Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

Power Transmission

EEE381

Lab # 05

Name Arslan Shabeer

Registration
Number FA20-BEE-033

Subject Power Transmission

Instructor’s Name Ma’am Shafia Hussain

Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load,

with capacitance effect of transmission line
Objectives
 Measuring and interpreting voltage ratios of a transmission line with mixed ohmic-
inductive and pure inductive loads.
 Measuring and interpreting the current ratios of a transmission line with mixed
ohmicinductive and pure inductive loads.
Prelab:

Inductance of transmission lines is calculated per phase. It consists of self inductance of the
phase conductor and mutual inductance between the conductors. It is given by:

GMD
L=2 ´ 10−7 ln
GMR [H/m]

where GMR is the geometric mean radius (available from manufacturer’s tables)

GMD is the geometric mean distance (must be calculated for each line
configuration)

Geometric Mean Radius: There are magnetic flux lines not only outside of the conductor, but
also inside. GMR is a hypothetical radius that replaces the actual conductor with a hollow
conductor of radius equal to GMR such that the self inductance of the inductor remains the same.
If each phase consists of several conductors, the GMR is given by

1 2

n
Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

n2
GMR= √ (d 11 d 12 d 13 . .. . d 1n ).( d 21 . d 22 .. . .d 2 n ). .. . ..(d n 1 . d n2 . .. . . d nn )

where d11=GMR1

d22=GMR2

dnn=GMRn

Note: for a solid conductor, GMR = r.e-1/4 , where r is the radius of the conductor.

Geometric Mean Distance replaces the actual arrangement of conductors by a hypothetical

mean distance such that the mutual inductance of the arrangement remains the same

b c a’ b’

m c’ n’

GMD=
mn'
√( D aa' Dab ' .. . Dan ' ).( Dba ' Dbb ' . .. Dbn ' ).. .. .( Dma' Dmb ' ..... Dmn' )
where Daa’ is the distance between conductors “a” and “a’” etc.

Inductance Between Two Single Phase Conductors

r1 r2

D
Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

D D
L1=2´ 10−7 ´ ln L2=2´ 10−7 ´ ln
r1 ' r2 '

where r1’ is GMR of conductor 1

r2’ is GMR of conductor 2

D is the GMD between the conductors

The total inductance of the line is then

D −7
LT =L1 + L2 =2 ´ 10 ´ ln +ln
r1 '
D
r2'[ −7
=2´ 10 ´ ln
D2
]
r1 ' r2 '
−7 1
=2 ´ 10 ´ 2 ´ ´ ln
2
D2
r1 ' r2 '

[ ]
1/ 2
−7 D2 D
LT =4 ´ 10 ´ ln =4 ´ 10−7 ´ ln
r1 ' r2 ' √r 1 ' r 2 '
If r1 = r2 , then

D
LT =4 ´ 10−7 ´ ln
r1 '

The Use of Tables

Since the cables for power transmission lines are usually supplied by U.S. manufacturers, the
tables of cable characteristics are in American Standard System of units and the inductive
reactance is given in /mile.

GMD
X L=2 p fL=2 pf ´ 2 ´ 10−7 ln Ω/ m
GMR
GMD
X L=4 pf ´ 10−7 ln Ω/m
GMR
GMD
X L=4 pf ´ 10−7 ´ 1609´ ln Ω/mile
GMR
GMD
X L=2 . 022´ 10−3 ´ f ´ ln Ω / mile
GMR
1
X L=2 . 022´ 10−3 ´ f ´ ln +2 .022 ´ 10−3 ´ f ´ ln GMD Ω/mile
GMR
Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

Xa Xd

If both, GMR and GMD are in feet, then Xa represents the inductive reactance at 1 ft spacing,
and Xd is called the inductive reactance spacing factor.

Inductance of Balanced Three Phase Line

Average inductance per phase is given by:

D eq
L=2 ´ 10−7 ln
GMR

where Deq is the geometric mean of the three spacings of the three phase line.

3
Deq =√ Dab D ac Dbc

Example: Each conductor of the bundled conductor line shown in the figure is 1272 MCM
Pheasant. Find:

a) the inductive reactance in /km and /mile per phase for d = 45 cm

b) the p.u. series reactance if the length of the line is 160 km and the base is 100 MVA, 345 kV.

8 m8 m

Solution:

a) The distances in ft are

0 . 45
d= =1. 476 ft
0 . 3048
8
D= =26 .25 ft
0 . 3048

For Pheasant conductors, GMR = 0.0466 ft.

Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

GMRb for a bundle of conductors is

GMR b =√ GMR´ d=√ 0 .0466 ´ 1 . 476=0 .2623 ft

The geometric mean of the phase conductor spacing is

3
D eq =√ 26 .25 ´ 26 . 25´ 52 . 49=33 . 07 ft

The inductance of the line is then

D eq 33. 07
L=2 ´ 10−7 ln =2´ 10−7 ln =9 . 674 ´ 10−7 H /m
GMRb 0 . 2623

The inductive reactance is

−7 −4
X L=2 p fL=2 p ´ 60 ´ 9 . 674 ´ 10 =3 .647 ´ 10 Ω / m=0 .3647 Ω/ km=0 . 5868Ω / mile

2
V b 3452
Z b= = =1190 Ω
b) Base impedance S b 100

Total impedance of the 160 km line is

X L=160 ´ 0 . 3647=58 . 35Ω

X 58 . 35
X Lp. u .= L = =0. 049 p .u .
Z b 1190

In lab:`
Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

Assemble the circuit in accordance with the next experiment set-up.

Set the voltage on the three-phase transformer to a value of UN + 5%.

Whencarryingoutexperiments,makesurethattheinductiveloadisnotexposedtocurrentswhich
are excessivelyhigh.
Begin with a value of 1.2 H connected on the inductive load. The resistive load is
connected in parallel. Starting at 100%, reduce the value of the resistive load to 80%,
60% and 40%, in that order.
Ateachstep,measurethefollowingquantities:voltageU1,currentI1,activepowerP1andreactive
powerQ1atthebeginningofthe line,andvoltageU2,currentI2andcos2atthelineend.
Enter your measurement results in the following table:

Repeat the above measurements for inductive loads of 1.0H and 0.8H.
Measured values for L = 1.0 H:
Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

Measured values for L = 0.8H:

Post Lab:

Critical Analysis/Conclusion
.
In this lab we check the effect of variable resistance and load capacitance on load current,
load voltage an power factor was observed in this lab. With the increase in the value of the
variable resistance, there was a decrease in the value of load current and the value of load
voltage was also decreased. But we observed that there was an improvement in the power
factor. The effect of load capacitance was that, it increases the voltage at the receiving
end. By adding a capacitive load the voltage at the receiving end came to be greater than
the voltage at the sending end. By increasing the value of the load capacitor there was a
much more increase in the value of receiving voltage than the sending voltage. Also there
was an improvement in the value of power factor by adding the capacitor and by
increasing the value of capacitor. We measured and interpreted the voltage ratios and
current ratios of the transmission lines by adding and increasing the value of the load
Lab # 5: Long transmission line with inductive load, with capacitance effect of transmission line

capacitance. An analysis on the values of voltages on the receiving end and on the values
of current and power factor on the receiving end was made in this lab.

Lab Assessment

Pre Lab /1

In Lab /5

/10

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments