, 19 tolerance field for acceptance grades 1 B, 28, and
Type IV: verification of guaranteed characteristics at 38, 14, 16t.
specified NPSHA, 20 tolerance field for acceptance grades 1 U and
NPSH tests, arrangements for, 45 2U, 16f.
air content in closed loops with suction pressure tolerances for pumps with input power of 10 kW (13
below atmospheric, 46 hp) and below, 13
air content in open loops, 46, 46f. translation oftest results into data based on specified
allowable air content, 45 speed of rotation and density, 20
characteristics of the circuit, 45 translation of test results to guarantee conditions, 20
characteristics of the test liquid, 45 unilateral tolerance acceptance, 14, 15f.
closed-loop, 47, 48f. See also Test tolerances, reasons for
determination of vapor pressure, 46

74 Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved

 Appendix N - Index - 2011

Performance tests, arrangements for, 18, 23 Pump acceptance tests, 10

bowl assembly total head (submerged acceptance grade tolerances, 10
conditions), 30, 32f. conditions, 10
bowl head (submerged conditions), 30 guarantees, 10
correction of suction pressure for suction maximum permissible measurement device
recirculation, 24, 27f. uncertainty, 12t.
error in measurement of H(Q) depending on distance measurement uncertainty, 11
of suction pressure gauge from impeller, 24, overall measurement uncertainty, 13
26f. permissible amplitude of fluctuations per grade, 11,
flow at suction at part load, 26f. 11t.
flow measuring, best conditions for, 23 See also Test tolerances, reasons for
friction head losses for deep-well pumps (submerged
conditions), 30, 32f. Quantities (terminology definitions), 1, 2t.
friction losses at inlet and outlet, 31
head for vertically suspended pumps (submerged Rated point. See Guarantee point
conditions), 30 Rated pressure, 34
inlet measuring section, 24 Recommended tests. See Optional tests
inlet total head (submerged conditions), 30 Rotodynamic pumps
measurement methods, 24 hydraulic performance acceptance tests. See
measurement principles, 23 Hydraulic performance acceptance tests
outlet measuring section, 25 (rotodynamic pumps)
outlet total head (submerged conditions), 30 types, 1
pressure readings, correction for height difference
in, 29 Special test methods, 62
pressure tap location above liquid level and equal to String tests, 50
atmospheric pressure (submerged influencing factors for calculating pump efficiency for
conditions), 31 different configurations, 50, 51 t.
pressure tap location above liquid level and not equal with VFD as part of string, 50
to atmospheric pressure (submerged wire-to-water efficiency, 50
conditions), 31 Subscripts, 1, at.
pressure tap location below pump intake and U1 is Symbols, 1, at.
not O (submerged conditions), 31, 33f.
pressure tapping perpendicular to plane of volute or Terminology, 1, 2t.
to plane of a bend, 25, 27f. Test tolerances, reasons for, 38
pressure tappings, 27f., 27, 28f. casting cleaning, 39
pump total head, 23, 25f. casting dimensions, 38
pump total head (submerged conditions), 30 casting surface finish, 38
for pumping installations under submerged effect of accessories on mechanical losses
conditions, 30 (power), 39
pumps tested with fittings, 29 machining dimensions, 39
for self-priming pumps, 31 machining finishes, 39
simulated test arrangements, 29 manufacturing variations, 38
static pressure tappings, requirements for, 28f., 28 and selection of pump test acceptance grades and
Performance tests, reporting results of, 52 corresponding tolerance bands, 39
data to include, 52 Tests. See Factory performance tests; Hydrostatic
NPSH test requirements, 54 pressure testing; Mechanical test; Model tests
person(s) who perform test, 52 for pump acceptance
person(s) who witness test, 52 Tests. See NPSH tests; Optional tests; Performance
pump data, 52 tests; Pump acceptance tests; String tests;
sample pump test curve, 53f. Thermodynamic test method
sample pump test sheet, 54, 55f. Thermodynamic test method, 62
test condition data, 52
test data, 52 Unit conversion factors, 68, 68t.
test motor data, 52
Pressure-containing parts, 34

Hydraulic Institute Standards, Copyright© 1997-2011, All Rights Reserved 75

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