EE 207 DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

and DESIGN

Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok

E-mail: [email protected]
 COURSE CONTENTS:
➢Circuit Variables
➢Circuit Elements
➢Simple Resistive Circuits
➢Techniques of Circuit Analysis
➢The Operational Amplifier
➢Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance
➢Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits
➢Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Course Book
• James W. Nilsson and Susan A. Riedel, Electric Circuits, Prentice Hall, 10'th Ed.,
2015.

Reference Books
• W. H. Hayt, J. Kemmerly and S. M. Durbin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, McGraw-
Hill, 8'th Ed., 2011.
• R. C. Dorf and J. A. Svoboda, Introduction to Electric Circuits, Wiley, 8'th Ed., 2010.
• J. D. Irwin and R. M. Nelms, Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, Wiley, 10'th Ed.,
2010.
• T. F. Floyd, Principles of Electric Circuits: Conventional Current Version, Prentice
Hall, 9'th Ed., 2009.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Circuit Theory
• The circuits, we will analyze, constitute mathematical
models of actual systems.

• In the lab we will also build actual circuits, test their

Chapter 1 responses, and verify the theory learned in this course.
Circuit • The techniques learned here will be useful also in
Variables design of electric circuits.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Three basic assumptions permit us to use circuit theory

▪Electrical effects happen instantaneously throughout a system (circuit) – a system

obeying this assumption is called a lumped parameter system.

▪The net charge on every component in the system (circuit) is always zero.

▪There are no magnetic coupling between the components of a system (except possibly
the intentional magnetic coupling in devices such as the transformer).

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 The international System of Units
• The international system of units (SI)
is a unifying system of units used by
many societies and engineers
throughout the world.

• The SI units are based on seven

defined base quantities one of
which is the electric current.

• The other quantities are derived

from the base quantities.

• We also use powers of 10 of the SI

quantities in case the SI unit is too
large or too small.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Circuit Analysis
• The circuit models which describe electric circuits will be composed of circuit
components.

• These circuit components will be ideal circuit components which constitute mathematical
models for the actual circuit elements.

• The tools of circuit analysis are mathematical techniques which are used to predict the
behavior of the circuit and its components.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Voltage and Current
• Recall from Physics II (Electricity and Magnetism) that electric charge is the basis for
describing electric phenomena.
• Electric charge is bipolar – can be positive or negative.
• It exists in discrete quantities which are multiples of the charge of an electron: e =
1.6022x10-19C.
• Separation of charge results in electric potential which we will refer to as voltage in
this course.
• Motion of charge results in electric current.
• The SI units for voltage is Volt (V).
• The SI unit for current is Ampere (A).

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Voltage and Current
• Voltage (electric potential) is electric potential energy per unit charge

𝑑𝑤
𝑣=
𝑑𝑞
• Electric current is the rate of charge flow

dq
i=
dt
• The voltage has a polarity and the current has a direction.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Voltage and Current
• Direction of the current is the direction of the positive charge flow.
• Positive charge flow in one direction is equal to negative charge flow in the opposite
direction.
• Positive voltage corresponds to voltage drop.
• Although the charge is a discrete quantity, there are enormous number of charge and the
current is treated as a continuous quantity.
• Circuit elements can be described in terms of their current-voltage characteristics.
• If two physically different circuit elements have the same current-voltage characteristics
their circuit models are identical and they are identical from the point of circuit analysis.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element
• An ideal basic circuit element has three behaviors
• It has only two terminals, reference polarity of the voltage and
reference direction of the current indicated
• It is described mathematically in terms of current and/or voltage
• It cannot be subdivided into other elements
• Ideal basic circuit elements
• Are not realizable as physical components
• They can be connected to model actual devices and systems
• They form the building blocks for constructing circuit models

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 The Passive Sign Convention
• One can assign the reference polarity of the voltage and the reference
direction of the current arbitrarily.

• However, once these are assigned the corresponding equations must

be written accordingly.

• The most commonly used sign convention is the passive sign

convention.

• The Passive Sign Convention: Whenever the reference direction of the

current in a circuit element is in the direction of the reference voltage
drop across the circuit element use a positive sign in any expression
that relates the voltage to the current. Otherwise, use a negative sign.

• Basically, if the reference current is entering from the positive terminal

of the reference voltage use a positive sign, otherwise use a negative
sign.

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 Power and Energy
• Power and energy calculations are also important in circuit analysis.

• These can be the output of the circuit converted to other forms

• Power is the time rate of energy consumption or supply

dw
p=
dt
• The power can be expressed in terms of the current and the voltage

dw dw dq
p= = = vi
dt dq dt

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Power and Energy
• Under the passive sign convention

p = vi
holds when the reference direction of the current is in the direction of the reference
voltage drop.

• If the reference direction of the current is in the direction of the reference voltage
rise we insert a minus sign in the formula.

p = −vi

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Power and Energy

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Power and Energy
• If positive charge (q > 0) moves from higher voltage (higher potential) to lower voltage
(lower potential) in a circuit element the charge loose energy –> power/energy is
delivered by the charge to the circuit element (p > 0)

• p > 0 –> the circuit element absorbs power from the circuit

• If positive charge (q > 0) moves from lower voltage (lower potential) to higher voltage
(higher potential) in a circuit element the charge gain energy –> power/energy is
absorbed by the charge from the circuit element (p < 0)

• p < 0 –> the circuit element delivers power to the circuit

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 SUMMARY-Chapter1
• The International System of Units (SI) is used for quantitative results.

• Circuit analysis is based on the variables of voltage and current.

• Voltage is the energy per unit charge created by charge separation and has the SI unit of
volt (V).
𝑑𝑤
𝑣=
𝑑𝑞

• Current is the rate of charge flow and has the SI unit of ampere (A).
dq
i=
dt
• The ideal basic circuit element is a two-terminal component that cannot be subdivided;
it can be described mathematically in terms of its terminal voltage and current

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 SUMMARY-Chapter1
❑ The passive sign convention uses a positive sign in the
expression that relates the voltage and current at the
terminals of an element when the reference direction for
the current through the element is in the direction of the
reference voltage drop across the element.

❑ Power is energy per unit of time and is equal to the

product of the terminal voltage and current; it has the SI
unit of watt (W).
dw
p=
dt

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Problems
1.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 2.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 3.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 4.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Contents
• Voltage and Current Sources

• Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)

Chapter 2
• Construction of a Circuit Model
Circuit
•
Elements Kirchhoff’s Laws

• Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent

Sources

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Circuit Elements
• There are five ideal circuit elements
• Voltage sources
• Current sources
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Inductors
• First we will consider the characteristics of the
• Voltage sources
• Current sources
• Resistors

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Voltage and Current Sources
• An electrical source is a device which is capable of converting non-electric energy to electric energy
and vice versa.

Electric energy to mechanical energy by motors

Mechanical energy to electric energy by generators

• An ideal voltage source is a circuit element that maintains a voltage across its terminals regardless
of the current flowing in those terminals.

• An ideal current source is a circuit element that maintains a current through its terminals
regardless of the voltage across those terminals.

They are idealized models of actual voltage and current sources.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Independent-Dependent Sources
An independent source establishes a A dependent source(controlled source)
voltage or current in a circuit without establishes a voltage or current whose
relying on voltages or currents value depends on the value of a voltage or
elsewhere in the circuit. current elsewhere in the circuit.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 the supplied voltage is computed from the controlling
voltage where 𝜇 is a dimensionless multiplying constant.
𝑖𝑥 , the controlling current is the equation for the supplied voltage is 𝑣𝑠 where
𝜌 is a dimensionless multiplying constant.
𝑖𝑠 , the supplied current is the equation for voltage is 𝑣𝑥 where ρ is a
dimensionless multiplying constant.
𝑖𝑥 , the controlling current is the equation for the supplied voltage is 𝑖𝑠 where 𝛽 is
a dimensionless multiplying constant.

Ideal sources are examples of active circuit elements. An active element is one that models a
device capable of generating electric energy.
Passive elements model physical devices that cannot generate electric energy i.e, Resistors,
inductors, and capacitors are examples of passive circuit elements.
.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Ex 1: Consider the definitions of an ideal independent source and decide which interconnections are
valid and which are not
In (a) : each source supplies voltage across same pair of terminals (a to b)
Each source supply same voltage with same polarity requirement for an
ideal independent source is provided so this connection is valid.
In (b) : each source supplies current through same pair of terminals (a to b)
Each source supply same current in same direction requirement for an ideal
independent source is provided so this connection is valid.
In (c) : each source supplies voltage across same pair of terminals (a to
b)Each source supply different voltage with same polarity so requirement
for an ideal independent source is not provided and connection is not valid.
In (d) : each source supplies current through same pair of terminals ( a to
b)Each source supply different current in same direction so requirement for
an ideal independent source is not provided and this connection is not
valid.
In (e) : voltage source supplies voltage across same pair of terminals ( a to
b) and current source supplies current through same pair of terminals ( a to
b) Since an ideal independent voltage source supplies same voltage
regardless of current and current regardless of voltage this connection also
valid.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Ex 2: Consider the definitions of an ideal independent and dependent sources and decide which
interconnections are valid and which are not.

(a) is invalid. Both the independent source and the dependent source
supply voltage a to b .This requires that each source supply the
same voltage with the same polarity. However, supplying voltage
source are different.
(5 V and 15 V)

(b) is valid. The independent voltage source and the dependent

current source supplies voltage and current a to b. Because an ideal
voltage source supplies the same voltage regardless of current, and an
ideal current source supplies same the same current regardless of
voltage, this connection is valid.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
• Resistance is the capacity of materials to prevent the flow of electric charge.

• The circuit element used to model this behavior is the resistor.

• The circuit symbol for the resistor is shown below, “R” denoting the resistance value of the
resistor.

• The amount of resistance depends on the material

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
• The current-voltage characteristics of resistors obey the Ohm’s Law (Ohm’s law is the algebraic
relationship between voltage and current for a resistor), which using the passive sign convention can
be expressed as follows:

v = iR v = −iR

• The SI unit for resistance is Ohm (Ω). (1Ω = 1V/1A).

• This model of ideal resistance assumes a constant resistance. In reality resistance can vary (e.g.,
depending on the temperature).

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
v = iR

• The reciprocal of the resistance is referred to as conductance.

1
G=
R
• The SI unit for conductance is Siemens (S).
• Sometimes it is also referred to as Mho (℧) (inverted omega).

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 Power Dissipated by a Resistor
p = vi p = −vi Sometimes a resistor’s value will be expressed
as a conductance rather than as a resistance.
p = i2R p = i2R i2
2 G=
1 p= v = −iR
v v 2
G
p= p= R
R R
v
𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 i =
v R
i=
R 𝑣
𝑖=−
𝑅
• Note that the power of a resistor is always positive (p > 0).
• Resistors always dissipate (absorb) electric power, they cannot generate electric power.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Example 1
v = iR
1
G=
R

p = vi
p = i2R
v2
p=
R
i2
p=
G
p = v 2G
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 Kirchhoff’s Law
• An electric circuit is said to be solved when the voltage across and the current through every
element in the circuit have been determined so Ohm’s law is an important equation.
• However, Ohm’s law may not be enough to provide a complete solution.
• We need to use two more important algebraic relationships, known as Kirchhoff’s laws, to solve
most circuits.
• Kirchhoff’s laws are important tools for analyzing and solving electric circuits.

• Terminal dots are the start and end points of an individual circuit element. A node is a point where
two or more circuit elements meet are labeled a, b, c, and d.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Currents leaving a node are positive, currents entering that node are negative.
• Currents entering a node are positive, currents leaving that node are negative.
• Both of these can be equivalently used. We will use one or the other based on the
situation.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• As we trace the loop if we encounter first the positive sign of a voltage we will write it as
positive, otherwise if we encounter first the negative sign of a voltage we will write it as
negative.
• As we trace the loop while we go over a resistor R if the direction of travel is in the direction of
the reference current i we have v =+iR (i.e., there is iR voltage drop), otherwise if the direction
of travel is opposite to the direction of the reference current i we have v = -iR (i.e., there is iR
voltage rise).

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Example 2

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Example 3

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Example 4

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Example 5
Use Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws to find the value of R in the circuit shown.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources
From the circuit, notice the closed path containing
the voltage source, the 5 Ω resistor, and the
20Ω resistor. We can apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law
around this closed path. The resulting equation
contains the two unknown currents:

500 = 5𝑖Δ + 20𝑖0

We select node b and produce the following second equation:

𝑖0 = 𝑖Δ + 5𝑖Δ = 6𝑖Δ

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Example 6

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Summary-Chapter2
• We introduce the passive circuit elements (resistors) and active circuit elements (voltage-current
sources) in this chapter.
• An ideal voltage and currents sources are separated as independent and dependent. Independent
sources are not influenced by any other current or voltage in the circuit whereas dependent
sources are determined by some other current or voltage in the circuit.
• The value of the proportional constant relating voltage and current in a resistor is called its
resistance and is measured in ohms.
• Ohm’s law establishes the proportionality of voltage and current in a resistor.
V = iR
• The current flow in the resistor is in the direction of the voltage drop across it.
• By combining the equation for power, with Ohm’s law, we can determine the power absorbed by a
resistor: P = Vi P = i 2 R

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Summary-Chapter2
• Circuits are described by nodes and closed paths.
A node is a point where two or more circuit elements join.

• The voltages and currents of interconnected circuit elements obey Kirchhoff’s laws:

Kirchhoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals
zero.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a
circuit equals zero.

• A circuit is solved when the voltage across and the current in every element have been
determined.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design