Definition of terms:

Percent yield - is the proportion of the actual yield to the

theoretical yield.

Expected yield or theoretical yield - is the amount of product

that should be produced based on calculations.

Actual yield – is the amount of a product that is really

obtained from a chemical reaction.

Formula:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Reaction Yield Analogy:

Expected number of cookies

Actual number of cookies

produced
Reaction yield in a laboratory: Percent
yield

Theoretical Actual
yield yield
Sample Problem:
1. Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in the presence
of a catalyst according to the reaction below:

2 KClO3(s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)

In a certain experiment, 40.0g KClO3 is heated until it

completely decomposes. The experiment is performed and the oxygen
gas is collected and its mass is found to be 14.9g.
a. What is the theoretical yield of oxygen gas?
b. What is the percent yield for the reaction?
Solution:

A. Calculation of theoretical yield

Step 1: Identify the "given" information and what the problem is asking
you to "find".

Given:
Mass of KClO3 = 40.0g
Mass of O2 collected = 14.9g (actual yield)

Find: Theoretical yield, g O2 = ?

Step 2: List other known quantities and plan the problem.

molar mass KClO3 = 122.0 g/mol

molar mass O2 = 32.0 g/mol

Step 3: Apply stoichiometry to convert from the mass of a reactant to

the mass of a product:

g KClO3 mol KClO3 mol O2 g O2

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂𝟐 32.00 𝑔 𝑂𝟐

122.00 𝑔 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2

2 KClO3(s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)

 Step 4: Solve.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 32.00 𝑔 𝑂𝟐
40.0 g KClO3 x 122.0 𝑔 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3
x 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂𝟐
x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3

= 15.7 g O2 The theoretical yield of O2 is 15.7g.

B. Calculation of percent yield

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅

14.9 𝑔
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
15.7 𝑔
Since the actual yield is slightly less than the
= 94.9 % theoretical yield, the percent yield is just under 100%.
EXERCISES:
1. Given the following equation:

K2CO3 + HCl → H2O + CO2 + KCl

a. Balance the equation.

b. Determine the theoretical yield of KCl if you start with 34.5 g of

K2CO3.

2. A reaction with a calculated yield of 9.23 g produced 7.89 g of

product. What is the percent yield for this reaction?

3. A piece of copper with a mass of 5.00 g is placed in a solution of

silver(I) nitrate containing excess AgNO3. The silver metal produced
has a mass of 15.2 g. What is the percent yield for this reaction?
1. Given the following equation:

K2CO3 + HCl → H2O + CO2 + KCl

a. Balance the equation.

Answer:

K2CO3 + 2HCl → H2O + CO2 + 2KCl

 1. Given the following equation:

K2CO3 + 2HCl → H2O + CO2 + 2KCl

b. Determine the theoretical yield of KCl if you start with 34.5 g of

K2CO3.

Answer:
74.0 𝑔 𝐾𝐶𝑙
= 34.5 g K2CO3 x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾2𝐶𝑂3
x
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙 x
138.0 𝑔 𝐾2𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙

Theoretical yield = 37.0 g KCl

2. A reaction with a calculated yield of 9.23 g produced 7.89 g of
product. What is the percent yield for this reaction?
Given: 9.23 g = theoretical yield Find:

7.89 g = actual yield Percent yield= ?

Formula:

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

Solution:

7.89 𝑔
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
9.23 𝑔

= 85.48 %
3. A piece of copper with a mass of 5.00 g is placed in a solution of
silver(I) nitrate containing excess AgNO3. The silver metal produced
has a mass of 15.2 g. What is the percent yield for this reaction?
Solution:

Balanced equation
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Given:

5.00 g = mass of Cu
15.2 g = actual yield

molar mass of Cu = 64.00 g/mol

molar mass of Ag = 108.00 g/mol

Find: % yield = ?
3. A piece of copper with a mass of 5.00 g is placed in a solution of
silver(I) nitrate containing excess AgNO3. The silver metal produced
has a mass of 15.2 g. What is the percent yield for this reaction?

Solution:
Cu + 2 AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Calculate the theoretical yield

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑢 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔 108.00 𝑔 𝐴𝑔
= 5.00g Cu X X X 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔
64.00𝑔 𝐶𝑢 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑢

theoretical yield = 16.9 g Ag

15.2𝑔
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100%
16.9𝑔

= 89.6 %
Are there any questions?
Cheeseburger Making: An Analogy

The ratio of the ingredients in making 1 cheese burger are 2 slices

of bread, 1 burger patty, 1 cheese, 3 pickles.
Cheeseburger Making: An Analogy
The ratio of the ingredients in making 1 cheese burger are 2 slices
of bread, 1 burger patty, 1 cheese, 3 pickles.

Suppose the amount of some ingredients are increased, what will

happen?

Which ingredient is limited? And which one is the excess?

Limiting reagent -is the reactant that is completely used up in a
reaction.

Excess reagents - The reactant that is unreacted after the reaction.

 LIMITING REAGENTS
• THE LIMITING REACTANT IS THE REACTANT PRESENT IN THE SMALLEST
STOICHIOMETRIC AMOUNT

2H2 + O2 --------> 2H2O

#moles 10 7 10

Left: 0 2
Sample problem 1:
The complete combustion of methane is shown below:
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
If 1 mole CH4 is chemically reacted with 1 mole of O2
A. Determine limiting reagent and excess reagent.
B. Calculate the mass in grams of CO2 formed.
C. Calculate the mass in grams of the excess reagent that will remain.

Solution: Balance first the equation.

CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O

Consider the reactants, CH4 and O2 in the formation of CO2.

1 mole of CH4 = 2 moles of O2
 CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 +2 H2O

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2

1 mol CH4 X X = 1 mol CO2 Excess reagent
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 = 0.5 mol CO2

1 mol O2 X X Limiting reagent
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4

B. Mass in grams of CO2 formed

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 44.0 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
1 mol O2 X X X = 22 g CO2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑂2

C. Mass in grams of the excess reagent

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 16.04 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4
1 mol O2 X X = 8.02 g CH4
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4
 1. Zinc, Zn, reacts with Sulfur, S8 according to the reaction:
EXERCISES Zn + S8 → ZnS

A. Balance the chemical equation.

8Zn + S8 → 8ZnS
B. Compute for the number of moles of ZnS formed by reacting 6.45 g of
sulfur heated with 7.36 g of zinc. Which is the limiting and excess
reagent?
6.45 g S X 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆 X 8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛𝑆 = 1.61 mol ZnS Excess reagent
32.0 𝑔 𝑆 1 𝑚𝑜 𝑆
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛 8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛𝑆
7.36 g Zn X = 0.11 mol ZnS
65.00 𝑔 𝑍𝑛 X 8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛 Limiting reagent

C. What amount of zinc sulfide was produced?

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛 8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛𝑆 97.00 𝑔 𝑍𝑛𝑆
7.36 g Zn X 65.00 𝑔 𝑍𝑛
X
8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛
X 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑍𝑛𝑆 = 10.98 g ZnS
2. Given the following reaction:
MgCO3 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O

If 3.75g of MgCO3 and 7.5g of H2SO4 are used in the reaction,

A. Identify the limiting reagent and excess reagent.

X 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙MgCO3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙MgSO4 = 0.04 mol MgSO4
3.75 g MgCO3 X
84.00 𝑔MgCO3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙MgCO3

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙H2SO4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙MgSO4
7.5 g H2SO4 X X = 0.08 mol MgSO4
98.00 𝑔H2SO4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙H2SO4

A. Limiting Reagent – MgCO3, Excess reagent- H2SO4

B. Compute for the mass of MgSO4 produced.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙MgCO3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙MgSO4 120.00 g MgSO4
3.75 g MgCO3 X X X = 5.36 mol MgSO4
84.00 𝑔MgCO3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙MgCO3 1 𝑚𝑜 MgSO4