Design Report

3.0 Design Code, Reference and Data

3.1 Codes & Design References

 Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004 (CoP WE 2004)
 Explanatory Materials to the Code of Practice on Wind Effects 2004 (EM CoP WE 2004)
 Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 2011 (CoP SUOS 2011)
 BS EN 40-3-1:2013 – Lighting Columns Part 3-1: Specification for characteristic loads
 BS EN 40-3-3:2013 – Lighting Columns Part 3-3: Verification by calculation
 BS EN 1991-1.4-2005 (2010) Wind Actions
 Guidelines for Converting between Various Wind Averaging Periods in Tropical Cyclone
Conditions (WMO/TD-No 1555)

3.2 Load Cases

 Dead Load (DL)
Unit weight of steel = 77 kN/m3
Lantern (as advised by the supplier) – 12kg = 0.12kN
CCTV (as advised by the supplier) – 3.07 kg = 0.05 kN
Control box (as advised by the supplier) – 12 kg = 0.12 kN

 Imposed Load (LL)

No imposed load has been considered.

 Wind Load (WL)

Wind load calculation is based on the following equation:
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐 × 𝑐 × 𝑞(𝑍)
where
𝐹𝑐 is the partial horizontal force due to wind pressure acting at the centre of shaft;
𝐴𝑐 is the projected area on the vertical plane normal to direction of the wind;
𝑐 is the shape coefficient for the mast or column shaft;
𝑞(𝑍) is the characteristic wind pressure at a height z in metres above ground level.

As for the characteristic wind pressure 𝑞(𝑍) , it has been derived based on the following
equations in BS EN 40-3-1 using a modified wind velocity profile (ie, the 10-minute mean wind
velocity) based on the 3-second gust wind velocity profile in EM CoP WE 2004.

𝑞(𝑍) = 𝛿 × 𝛽 × 𝑓 × 𝐶𝑒(𝑍) × 𝑞(10)

where
Design Report

δ is a factor depending on the column size, taken as 𝛿 = 1 − 0.01ℎ where h is pole height
β is a factor depending on the dynamic behaviour of the lighting column = 1.0024 -
0.005T4-0.22793T3+0.67262T and T is the 1st mode period of mast (See model in
Appendix B)
4m Single 4m Double 8m Single 8m Double CCTV column
Arm Arm Arm Arm
Height (m) 4 4 8 8 6
𝛿 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.92 0.94
Period (s) 0.13 0.13 0.54 0.55 0.2
β 1.086 1.086 1.307 1.311 1.14

𝑓 is a topography factor which shall be taken as 1.0 (as the mast and lighting columns
are erected on flat ground not located at topographical significant zone);
𝐶𝑒(𝑍) is a factor depending on the terrain of the site and the height above ground. This
term shall be taken as 1.0 since the terrain effects in Hong Kong (ie, open sea
condition) is already included in the wind velocity profile;

Fig. 3 - Table 2 in BS EN 40-3-1

For conservative, take 𝐶𝑒(𝑍) will be taken from Fig. 3.

Design Report

4m Single 4m Double 8m Single 8m Double CCTV Col.

Arm Arm Arm Arm
Height (m) 4 4 8 8 6
𝐶𝑒(𝑍) 2.25 2.25 2.64 2.64 2.48

𝑞(10) is the reference wind pressure;

𝑞(10) = 0.5 × 𝜌 × (𝐶𝑠 )2 × (𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 )2
𝜌 is the density of air which shall be taken as 1.2kg/m3, as in EM CoP WE 2004;
𝐶𝑠 is a statistical factor related to the annual probability of exceedance which shall be
taken as 1.0 since 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 in Hong Kong is based on a mean return period of 50 years;
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 is the 10-minute mean wind velocity (see Table 1). 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 is converted from the 3-
second gust wind velocity in EM CoP WE 2004.

𝑣3 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 1.45
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑣600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 1.05
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑣600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1.05

=
𝑣3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1.45

𝑣600𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0.724 𝑣3 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Refer Clause 1.21 in EM CoP WE 2004, design 3 second gust wind speed 𝑣𝑧 at height 𝑧 is
calculated by the following equations
∝ −∝
𝑧 𝑧
𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑧 (1 + 3.7𝐼𝑧 ); 𝑣̅𝑧 = 1.05𝑣𝑔 ( ) ; 𝐼𝑧 = 𝐼𝑔 ( )
𝑧𝑔 𝑧𝑔

where
𝑣𝑔 is hoursly mean wind speed at gradient height = 56.6 m/s
𝐼𝑔 is turbulence intensity at gradient height = 0.087
𝑧𝑔 is gradient height = 500m
Design Report

𝐼𝑔 is turbulence intensity at gradient height = 0.087

∝ is power exponent for mean wind = 0.11

4m Single 4m Double 8m Single 8m Double CCTV

Arm Arm Arm Arm Column
Height (m) 4 4 8 8 6
𝑣3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (m/s) 54.1 54.1 56.8 56.8 55.7
𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑓 (m/s) 39.2 39.2 41.2 41.2 40.3
𝑞(10) (kPa) 0.92 0.92 1.017 1.017 0.975
𝑞(𝑍) (kPa) 2.158 2.158 3.226 3.238 2.591

Adopt characteristic wind pressure 𝑞(𝑍) = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂

𝑞 3.84
ie. equivalent wind speed 𝑣 = √0.5𝑧𝜌 = √0.5∗1.2 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒎/𝒔

 Wind coefficients c
For the mast is 12-sided regular polygon, as per Cl. 5.3.3 in BS EN 40-3-1, the shape
coefficient shall be taken from EN 1991-1-4. In accordance with Table 7.11 in Fig. 3, the wind
coefficient for regular polygonal sections is related to Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒 ,
𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣
where
V is wind speed = 80 m/s
v is kinematic viscosity of air = 15 x 10 -6 m2/s
D is diameter of circumscribed circumference of mast
Design Report

4m Single 4m Double 8m Single 8m Double CCTV

Arm Arm Arm Arm column
Height (m) 4 4 8 8 6
𝑉 (m/s) 80 80 80 80 80
D1 (m) 76 76 114 114 114
5 5 5 5
𝑅𝑒 4.1 ∙ 10 4.1 ∙ 10 6.1 ∙ 10 6.1 ∙ 10 6.1 ∙ 105
𝑐1 0.5 0.5 0.53 0.53 0.53
D2 (m) 165 165 194 194 194
5 5 5 5
𝑅𝑒 8.8 ∙ 10 8.8 ∙ 10 10.4 ∙ 10 10.4 ∙ 10 10.4 ∙ 105
𝑐2 0.58 0.58 0.6 0.6 0.6

Adopt Wind coefficient 𝑐 = 𝟏. 𝟐 for ULS design

Adopt Wind coefficient 𝑐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 for SLS design

For the lanterns, use wind coefficient c = 1.0 (as per Clause 6.3.4 in BS EN 40-3-3)
For CCTV, use wind coefficient c = 2.0 (as open frame element in CoP WE 2004)

Therefore, design wind pressures:

i) on the llighting columns WL = 1.2 x 3.84 (ULS)
WL = 0.75 x 3.84 (SLS)
ii) on lanterns WL = 1.0 x 3.84
Design Report

iii) on the mast WL = 1.2 x 3.84 (ULS)

WL = 0.75 x 3.84 (SLS)
iv) on CCTV WL = 2.0 x 3.84

3.3 Load Combination

 Ultimate limit state (ULS):
1.4DL (Adverse) + 1.4WL ; 1.0 DL (Beneficial) + 1.4 WL
 Serviceability limit state (SLS):
1.0 DL +1.0 WL

3.4 Deflection criteria

As per Cl. 6.5.1 in BS EN 40-3-3, the most stringent maximum horizontal deflection, ∆
∆ ≤ 0.04 (ℎ + 𝑤) = 0.04 x 16 = 0.64m = 640mm
where
ℎ is the nominal height of the lighting columns, in metres
𝑤 is the arm (or called bracket) projection, in metres.

4m Single 4m Double 8m Single 8m Double CCTV

Arm Arm Arm Arm Column
Height h (m) 4 4 8 8 6
Bracket 𝑤 (m) 0 0.35 0 0.35 0
(mm) 160 174 320 334 240
Max. deflection 64 102 304 329 154
Okay Okay Okay Okay Okay

The horizontal deflection lighting columns and mast i analyzed by computer model, using the
wind forces developed in section 2.0. Resultant deflection is checked within the above limit.

3.5 Materials
 Structural Steel
Pole Section Steel Grade Design Strength fy
(N/mm2)
8m LIghting 114 x 6 CHS, 194 x 6 CHS, Gr 65 450
Column & 6m 6mm thk reinforcing flat bars
CCTV Mast
4m LIghting 76 x 4 CHS, 165 x 4 CHS, Q345C 310
Column 4mm thk reinforcing flat bars
Design Report

Brackets 60 x 3 CHS Q345C 310

Others Plates Q345C 310
Modulus of elasticity E = 205,000 N/mm2
For class 1 steet, material factor gm1 is taken as 1.0 for the structural steel yield strength (Ref:
Table 4.1, CoP SUOS 2011).

 Fillet Weld
Electrode classification E50. Design strength pw = 200 N/mm2

 Door Reinforcing
At the access opening on base portion of the columns, 2 reinforcing flat bars are to be
welded for strengthening. The reinforced opening is designed in accordance with clause
5.6.2.2 in BS EN 40-3-3:2013. Detail is shown as follows. Detail checking is presented in section
4-6.
Design Report

4.0 Design for Lighting Columns

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4m Single Arm Lighting Column

Column Height h = 4 m Door Opening

Shaft Dia. B = 0.076 m Door Height D = 1.000 m
Thickness ts = 4 mm Door Width E = 0.14 m
Weight ws = 0.07 kN/m Distance F = 0.275 m
Length Ls = 1.825 m
Base Dia. A = 0.165 m Lantern N
Thickness tb = 4 mm Size bxdxh = 0.763 x 0.352 x 0.167 F
Weight wb = 0.16 kN/m Inclination q = 15 deg Mx
Length Lb = 2.175 m Ht above top h' = h+b sin q = 0.364 m
Bracket Dia. Dp = 0.0 m Frontal Area ALx = b x h = 0.13 m2
Thickness tp = 0.0 mm ALY = d x h = 0.06 m2
Weight wp = 0.00 kN/m Weight WL = 0.12 kN
Length P = 0.0 m T

Wind pressure q = 3.84 kPa

My
Wind Y
Coefficients c1 = 1.2 (for circular section)
c2 = 1 (for lantern)
Wind X
Dead Load at each section location Eccentric Moment
NA = WL + wp x P + w s x Ls = 0.25 kN MDLY = WL(b/2+B/2) + wpP(P/2+B/2)
NB = NA + wb x F = 0.29 kN = 0.05 kNm
NC = NB + wb x D = 0.45 kN
ND = NC + wb x (Lb - D - F) = 0.59 kN

Wind X case
Wind Shear FX at each section location
FA = q( c2 AL + c1DpP + c1BLs) = 0.49 + 0.00 + 0.64 = 1.13 kN
FB = FA + q( c1A F) = 1.13 + 0.21 = 1.34 kN
FC = FB + q( c1A D) = 1.34 + 0.76 = 2.10 kN
FD = FC + q( c1A (Lb-D-F)) = 2.10 + 0.68 = 2.78 kN

Wind Moment MY at each section location

MA = q( c2 ALX (Ls+h) + c1DpPLs + c1BLs2/2) = 1.65 kNm
2
MB = M A + FA F + q( c1A F /2) = 1.99 kNm
2
MC = M B + FB D + q( c1A D /2) = 3.71 kNm
2
MD = MC + FC (Lb-D-F) + q( c1A (Lb-D-F) /2) = 5.91 kNm

Torsional Moment due to Wind

Torsion due to wind on lantern & bracket at Centreline of column
T1 = q( c2 ALX(b/2+P+B/2) + c1DpP(P/2+B/2)) = 0.21 kNm
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4m Single Arm Lighting Column

Wind Y case
Wind Shear FY at each section location
FA = q( c2 ALY + c1BLs) = 0.23 + 0.64 = 0.86 kN
FB = FA + q( c1A F) = 0.86 + 0.21 = 1.07 kN
FC = FB + q( c1A D) = 1.07 + 0.76 = 1.83 kN
FD = FC + q( c1A (Lb-D-F)) = 1.83 + 0.68 = 2.52 kN

Wind Moment MX at each section location

MA = q( c2 ALY (Ls+h') + c1BLs2/2) = 1.08 kNm
2
MB = M A + FA F + q( c1A F /2) = 1.34 kNm
2
MC = M B + FB D + q( c1A D /2) = 2.80 kNm
2
MD = MC + FC (Lb-D-F) + q( c1A (Lb-D-F) /2) = 4.76 kNm

Torsion due to eccentricity of shear centres at door opening

e = 2 r (sina -acosa)/(a-sina cosa) = 0.13 m
o
a = 132
ie. Torsion at section location
TB = FB e = 1.34 x 0.13 = 0.18 kNm
TC = FC e = 2.10 x 0.13 = 0.28 kNm

Summary of axial, shear, moments and torsion at each section location

Case 1: DL + WLX Case 2: DL + WLY
Sec. Axial Shear Moment Moment Torsion Axial Shear Moment Moment Torsion
N (kN) F (kN) MX (kNm) MY (kNm) T (kNm) N (kN) F (kN) MX (kNm) MY (kNm) T (kNm)
A 0.25 1.13 0.05 1.65 0.21 0.25 0.86 1.13 0.00 0.00
B 0.29 1.34 0.05 1.99 0.21 0.29 1.07 1.39 0.00 0.18
C 0.45 2.10 0.05 3.71 0.21 0.45 1.83 2.85 0.00 0.28
D 0.59 2.78 0.05 5.91 0.21 0.59 2.52 4.81 0.00 0.00
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4m Double Arm Lighting Column

Column Height h = 4 m Door Opening

Shaft Dia. B = 0.076 m Door Height D = 0.700 m
Thickness ts = 4 mm Door Width E = 0.11 m
Weight ws = 0.07 kN/m Distance F = 0.205 m
Length Ls = 1.825 m
Base Dia. A = 0.165 m Lantern (2 nos) N
Thickness tb = 4 mm Size bxdxh = 0.763 x 0.352 x 0.167 F
Weight wb = 0.16 kN/m Inclination q = 5 deg MY
Length Lb = 2.175 m Ht above top h' = h+b sin q = 0.233 m
Bracket Dia. Dp = 0.06 m Frontal Area ALx = b x h = 0.13 m2
Thickness tp = 3.0 mm ALY = d x h = 0.06 m2
Weight wp = 0.04 kN/m Weight WL = 0.12 kN
Length P = 0.35 m T

Wind Y
Wind pressure q = 3.84 kPa Mx
Coefficients c1 = 1.2 (for circular section)
c2 = 1 (for lantern)
Wind X

Dead Load at each section location Eccentric Moment

NA = 2(WL + wp x P )+ ws x Ls = 0.40 kN MDLY = 2 [ WL(b/2+B/2) + wpP(P/2+B/2) ]
NB = NA + wb x F = 0.43 kN = 0.11 kNm
NC = NB + wb x D = 0.54 kN
ND = NC + wb x (Lb - D - F) = 0.73 kN

Wind X case
Wind Shear FX at each section location
FA = q( 2c2 AL + 2c1DpP + c1BLs) = 0.98 + 0.19 + 0.64 = 1.81 kN
FB = FA + q( c1A F) = 1.81 + 0.16 = 1.97 kN
FC = FB + q( c1A D) = 1.97 + 0.53 = 2.50 kN
FD = FC + q( c1A (Lb-D-F)) = 2.50 + 0.97 = 3.46 kN

Wind Moment MY at each section location

MA = q( 2c2 AL (Ls+h') + 2c1DpPLs + c1BLs2/2) = 2.95 kNm
2
MB = M A + FA F + q( c1A F /2) = 3.34 kNm
2
MC = M B + FB D + q( c1A D /2) = 4.90 kNm
2
MD = MC + FC (Lb-D-F) + q( c1A (Lb-D-F) /2) = 8.69 kNm

Torsional Moment due to Wind

Torsion due to wind on lantern & bracket at Centreline of column (assume only ONE end with lantern)
T1 = q( c2 AL(b/2+P+B/2) + c1DpP(P/2+B/2)) = 0.40 kNm
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4m Double Arm Lighting Column

Wind Y case
Wind Shear FY at each section location
FA = q( c2 ALY + c1BLs) = 0.23 + 0.64 = 0.86 kN
FB = FA + q( c1A F) = 0.86 + 0.16 = 1.02 kN
FC = FB + q( c1A D) = 1.02 + 0.53 = 1.55 kN
FD = FC + q( c1A (Lb-D-F)) = 1.55 + 0.97 = 2.52 kN
Wind Moment MX at each section location
MA = q( c2 ALY (Ls+h') + c1BLs2/2) = 1.05 kNm
2
MB = M A + FA F + q( c1A F /2) = 1.24 kNm
2
MC = M B + FB D + q( c1A D /2) = 2.14 kNm
2
MD = MC + FC (Lb-D-F) + q( c1A (Lb-D-F) /2) = 4.73 kNm

Torsion due to eccentricity of shear centres at door opening

e = 2 r (sina -acosa)/(a-sina cosa) = 0.11 m
o
a = 110
ie. Torsion at section location
TB = FB e = 1.97 x 0.11 = 0.23 kNm
TC = FC e = 2.50 x 0.11 = 0.29 kNm

Summary of axial, shear, moments and torsion at each section location

Case 1: DL + WLX Case 2: DL + WLY
Sec. Axial Shear Moment Moment Torsion Axial Shear Moment Moment Torsion
N (kN) F (kN) MX (kNm) MY (kNm) T (kNm) N (kN) F (kN) MX (kNm) MY (kNm) T (kNm)
A 0.40 1.81 0.11 2.95 0.40 0.40 0.86 1.15 0.00 0.00
B 0.43 1.97 0.11 3.34 0.40 0.43 1.02 1.35 0.00 0.23
C 0.54 2.50 0.11 4.90 0.40 0.54 1.55 2.25 0.00 0.29
D 0.73 3.46 0.11 8.69 0.40 0.73 2.52 4.83 0.00 0.00
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Design for 4m Lighting Columns (Single and Double Arm)

Calculation of Section Capacities

Section "A" - Interface of shaft and base

Diameter D = 76.0 mm Refer Table 7.2, CoP Steel 2011
2
Wall thickness t = 4 mm D/t = 19.0 < 40 e
Mean radius R = 36.0 mm Class 1 plastic
2
Section Area A = 9.0 cm
Elastic Modulus Zp = 4 R2 t = 20.7 cm3 (Closed circular section)
4
2nd Moment of inertia I = 58.8 cm
Radius of gyration r = 2.55 cm
Design Strength fy = 310 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity E = 205 kN/mm2
Partial Material Factor γm = 1.00

a) Bending Moment of Resistance

Mux = Muy = Mup = fy Φ1 Zp /103γm (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.1, BS EN40-3-3:2013)
ξ = (R/t) sqrt(fy/E)
= 0.35
Φ1 = 1.0 (Refer Figure 2 in BS EN 40-3-3:2103)
Mup = 310 x 1.0 x 20.7
3
10 x 1.00
= 6.43 kNm

b) Torsional Moment of Resistance

Tu = fy Φ2 π R2 t /103γm (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.1, BS EN40-3-3:2013)
1.5
Φ2 = min. { 0.474 E / fy (R/t) ; 1.0 }
= min. { 11.61 ; 1.0 }
= 1.0
2
Tu = 310 x 1.0 π 36.0 x 4.0 /103
3
10 x 1.00
= 5.05 kNm

c) Shear capacity (Refer Cl.8.2.1 , CoP Steel 2011)

0.5
Vc = fy (0.6 A) /3
= 310.0 x 5.4 /30.5 / 10 = 97.2 kN

d) Compressive capacity
Pc = pc Ag (Refer Cl. 8.7.5, CoP Steel 2011)
pc = pEpy / [fC + (f2C - pEpy)0.5] (py = fy)

l = LE / r = 2 x 182.5 / 2.55 = 143.2

2 2
pE = p E /l = 98.7 N/mm2
2 0.5
l0 = 0.2(p E/py) = 16.2 N/mm2
a = 2.0 (Curve a)
h = a(l-l0)/1000 = 0.25
fc = [py+(h+1)pE ] / 2 = 217 N/mm2
2 0.5
pc = pEpy / [fC + (f C - pEpy) ] = 88.7 N/mm2
Pc = 88.7 x 9.0 / 10 = 80.2 kN
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Design for 4m Lighting Columns (Single Arm Only)

Calculation of Section Capacities

Section "B" & "C - Top & Bottom of Door Opening (with TYPE 4 Reinforcement)
Diameter D = 165 mm Refer Table 7.2, CoP Steel 2011
2
Wall thickness t = 4 mm D/t = 41.3 < 50 e
Mean radius R = 80.5 mm Class 2 compact
Door Opening
o
Half angle of opening q = 48
Length a = 1000 mm
Corner radius N = 20 mm
Effective length L = 991 mm L = a - 0.43N
Half length of straight edge C = 960 mm C = a - 2N

TYPE 4 door reinforcement (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.2, BS EN40-3-3:2013)

Thickness tw = 4 mm
Width dw = 20 mm
Area Ae = 80 mm For circular sec.
2 3
Section Modulus Zpnr = FR t [2 cos(q/2-90Bx/p) - sinq + Bx cosq] = 69.3 cm F = 2.0
2 3
Zpyr = FR t (1 + cosq + By sinq) = 95 cm
Bx = Ae / Rt * mox / mx = 0.25
By = Ae / Rt * moy / my = 0.22
Ctr of door reinf. to x axis mox = 62.7 mm Col. wall edge to x mx = 62.8 mm
Ctr of door reinf. to y axis moy = 43.6 mm Col. wall edge to y my = 50.3 mm

Section Area A = 16.1 cm2

2nd Moment of inertia Ix = 329.8 cm4
Iy = 635.9 cm4
Radius of gyration rx = 4.52 cm
ry = 6.28 cm

Design Strength fy = 310 N/mm2

Modulus of Elasticity E = 205 kN/mm2
Partial Material Factor γm = 1.00
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a) Bending Moment of Resistance

Mux = fy Φ6 Zpnr /103γm (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.2, BS EN40-3-3:2013)
3
Muy = fy Φ6 Zpyr /10 γm
Φ6 = (2t + tw)2E / [(2t + tw)2E + 0.32 RLfy] = 0.79  Φ1 = 1.0
Mux = 310 x 0.8 x 69.3
3
10 x 1.00
= 16.9 kNm
Muy = 310 x 0.8 x 94.8
3
10 x 1.00
= 23.2 kNm

b) Torsional Moment of Resistance

Tu = fy Φ6 ( Φ5 + P Φ7) R3 t /103γm L (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.1, BS EN40-3-3:2013)
2
Φ5 = 10 cos (q/2) 1+2.15 tanq + 0.85R/L = 2.84
[ 2
]
1+1.73 tanq 1+2.15 tanq + 0.85R/L + 3.8(R/L)
Φ7 = 4.4 R/L = 0.081 (From Fig. 4)
o
P = Ae/ Rt = 0.25 q = 48.0 (From Fig. 8)
3 3
Tu = 310 x 0.79 ( 2.84 + 0.25 x 4.4 ) 80.5 x 4.0 /10
3
10 x 1.00 x 991
= 2.02 kNm

c) Shear capacity (Refer Cl.8.2.1 , CoP Steel 2011)

Vc = fy (0.6 A) /30.5
= 310.0 x 16.1 /30.5 / 10 = 288 kN

d) Compressive capacity
Pc = pc Ag (Refer Cl. 8.7.5, CoP Steel 2011)
2 0.5
pc = pEpy / [fC + (f C - pEpy) ] (py = fy)

l = LE / r = 2 x 310.0 / 6.28 = 98.7 (L at section "C")

2 2 2
pE = p E /l = 207.7 N/mm
2 0.5
l0 = 0.2(p E/py) = 16.2 N/mm2
a = 5.5 (Curve c)
h = a(l-l0)/1000 = 0.45
fc = [py+(h+1)pE ] / 2 = 306 N/mm2
pc = pEpy / [fC + (f2C - pEpy)0.5] = 135.0 N/mm2
Pc = 135.0 x 16.1 / 10 = 218 kN
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Subject Design for Lighting Columns 7/25/2019 7/25/2019
CALCULATIONS Rev.

Design for 4m Lighting Columns (Double Arm Only)

Calculation of Section Capacities

Section "B" & "C - Top & Bottom of Door Opening (with TYPE 4 Reinforcement)
Diameter D = 165 mm Refer Table 7.2, CoP Steel 2011
2
Wall thickness t = 4 mm D/t = 41.3 < 50 e
Mean radius R = 80.5 mm Class 2 compact
Door Opening
o
Half angle of opening q = 70
Length a = 700 mm
Corner radius N = 20 mm
Effective length L = 691 mm L = a - 0.43N
Half length of straight edge C = 660 mm C = a - 2N

TYPE 4 door reinforcement (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.2, BS EN40-3-3:2013)

Thickness tw = 4 mm
Width dw = 20 mm
Area Ae = 80 mm For circular sec.
2 3
Section Modulus Zpnr = FR t [2 cos(q/2-90Bx/p) - sinq + Bx cosq] = 47.0 cm F = 2.0
2 3
Zpyr = FR t (1 + cosq + By sinq) = 78 cm
Bx = Ae / Rt * mox / mx = 0.24
By = Ae / Rt * moy / my = 0.18
Ctr of door reinf. to x axis mox = 74.7 mm Col. wall edge to x mx = 77.1 mm
Ctr of door reinf. to y axis moy = 16.4 mm Col. wall edge to y my = 22.9 mm

Section Area A = 13.6 cm2

2nd Moment of inertia Ix = 172.9 cm4
Iy = 534.3 cm4
Radius of gyration rx = 3.57 cm
ry = 6.27 cm

Design Strength fy = 310 N/mm2

Modulus of Elasticity E = 205 kN/mm2
Partial Material Factor γm = 1.00
 Calc'd by Checked by
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Subject Design for Lighting Columns 7/25/2019 7/25/2019
CALCULATIONS Rev.

a) Bending Moment of Resistance

Mux = fy Φ6 Zpnr /103γm (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.2, BS EN40-3-3:2013)
3
Muy = fy Φ6 Zpyr /10 γm
Φ6 = (2t + tw)2E / [(2t + tw)2E + 0.32 RLfy] = 0.84  Φ1 = 1.0
Mux = 310 x 0.8 x 47.0
3
10 x 1.00
= 12.3 kNm
Muy = 310 x 0.8 x 78.3
3
10 x 1.00
= 20.4 kNm

b) Torsional Moment of Resistance

Tu = fy Φ6 ( Φ5 + P Φ7) R3 t /103γm L (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.1, BS EN40-3-3:2013)
2
Φ5 = 10 cos (q/2) 1+2.15 tanq + 0.85R/L = 1.16
[ 2
]
1+1.73 tanq 1+2.15 tanq + 0.85R/L + 3.8(R/L)
Φ7 = 4.4 R/L = 0.116 (From Fig. 4)
o
P = Ae/ Rt = 0.25 q = 70.0 (From Fig. 8)
3 3
Tu = 310 x 0.84 ( 1.16 + 0.25 x 4.4 ) 80.5 x 4.0 /10
3
10 x 1.00 x 691
= 1.77 kNm

c) Shear capacity (Refer Cl.8.2.1 , CoP Steel 2011)

Vc = fy (0.6 A) /30.5
= 310.0 x 13.6 /30.5 / 10 = 243 kN

d) Compressive capacity
Pc = pc Ag (Refer Cl. 8.7.5, CoP Steel 2011)
2 0.5
pc = pEpy / [fC + (f C - pEpy) ] (py = fy)

l = LE / r = 2 x 310.0 / 6.27 = 98.8 (L at section "C")

2 2 2
pE = p E /l = 207.1 N/mm
2 0.5
l0 = 0.2(p E/py) = 16.2 N/mm2
a = 5.5 (Curve c)
h = a(l-l0)/1000 = 0.45
fc = [py+(h+1)pE ] / 2 = 306 N/mm2
pc = pEpy / [fC + (f2C - pEpy)0.5] = 134.7 N/mm2
Pc = 134.7 x 13.6 / 10 = 183 kN
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Subject Design for Lighting Columns 7/25/2019 7/25/2019
CALCULATIONS Rev.

Design for 4m Lighting Columns (Single and Double Arm)

Calculation of Section Capacities

Section "D" - Base of column

Diameter D = 165 mm Refer Table 7.2, CoP Steel 2011
2
Wall thickness t = 4 mm D/t = 41.3 < 50 e
Mean radius R = 80.5 mm Class 2 compact
2
Section Area A = 20.2 cm
Elastic Modulus Zp = 4 R2 t = 103.7 cm3 (Closed circular section)
4
2nd Moment of inertia I = 655.9 cm
Radius of gyration r = 5.69 cm
Design Strength fy = 310 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity E = 205 kN/mm2
Partial Material Factor γm = 1.00

a) Bending Moment of Resistance

Mux = Muy = Mup = fy Φ1 Zp /103γm (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.1, BS EN40-3-3:2013)
ξ = (R/t) sqrt(fy/E)
= 0.78
Φ1 = 1.0 (Refer Figure 2 in BS EN 40-3-3:2103)
Mup = 310 x 1.0 x 103.7
3
10 x 1.00
= 32.1 kNm

b) Torsional Moment of Resistance

Tu = fy Φ2 π R2 t /103γm (Refer Cl. 5.6.2.1, BS EN40-3-3:2013)
1.5
Φ2 = min. { 0.474 E / fy (R/t) ; 1.0 }
= min. { 3.47 ; 1.0 }
= 1.0
2
Tu = 310 x 1.0 π 80.5 x 4.0 /103
3
10 x 1.00
= 25.2 kNm

c) Shear capacity (Refer Cl.8.2.1 , CoP Steel 2011)

0.5
Vc = fy (0.6 A) /3
= 310.0 x 12.1 /30.5 / 10 = 217 kN

d) Compressive capacity
Pc = pc Ag (Refer Cl. 8.7.5, CoP Steel 2011)
pc = pEpy / [fC + (f2C - pEpy)0.5] (py = fy)

l = LE / r = 2 x 400.0 / 5.69 = 140.5

2 2
pE = p E /l = 102.5 N/mm2
2 0.5
l0 = 0.2(p E/py) = 16.2 N/mm2
a = 2.0 (Curve a)
h = a(l-l0)/1000 = 0.25
fc = [py+(h+1)pE ] / 2 = 219 N/mm2
2 0.5
pc = pEpy / [fC + (f C - pEpy) ] = 91.8 N/mm2
Pc = 91.8 x 20.2 / 10 = 186 kN
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Subject Design for Lighting Columns 7/25/2019 7/25/2019
CALCULATIONS Rev.

Design for 4m Lighting Columns (Single and Double Arm)

Capacity Check for Single Arm Lighting Column

Design Forces = 1.4 * Summary table Capacities
Section
Case

Axial Shear Moment Moment Torsion Axial Shear Moment Moment Torsion
N (kN) F (kN) MX (kNm) MY (kNm) T (kNm) Pc (kN) Vc (kN) Mux (kNm) Muy (kNm) Tu (kNm)
A 0.35 1.58 0.07 2.32 0.29 80.2 97.2 6.4 6.4 5.0
1.4(DL+WLY) 1.4(DL+WLX)

B 0.41 1.87 0.07 2.79 0.29 217.5 288.5 16.9 23.2 2.0
C 0.62 2.94 0.07 5.20 0.29 217.5 288.5 16.9 23.2 2.0
D 0.82 3.89 0.07 8.27 0.29 185.7 217.3 32.1 32.1 25.2
A 0.55 1.21 1.58 0.00 0.00 80.2 97.2 6.4 6.4 5.0
B 0.60 1.50 1.95 0.00 0.25 211.3 274.3 15.6 22.2 2.4
C 0.75 2.57 3.99 0.00 0.39 211.3 274.3 15.6 22.2 2.4
D 1.03 3.53 6.73 0.00 0.00 185.7 217.3 32.1 32.1 25.2

1 2 3 4 5 Combined Combined
CHECK
N / Pc F / Vc Mx / Mux My / Muy T/ Tp 1 + 3 +4 1+3+4+5
A 0.004 0.016 0.011 0.360 0.057 0.38 < 1.0 0.43 < 1.0 Okay
1.4(DL+WLY) 1.4(DL+WLX)

B 0.002 0.006 0.004 0.120 0.142 0.13 < 1.0 0.27 < 1.0 Okay
C 0.003 0.010 0.004 0.224 0.142 0.23 < 1.0 0.37 < 1.0 Okay
D 0.004 0.018 0.002 0.257 0.011 0.26 < 1.0 0.28 < 1.0 Okay
A 0.007 0.012 0.246 0.000 0.000 0.25 < 1.0 0.25 < 1.0 Okay
B 0.003 0.005 0.125 0.000 0.101 0.13 < 1.0 0.23 < 1.0 Okay
C 0.004 0.009 0.255 0.000 0.158 0.26 < 1.0 0.42 < 1.0 Okay
D 0.006 0.016 0.209 0.000 0.000 0.21 < 1.0 0.21 < 1.0 Okay

Capacity Check for Double Arm Lighting Column

Design Forces = 1.4 * Summary table Capacities
Section
Case

Axial Shear Moment Moment Torsion Axial Shear Moment Moment Torsion
N (kN) F (kN) MX (kNm) MY (kNm) T (kNm) Pc (kN) Vc (kN) Mux (kNm) Muy (kNm) Tu (kNm)
A 0.55 2.54 0.15 4.13 0.56 80.2 97.2 6.4 6.4 5.0
1.4(DL+WLY) 1.4(DL+WLX)

B 0.60 2.75 0.15 4.67 0.56 182.9 243.0 12.3 20.4 1.8
C 0.75 3.50 0.15 6.86 0.56 182.9 243.0 12.3 20.4 1.8
D 1.03 4.85 0.15 12.16 0.56 185.7 217.3 32.1 32.1 25.2
A 0.55 1.21 1.62 0.00 0.00 80.2 97.2 6.4 6.4 5.0
B 0.60 1.43 1.89 0.00 0.32 182.9 243.0 12.3 20.4 1.8
C 0.75 2.17 3.15 0.00 0.40 182.9 243.0 12.3 20.4 1.8
D 1.03 3.53 6.77 0.00 0.00 185.7 217.3 32.1 32.1 25.2

1 2 3 4 5 Combined Combined
CHECK
N / Pc F / Vc Mx / Mux My / Muy T/ Tp 1 + 3 +4 1+3+4+5
A 0.007 0.026 0.023 0.643 0.110 0.67 < 1.0 0.78 < 1.0 Okay
1.4(DL+WLY) 1.4(DL+WLX)

B 0.003 0.011 0.012 0.229 0.313 0.24 < 1.0 0.56 < 1.0 Okay
C 0.004 0.014 0.012 0.336 0.313 0.35 < 1.0 0.67 < 1.0 Okay
D 0.006 0.022 0.005 0.378 0.022 0.39 < 1.0 0.41 < 1.0 Okay
A 0.007 0.012 0.251 0.000 0.000 0.26 < 1.0 0.26 < 1.0 Okay
B 0.003 0.006 0.154 0.000 0.178 0.16 < 1.0 0.34 < 1.0 Okay
C 0.004 0.009 0.256 0.000 0.226 0.26 < 1.0 0.49 < 1.0 Okay
D 0.006 0.016 0.211 0.000 0.000 0.22 < 1.0 0.22 < 1.0 Okay
 Calc'd by Checked by
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Subject Design for Lighting Columns 7/25/2019 7/25/2019
CALCULATIONS Rev.

Design for 4m Lighting Columns (Single and Double Arm)

N
Check bracket for Lantern 60 x 3 mm thk CHS
Refer column section design,
F
Weight of lantern = 0.12 kN
Mx
Weight of bracket = 0.04 x 0.35 = 0.39 kN
Vertical force N = 0.12 + 0.39 = 0.51 kN
Moment Mx = 0.12 x( 0.35 + 0.76 /2) + 0.51 x( 0.35 /2) = 0.18 kNm

Wind x on lantern = 1.00 x 3.84 x 0.13 = 0.49 kN

Wind x on bracket = 1.20 x 3.84 x 0.06 x 0.35 = 0.10 kN
Horiz. Shear F = 0.49 + 0.10 = 0.59 kN
Moment My = 0.49 x( 0.35 + 0.76 /2) + 0.10 x( 0.35 /2) = 0.37 kNm

Wind y on lantern = 1.00 x 3.84 x 0.06 = 0.23 kN

Axial force N = 0.23 kN
Moment Mx = 0.23 x 0.233 = 0.05 kNm

Consider 1.4 DL +1.4 WLx + 1.4 Wly for conservative check

Axial N = 1.40 x 0.51 + 1.40 x 0.00 + 1.40 x 0.23 = 1.03 kN
Shear F = 1.40 x 0.00 + 1.40 x 0.59 + 1.40 x 0.00 = 0.82 kN
Moment M = 1.40 x 0.18 + 1.40 x 0.37 + 1.40 x 0.05 = 0.85 kNm

Capacity Check
Refer next page

Check Weld Connection between bracket and shaft

Axial N = 1.03 kN
Shear F = 0.82 kN
Moment M = 0.85 kNm

Weld size tw = 3.00 mm F.W. ALL ROUND

Throat size aw = 2.10 mm
Weld radius rw = 31.1 mm

Shear stress fs = (N + F ) = 1.85 x 103 = 4.5 N/mm2

2prw x aw 409.7
< 220.0 N/mm2 Okay

Bending stress fs = M = 0.85 x 106 = 133.1 N/mm2

prw2x aw 6360.5
< 220.0 N/mm2 Okay

Combined (3fs2 + fb2)0.5 = 133.4 N/mm2 < 220.0 N/mm2 Okay

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Date Date Date
Subject Jul 19
CALCULATIONS Rev.

Location 4m Double Arm Design Code CoP for the Structural Use of Steel 2011

ULS Design Load Section Properties

Axial Compression, F 1.03 kN f 60x3 CHS Q345 Hot-Rolled
Shear, V 0.82 kN Elastic critical load factor, lcr N/A py = 215 N/mm2
Major axis moment, Mx 0.85 kNm Non-sway frame E= 205 kN/mm2
Minor axis moment, My 0 kNm
Moment amp. (P-D) 1.00 A = 5.372 cm2 r = 2.018 cm I= 22 cm4
Lx 0.35 m D= 60 mm Z= 7 cm3 S= 10 cm3
Major axis :
LEx = 3.0 Lx 1.05 m t= 3 mm J= 44 cm 4
C= 15 cm3
Ly 0.35 m D/t = 20
Minor axis :
LEy = 3.0 Ly 1.05 m
LTB : LE = 2.0 Lx 0.7 m

Section Classification (Table 7.2)

e= 1.13
D/t= 20.0 < 40 e Class 1 Plastic Section

Shear Capacity (Cl. 8.2.1)

Vc = pyAv / √3 where Av = 0.6A Moment Capacity (Cl. 8.2.2)
= 40 kN > 0.82 kN O.K. For Class 1 plastic section in low shear condition,
0.6Vc = 24 kN > 0.82 kN Low Shear Mcx = 2 kNm (Eq. 8.2)
Mcy = 2 kNm (Eq. 8.2)

Buckling Resistance Moment (Cl. 8.3.5) Compression Resistance (Cl. 8.7.5)

Check on LTB is not required for CHS For hot-rolled CHS with thickness ≤ 40mm,
use strut curves a (x-axis) & a (y-axis)
Pcx = 106 kN Pcx = 116 kN
Pcy = 106 kN Pcy = 116 kN

Cross-Section Capacity (Cl. 8.9.1)

F Mx My 1 1 0
+ + = + + = 0.46 < 1.0 O.K. (Eq. 8.78)
Agpy Mcx Mcy 116 2 2

Member Buckling Resistance (Cl. 8.9.2)

Mx = 0.847 kNm P-d(x) = 1.00 Mx = 1 kNm mx = 1.00
My = 0 kNm P-d(y) = 1.00 My = 0 kNm my = 1.00

Fc mxMx myMy 1 1 0
+ + = + + = 0.46 < 1.0 O.K. (Eq. 8.79)
Pc Mcx Mcy 106 2 2
Fc mxMx myMy 1 1 0
+ + = + + = 0.46 < 1.0 O.K. (Eq. 8.80)
Pc Mcx Mcy 116 2 2
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CALCULATIONS Rev.

Design for 4m Lighting Columns (Single and Double Arm)

Check Weld Connection between shaft and base

Refer design forces table, max. forces at Section "A" N
Axial N = 0.55 kN
F
Shear F = 2.54 kN A
Moment Mx + My = 4.28 kNm M

Torsion T = 0.56 kNm T

Weld size tw = 4.00 mm F.W. ALL ROUND

Throat size aw = 2.80 mm
Weld radius rw = 39.4 mm
Insert length L = 150 mm
=> Shear force due to moment
Fs = M/L
= 4.28 / 0.15
= 28.5 kN

Shear stress fs = (N + F + Fs) + T

2prw x aw 2aw x prw2
= 31.63 x 103 + 0.56 x 106
693.2 27310.5
2
= 66.0 N/mm < 200.0 N/mm2 Okay

Check Base N
Refer design forces table, max. forces at Section "D" F
N = 1.03 kN
D
Axial
Shear F = 4.85 kN M

Moment Mx + My = 12.31 kNm T

Torsion T = 0.56 kNm

Radius RB = 82.5 mm
Embedment LB = 800 mm

Shear stress fs = N + T
2pRB x LB 2LB x pRB2
= 1.03 x 103 + 0.56 x 106
414690.2 34211944.0
2
= 0.02 N/mm < 0.3 N/mm2 (vc) Okay

Bearing stress fc = F + M + F*LB/2

2RB x LB 2RB x LB2/6
= 4.85 x 103 + 14.25 x 106
132000.0 17600000.0
2
= 0.85 N/mm < 12.0 N/mm2 (0.4fcu) Okay
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CALCULATIONS Rev.

Design for 4m Lighting Columns (Single and Double Arm)

Deflection Check for Single Arm

Mylantern Wlantern
Fylantern
Fxlantern Mxlantern
Mzlantern

WLshaft

WLbase

h'= 0.364

0.42
Weight of lantern
Wlantern = 0.12 kN
MxLantern = 0.12 x 0.420 = 0.05 kNm

Wind Load X
WLshaft = 0.75 x 3.84 x 0.076 = 0.22 kN/m
WLbase = 0.75 x 3.84 x 0.165 = 0.48 kN/m
FxLantern = 1.00 x 3.84 x 0.13 = 0.49 kN
MyLantern = 0.49 x 0.364 = 0.18 kNm
MzLantern = 0.49 x 0.420 = 0.21 kNm

Wind Load Y
WLshaft = 0.75 x 3.84 x 0.076 = 0.22 kN/m
WLbase = 0.75 x 3.84 x 0.165 = 0.48 kN/m
FyLantern = 1.00 x 3.84 x 0.06 = 0.23 kN
MxLantern = 0.23 x 0.364 = 0.08 kNm

Refer Analysis Output

Deflection for Dead and Wind x Load Deflection for Dead and Wind y Load
= 53 mm = 34 mm

Allowable deflection = 0.04 ( height of column + length of bracket)

= 0.04 ( 4.00 + 0.00 )
= 160 mm > max. deflection Okay
 Calc'd by Checked by
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Subject Design for Lighting Columns 7/25/2019 7/25/2019
CALCULATIONS Rev.

Design for 4m Lighting Columns (Single and Double Arm)

Deflection Check for Double Arm

Wlantern + Wbracket
Mylantern
Fylantern
Fxlantern Mxlantern

WLshaft

WLbase

h'= 0.233

0.382 0.39
Weight of lantern + bracket
Wlantern = 0.12 x 2 + 0.01 x 2 = 0.27 kN

Wind Load X
WLshaft = 0.75 x 3.84 x 0.076 = 0.22 kN/m
WLbase = 0.75 x 3.84 x 0.165 = 0.48 kN/m
FxLantern = 1.00 x 3.84 x 0.13 x 2 = 0.98 kN
Fxbracket = 0.75 x 3.84 x 0.06 x 0.35 x 2 = 0.12 kN
MyLantern = 0.98 x 0.233 = 0.23 kNm

Wind Load Y
WLshaft = 0.75 x 3.84 x 0.076 = 0.22 kN/m
WLbase = 0.75 x 3.84 x 0.165 = 0.48 kN/m
FyLantern = 1.00 x 3.84 x 0.06 = 0.23 kN
MxLantern = 0.23 x 0.233 = 0.05 kNm

No torsion induced for lantern on both sides

Refer Analysis Output

Deflection for Dead and Wind x Load Deflection for Dead and Wind y Load
= 91 mm = 33 mm

Allowable deflection = 0.04 ( height of column + length of bracket)

= 0.04 ( 4.00 + 0.35 )
= 174 mm > max. deflection Okay
Design Report

Appendix A – Drawings
 4.0M 80m/s Rooted Column
Pole Top Mounted Type

Power
Cable
Prvide
by Others

Option : Coating RAL 9006 or Others

Metal Plate for

MCB Installation
800 x 110 x 4 mm
H

DETAIL - I-I

DETAIL - H-H Metal Plate for

MCB Installation
800 x 110 x 4 mm

Design Spec:
1. Code of Practice on Wind Effects in DIMON Technology Limited
Hong Kong 2004 (CoP WE 2004) [email protected]
2. Explanatory Materials to the Code of
Practice on Wind Effects 2004
(EM CoP WE 2004) 4.0M 80m/s Rooted Column
3.Code of Practice for the Structural Use 2019-6-15

of Steel 2011 (CoP SUOS 2011) 2019-6-15

4.BS EN 1991-1.4-2005 (2010) Wind Actions 2019-6-15

HK-RC-4M-80M/S-PT
 20mm x tp thk
Reinforcing Flat

20
t
t

Detail 'X'
Detail 'X'
Door Reinforcing Detail
Remarks: tp shall be the thickness of column

SKETCH NO. SK01