Title:

Chapter 8- Pumps, turbines and headloss

Overview/Introduction
Head loss refers to the total pressure losses sustained by the fluid as it flows from the suction point to
the discharge point. Head loss is caused when the liquid loses momentum as it flows, and depends upon fluid
viscosity, pipe diameter, pipe length and accessories such as valves and elbows within the pipework.

Learning Outcome/Objectives
To solve problems about Pumps, turbines and headlosses

Learning Content/Topic
Lesson 8 Pumps, turbines and headloss
Lesson 5: PUMPS, TURBINES & HEADLOSS
Energy Equation with Pump Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor
Pump is used to basically to Turbines or motors extract flow
increase the head. (Usually to raise energy to do mechanical work
water from a lower to a higher which in turn converted into
elevation). The input power electrical energy for turbines.
(𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ) of the pump is electrical
energy and its output (𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 ) is
the flow energy.
 PUMP 𝟐
𝟏
TURBINE
Pump

Turbine

v12 P1 v22 P2 v12 P1 v22 P2

+ + z1 + HA = + + z2 + HL + + z1 = + + z2 + HL + HE
2g γ 2g γ 2g γ 2g γ

HA = head added by the pump(m) HE = head extracted by the turbines(m)

POWER
𝐏 = 𝐐𝛄𝐄
P = Power in Watts (W)
Q = discharge (m 3ൗs)
γ = unit weight of liquid(Nൗm3 )
E = total head or energy m delivered to the water by
the pump or head extracted from the turbine
In selecting a pump or turbine, its efficiency is important.
The efficiency maybe calculated from the relation

𝑷
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲( 𝜼𝑷 ) = (100)
𝑩𝑯𝑷

𝑩𝑯𝑷
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲( 𝜼𝑻 ) = (100)
𝑷

Where
𝜼𝑷 = pump efficiency in %
𝜼𝑻 = turbine efficiency in %
P = fluid power (output)
BHP = brake or shaft horsepower actually
delivered by the turbine or delivered to
the pump .( input hp)
1 hp = 746W k = 1000
In 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐬, the power solved
QγE QγE
hp = from B. E. is an 𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐏𝐔𝐓.
746 k=
1000 In 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬, the power
immediately solved
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲( 𝛈 ) = (100) from B. E. is an 𝐈𝐍𝐏𝐔𝐓.
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭

𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚
 Problem No. 1
Pump BC shown brings oil, sg = 0.72 to reservoir D at 170 liters per second. The energy lost from A to B is 1.1 JΤN and
from C to D is 4.7 JΤN .
a. How many hp does the pump supply?
b. If the pump is 80% efficient, how much power is needed?
c. What is the elevation of the energy grade line just after the pump?

vA2 PA vD2 PD
+ + zA + HA = + + zD + HL
2g γ 2g γ
El. 84 22.6 + HA = 84 + 1.1 + 4.7
𝐃 HA = 67.2 m

El. 22.6 QγHA 0.17(0.72)(9810)(67.2)

P= =
746 746
𝐀
𝐏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟏𝟔 𝐡𝐩 (𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭)

𝐁 𝐂
Output 108.16
eff = 0.80 =
El. 2.8 Input Input
pump
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎 𝐡𝐩
 Problem No. 1
Pump BC shown brings oil, sg = 0.72 to reservoir D at 170 liters per second. The energy lost from A to B is 1.1 JΤN and
from C to D is 4.7 JΤN .
a. How many hp does the pump supply?
b. If the pump is 80% efficient, how much power is needed?
c. What is the elevation of the energy grade line just after the pump?
( 𝟖𝟖. 𝟕)

4.7

El. 84
67.2
𝐃

El. 22.6
1.1
𝐀 (21.5)

𝐁 𝐂

El. 2.8
pump
Problem No. 2
A pump draws 24 L/s of water from the reservoir C and lifts it to reservoir D as shown in the figure. The head lost from C
to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm sunction line and the head lost from point 2 to D is 25 times the velocity
head in the 100-mm discharge line.
1. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system in hp?
2. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?
3. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?

𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2
𝐻𝐿𝐶−1 = 3( ) 𝐻𝐿2−𝐷 = 25( )
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝐸𝑐 − 𝐻𝐿𝐶−1 − 𝐻2−𝐷 + HA = 𝐸𝐷

0.024 0.024
𝑣1 = 𝜋 𝑣2 = 𝜋
(0.15)2 (0.1)2
4 4

𝑣1 = 1.358 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣2 = 3.056 𝑚/𝑠

𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2
note: in a reservoir = 0.094𝑚 = 0.476𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔
zero velocity and
pressure
Problem No. 2
A pump draws 24 L/s of water from the reservoir C and lifts it to reservoir D as shown in the figure. The head lost from C
to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm sunction line and the head lost from point 2 to D is 25 times the velocity
head in the 100-mm discharge line.
1. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system in hp?
2. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?
3. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?

𝐸𝑐 − 𝐻𝐿𝐶−1 − 𝐻2−𝐷 + HA = 𝐸𝐷

0 − 3(0.094) − 25(0.476) + HA = 240

HA = 252.18 m

𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
P = 9.81 𝑚3 (0.024 )(252.18𝑚)
𝑠

𝑘𝑁 .𝑚
P = 59.37 𝑠 P = 79.6 hp
note: in a reservoir 1 ℎ𝑝
zero velocity and P = 59.37 𝑘𝑊(0.746 𝑘𝑊)
pressure
 Problem No. 2
A pump draws 24 L/s of water from the reservoir C and lifts it to reservoir D as shown in the figure. The head lost from C
to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm sunction line and the head lost from point 2 to D is 25 times the velocity
head in the 100-mm discharge line.
1. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system in hp?
2. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?
3. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?

𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2
𝐻𝐿𝐶−1 = 3( ) 𝐻𝐿2−𝐷 = 25( )
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2
= 0.094m = 0.476m
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝐸𝑐 − 𝐻𝐿𝐶−1 = 𝐸1

vC2 PC v12 P1
+ + zC − 𝐻𝐿C−1 = + + z1
2g γ 2g γ

−3(0.094) = 0.094 + 𝐻𝑃1 + (−20)

note: in a reservoir
zero velocity and 𝑯𝑷𝟏 = 19.6 m
pressure
 Problem No. 2
A pump draws 24 L/s of water from the reservoir C and lifts it to reservoir D as shown in the figure. The head lost from C
to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm sunction line and the head lost from point 2 to D is 25 times the velocity
head in the 100-mm discharge line.
1. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system in hp?
2. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?
3. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?
FROM POINT C-1
𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2
𝐻𝐿𝐶−1 = 3( ) 𝐻𝐿2−𝐷 = 25( )
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2
= 0.094m = 0.476m
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝐸𝑐 − 𝐻𝐿𝐶−1 + 𝐻𝐴= 𝐸2

-3(0.094)+252.18 = 0.476 + 𝐻𝑝2 + (-20)

𝑯𝑷𝟐 = 271.4 m

note: in a reservoir
zero velocity and
pressure
 Problem No. 2
A pump draws 24 L/s of water from the reservoir C and lifts it to reservoir D as shown in the figure. The head lost from C
to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm sunction line and the head lost from point 2 to D is 25 times the velocity
head in the 100-mm discharge line.
1. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system in hp?
2. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?
3. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?
FROM POINT 2-D

𝐸2 − 𝐻𝐿2−𝐷 = 𝐸𝐷

0.476 + 𝐻𝑝2 + (-20) - 25(0.476) = 240

𝑯𝑷𝟐 = 271.4 m

note: in a reservoir
zero velocity and
pressure
Problem No. 3
Water flows through the turbines shown at a rate of a rate of
0.386 m3 Τs . The pressures at A and B are 161.2 kPa and −
19.6 kPa, respectively. How many kW are delivered by the water to the turbine?

350mm ∅ 𝐀
𝐐
vA2 PA vB2 PB
+ + zA + HA = + + zB + HL + HE
2g γ 2g γ
1.08 m
4.012 161.2 0.772 −19.6
+ + 1.08 = + + HE
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) 9.81
800mm ∅
𝐁 HE = 20.3 m

QγHE 0.386 (9810)(20.3)

P= =
0.386 1000 1000
vA = π = 4.01 mΤs
0.35 2
4 𝐏 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟕 𝐤𝐖
0.386
vB = π = 0.77 mΤs
0.8 2
4
In selecting a pump or turbine, its efficiency is important.
The efficiency maybe calculated from the relation

𝑷
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲( 𝜼𝑷 ) = (100)
𝑩𝑯𝑷

𝑩𝑯𝑷
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲( 𝜼𝑻 ) = (100)
𝑷

Where
𝜼𝑷 = pump efficiency in %
𝜼𝑻 = turbine efficiency in %
P = fluid power (output)
BHP = brake or shaft horsepower actually
delivered by the turbine or delivered to
the pump .( input hp)
1 hp = 746W k = 1000
In 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐬, the power solved
QγE QγE
hp = from B. E. is an 𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐏𝐔𝐓.
746 k=
1000 In 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬, the power
immediately solved
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲( 𝛈 ) = (100) from B. E. is an 𝐈𝐍𝐏𝐔𝐓.
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭

𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚
Problem No. 4
𝑚3
A pump lifts water at the rate of 6 𝑠 to a height of 120 m
and the friction loss in the pipe is 10m.

1. Compute the energy added by the pump.

2. Compute the power output in Kw.
3. What is the power in kW required if the pump efficiency
is 90%?

P = Q 𝛾 𝐻𝐴

𝐻𝐴 = 120 + 10

𝑯𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝐦
Problem No. 4
𝑚3
A pump lifts water at the rate of 6 𝑠 to a height of 120 m
and the friction loss in the pipe is 10m.

1. Compute the energy added by the pump.

2. Compute the power output in kW.
3. What is the power in kW required if the pump efficiency
is 90%?

QγHA (6)(9810)(130)
P= =
1000 1000
𝐏 = 𝟕𝟔𝟓𝟏. 𝟖 𝐤𝐖(𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭)
Problem No. 4
𝑚3
A pump lifts water at the rate of 6 𝑠 to a height of 120 m
and the friction loss in the pipe is 10m.

1. Compute the energy added by the pump.

2. Compute the power output in kW.
3. What is the power in kW required if the pump efficiency
is 90%?

output
Eff. =
input
7651.8
Input Power =
0.90
Input Power = 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟐 (𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩)
Problem No. 6
A turbine is located at an elevation 200 m. below that of the
surface of the water at intake . The friction loss in the pipeline
leading to it is 8m. And the turbine efficiency is 90%.

1. What is the energy extracted by the turbine.

2. Compute the input power delivered by the water to the
m3
turbine if the flow is 3 s . in kW.
3. What will be the power delivered by the turbine if the
flow is 3 m3 / sec in kW.

HE + 8 = 200

HE = 200 − 8

H𝐄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝐦.
Problem No. 6
A turbine is located at an elevation 200 m. below that of the
surface of the water at intake . The friction loss in the pipeline
leading to it is 8m. And the turbine efficiency is 90%.

1. What is the energy extracted by the turbine.

2. Compute the input power delivered by the water to the
𝐦𝟑
turbine if the flow is 3 𝐬 . 𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐖.
3. What will be the power delivered by the turbine if the
flow is 3 m3 / sec in kW.

𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐻𝐸 (𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡)

(3)(9810)(192)
𝑃=
1000

P = 5,650.56 kW
Problem No. 6
A turbine is located at an elevation 200 m. below that of the
surface of the water at intake . The friction loss in the pipeline
leading to it is 8m. And the turbine efficiency is 90%.

1. What is the energy extracted by the turbine.

2. Compute the input power delivered by the water to the
m3
turbine if the flow is 3 s . in kW.
3. What will be the power delivered by the turbine if the
flow is 3 𝐦𝟑 / 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐖.

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓. =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
0.90=
5650.504

Output =5,085.504 kW
Problem No. 7
The diameters of the suction and discharge pipes of a pump
v12 P1 v22 P2
are 15 and 10 cm. respectively. The discharge pressure is read + + z1 + HA = + + z2 + 𝐻𝐿
by a gage at a point 1.5 m. above the centerline of the pump 2g γ 2g γ
and the suction pressure is read by a gage 0.6 m. below the
centerline. If the pressure gage reads 140 kPa and the suction 𝑄 = 0.035 𝑚3 /𝑠
gage reads a vacuum of 21 cm. Hg when gasoline is pumped
at the rate of 35 liters/sec, specific gravity of gasoline is 0.75).
𝑄
1. Find the energy added by a pump. 𝑉1 =
𝐴1
2. Find the power delivered to the fluid in kW.
3. Find the required rating horsepower of the pump if it has 0.035
an efficiency of 75%. 𝑉1 = 𝜋 = 1.98𝑚/𝑠
(0.15) 2
4
0.035
𝑉2 = 𝜋 = 4.46𝑚/𝑠
(0.10) 2
4
(1.98)2 (−0.21)(13.6) (4.46)2 140
+ + 0 + HA = + + 2.1
2(9.81) (0.75) 2(9.81) 9.81(0.75)
HA = 25.75 m.

E = 25.75 m. of gasoline
Problem No. 7
The diameters of the suction and discharge pipes of a pump
are 15 and 10 cm. respectively. The discharge pressure is read
by a gage at a point 1.5 m. above the centerline of the pump
and the suction pressure is read by a gage 0.6 m. below the 𝑄 𝛾𝑤 𝐸
centerline. If the pressure gage reads 140 kPa and the suction
Power = 𝑘𝑊
1000
gage reads a vacuum of 21 cm. Hg when gasoline is pumped
at the rate of 35 liters/sec, specific gravity of gasoline is 0.75). 0.035(9810)(25.75)(0.75)
Power = 𝑘𝑊
1000
1. Find the energy added by a pump.
2. Find the power delivered to the fluid in kW.
3. Find the required rating horsepower of the pump if it has Power = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑𝒌𝑾
an efficiency of 75%.
Problem No. 7
The diameters of the suction and discharge pipes of a pump
are 15 and 10 cm. respectively. The discharge pressure is read
by a gage at a point 1.5 m. above the centerline of the pump
and the suction pressure is read by a gage 0.6 m. below the 𝑄 𝛾𝑤 𝐸
centerline. If the pressure gage reads 140 kPa and the suction
Output hp = 746
gage reads a vacuum of 21 cm. Hg when gasoline is pumped
at the rate of 35 liters/sec, specific gravity of gasoline is 0.75). 0.035(9810)(25.75)
Output hp =
746
1. Find the energy added by a pump.
2. Find the power delivered to the fluid in kW.
3. Find the required rating horsepower of the pump if it Output hp = 8.89 ℎ𝑝
has an efficiency of 75%.
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Eff. = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

8.89
input = 0.75

i𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝐡𝐩 (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

Problem No. 8
A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water
m3
through it is 0.61 .Assuming an efficiency of 87% ,
s
what is the head acting on the turbine?

Given: Power output = 600 hp

Efficiency ,𝜂 = 87%
600
Power input = = 689.655 hp
0.87

Power input = 514, 483 watts

Power input = Q 𝛾𝑊 𝐻𝐸

514,483 = 0.61(9810)(HE)

H𝐄 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟗𝟕 𝐦
HEAD LOST IN PIPE FLOW
S = slope of the EGL; hydraulic slope; energy gradient
Major Loss (due to friction): HL hf
S= =L
Darcy –Weisbach formula: L
L = length of the pipe (m)
L v2 −(all section)
hf = f hf = head loss due to friction (m)
D 2g
Q2 D = diameter of the pipe (m)
HL = 0.0826 f L 5 −(circular
D pipes only) For non − circular pipe:
Mannings formula: A
D = 4R ; R =
v2 P
2
v = 6.35 n L 4Τ3 −(all section)
D P = wetted perimeter (m)
Q2
HL = 10.29 n L 16Τ3 −(circular
2
Minor Losses:
D pipes only)
(due to change in size or direction, obstruction, etc. )
Hazen-Williams formula:
v2
hm = k m
v = 0.849 C R0.63 S 0.54 −(all section) 2g
k m = coefficient of such minor loss
Q = 0.2785 L D2.63 S 0.54 −(circular
10.64 L Q1.85 pipes only) 64
HL = 1.85 4.87 𝑓 = (Laminar flow)
R
C D
Problem No. 1
Calculate the headloss in a 250mm diameter pipe 500m long when water flows at 115 liter per second using:
a. Darcy-Weisbach formula, f=0.02
b. Manning formula, n=0.012
c. Hazen-Williams formula, C=100

Q2 0.1152
hf = 0.0826 f L 5 = 0.0826 (0.02) (500) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 𝐦
D 0.255

2
Q 0.1152
hf = 10.29 n2 L 16Τ3 = 10.29 (0.012)2 (500) Τ
= 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟑 𝐦
D 0.25 16 3

10.64 L Q1.85 10.64 (500) (0.115)1.85

hf = 1.85 4.87 = = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟎 𝐦
C D (100)1.85 (0.25)4.87
 Problem No. 2
The loss of head in a 1200mm x 600mm pipe conveying water is
estimated at 0.04 m per meter length.f= 0.032. What is the discharge?

L v2
hf = f
D 2g
(1) v2
0.6m 0.04 = 0.032
(0.8) 2(9.81)
1.2m v = 4.429 m/s

A
D = 4R = 4 (P)
Q = vA
1.2(0.6)
D=4[ ] Q = 1.2(0.6)(4.429)
2 1.2 +2(0.6)
𝟑
𝐐 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝟗 𝐦 ൗ𝐬
D = 0.8 m
Teaching and learning activities
To solve problems about Pumps, turbines and headlosses

Flexible Teaching Modality (FTLM) adapted

Module, Lecture
Assessment Task
Quiz about pumps, turbines and headlosses.
Reference:
1. Mays, Larry W. 2004. Water Resources Engineering, 2005 Edition, USA
2. Robert L. Daugherty, Joseph B. Franzini and E. John Finnemore. 2002 Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications SI Metric
Edition, USA
3. Linsley, Ray K.: Franzini, Joseph B. Freynerg, David L. Tchobanoglous, David L. 1992. Water Resources Engineering, Fourth Edition.
McGraw-Hill.
4. John J. Cassidy & M. Hanif Chaudhry. 1988. Hydraulic Engineering Second Edition, USA
5. H.W. King, J. O. Wisler and J.G. Woodburn. 1980. Hydraulics, 5th Edition R.E. Krieger Publishing Compay.