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Physics Paper 6 Notes - prepIGCSE PDF

This document contains notes on various physics concepts and experiments for IGCSE Physics. It includes: 1. Guidelines for calculations, graphs, and labeling key parts of experiments. 2. Sources of error and ways to improve accuracy for different types of experiments such as those involving stopwatches, lenses, thermal energy, and mass measurements. 3. Tips for planning experiments, including identifying independent and dependent variables, the procedure, and how to process and present data.

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Leenah Kawatira
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168 views

Physics Paper 6 Notes - prepIGCSE PDF

This document contains notes on various physics concepts and experiments for IGCSE Physics. It includes: 1. Guidelines for calculations, graphs, and labeling key parts of experiments. 2. Sources of error and ways to improve accuracy for different types of experiments such as those involving stopwatches, lenses, thermal energy, and mass measurements. 3. Tips for planning experiments, including identifying independent and dependent variables, the procedure, and how to process and present data.

Uploaded by

Leenah Kawatira
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics Paper 6 Notes


prepIGCSE 7th Feb 2020 Leave a comment

Note : Some of this is not applicable to


IGCSE Physics, as it has been
submitted by an O-Level Student, but
is nonetheless useful.

Calculation 

1. Addition and Subtraction : same


number of decimal places as the
number with the least. 
2. Multiplication and Division : same
number of sf as the number with
the least. 

Graphs 

Draw and label the axis’


Give the graph a title 
Ensure that the scale is clearly
marked out 
Ensure that the graph covers more
than 50% of the paper. 

Y is directly proportional to x 

Y is linearly related to x 

Y is linearly related to x with a


negative gradient 

When x is increased, y increases at


a decreasing rate 

x 

When x is increased, y decreases at


a decreasing rate 

When x is increased, y increases at


an increasing rate 

When x is increased, y decreases at


an increasing rate

When asked for gradient : magnitude


and unit 

When asked for constant g : only the


magnitude 

———————————————
———————————

Reason for taking multiple


readings when using a stopwatch : 

It is to reduce the random error and


increase the accuracy of the results by
finding the average. 

Improving the accuracy of


pendulum results : 

Increase the number of timed


oscillations and then find the
average.
Mark the centre on the pendulum
bob in order to measure accurately. 

Lenses experiments sources of


error : 

There exists a small range of


distances for which the image is
still in focus which may lead to an
uncertainty in the measurement of
the focal length. 

Improvement : take more readings


and then find the average 

Sources of error for experiments


with thermal energy : 

Some of the thermal energy is


given out to the surroundings and
is not accounted for. 
The source of heat heats up the
instrument along with the material
intended to be heated too. 
Thermal energy is lost through the
evaporation of water. 

Improvements : 

Include the mass and the specific


heat capacity of the
beaker/whatever instrument that is
not intended to be heated up in the
calculation as that instrument is
being heated up and is absorbing
thermal energy too. 
Cover the beaker with a lid and
place the thermometer through the
lid. This is to reduce thermal
energy loss by the evaporation of
water. 
Place the styrofoam cup in a beaker
to provide thermal insulation and
prevent the loss of thermal energy. 

———————————————
———————————

Planning Questions 

1. State the iv, dv and cv (usually 2-3


cv) 
2. Description of the experiment 

How the iv is varied 


How the dv is varied 
How the data is recorded 

Remember to take multiple readings


and then find the average !! 

3. Data processing 

State what graph has to be plotted 


State how to find the variables that
the question asked for 

———————————————
———————————

Improvements for mass related


experiments : 

1. The mass could be taped to the


ruler to ensure that the mass does
not move during the reading (this
increases the accuracy) 
2. The mass could be replaced with a
mass with a clearly defined centre
of gravity so that all data needed
can be more clearly measured. 

Checking that a half metre


rule/any rule is horizontal : 

Ensure that the rule is horizontal by


measuring that the height above the
bench at each end and ensuring that
they are the same. 

Precaution and explanation for


experiments with oscillation : 

P : Wait for a few seconds before


starting the stopwatch and measuring
the time for the needed number of
oscillations 

E : The first few oscillations are


unstable and do not have the same
period as the remaining oscillations 

P : Use an optical pin / blu tack as a


fiduciary point when measuring the
oscillations 

E : To ensure that the 10 oscillations


are measured accurately 

Technique to obtain an image that


is in sharp focus : 

Approach the formation of the sharp


image on the screen from both
directions 

Explain why neither f1 nor f2 is


equal to the weight of the mass on
the string  

There is friction between the tube and


the rope. Additional force is
introduced between the tube and the
rope and hence, f1 and f2 are not equal
to the weight of the mass on the
string. 

———————————————
———————————If any
calculation is obtained by any
estimation involved then it is not
accurate. Thus, the
calculation/value found will be
inaccurate. 

——————————————
————————————

Circuit related : 

The strength of the battery could be


varying causing changes in the
readings. 
Surrounding temperature increases,
resistance decreases (thermistor)

———————————————
———————————

When comparing two methods : 

The method with lesser quantities to


be measured is better because there is
a lesser possibility to get inaccurate
readings. 

Light related : 

Use thinner pins so that the holes


made are small and it will not a"ect
the accurate construction of the
incident and the emergent rays. 
Separation between the 2 pins
along the incident and the refracted
rays should be maximised so that
the lines joining the pin holes will
be a more accurate representation
of the rays. 

Put a lid on a cup with liquid to


decrease the rate of evaporation. 

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