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Flow Meters

The document discusses three types of flow meters: venturi meter, orifice meter, and rotameter. The venturi meter and orifice meter both use Bernoulli's equation to measure flow rate based on pressure differences. The rotameter measures flow rate based on the equilibrium of forces on a floating ball in a tapered tube.

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John Adewale
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42 views

Flow Meters

The document discusses three types of flow meters: venturi meter, orifice meter, and rotameter. The venturi meter and orifice meter both use Bernoulli's equation to measure flow rate based on pressure differences. The rotameter measures flow rate based on the equilibrium of forces on a floating ball in a tapered tube.

Uploaded by

John Adewale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TITLE

FLOW-METERS:
VENTURI-METER,
ORIFICE-METER
& ROTA-METER
VENTURIMETER
A Venturimeter is a CONSTRUCTION
device used for 1.Short convergent part:
measuring the rate of It is that portion where
flow of fluid flowing fluid get converges i.e.
through a pipe. radius decreases .
2. Throat : It is middle
PRINCIPLE: Bernoulli’s portion of venturi .Here
equation: It states that the velocity of fluid
in a steady ideal flow of increases and pressure
incompressible fluids decreases .It possesses
,the total energy at any the least cross-section
point of the fluid is area .
constant. 3.Diverging part : In this
P.E + K.E + P.E = Const. portion the fluid
diverges.
WORKING

1.Here we have considered two cross section , first at the inlet and the second
one at the throat. The difference in the pressure heads of these two sections is
used to calculate the flow through Venturimeter.
2. As the water enters at the inlet section i.e. in the converging part it converges
and reaches to the throat.
3.The throat has the uniform cross section area and least area in the
venturimeter. As the water enter in the throat its velocity gets increases and due
to increase in the velocity the pressure drops to the minimum.
4. Now there is a pressure difference of the fluid at the two sections .at the
section 1 i.e. at the inlet the pressure of the fluid is maximum and the velocity is
the minimum and at the section2 i.e. at the throat the velocity of the fluid is
maximum and the pressure is minimum.
5. The pressure difference at the two sections can be seen in the manometer
attached at both the sections.
6. This pressure difference is used to calculate the rate flow of a fluid flowing
through a pipe.
APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES
1. PLUMBING: It is used in
pipelines at waste water collection 1.It can be installed in any
systems and treatment plants direction .
because of their overall design
structure allows solids to pass 2.It can be used for dirty fluids.
through it instead of collecting in 3.Smooth construction and low
front of it. cone angle.
2.Flow of chemicals in 4.High pressure recovery and
pipelines: The temp. and low permanent pressure drop.
pressure of chemicals in
pipelines do not affect the DISADVANTAGES
accuracy of venturi and because
of this they are used in crude oil 1.Cannot be used in pipes
pipelines . having small diameter.
3.Carburetors: The venturi 2.Size and cost is high.
allows the carburetor to adjust
and calibrate the distribution of 3.Non linear
fuel and air to the engine as 4.Maintenance is not easy.
needed.
ORIFICE-METER
An orifice plate is a device CONSTRUCTION
used for measuring flow rate, 1. A stainless steel orifice
for reducing pressure or for plate which is held between
flanges of a pipe carrying
restricting flow . the fluid whose flow rate is
PRINCIPLE: When an orifice being measured.
plate is placed in a pipe 2. It should be noted that
carrying the fluid whose rate for a certain distance before
and after the orifice plate
of flow is to be measured, the fitted between the flanges,
orifice plate causes a pressure the pipe carrying the fluid
drop which varies with the should be straight in order
flow rate. This pressure drop to maintain laminar flow
conditions.
is measured using differential
3.Openings are provided at
pressure sensor and when two places 1 and 2 for
calibrated this pressure drop attaching a differential
becomes a measure flow rate. pressure sensor .
WORKING:

1. The fluid having uniform cross section of flow converges into


the orifice plate’s opening in its upstream. When the fluid comes
out of the plate it’s cross section is minimum and uniform for a
particular distance and then the cross section of the fluid starts
diverging in the down stream.
2. At the upstream of the orifice, before the converging of the
fluid takes place, the pressure of the fluid (P1) is maximum. As
the fluid starts converging, to enter the orifice opening its
pressure drops. When the fluid comes out of the orifice, its
pressure is minimum (p2) and this minimum pressure remains
constant in the minimum cross section area of fluid flow at the
downstream.
3.This minimum cross sectional area of the fluid obtained at
downstream from the orifice edge is called VENA-CONTRACTA.
4.The differential pressure sensor attached between points 1
and 2 records the pressure difference (P1 – P2) between these
two points which becomes an indication of the flow rate of the
fluid through the pipe when calibrated.
Applications of Orifice 3.Can be use to measure flow
Meter rate in large pipes
1.The concentric orifice plate Limitations of Orifice Meter
is used to measure flow rates 1.The vena-contracta length
of pure fluids and has a wide depends on the roughness of
applicability as it has been the inner wall of the pipe and
standardized. sharpness of the orifice plate.
2.The eccentric and 2.Pressure recovery at
segmental orifice plates are downstream is poor.
used to measure flow rates of 3.Gets clogged when the
fluids containing suspended suspended fluids flow.
materials such as solids, oil 4.The orifice plate gets
mixed with water and wet corroded and due to this
steam. after sometime, inaccuracy
ADVANTAGES occurs.
1.It is very cheap & easy . 5.The coefficient of discharge
2.It occupies less space. is low.
ROTAMETER

This device is used to


measure fluid flow,in which  Safety shielded glass
a float rises in a tapered tubeis used for measuring
tube to a height dependent both liquids and gases.
on the rate of flow through  Metal tubes are used
the tube where temp. and
PRINCIPLE: It is a variable pressure requirements
areameter works on the are high.
principle of upthrust force  Plastic tubes are used
exerted by fluid and force where lower cost and
of gravity . higher strength is
CONSTRUCTION required.
1.Graduated Tapered tube 2.Float
WORKING
Fluid enters the tapered tube ,
some of the fluid strikes directly
the float. Some of the fluid passes
from the sides.
Two forces are acting in this case.
1. Upthrust force [ buoyancy].
2. Weight of the float.
Annular space increases due to
increase in area of tube.
When equilibrium is established
the float comes to rest.
MEASUREMENT OF FLOWRATE:
1. The flowrate is measured directly
from calibrated scale.
2. The reading is noted generally
from ending point of cap of the
float.
ADVANTAGES DISADVATAGES
 No external power or  Impact of gravity.
fuel is required.  Uncertainty of
 Manufactured of measurements.
cheap materials.  Accuracy is not good.
 Since the area of
passage increases as
he float moves
upwards so the scale
is approximately
linear.

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