Answers

base units of pressure = base units of force ÷ base units Exercise 8.2 Calculating force and field strength
of area = kg m s −2 ÷ m2 = kg m−1 s −2
1 a E = electric field strength (N C−1)
force 50 × 9.81 F = force (N)
d Pressure = = = 2.0 × 10 4 Pa or N m−2
area (0.04 0.6) Q = charge (C)
2 a The wire returns to its original length when the load is b F = EQ
removed. QE
maximum force 90 c a=
b i maximum stress = = m
area 2.5 10−7 2 a 4.4 × 10 −4 N C−1
= 3.6 × 108 Pa b 3.2 × 10 −15 N

10 × 10−3 3 a E = electric field strength (N C−1)

ii strain when load is 90 N = = 5.0 × 10 −3
2 V = potential difference (V)
stress 3.6 108 d = separation of the plates (m)
Young modulus = = = 7.2 × 1010 Pa
strain 5.0 10−3 b 25 000 N C−1 (or 25 000 V m−1 or 25 kV m−1)
iii energy = area under graph = 1 × 90 × 10 × 10 −3 = 0.45 J c 5.0 V
2
d E = 2857 N m−1
c The area halves if the volume is the same and so the stress
so F = EQ = 2857 × 2 × 1.6 × 10 −19 = 9.1 × 10 −16 N
is doubled. The Young modulus is the same so the strain is
doubled, and hence the extension is four times greater for the e 4 × 109 N downwards
longer wire.
Exercise 8.3 Moving in an electric field
Chapter 8: 1 a E = 12 000 V m−1
b F = 1.92 × 10 −15 N
Electric fields F
c a= = 1.15 × 1012 m s −2
m
Exercise 8.1 Representing an electric field d to the right, accelerating 11
1 a Two positive electric charges will repel each other. 2 a Electric field lines are parallel and evenly spaced.
b There is an attractive force between two opposite electric b The field is directed from positive to negative.
charges.
c Each electron has negative charge so force is in opposite
c Electric field lines are directed from positive to negative. direction to field lines.
d An electric field line shows the direction of the force on a d The electric force has no horizontal component.
positive charge placed at a point in a field.
e The vertical component of their velocity increases at a steady
2 a–c (constant acceleration due to constant force).
f The path is a parabola (as for a projectile in the uniform
gravitational field of the Earth).
+ −
+ −
+ + + −
− Exam-style questions
+ −
+ − 1 a electric field: a region in which a charged body experiences
a force
F
a b c b electric field strength: the force per unit positive charge; E =
Q
c electrical force = EQ = 2500 × −4.5 × 10 −9 = 1.1 × 10 −5 N (to left)
3
d gravitational force = mg = 1.0 × 10 −6 × 9.81 = 9.8 × 10 −6 N
F F
+ Q − Q + (downwards)
e The two forces have similar magnitudes so their resultant will
a b be at roughly 45° to the horizontal.
electric force
+ + + + +
c Q
F
resultant
− − − − − force gravitational
force
 Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

6000 Or all four cells can be connected in series but with one cell
2 a E= = 30 000 V m−1
0.20 connected with reverse polarity to the other three.
b i The force on electron is towards the right and the electric 7 a current in the resistor and p.d. across the resistor
field direction is towards the left .
b
ii F = qE and the electric field E is constant between the
plates.

c i Work done = qV = 1.6 × 10 −19 × 30 000 = 4.8 × 10 −15 J

1 2 A
ii mv = 4.8 × 10 −15
2
2 4.8 10−15 V
v= × 1.0 × 108 m s −1
9 11 10−31 c ammeter low resistance; voltmeter high resistance
d Ratio = −2.0 as F = qE and the charge on an alpha particle is
d With the circuit drawn, if the voltmeter has low resistance
+3.2 × 10 −19 C, whereas the charge on an electron is
then the ammeter will measure not only the current
−1.6 × 10 −19 C (or an alpha particle contains two protons,
through the resistor, but also the current through the
each of equal but opposite charge to an electron).
voltmeter. So the voltmeter should have high resistance
to prevent this. With the voltmeter connected across the
cell, if the ammeter has high resistance then the voltmeter
reading is the voltage across the resistor added to the
Chapter 9:
voltage across the ammeter. So the ammeter should have
Current, p.d. and resistance low resistance to prevent this.

8 a 15 Ω
Exercise 9.1 Basic definitions and units, b 18 V
resistance, p.d. and e.m.f.
1 a Both are measured in volts and involve energy change Exercise 9.2 Current and charge
per coulomb.
1 They are in opposite directions.
b p.d.s exist across resistors; e.m.f.s exist across sources of
12 electrical energy. Electrical energy is transferred to other 2 a the rate of flow of charge at a point in a circuit
forms as charge passes through a p.d.; other types of energy b 6.0 A
transfer to electrical energy in an e.m.f.
c 0.045 C
2
electromotive force J C−1 3 a 3.6 C
charge As b 2.25 × 1019
resistance V A −1 c 400 s
power J s −1 4 a 1.6 × 10 −17 C
b 3.2 × 10 −9 A
3 a e.m.f.
c the smallest charge that can flow is that of an electron, which
b p.d. is quantised
c current
5 6.25 × 1015
d the volt
e the ohm
Exercise 9.3 Electrical power and energy
4 a potential difference 1 a 0.25 A
b potential difference b 32 Ω
c current
2 0.22 A
d current
e charge 3 a 20 A
b 144 000 C
V
Ω= =
( )=JsC −2
c 26 MJ
( )
5
A
4 a 5.3 V
b 1.3 W
6