A Seminar Report on

ELECTRIC RELAYS
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY

OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR-273010.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SESSION: 2022-23

SUBMITTED BY:
AKSHAT SHARMA
B.Tech 3rd Year
SECTION – A
ROLL NO. - 2020031016
1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Vinod

Kumar Giri, Head of Department, Electrical Engineering Department,
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur for his
generous guidance, help and useful suggestions.

It would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals in this organization. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to
all of them.

I am highly indebted to Lt. Kishan Bhushan Sahay, Asst. Professor,

Electrical Engineering Department for his guidance and constant supervision
as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also
for his support in completing the project. I express my sincere gratitude for
his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement, and supervision
throughout the course of the report.

I would like to express my thanks towards my parents & faculty members of

Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology for their insightful
comments, kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in
completion of this project.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleagues in developing the

project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities and
constructive criticism.

2
 ABSTRACT

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet

to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating
principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a
circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled
by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits,
repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to
another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control
power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device
to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and
sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from
overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

Relays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high power or high

voltage circuit with a low power circuit, especially when galvanic isolation is
desirable. The first application of relays was in long telegraph lines, where
the weak signal received at an intermediate station could control a contact,
regenerating the signal for further transmission. High-voltage or high-current
devices can be controlled with small, low voltage wiring and pilots switches.

3
 INDEX

S. No. Title Pg. No.

-- Acknowledgement 2
-- Abstract 3
1 Introduction 5
2 History 6
3 Basic design and operation 7-9
4 Terminology 10-11
5 Types of relays 12-15
6 Applications of relays 16-19
7 Safety and Reliability 20
8 Conclusion 21
9 References 22

4
 INTRODUCTION

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input

terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating
contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in
multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations thereof. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a
circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must
be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming
in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used
extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical
operations. The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or
open the contacts, but relays using other operating principles have also been
invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor properties
for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective
relays. Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate
the switch persistently. Another pulse applied to a second set of control
terminals, or a pulse with opposite polarity, resets the switch, while repeated
pulses of the same kind have no effects. Magnetic latching relays are useful
in applications when interrupted power should not affect the circuit.

A relay

5
 HISTORY

In 1809 Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring designed an electrolytic relay as

part of his electro-chemical telegraph.
Solely electrical relays got their start as a further improvement to telegraphs,
with American scientist Joseph Henry who is often cited to have invented a
relay in 1835 in order to improve his version of the electrical telegraph,
developed earlier in 1831.
However, an official patent wasn’t issued until 1840 to Samuel Morse for
his telegraph, which is now called a relay. The mechanism described acted
as a digital amplifier, repeating the telegraph signal, and thus allowing
signals to be propagated as far as desired.
The word relay appears in the context of electromagnetic operations from
1860 onwards.

Joseph Henry Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring

An automotive-style miniature relay with the dust cover taken off

6
 BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around

a soft iron core (a solenoid), an iron yoke which provides a
low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or
more sets of contacts (there are two contacts in the relay pictured). The
armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets
of moving contacts. The armature is held in place by a spring so that when
the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this
condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and
the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts
depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire
connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit
between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on
the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic
field that activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the
movable contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a
connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the
relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks
the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to
the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately
half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force
is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor
starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage
application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it
reduces arcing.
Operation of a 12 A relay:
When the coil is energized with direct current, a flyback
diode or snubber resistor is often placed across the coil to dissipate the
energy from the collapsing magnetic field (back EMF) at deactivation, which
would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous
to semiconductor circuit components. Such diodes were not widely used
before the application of transistors as relay drivers, but soon became
ubiquitous as early germanium transistors were easily destroyed by this

7
surge. Some automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case.
Resistors, while more durable than diodes, are less efficient at eliminating
voltage spikes generated by relays and therefore not as commonly used.
A small cradle relay often used in electronics. The "cradle" term refers to the
shape of the relay’s armature
If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), some
method is used to split the flux into two out-of-phase components which add
together, increasing the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.
Typically this is done with a small copper “shading ring” crimped around a
portion of the core that creates the delayed, out-of-phase component, which
holds the contacts during the zero crossings of the control voltage.
Contact materials for relays vary by application. Materials with low contact
resistance may be oxidized by the air or may tend to “stick” instead of cleanly
parting when opening. Contact material may be optimized for low electrical
resistance, high strength to withstand repeated operations, or high capacity
to withstand the heat of an arc. Where very low resistance is required, or low
thermally-induced voltages are desired, gold-plated contacts may be used,
along with palladium and other non-oxidizing, semi-precious metals. Silver
or silver-plated contacts are used for signal switching. Mercury-wetted relays
make and break circuits using a thin, self-renewing film of liquid mercury.
For higher-power relays switching many amperes, such as motor circuit
contactors, contacts are made with a mixtures of silver and cadmium oxide,
providing low contact resistance and high resistance to the heat of arcing.
Contacts used in circuits carrying scores or hundreds of amperes may include
additional structures for heat dissipation and management of the arc
produced when interrupting the circuit. Some relays have field-replaceable
contacts, such as certain machine tool relays; these may be replaced when
worn out, or changed between normally open and normally closed state, to
allow for changes in the controlled circuit.

8
Circuit representation of electric relay

Telegraph relay: contacts and spring

A simple electromagnetic relay

9
 TERMINOLOGY

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied
to relays; a relay switches one or more poles, each of whose contacts can
be thrown by energizing the coil. Normally open (NO) contacts connect the
circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay
is inactive. Normally closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the
relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. All of
the contact forms involve combinations of NO and NC connections.
The National Association of Relay Manufacturers and its successor, the
Relay and Switch Industry Association define 23 distinct electrical contact
forms found in relays and switches. Of these, the following are commonly
encountered:

• SPST-NO (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Open) relays have

a single Form A contact or make contact. These have two terminals
which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil,
such a relay has four terminals in total.
• SPST-NC (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Closed) relays
have a single Form B or break contact. As with an SPST-NO relay,
such a relay has four terminals in total.
• SPDT (Single-Pole Double-Throw) relays have a single set of Form
C, break before make or transfer contacts. That is, a common
terminal connects to either of two others, never connecting to both
at the same time. Including two for the coil, such a relay has a total
of five terminals.
• DPST – Double-Pole Single-Throw relays are equivalent to a pair of
SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for
the coil, such a relay has a total of six terminals. The poles may
be Form A or Form B (or one of each; the
designations NO and NC should be used to resolve the ambiguity).
• DPDT – Double-Pole Double-Throw relays have two sets of Form
C contacts. These are equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays
actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including
the coil
• Form D – make before break
10
 • Form E – combination of D and B
The S (single) or D (double) designator for the pole count may be replaced
with a number, indicating multiple contacts connected to a single actuator.
For example, 4PDT indicates a four-pole double-throw relay that has 12
switching terminals.
EN 50005 are among applicable standards for relay terminal numbering; a
typical EN 50005-compliant SPDT relay’s terminals would be numbered 11,
12, 14, A1 and A2 for the C, NC, NO, and coil connections, respectively.
DIN 72552 defines contact numbers in relays for automotive use:

• 85 = relay coil +
• 86 = relay coil –
• 87 = to load (normally open)
• 87a = to load (normally closed)
• 30 = battery +

11
 TYPES OF RELAYS

Coaxial relay
Where radio transmitters and receivers share one antenna, often a coaxial
relay is used as a TR (transmit-receive) relay, which switches the antenna
from the receiver to the transmitter. This protects the receiver from the high
power of the transmitter. Such relays are often used in transceivers which
combine transmitter and receiver in one unit. The relay contacts are designed
not to reflect any radio frequency power back toward the source, and to
provide very high isolation between receiver and transmitter terminals.
The characteristic impedance of the relay is matched to the transmission
line impedance of the system, for example, 50 ohms.

Contactor
A contactor is a heavy-duty relay with higher current ratings, used for
switching electric motors and lighting loads. Continuous current ratings for
common contactors range from 10 amps to several hundred amps. High-
current contacts are made with alloys containing silver. The unavoidable
arcing causes the contacts to oxidize; however, silver oxide is still a good
conductor. Contactors with overload protection devices are often used to start
motors.

Force-guided contacts relay

A force-guided contacts relay has relay contacts that are mechanically linked
together, so that when the relay coil is energized or de-energized, all the
linked contacts move together. If one set of contacts in the relay becomes
immobilized, no other contact of the same relay will be able to move. The
function of force-guided contacts is to enable the safety circuit to check the
status of the relay. Force-guided contacts are also known as “positive-guided
contacts”, “captive contacts”, “locked contacts”, “mechanically linked
contacts”, or “safety relays”.
These safety relays must follow design rules and manufacturing rules that are
defined in one main machinery standard EN 50205: Relays with forcibly
guided (mechanically linked) contacts. These rules for the safety design are
the one defined in type B standards such as EN 13849-2 as Basic safety
12
principles and Well-tried safety principles for machinery that applies to all
machines.
Force-guided contacts by themselves cannot guarantee that all contacts are
in the same state, however, they do guarantee, subject to no gross mechanical
fault, that no contacts are in opposite states. Otherwise, a relay with several
normally open (NO) contacts may stick when energized, with some contacts
closed and others still slightly open, due to mechanical tolerances. Similarly,
a relay with several normally closed (NC) contacts may stick to the
unenergized position, so that when energized, the circuit through one set of
contacts is broken, with a marginal gap, while the other remains closed. By
introducing both NO and NC contacts, or more commonly, changeover
contacts, on the same relay, it then becomes possible to guarantee that if any
NC contact is closed, all NO contacts are open, and conversely, if any NO
contact is closed, all NC contacts are open. It is not possible to reliably ensure
that any contact is closed, except by potentially intrusive and safety-
degrading sensing of its circuit conditions, however in safety systems it is
usually the NO state that is most important, and as explained above, this is
reliably verifiable by detecting the closure of a contact of opposite sense.
Force-guided contact relays are made with different main contact sets, either
NO, NC or changeover, and one or more auxiliary contact sets, often of
reduced current or voltage rating, used for the monitoring system. Contacts
may be all NO, all NC, changeover, or a mixture of these, for the monitoring
contacts, so that the safety system designer can select the correct
configuration for the application. Safety relays are used as part of an
engineered safety system.

Latching relay

Latching relay with permanent magnet

A latching relay, also called impulse, bistable, keep, or stay relay, or

simply latch, maintains either contact position indefinitely without power
13
applied to the coil. The advantage is that one coil consumes power only for
an instant while the relay is being switched, and the relay contacts retain this
setting across a power outage. A latching relay allows remote control of
building lighting without the hum that may be produced from a continuously
(AC) energized coil.
In one mechanism, two opposing coils with an over-center spring or
permanent magnet hold the contacts in position after the coil is de-energized.
A pulse to one coil turns the relay on, and a pulse to the opposite coil turns
the relay off. This type is widely used where control is from simple switches
or single-ended outputs of a control system, and such relays are found
in avionics and numerous industrial applications.
Another latching type has a remanent core that retains the contacts in the
operated position by the remanent magnetism in the core. This type requires
a current pulse of opposite polarity to release the contacts. A variation uses
a permanent magnet that produces part of the force required to close the
contact; the coil supplies sufficient force to move the contact open or closed
by aiding or opposing the field of the permanent magnet. A polarity
controlled relay needs changeover switches or an H-bridge drive circuit to
control it. The relay may be less expensive than other types, but this is partly
offset by the increased costs in the external circuit.
In another type, a ratchet relay has a ratchet mechanism that holds the
contacts closed after the coil is momentarily energized. A second impulse, in
the same or a separate coil, releases the contacts. This type may be found in
certain cars, for headlamp dipping and other functions where alternating
operation on each switch actuation is needed.
A stepping relay is a specialized kind of multi-way latching relay designed
for early automatic telephone exchanges.
An earth-leakage circuit breaker includes a specialized latching relay.
Very early computers often stored bits in a magnetically latching relay, such
as ferreted or the later remreed in the 1ESS switch.
Some early computers used ordinary relays as a kind of latch—they store bits
in ordinary wire-spring relays or reed relays by feeding an output wire back
as an input, resulting in a feedback loop or sequential circuit. Such an
electrically latching relay requires continuous power to maintain state, unlike
magnetically latching relays or mechanically ratcheting relays.

14
In computer memories, latching relays and other relays were replaced
by delay-line memory, which in turn was replaced by a series of ever faster
and ever smaller memory technologies.
Machine tool relay
A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine
tools, transfer machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized
by a large number of contacts (sometimes extendable in the field) which are
easily converted from normally open to normally closed status, easily
replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installing many
relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of
automation in such industries as automobile assembly, the programmable
logic controller (PLC) mostly displaced the machine tool relay from
sequential control applications.
A relay allows circuits to be switched by electrical equipment: for example,
a timer circuit with a relay could switch power at a preset time. For many
years relays were the standard method of controlling industrial electronic
systems. Several relays could be used together to carry out complex functions
(relay logic). The principle of relay logic is based on relays which energize
and de-energize associated contacts. Relay logic is the predecessor of ladder
logic, which is commonly used in programmable logic controllers.

15
 APPLICATIONS OF RELAYS

Relays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high power or high

voltage circuit with a low power circuit, especially when galvanic isolation is
desirable. The first application of relays was in long telegraph lines, where
the weak signal received at an intermediate station could control a contact,
regenerating the signal for further transmission. High-voltage or high-current
devices can be controlled with small, low voltage wiring and pilots switches.
Operators can be isolated from the high voltage circuit.
Electromechanical switching systems
Including Strowger and Crossbar telephone exchanges made extensive use
of relays in ancillary control circuits. The Relay Automatic Telephone
Company also manufactured telephone exchanges based solely on relay
switching techniques designed by Gotthilf Ansgarius Betulander. The first
public relay based telephone exchange in the UK was installed
in Fleetwood on 15 July 1922 and remained in service until 1959.
The use of relays for the logical control of complex switching systems like
telephone exchanges was studied by Claude Shannon, who formalized the
application of Boolean algebra to relay circuit design in A Symbolic
Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. Relays can perform the basic
operations of Boolean combinatorial logic. For example, the boolean AND
function is realised by connecting normally open relay contacts in series, the
OR function by connecting normally open contacts in parallel. Inversion of
a logical input can be done with a normally closed contact. Relays were used
for control of automated systems for machine tools and production lines.
The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay
logic networks.
Early electro-mechanical computers such as the ARRA, Harvard Mark
II, Zuse Z2, and Zuse Z3 used relays for logic and working registers.
However, electronic devices proved faster and easier to use.
Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to nuclear
radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control
panels of radioactive waste-handling machinery.

16
Electromechanical protective relays are used to detect overload and other
faults on electrical lines by opening and closing circuit breakers.

Protective relays
For protection of electrical apparatus and transmission lines,
electromechanical relays with accurate operating characteristics were used to
detect overload, short-circuits, and other faults. While many such relays
remain in use, digital protective relays now provide equivalent and more
complex protective functions.

Railway signaling

Part of a relay interlocking using UK Q-style miniature plug-in relays

Railway signalling relays are large considering the mostly small voltages
(less than 120 V) and currents (perhaps 100 Ma) that they switch. Contacts
are widely spaced to prevent flashovers and short circuits over a lifetime that
may exceed fifty years.
Since rail signal circuits must be highly reliable, special techniques are used
to detect and prevent failures in the relay system. To protect against false
feeds, double switching relay contacts are often used on both the positive and
negative side of a circuit, so that two false feeds are needed to cause a false
signal. Not all relay circuits can be proved so there is reliance on construction
features such as carbon to silver contacts to resist lightning induced contact
welding and to provide AC immunity.

Selection considerations

17
Several 30-contact relays in “Connector” circuits in mid-20th century 1XB switch and 5XB switch telephone
exchanges; cover removed on one.

Selection of an appropriate relay for a particular application requires

evaluation of many different factors:

• Number and type of contacts — normally open, normally closed,

(double-throw)
• Contact sequence — “make before break” or “break before make”.
For example, the old-style telephone exchanges required make-
before-break so that the connection didn’t get dropped while dialing
the number.
• Contact current rating — small relays switch a few amperes, large
contactors are rated for up to 3000 amperes, alternating or direct
current
• Contact voltage rating — typical control relays rated 300 VAC or
600 VAC, automotive types to 50 VDC, special high-voltage relays
to about 15,000 V
• Operating lifetime, useful life — the number of times the relay can
be expected to operate reliably. There is both a mechanical life and
a contact life. The contact life is affected by the type of load
switched. Breaking load current causes undesired arcing between
the contacts, eventually leading to contacts that weld shut or contacts
that fail due to erosion by the arc.
• Coil voltage — machine-tool relays usually 24 VDC, 120 or 250
VAC, relays for switchgear may have 125 V or 250 VDC coils,
• Coil current — Minimum current required for reliable operation and
minimum holding current, as well as effects of power dissipation on
coil temperature at various duty cycles. “Sensitive” relays operate
on a few milliamperes.
18
• Package/enclosure — open, touch-safe, double-voltage for isolation
between circuits, explosion proof, outdoor, oil and splash resistant,
washable for printed circuit board assembly
• Operating environment — minimum and maximum operating
temperature and other environmental considerations, such as effects
of humidity and salt
• Assembly — Some relays feature a sticker that keeps the enclosure
sealed to allow PCB post soldering cleaning, which is removed once
assembly is complete.
• Mounting — sockets, plug board, rail mount, panel mount, through-
panel mount, enclosure for mounting on walls or equipment
• Switching time — where high speed is required
• “Dry” contacts — when switching very low-level signals, special
contact materials may be needed such as gold-plated contacts
• Contact protection — suppress arcing in very inductive circuits
• Coil protection — suppress the surge voltage produced when
switching the coil current
• Isolation between coil contacts
• Aerospace or radiation-resistant testing, special quality assurance
• Expected mechanical loads due to acceleration — some relays used
in aerospace applications are designed to function in shock loads of
50 g, or more.
• Size — smaller relays often resist mechanical vibration and shock
better than larger relays, because of the lower inertia of the moving
parts and the higher natural frequencies of smaller parts. Larger
relays often handle higher voltage and current than smaller relays.
• Accessories such as timers, auxiliary contacts, pilot lamps, and test
buttons.

19
 SAFETY AND RELIABILITY
Switching while "wet" (under load) causes undesired arcing between the
contacts, eventually leading to contacts that weld shut or contacts that fail
due to a buildup of surface damage caused by the destructive arc energy.
Inside the Number One Electronic Switching System (1ESS) crossbar
switch and certain other high-reliability designs, the reed switches are always
switched "dry" (without load) to avoid that problem, leading to much longer
contact life.
Without adequate contact protection, the occurrence of electric current
arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts, which suffer significant
and visible damage. Every time the relay contacts open or close under load,
an electrical arc can occur between the contacts of the relay, either
a break arc (when opening), or a make / bounce arc (when closing). In many
situations, the break arc is more energetic and thus more destructive, in
particular with inductive loads, but this can be mitigated by bridging the
contacts with a snubber circuit. The inrush current of tungsten filament
incandescent lamps is typically ten times the normal operating current. Thus,
relays intended for tungsten loads may use special contact composition, or
the relay may have lower contact ratings for tungsten loads than for purely
resistive loads.
An electrical arc across relay contacts can be very hot — thousands of
degrees Fahrenheit — causing the metal on the contact surfaces to melt, pool,
and migrate with the current. The extremely high temperature of the arc splits
the surrounding gas molecules, creating ozone, carbon monoxide, and other
compounds. Over time, the arc energy slowly destroys the contact metal,
causing some material to escape into the air as fine particulate matter. This
action causes the material in the contacts to degrade and coordination,
resulting in device failure. This contact degradation drastically limits the
overall life of a relay to a range of about 10,000 to 100,000 operations, a level
far below the mechanical life of the device, which can be more than 20
million operations.

20
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, relays have several advantages that make them an excellent

choice for many electrical and electronic systems. They are easy to operate,
can multiply circuits, provide galvanic isolation, allow for voltage
conversion, have accessory options, can switch AC or DC loads, are compact
and low-cost, easy to install and troubleshoot, have LED indication and test
buttons, high resistance to voltage transients, and maintenance-free with a
long lifespan. However, relays have some disadvantages too, such as contact
wear and limitations to low-current applications. Ultimately, the decision to
use relays in a particular application will depend on the specific requirements
and limitations of the system. Electrical relays are one of the most frequently
used devices in modern technological systems. It can be found in cars,
washing machines, microwave ovens, medical equipment, as well as tanks,
airplanes, and ships. In fact, no industry can operate without a relay. In some
complex automatic control systems in the industry, the number of relays is
estimated to be hundreds or even thousands. In the power generation
industry, no power equipment is allowed to operate without special
protective relays. It controls the opening and closing of the circuit contacts
of an electronic circuit. When the relay contact is open (NO), the relay isn’t
energized with the open contact. However, if it is closed (NC), the relay isn’t
energized given the closed contact. However, when energy (electricity or
charge) is supplied, the states are prone to change. Relays are normally used
in the control panels, manufacturing, and building automation to control the
power along with switching the smaller current values in a control circuit.
However, the supply of amplifying effect can help control the large amperes
and voltages because if low voltage is applied to the relay coil, a large voltage
can be switched by the contacts. If preventive relays are being used, it can
detect overcurrent, overload, undercurrent, and reverse current to ensure the
protection of electronic equipment. Last but not the least; it is used to heat
the elements, switch on audible alarms, switch the starting coils, and pilot the
lights.

21
 REFERENCES

❖ https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm#H1
❖ Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from
Gutenberg to Gates. ABC-CLIO. 2009.
p. 153. ISBN 9780313347436.
❖ "The electromechanical relay of Joseph Henry". Georgi Dalakov.
Archived from the original on 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
❖ Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in
Ingenuity--From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the
Microwave Oven. John Wiley & Sons. 2005-01-28.
p. 311. ISBN 9780471660248.
❖ Thomas Coulson (1950). Joseph Henry: His Life and Work.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
❖ US 1647, Morse, Samuel E.B., "Improvement in the Mode of
Communicating Information by Signals by the Application of
Electromagnetism", published June 20, 1840 "Patent US1647 -
IMPROVEMENT IN THE MODE OF COMMUNICATING
INFORMATION BY SIGNALS BY THE - Google Patents".
Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved September
6, 2011.
❖ "Relay". EtymOnline.com.
❖ "Understanding Relays & Wiring Diagrams". Swe-Check. Swe-
Check. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
❖ Mason, C. R. "Art & Science of Protective Relaying, Chapter 2, GE
Consumer & Electrical". Retrieved October 9, 2011.
❖ Riba, J.R.; Espinosa, A.G.; Cusidó, J.; Ortega, J.A.; Romeral, L.
(November 2008). Design of Shading Coils for Minimizing the
Contact Bouncing of AC Contactors. Electrical Contacts. p. 130.
Retrieved 2018-01-07.
❖ Ian Sinclair, Passive Components for Circuit Design, Elsevier,
2000 ISBN 008051359X,pp. 161–164
❖ Fleckenstein, Joseph E. (2017). Three-Phase Electrical Power. CRC
Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-1498737784.

22