ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

FOR STORAGE TANKS

 DOC NO 3DG M60 001

 BY AMIT KHANNA

10/18/2013 1
 •DESIGN OF STORAGE TANKS
 ATMOSPHERIC OIL  DOME ROOF TANKS
STORAGE TANKS AS PER API 620.
AS PER API 650.
 WATER STORAGE  OTHERS LIKE
TANKS AS PER BOLTED,FIELD
AWWA D 100. WELDED,SHOP
WELDED AS PER API
12B,12D,12F
RESPECTIVELY.
10/18/2013 2
 TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS
 FLOATING ROOF  DOME ROOF
 CONE ROOF
 CONE CUM
FLOATING ROOF

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 TYPE OF TANKS

CFR FR CR

10/18/2013 4
 SALIENT FEATURES OF API
650
 THIS STANDARD COVERS
MATERIAL,DESIGN,FABRICATION,ERECTION,AND
TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR
VERTICAL,CYLINDRICAL,ABOVE GROUND, CLOSED –
AND OPEN TOP,WELDED STEEL STORAGE TANKS IN
VARIOUS SIZES AND CAPACITIES FOR INTERNAL
PRESSURES APPROX. ATMOSPHERIC PRESS.
(INTERNAL PRESSURE NOT EXCEEDING THE
WEIGHT OF ROOF PLATES),EXCEPT THAT A HIGHER
INTERNAL PRESSURE IS PERMITTED WHEN THE
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF APPENDIX F ARE
MET.

10/18/2013 5
 SALIENT FEATURES OF API
650
 APPENDIX F APPLIES WHEN THE INTERNAL
PRESSURE MULTIPLIED BY THE CROSS
SECTIONAL AREA OF THE NOMINAL TANK
DIA DOES NOT EXCEED THE NOMINAL
WEIGHT OF THE METAL IN THE SHELL,
ROOF AND ANY FRAMING SUPPORTED BY
THE SHELL OR ROOF FOLLOW
REQUIREMENTS IN F.2 THROUGH F.6.

10/18/2013 6
 SALIENT FEATURES
 INTERNAL PRESSURES THAT EXCEED
THE WEIGHT OF THE SHELL, ROOF
AND FRAMING BUT DO NOT EXCEED
2.5 PSIG WHEN THE SHELL IS
ANCHORED TO A COUNTER
BALANCING WEIGHT,SUCH AS
CONCRETE RINGWALL, ARE COVERED
IN F.7.

10/18/2013 7
 LIMITATIONS OF API 650
 VACUUM PRESSURE LIMITED TO 25MM
OF WATER COLUMN.
 INTERNAL PRESSURE CAN BE
MAXIMUM UP TO 2.5 PSI.
 MAX DESIGN TEMP CAN BE UPTO 500 O
F.

10/18/2013 8
 LIMITATIONS OF API 620
 MAX. INTERNAL PRESSURE CAN BE
UPTO 15 PSI.
 MAX DESIGN TEMP CAN BE UPTO 250O
F.

10/18/2013 9
 DESIGN AS PER API 650
 TWO METHODS ARE SPECIFIED FOR
DETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS

ONE FOOT METHOD VARIABLE POINT

FOR TANK DIA LESS METHOD FOR TANK
THAN 200 FT. GREATER THAN 200 FT DIA.

10/18/2013 10
 BRIEF COMPARISION
API 650 API620
AWWA
BASIC APP. APP BASIC APP. APP
A F R Q

MAX. INT. PR ATM ATM 2.5PSI 15 psi 15 psi 15psi ATM.

.
MIN. TEMP NS -20OF NS -50OF - 60OF -270OF -55 OF

MAX TEMP 500OF 200 O F 500O F 200OF -40OF -200OF RT

MAX SHELL 1.75 in 0.50in 1.75 NS NS NS 2 IN a

THK.

10/18/2013 11
 BRIEF COMPARISION
MIN. SHELL
THK.
D < 50FT. 01.875 IN 01.875 IN 01.875 IN

50<D <120FT 0.25 IN 0.25 IN 0.25 IN

120<D <200 FT 0.3125IN 0.3125IN 0.3125IN

D>200 FT 0.375 IN 0.375 IN 0.375 IN

MIN ROOF 0.1875 IN NS 0.1875 IN

THK.

MIN. BOTTOM 0.25 IN+C.A. NS d NS d

PLATE THK.

10/18/2013 12
 BRIEF COMPARISION
MIN. TOP
ANGLE
D< 35 FT 2 in x 2 in x 3/16 in NS NS

35 < D < 60FT 2 in x 2 in x 1/4 in NS NS

D> 60FT 2 in x 2 in x 3/8 in NS NS

NS = NOT SPECIFIED, CA = CORR. ALLOW. , RT = ROOM TEMP.

NS d = MIN. THK OF ANY PLATE IS 0.1875 IN. + C.A.

10/18/2013 13
 DATA SHEET FOR TANKS
GENERAL DATA
SERVICE ITEM NO.
ROOF TYPE OPERATING CAPACITY
NO. REQUIRED INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF
HAZARD CATEGORY SIZE-DIAMETER/HEIGHT(NOM)
NET CAPACITY

PROCESS DATA
CONTENTS AMBIENT TEMP: MAX/MIN
LIQUID SPECIFIC GRAVITY @OPR. TEMP(MIN.) BLACK BULB TEMP.
LIQUID VISCOSITY @OPR. TEMP(MIN.) STORAGE TEMPO MAX/MIN
FLASH POINT ALTITUDE ABOVE LAT.
VAPOUR PRESSUE @ 20 O C RAINFALL
CORROSIVITY PRESSURE: MIN/NORM/MAX
TOXICITY TANK HEATING TYPE
FILLING RATE HEAT LOAD NORM/MAX
EMPTYING RATE OPERATING LEVEL MIN/MAX
EVOLVED VAPOUR TANK MIXERS TYPE/NO.
PURGE GAS:INERT / NAT. GAS WATER DRAW SUMP
MOLE WT. VAPOUR/OURGE GAS GAUGING
DESIGN LIQ. DENSITY KG/M3 DESIGN TEMP.
10/18/2013 14
 DATA SHEET
MECHANICAL DETAILS
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION CODE INSULATION TYPE/THK
SHELL DESIGN METHOD PAINT ROOF
DESIGN PRESSURE MIN/MAX PAINT SHELL
DESIGN WIND SPEED PAINT BOTTOM
SEISMIC CODE/FACTOR WEIGHT
FOUNDATION OPERATING
CORR. ALLOW HYDROTEST
THK SHELL INSULATION TYPE/THK
ROOF (DEPENDING ON TYPE) ROOF
BOTTOM ANNULAR/SKETCH ACCESS(EXTERNAL) STAIRCASE TYPE
JOINT EFFICENCY EARTHING BOSS
BASE HANDRAILING
MAX. ALLOWABLE SOIL LOADING CLEAN OUT DOOR
PRESS. VAC RELIEF TYPE DIP HATCHES
STIFFENING RINGS FIRE PROTECTION /CONTROL
CATHODIC PROTECTION MANHOLES
INSP[ECTION SURFACE PREPN.

10/18/2013 15
 DATA SHEET
MATERIALS
SHELL HEATING COIL
SHELL LINING BOLTS
ANNULAR PLATE NUTS
SKETCH PLATE WELDING FITTINGS
ROOFPLATE (DEPENDING ON TYPE) GASKETS
ROOF LINING INSULATION SUPPORTS
FLOATING ROOF SEAL STAIRS,HANDRAILS,PLATFORMS
NOZZLE FLANGES EARTHING BOSS
NOZZLE NECKS RADIOGRAPHY
NOZZLE/MANWAY LINING STRESS RELIEVING
STRUCTURAL STEEL OTHER NDT

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 Dome roof tank with external
structure

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 INPUT DATA FOR DESIGN AS
PER API 650
 DIA
• HT.
PUMPING DATA
•NET CAPACITY. INFLOW RATE
OUTFLOW RATE
•GROSS CAPACITY.
• DESIGN WIND
VELOCITY.
•SESIMIC ZONE
•INTERNAL PR.
10/18/2013 18
 CONTD.
 HORIZONTAL ACCEL FACTOR.
 SOIL DATA.
 SITE COEFF. Rainfall data in mm/hr
 VAC. PR.
 TYPE OF TANK.
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE LIQUID STORED.
 DESIGN TEMPERATURE.
 CORR. ALLOWANCE.
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 Design as per API 620
 OTHER THAN WHAT IS ALREADY
GIVEN FOR API 650 ADDITIONALY YOU
SHOULD HAVE :
 VAPOUR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID
WHICH NEEDS TO BE STORED.

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 APPLICABLE CODES & STDS.
 WELDING QUALIFICATION/DETAILS
ASME SEC IX.
 FILLER METALS ASME SEC II PART C.
 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING ASME
SEC V.
 RADIOGRAPHY ACCEPTANCE ASME SEC
VIII DIVN 1 UW51.

10/18/2013 21
 CONE ROOF TANKS
 THEIR ROOF CAN BE ANY OF THE
FOLLOWING DEPENDING ON THE
DIAMETER OF TANK

COLUMN SUPPORTED
RAFTER/TRUSS SUPPORTED
SELF SUPPORTED

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 Typical cone roof tank

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 Floating roofs

 FLOATING ROOFS ARE PRIMARILY OF

THE TYPES AS MENTIONED BELOW.

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 Floating roofs

 SINGLE PONTOON TYPE IDEAL FOR

DIA MORE THAN 17.5 MTR DIA TO
65.0 MTR DIA.

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 Typical view of top of FR.

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 Floating roofs

 DOUBLE DECK ARE IDEAL FOR TANK

DIA LESS THAN 17.5 M AND MORE
THAN 65.0MTR.

10/18/2013 27
 Floating roofs

 HOWEVER FOR CFR TANKS WE CAN

ALSO USE ALUMINUM FLOATING ROOF
AS PER REQUIREMENT OF CODE AS
PER APPENDIX H. HOWEVER THEY
HAVE A LIMITATION AS THEY CAN BE
USED FOR SMALL DIA TANKS ONLY.

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 Aluminum floating roof

10/18/2013 29
 ALUMINIUM FLOATING ROOF

APPENDIX H : THIS PROVIDES MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS THAT

APPLY TO THE FLOATING ROOF OF A TANK WITH A FIXED ROOF AT
THE TOP OF THE TANK SHELL. PLASTIC CAN BE USED FOR THE CORE
AND SKIN MATERIAL PER REQUIREMENTS OF [H3.4]. ALL
CONDUCTIVE PARTS OF THE INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF SHALL BE
ELETRICALL INTERCONNECTED [H.4.2.4]. THE INTERNAL FLOATING
ROOF SHALL BE DESIGNED TO SAFELY SUPPORT AT LEAST TWO MEN
[H.4.2.5]. ALL DESIGN CALCS SHALL BE BASED ON SG OF 0.7
[H.4.2.6]. METALLIC INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF SHALL BE
BUOYANT ENOUGH TO SUPPORT AT LEAST TWICE ITS DEAD WEIGHT
AND SHALL BE CAPABLE OF FLOATING AFTER TWO OF ITS
COMPARTMENTS ARE PUNCTURED [H.5.1.2].

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 FLOATING ROOFS

 FOR A ROLLING LADDER TO BE

ACCOMMODATED THE DIA. OF THE TANK
SHOULD BE AT LEAST 2.5 TO 3.0 MTR MORE
THAN THE HEIGHT OF THE TANK.
 ROLLING LADDER SHOULD BE SELF
ADJUSTABLE TYPE.
 HOWEVER CFR TANKS CAN HAVE A HANG
SAFE LADDER ONLY OR ALTERNATIVE
ARRANGEMENT CAN BE MADE.

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 Rolling ladder

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 ECONOMICS IN DESIGN
 THOUGH THE DIA & HT OF THE TANK
WILL DEPEND ON VARIOUS
PARAMETERS LIKE PROCESS
REQUIREMENT,TYPE OF SOIL ETC.
 THE MOST ECONOMICAL DESIGN CAN
HAVE HT. SLIGHTLY MORE THAN THE
DIA TO GIVE MOST OPTIMUM
DESIGN.e.g. 16 m dia x16.5 mtr ht.
10/18/2013 33
 MATERIAL OF CONSTRUTION
 API 650 ALLOWS TO USE MATERIAL
LISTED IN CODE AS PER THEIR GROUP
NO.
 MOST COMMONLY USED MOC ARE 283
GRC,A36,516 GR60,70,A537 CL1.
 537 CL11 INVOLVES SPECIAL WELDING
SKILLS AND IS NORMALLY AVOIDED.

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 MOC
PLATES : PLATES SHALL CONFORM TO THE LATEST EDITION
OF ONE OF THE SPECIFICATIONS REFERRED BELOW

ASTM STANDARDS [2.2.2 ]

CSA STANDARDS [2.2.3 ]
ISO STANDARDS [2.2.4 ]
NATIONAL STANDARDS [2.2.5 ]
SHELL PLATES ARE LIMITED TO A MAXIMUM THICKNESS OF 1.75"
UNLESS A LESSER THICKNESS IS SPECIFIED. PLATES THICKER THAN
1.5"SHALL BE NORMALIZED OR QUENCH TEMPERED, KILLED, MADE
TO FINE GRAIN PRACTICE AND IMPACT TESTED [2.2.1.4]

10/18/2013 35
 WELDING AS PER ASME SEC
IX
 WELDING ELECTRODES : FOR THE
WELDING OF MATERIALS WITH A
MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH LESS
THAN 80 KIPS PER SQUARE INCH,
MANUAL ARC-WELDING ELECTRODES
SHALL CONFORM TO THE E60 AND E70
CLASSIFICATION SERIES.

10/18/2013 36
 SHELL DESIGN
 AFTER CAREFULLY SELECTING THE MOC
THE THK. SHOULD BE WORKED OUT AS PER
ALLOWABLE STRESS OF THE MOC GIVEN IN
CODE.
 CHECK FOR REQUIREMENT OF STRESS
ANALYSIS, KILLED OR SEMI KILLED
MATERIAL.
 FOR LOW TEMP CHECK FOR IMPACT
TESTING AS GIVEN IN CODE.
10/18/2013 37
 FORMULA USED
T = 2.6 D (H-1) * G + C.A.
Sd OR St.

 WHERE T = THK. OF SHELL CORSE IN INCHES.

 WHERE D = DIAMETEROF THE TANK IN FEET.
 WHERE H = HEIGHTOF THE TANK IN FEET.
 WHERE G = SP. GRAVITY.
 WHERE SD=DESIGN STRESS IN PSI.
 WHERE ST = HYDROSTATIC STRESSIN PSI.
 WHERE C.A.= CORROSION ALLOWANCE IN INCHES.

10/18/2013 38
•SHELL DESIGN : THE REQUIRED SHELL THICKNESS IS DEFINED AS
THE GREATER OF THE DESIGN SHELL THICKNESS, INCLUDING ANY
CORROSION ALLOWANCE, OR THE HYDROSTATIC TEST SHELL
THICKNESS. THE SHELL THICKNESS SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN THE
FOLLOWING
NOMINAL TANK DIA NOMINAL PLATE
IN FT. THK. IN INCHES

< 50 3/16

50 TO <120 ¼

120 TO 200 5/16

>200 3/8
10/18/2013 39
 Shell design

•Guidelines for computing the design shell thickness and

hydrostatic shell thickness are given.

•The permissible plate materials and maximum allowable product

design stress, Sd are covered in [Table 3-2 ].
The design stress basis Sd shall be the lesser of two-thirds the
yield strength or two-fifths the tensile strength.

10/18/2013 40
 SHELL DESIGN CONTD
 THE VACUUM SHOULD BE ADDED IN
THE WIND PRESSURE TO DETERMINE
SHELL THK.
 INTERNAL PRESSURE TO BE TAKEN BY
INCREASING THE HT. OF THE TANK
EQUIV. TO INT. PR. WATER COLUMN.E.

10/18/2013 41
 SHELL PLATE ERECTION

10/18/2013 42
 WIND GIRDERS
•TOP AND INTERMEDIATE WIND GIRDERS: AN OPEN TOP
TANK SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH STIFFENING RINGS TO
MAINTAIN ROUNDNESS WHEN TANK IS SUBJECTED TO
WIND LOADS. TYPES OF STIFFENING RINGS,
RESTRICTIONS ON STIFFENING RINGS, STIFFENING RINGS
AS WALKWAYS, SUPPORTS, CALCULATION OF SECTION
MODULUS FOR TOP AND INTERMEDIATE WIND GIRDERS
ARE ADDRESSED IN SECTION 3.9.

10/18/2013 43
 WIND GIRDER DESIGN
 TO BE CALCULATED USING THE
TRANSPOSED WIDTH METHOD.
 IF EXPERIENCING MORE NO OF WIND
GIRDERS THEN INCREASE THE SHELL
THK. MARGINALLY .

10/18/2013 44
 WIND GIRDER DESIGN
 FLOATING ROOF TANKS INVARIABLY WILL
HAVE ONE PRIMARY WIND GIRDER WHICH
IS USED AS A WALK WAY ALSO.
 THE SIZE OF SECONDARY WINDGIRDER.
SHOULD BE SUCH THAT IT DOESNOT
INTERFERE WITH THE STAIRWAY. SO
IDEALLY THE WIDTH OF THE WEB SHOULD
BE LESS THAN 200 mm.

10/18/2013 45
 BOTTOM PLATE
 THE NOMINAL THK SPECIFIED IN THE
CODE IS 6 MM.
 HOWEVER ANNULAR PLATE THK
NEEDS TO BE SIZED IN TERMS OF
WIDTH AND THK.

10/18/2013 46
 ROOFS
• ROOFS [3.10]: ALL ROOF PLATES SHALL BE DESIGNED
TO SUPPORT DEAD LOAD PLUS A UNIFORM LIVE LOAD
OF NOT LESS THAN 25 PSF. MINIMUM NOMINAL
THICKNESS OF 3/16 IS SPECIFIED FOR ROOF PLATES.
DESIGN REQUIRED FOR FRANGIBLE ROOF TO SHELL
DESIGN ARE LISTED IN [3.10.2.5.1]. FAILURE OF THE
ROOF TO SHELL JOINT IS USUALLY INITIATED BY
BUCKLING OF THE TOP ANGLE AND FOLLOWED BY
TEARING OF THE 3/16 INCH CONTINUOUS WELD OF THE
PERIPHERY OF THE ROOF PLATES [3.10.2.5.1]. IN CASE
THE ROOF TO SHELL JOINT IS NOT FRANGIBLE THEN
EMERGENCY VENTING DEVICES IN ACCORDANCE WITH
API 2000 SHALL BE PROVIDED BY THE PURCHASER. 47
10/18/2013
 ROOF PLATE
 THE NOM. THK SPECIFIED IN THE
CODE IS 5 MM.
 IF CORR. ALLOW. IS ADDED TO THIS
THEN THE SPACING BETWEEN THE
RAFTERS CAN BE INCREASED .

10/18/2013 48
 SESIMIC DESIGN
 SHALL BE DONE AS PER APPENDIX E.
 CHECK FOR TANK STABILITY WITH RESPECT
TO WIND MOMENT AND SESIMIC MOMENT.
 IF UNSTABLE DO EITHER OF THE
FOLLOWING:
 INCREASE SHELL THK OR ANNULAR PLATE
THK OR ANCHOR THE TANK AS PER CODE.

10/18/2013 49
 CURB ANGLE
 CURB ANGLE SIZE IS DEFINED IN THE
CODE FOR DIA OF THE TANK.
 CHECK FOR FRANGIBILITY.
 IF SHELL TO ROOF JOINT IS NOT
FRANGIBLE PROVIDE EMERGENCY
VENT DEVICE.

10/18/2013 50
 ANCHOR CHAIR AND BOLT

 ANCHOR CHAIR DESIGN IS GIVEN IN API

620.
 THE CODE SPECIFIES THE SPACING TO BE
KEPT FOR DIFFERENT DIAMETERS.
 ANCHOR BOLT LENGTH SHALL BE
DEPENDENT ON BOND STRESS OF
CONCRETE OR ALTERNATIVELY THE LENGTH
CAN BE REDUCED BY PROVIDING ANCHOR
AT THE BASE OF THE PLATE.
10/18/2013 51
 TANK VENTING
 VENTING IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PART IN
TANK DESIGN AS NO. OF FAILURES HAVE
BEEN EXPERIENCED ON ACCOUNT OF
THESE.
 THE CODE TO BE FOLLOWED IS API 2000.
 THE VENT MUST ALSO BE CHECKED BY THE
PROCESS ENGINEER FOR THE PRESSURE
DROP ACROSS IT.

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 FLOATING ROOF
•APPENDIX C- ADDRESSES MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
OF EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS. MINIMUM THICKNESS
OF DECK PLATES SHALL HAVE A NOMINAL THICKNESS
OF 3/16 INCH [C3.3.2]. TOP DECK OF DOUBLE DECK
ROOFS AND OF PONTOON SECTIONS WHICH ARE
DESIGNED WITH PERMANENT SLOPE , SHALL HAVE A
MINIMUM SLOPE OF 3/16 INCH IN I FOOT [C3.3.4].

10/18/2013 53
 FLOATING ROOFS

•FLOATING ROOFS SHALL HAVE SUFFICIENT BUOYANCY

TO REMAIN AFLOAT.ON LIQUID WITH SG OF 0.7 AND WITH
PRIMARY DRAINS INOPERATIVE [C3.4.1]. EACH
COMPARTMENT OF THE PONTOON OPENING SHALL BE
PROVIDED WITH A LIQUID-TIGHT MANHOLE [C3.5].

•THE FLOATING ROOF SHALL BE SUPPLIED WITH LADDER

THAT AUTOMATICALLY ADVANCES TO ANY ROOF
POSITION [C.3.7].
10/18/2013 54
 FLOATING ROOF DESIGN
 FOR A SINGLE DECK PONTOON TYPE
THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT IS ITS
WIDTH ,OUTER RIM HEIGHT AND THE
INNER RIM HEIGHT.
 FLOATING ROOFS ARE SUBJECTED TO
EITHER OF THE FOLLOWING DESIGN
CONDITIONS.

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 FLOATING ROOF DESIGN
 10 INCHES OF RAINFALL WATER
ACCUMULATION OR PUNCTURED DUCK
WITH TWO ADJACENT
COMPARTMENTS PUNCTURED.
 IT IS PREFERRED THAT THE OUTER
RIM SUBMERGENCE SHOULD NOT BE
MORE THAN 65 % FOR A
CONSERVATIVE DESIGN.
10/18/2013 56
 LEG SUPPORTS
 THE FLOATING ROOF IS DESIGNED FOR
OPERATING LEVEL AND MAINTENANCE
LEVEL.THE NORMAL INDUSTRY PRACTICE IS
TO HAVE 1200 MM AS OPERATING LEVEL
AND 1800MM AS MAINTENANCE LEVEL.
 CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO DESIGN THE
LEG SUPPORTS AS A VERY HEAVY LEG
SUPPORT IS A PROBLEM FOR THE
OPERATIONS TEAM.

10/18/2013 57
 LEG SUPPORTS
 IDEALLY WE USE EITHER 80 NB WITH A
SLEEVE OF 100 NB OR 100 NB WITH A
SLEEVE OF 125NB.
 NORMALLY THE RADIAL DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE LEG SUPPORTS SHOULD NOT
BE MORE THAN 5 MTRS FOR DECK THK OF 5
MM.
 THE MAX LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF
INDIVIDUAL LEG SUPPORT IS LIMITED BY
L/R RATIO WHICH SHOULD NOT EXCEED
180.
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 TANK BOTTOM VIEW

10/18/2013 59
 ANTIROTATIONAL DEVICE
 SIZING OF ANTIROTATIONAL DEVICE
NEEDS TO BE DONE FOR RESTRICTING
THE MOVEMENT OF THE TANK IN
SWAYING IN ANY DIRECTION
CIRCULARLY.

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 FLOATING ROOF SEALS
 PRIMARY SEALS ARE THE FIRST DEFENSE
AGAINST PRODUCT EVAPORATION AND
VAPOR EMISSIONS. MOST GOVERNMENT
REGULATIONS REQUIRE PRIMARY SEALS ON
ALL FLOATING ROOFS. THE OPTIMAL SEAL
HAS INSULATED STAINLESS STEEL HANGERS
WITH 316L STAINLESS STEEL COILSPRINGS.
GALVANIZED OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE,
SOME ADVANTAGES ARE:

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 FLOATING ROOF SEALS
 REDUCE RISK OF RIM FIRES

 INSTALLATION OR MAINTENANCE
WITH TANK IN SERVICE

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 FLOATING ROOF SEALS
 UNIFORM CENTERING FORCES AT LOW
STRESS LEVELS
 DESIGNED FOR INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS
 STANDARD DESIGN FOR 8 IN. (+/- 4
IN.) RIM SPACE – ALTERNATE
DESIGNS ARE AVAILABLE

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 Double wiper type seal

10/18/2013 64
 Single wiper type

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 SECONDARY SEAL
• TO FURTHER REDUCE PRODUCT LOSS AND VAPOR EMISSIONS, A
SECONDARY SEAL IS ADDED ABOVE THE PRIMARY SEAL. MOST
REGULATIONS REQUIRE THESE SEALS ON EXTERNAL FLOATING
ROOFS. SOME ADVANTAGES ARE:
•SEGMENTAL COMPRESSION PLATE DESIGN WITH 2 IN. LAP
SEAL
•INSTALLATION OR MAINTENANCE WITH TANK IN SERVICE
•INSTALLATION ON VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL RIM
•INDIVIDUAL COMPRESSION PLATES MAY BE REMOVED
WITHOUT AFFECTING PRIMARY SEAL
•STANDARD DESIGN FOR 8 IN. (+/- 4 IN.) RIM SPACE –
ALTERNATE 12 IN.

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 FLEXIBLE DRAIN
ARRANGEMENT

ARTICULATE DRAIN SYSTEM IS REQUIRED FOR

FLOATING ROOF TANKS TO CATER FOR RAIN
WATER BEING REMOVED FROM DECK TOP.

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 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF
COFLEXIP ROOF DRAIN

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 OTHER VENTS
 FLOATING ROOF SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH
BLEEDER VENT AND RIM VENTS TO TAKE
CARE OF ANY VACUUM BEING CREATED
DURING PUNPING CONDITIONS.
 STANDARD PRACTICE IS TO PROVIDE MIN.
TWO RIM SEAL OR ALTERNATIVELY AT
EVERY 50 MTRS OF TANK CIRCUMFERENCE.

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 HEATING COILS
 CERTAIN TANKS STORING CLASS C
PETROLEUM WILL BE PROVIDED WITH
FLOOR COIL HEATERS TO HELP REACH
STORED LIQUID TO ITS POUR POINT.
 HOWEVER IT IS USED FOR CRUDE OIL
TANKS ALSO.

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 HEATING COILS
 CLASS C IS WITH FLASH POINT
GREATER THAN 65 O C.

10/18/2013 71
 HEATING COILS
 SIZING OF FLOOR HEATERS IS DONE BY
PROCESS ENGINEER TAKING INTO
CONSIDEARTION THE TIME REQUIRED FOR
HEATING THE TANK CONTENTS .
 TO AVOID IBR REGULATIONS IT IS DESIRED
THAT WE USE SATURATED STEAM WITH
PRESS. LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 3.5BAR
(G)BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH OVERALL HEAT
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT .

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 Appurtenances
 TANKS SHALL BE PROVIDE WITH THE
FOLLOWING:
 SHELL:
 MANHOLES ( 1 FOR 0-60’)
 2 FOR 60’-120’
 3 FOR 120’-200’

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 Appurtenances
 4 OVER 200’
 INLET
 OUTLET
 DRAW OFF SUMP
 ROOF DRAIN (FOR F.R.)

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 Appurtenances
 ROOF:
 MANHOLE
 VENT WITH FLAME ARRESTOR
 RIM VENTS
 GAUGE HATCH LEVEL MEASUREMENT
DEVICES

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 INSULATION
 TANKS WITH HEATING COILS ARE
PROVIDED WITH INSULATION AT
SHELL AND ROOF TOP.
 IN THIS TANK THE SPIRAL STAIRWAY
SHALL BE 200 MM AWAY FRO THE
TANK AND SHALL BE STRINGER TYPE.

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 INSULATION
 SUITABLE PROVISION AT TANK TOP IS
TO BE MADE FOR ACCESS TO
NOZZLES.
 NORMALLY LRB MINERAL WOOL IS
USED AS INSULATION MATERIAL WITH
ALUMINUM CLADDING.SUITABLE
PROVISION IS TO BE PROVIDED ON
THE TANK FOR HOLDING THE SAME.
10/18/2013 77
 MIXERS
 THIS NOZZLE/FLANGE MAY
REQUIRE SPECIAL SIZING TO
MATCH THE MIXER SUPPLIER
SPECIFICATION. SUPPORTS FOR
THE MIXER SHALL BE SUPPLIED
AND INSTALLED BY THE TANK
CONTRACTOR.

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 STANDARD TANK
EQUIPMENTS
 LEVEL INDICATOR
 LEVEL TRANSMITTER
 TEMP GAUGE
 LEVEL SWITCHES

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 Cooling & foam system
 COOLING SYSTEM AND FOAM SYSTEM
ARE TO PROVIDED IF REQUIRED AS
PER NFPA CODE.
 FOAM POURERS ARE TO BE PROVIDED
WITH DEFLECTOR PLATES FOR
EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS.

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 Cooling & foam system
 RIM SEAL PROTECTION FOR FLOATING
ROOF.
 FOAM DAM SHALL BE PROVIDED TO
ACCUMULATE THE FOAM BEING
POURED FROM THE POURER.

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 CORROSION PROTECTION
 THE STORAGE TANK STEEL
SURFACES ARE TO BE PROTECTED
FROM EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
CORROSION.
 THIS WILL DEPEND ON SITE
CONDITIONS AND PRODUCT TO BE
STORED.

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 CORROSION PROTECTION
 Internal Coating.
 TANKS MAY BE COATED
INTERNALLY WITH PAINTS OR
EPOXY LININGS FOR PROTECTION
FROM CORROSION BY STORED
FLUIDS. ALL SUPPORTS INSIDE
INCLUDING STRUCTURALS UNDER
THE ROOF SHALL BE COATED..
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 CORROSION PROTECTION
 SPECIAL ATTENTION SHALL BE GIVEN
TO SURFACE PREPARATION FOR
INTERNAL COATING,AND TO CURING
REQUIREMENTS OF THE COATING.
CORROSION PROTECTION
 NACE REQUIREMENTS SHALL BE
SPECIFIED PER THE PROJECT
SPECIFICATIONS FOR INTERNAL
COATING.
 EXTERNAL PAINTING.

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 CORROSION PROTECTION
 EXTERNAL PAINTING.
 SPECIFY THE TYPE OF PRIMER AND
FINISH COATS OF PAINT INCLUDING DRY
FILM THICKNESS REQUIRED PER THE
PROJECT PAINTING SPECIFICATION.
USUALLY THE TANK CONTRACTOR'S
SCOPE WILL INCLUDE SURFACE
PREPARATION AND PRIMER
APPLICATION, WHILE THE FINISH COAT
WILL BE APPLIED BY OTHERS.

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 CORROSION PROTECTION
 STRUCTURAL ATTACHMENTS

 NORMALLY ALL LADDERS,

PLATFORMS, STAIRS, RAILINGS AND
CAGES ARE TO BE HOT DIP-GALVANIZED.
ALL OTHER ATTACHMENTS WELDED TO
THE SHELL SHALL BE PAINTED TO THE
PROJECT PAINT SPECIFICATION FOR
THE TANK EXTERIOR.
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 CORROSION PROTECTION
 BOTTOM PLATE COATING.
 THE BOTTOM PLATE MAY BE
COATED ON THE UNDERSIDE WITH
EPOXY PER SPECIFIED REQUIREMENTS.
AN ADDITIONAL 1/16" CORROSION
ALLOWANCE MAY BE SPECIFIED FOR
THE UNDERSIDE OF THE BOTTOM, WITH
OR WITHOUT THE BOTTOM COATING.

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 FOUNDATION DESIGN
 TYPICALLY FLAT BOTTOM TANKS
ARE INSTALLED ON RINGWALL
FOUNDATIONS. SMALL TANKS (15'-
20' DIA) AND THOSE REQUIRING
LEAK DETECTION MAY BE
INSTALLED ON CONCRETE SLAB
FOUNDATION.

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 FOUNDATION DESIGN
 FOR TANKS STORING
PRODUCTS LIKE CHLORINE, ACIDS
AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS, THE
FOUNDATION MAY BE COVERED
WITH A PROTECTIVE COATING.

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 FOUNDATION DESIGN
 SOIL CONDITIONS WHICH PRODUCES
UNUSUAL SETTLEMENT OF
FOUNDATIONS SHALL BE GIVEN TO THE
TANK CONTRACTOR IN CONSULTATION
WITH THE CIVIL GROUP. THE LATTER
MAY REQUIRE TANKS TO BE KEPT
FILLED WITH WATER AFTER HYDROTEST
FOR A LONGER PERIOD TO MONITOR
GRADUAL SETTLEMENT, PRIOR TO
MAKING PIPING CONNECTIONS.

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 LIGHTNING
PROTECTION/GROUNDING LUGS
 THESE LUGS ARE SUPPLIED AND
INSTALLED BY THE TANK
CONTRACTOR. REVIEW THE
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION FOR
THEIR DETAILS INCLUDING
LOCATION AND QUANTITY.

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 INSPECTION & TESTING
 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED BY
THE CLIENT, ALL INSPECTION AND
TESTING SHALL BE PER API
STANDARDS.

10/18/2013 92
 INSPECTION & TESTING
 THE INSPECTION DEPARTMENT
SHALL PREPARE AN INSPECTION PLAN
FOR SHOP FABRICATED TANKS AND
SHOP FABRICATED COMPONENTS OF
FIELD ERECTED TANKS PER PROJECT
SPECIFICATIONS/ GUIDELINES, AND THE
VESSEL ENGINEER SHALL REVIEW THE
SAME. THIS PLAN WILL BE PART OF THE
TANK CONTRACT.

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 INSPECTION & TESTING
 FIELD INSPECTION OF TANK
ERECTION AND TESTING SHALL BE
ADMINISTERED BY THE GENERAL
CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACTOR/CLIENT.
 TESTING.
 PRESSURE TESTS.

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 INSPECTION & TESTING
 HYDROSTATIC TESTING SHALL BE
SPECIFIED IN THE MECHANICAL DATA
SHEET OF STAINLESS STEEL TANKS
REVIEW THE CHLORIDE CONTENT OF
THE TEST WAT. THE TEST WATER SHALL
BE CLEAN AND FREE OF SILT OR ANY
SUSPENDED SOLIDS. IN CASE ER
AVAILABLE AT THE SITE. THE CHLORIDE
CONTENT SHALL NOT EXCEED THE
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMIT.

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 INSPECTION & TESTING
 ALL HYDROSTATIC OR
PNEUMATIC TESTS SHALL BE PER
API STANDARDS.

10/18/2013 96
 INSPECTION & TESTING
 NON-DESTRUCTIVE
EXAMINATIONS.

10/18/2013 97
 INSPECTION & TESTING
 RADIOGRAPHY AND ANY OTHER
NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
SHALL BE SPECIFIED PER API
STANDARDS AND/ OR PROJECT
REQUIREMENTS.
 VACUUM TESTS.

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 INSPECTION & TESTING
 VACUUM BOX TESTING SHALL BE
SPECIFIED FOR BOTTOM JOINTS,
BOTTOM TO SHELL JOINTS AND
ROOF PLATE JOINTS PER API
STANDARDS.

10/18/2013 99
 APPENDICES
APPENDIX A – OPTIONAL DESIGN
BASIS FOR SMALL TANKS.
APPENDIX B – RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF
FOUNDATIONS.
APPENDIX C – EXTERNAL FLOATING
ROOFS.
APPENDIX D – TECHNICAL INQUIRIES.

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 APPENDICES
APPENDIX E – SEISMIC DESIGN.
APPENDIX F – DESIGN FOR SMALL
INTERNAL PRESSURES.
APPENDIX G – STUCTURALLY
SUPPORTED ALUMINIUM DOME
ROOFS.
APPENDIX H – INTERNAL FLOATING
ROOG ROOFS.

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 APPENDICES
APPENDIX I – UNDERTANK LEAK
DETECTION.
APPENDIX J – SHOP ASSEMBLED
STORAGE TANKS.
APPENDIX K – SAMPLE CALCULATION
ON VARIABLE DESIGN.
APPENDIX L – API 650 DATA SHEETS.

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 APPENDICES
APPENDIX M – FOR ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES.
APPENDIX N – USE OF NEW MATERIALS.
APPENDIX O – RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
UNDER BOTTOM CONNECTIONS.
APPENDIX P – ALLOWABLE EXTERNAL LOADS
ON TANK SHELL OPENINGS.
APPENDIX S – AUSTENTIC STAINLESS STEEL
DESIGN.

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10/18/2013 104
 EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF

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NOZZLE ORIENTATION
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CONE ROOF TANK
10/18/2013 107