A

PROJECT REPORT
ON

“FUNCTIONS OF BANKING AND FINANCE”

FOR

“K.V. NAIK COLLEGE OF ARTS,COMMERCE AND SCIENCE”

IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

(S.Y.B.B.A SPECIALISATION -FINANCE ) (CBCS PATTERN)

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED TO
 K.V. N NAIK SHIKSHAN PRASARAK SANSTHA’S
ARTS, COMMERCE AND SCIENCE COLLEGE
CANADA CORNER, NASHIK – 02

Under guidance of
Mrs. Kamini Bhabad

ACADEMIC YEAR
2022-2023

Prepared by
Vaibhav K. Bairagi
 Banking

Banking Regulation Act of India, 1949 defines

Banking as “accepting, for the purpose of lending or of investment of deposits of

money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise or withdrawable by cheque,
draft order or otherwise.” The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and the Banking
Regulation Act, 1949, govern the banking operations in India.

Banking Structure in India

• A well-regulated banking system is a key comfort for local and foreign stake-
holders in any country. Prudent banking regulation is recognized as one of the
reasons why India was less affected by the global financial crisis.
• Banks can be broadly categorized as Commercial Banks or Co-operative Banks.
• Banks which meet specific criteria are included in the second schedule of the RBI
Act, 1934. These are called scheduled banks. They may be commercial banks or
cooperative banks. Scheduled banks are considered to be safer, and are entitled to
special facilities like re-finance from RBI. Inclusion in the schedule also comes
with its responsibilities of reporting to RBI and maintaining a percentage of its
demand and time liabilities as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) with RBI.
Structure of Banks in India
 Broad Classification of Banks in India
1) The RBI: The RBI is the supreme monetary and banking authority in the country
and has the responsibility to control the banking system in the country. It keeps the
reserves of all scheduled banks and hence is known as the “Reserve Bank”. 2) Public
Sector Banks:
• State Bank of India and its Associates (8)
• Nationalized Banks (19)
• Regional Rural Banks Sponsored by Public Sector Banks (196) 3) Private
Sector Banks:
• Old Generation Private Banks (22)
• Foreign New Generation Private Banks (8)
• Banks in India (40)
4) Co-operative Sector Banks:
• State Co-operative Banks
• Central Co-operative Banks
• Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
• Land Development Banks
• State Land Development Banks
5) Development Banks: Development Banks mostly provide long term finance for
setting up industries. They also provide short-term finance
(for export and import activities)
• Industrial Finance Co-operation of India (IFCI)
• Industrial Development of India (IDBI)
• Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIBI)
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
• National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
• Export-Import Bank of India
Commercial Banks
• Commercial banks comprising public sector banks, foreign banks, and private
sector banks represent the most important financial intermediary in the Indian
financial system.
The changes in banking structure and control have resulted due to wider
geographical spread and deeper penetration of rural areas, higher mobilization of
deposits, reallocation of bank credit to priority activities, and lower operational
autonomy for a bank management. Public sector commercial banks, dominate the
commercial banking scene in the country. The largest
 commercial Banks in India is SBI 7

Main function of commercial banks

A ) Acceptance of deposits
• Fixed deposit account

• Saving bank account

• Current account

B ) Advancing of loan
• Cash credit

• Call loans

• Over draft

• Bills discounting
Main function of commercial banks cont-
C) Agency function
• Collecting receipts
• Making payments
• Buy and sell securities
• Trustee and executor

D ) General utility function

• Issuing letters of credit, travelers cheques
• Underwriting share and debentures
• Safe custody of valuables
• Providing ATM and credit card facilities
• Providing credit information
 Cooperative Bank
• These banks play a vital role in mobilizing savings and stimulating agricultural
investment. Co-operative credit institutions account for the second largest
proportion of 44.6% of total institutional credit. The co-operative sector is very
much useful for rural people. The co-operative banking sector is divided into the
following categories.

• State co-operative Banks

• Central co-operative banks

• Primary Agriculture Credit Societies

Development Banks
• A development bank may be defined as a financial institution concerned with
providing all types of financial assistance to business units in the form of loans,
underwriting, investment and guarantee operations and promotional activities-
economic development in general and industrial development in particular
• A development bank is basically a term lending institution. It is a multipurpose
financial institution with a broad development outlook.

• The industrial finance corporation of India, the first development bank was
established in 1948.
9
 Subsequently many other institutions were set-up. Ex.
IDBI, IFCI, SIDBI etc.
Functions of Development Banks

• Fostering industrial growth

• Providing Long term assistant

• Balanced development

• Providing Promotional services

• Infrastructure building

• Entrepreneur Development

• Fulfilling Socio economic objectives

Investment Banks
• Meaning: Financial intermediaries that acquire the savings of people and direct these
funds into the business enterprises seeking capital for the acquisition of plant and
equipment and for holding inventories are called ‘investment banks’.

10
• Features: Long term financing, Security, merchandiser, Security middlemen, Insurer,
Underwriter
• Functions: Capital formation, Underwriting, Purchase of securities, Selling of
securities, Advisory services, Acting as dealer.
Merchant Banks
• Meaning: Institution that render wide range of services such as the management of
customer’s securities, portfolio management, counseling, insurance, etc are called
‘Merchant Banks’.

• Functions: Sponsoring issues, Loan syndication, Servicing of issues, Portfolio,

management, Arranging fixed deposits, Helps in merger& acquisition

11
 List of commercial banks
Public sector bank
State Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank

Dena Bank Bank of Maharashtra

Allahabad Bank Punjab National Bank

Indian Bank Canara Bank

Andhra Bank Syndicate Bank

Indian Overseas Bank Central Bank of India

Bank of Baroda Union Bank of India

Oriental Bank of Commerce Corporation Bank

Bank of India United Bank of India

IDBI Bank UCO Bank

Vijaya Bank
Indian private banks
*Axis Bank *IndusInd Bank
*Bank of Rajasthan *ING Vysya Bank
*Bharat Overseas Bank *Jammu & Kashmir Bank
*Catholic Syrian Bank *Karnataka Bank Limited
*Centurion Bank of Punjab *Karur Vysya Bank
*City Union Bank *Kotak Mahindra Bank
*Development Credit Bank *Lakshmi Vilas Bank
*Dhanalakshmi Bank *Nainital Bank
*Federal Bank *Ratnakar Bank
*Ganesh Bank of Kurundwad *SBI Commercial and International Bank
*HDFC Bank *South Indian Bank
*ICICI Bank *Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Ltd.
*YES Bank
List of Foreign banks in India

• ABN-AMRO Bank
• Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Ltd
• American Express Bank Ltd
• Citibank
• DBS Bank Ltd
• Deutsche Bank
• HSBC Ltd
• Standard Chartered Bank
The Role of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) -Banker’s Bank
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India, and was established
on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India
Act, 1934. Since its inception, it has been headquartered in Mumbai. Though
originally privately owned, RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India
since nationalization in 1949.
• RBI is governed by a central board (headed by a Governor) appointed by the
Central Government.RBI has 22 regional offices across India. The Reserve Bank of
India was set up on the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission.
 Functions of RBI
• Monetary Authority
• Formulates, implements and monitors the monetary policy.
• Objective: maintaining price stability and ensuring adequate flow of credit to
productive sectors
• Regulator and supervisor of the financial system
• Prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country’s
banking and financial system functions.
• Objective: Maintain public confidence in the system, protect depositors’ interest
and provide cost-effective banking services to the public. The Banking Ombudsman
Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for effective
redressal of complaints by bank customers
Functions of RBI cont-
• Manager of Foreign Exchange and Control

• Manages the foreign exchange through Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.

• Objective: to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly

development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.
• Issuer of currency

• Issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins not fit for circulation.

• Objective: to give the public adequate quantity of supplies of currency notes and
coins and in good quality
Functions of RBI cont-
• Developmental role
• Performs a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives
• Related Functions

• Banker to the Government: performs merchant banking function for the central and
the state governments; also acts as their banker.

• Banker to banks: maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks.

• Owner and operator of the depository (SGL) and exchange (NDS) for government
bonds
Functions of RBI cont-
• Supervisory Functions:
• In addition to its traditional central functions, the Reserve bank has certain non-
monetary functions of the nature of supervision of banks and promotion of sound
banking in
India.
• The Reserve Bank Act, 1934, and the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 have given the
RBI wide powers of supervision and control over commercial and cooperative
banks, relating to licensing and establishments, branch expansion, liquidity of their
assets, management and methods of working, amalgamation, reconstruction and
liquidation.
• The RBI is authorized to carry out periodical inspections of the banks and to call for
returns and necessary information from them.. The supervisory functions of the RBI
have helped a great deal in improving the standard of banking in India to develop
on sound lines and to improve the methods of their operation.
Functions of RBI cont-
• Promotional Functions:
The Reserve Bank now performs a variety of developmental and promotional
functions. The Reserve Bank promotes banking habit, extend banking facilities to
rural and semi-urban areas, and establish and promote new specialized financing
agencies.
The Reserve bank has helped in the setting up of the IFCI and the SFC: it set up the
Deposit Insurance Corporation of India in 1963 and the Industrial Reconstruction
Corporation of India in 1972. These institutions were set up directly or indirectly by
 the Reserve Bank to promote saving habit and to mobilize savings, and to provide
industrial finance as well as agricultural finance.
The RBI set up the Agricultural Credit Department in 1935 to provide agricultural
credit. The Bank has developed the co-operative credit movement to encourage
saving, to eliminate money-lenders from the villages and to route its short term
credit to agriculture. The RBI has set up the Agricultural Refinance and
Development Corporation to provide long-term finance to farmers
Products and Services offered by Banks

• The different products in a bank can be broadly classified into:

• Retail Banking

• Trade Finance

• Treasury Operations.

• Retail Banking and Trade finance operations are conducted at the branch level
while the wholesale banking operations, which cover treasury operations, are at the
hand office or a designated branch.
Retail Banking:
• Deposits
• Loans, Cash Credit and Overdraft

• Negotiating for Loans and advances

• Remittances

• Book-Keeping (maintaining all accounting records)

• Receiving all kinds of bonds valuable for safe keeping

Trade Finance:
• Issuing and confirming of letter of credit.
• Drawing, accepting, discounting, buying, selling, collecting of bills of exchange,
promissory notes, drafts, bill of lading and other securities.

• Treasury Operations:
• Buying and selling of bullion. Foreign exchange
• Acquiring, holding, underwriting and dealing in shares, debentures, etc.
• Purchasing and selling of bonds and securities on behalf of constituents.
• The banks can also act as an agent of the Government or local authority. They
insure, guarantee, underwrite, participate in managing and carrying out issue of
shares, debentures, etc.
• Apart from the above-mentioned functions of the bank, the bank provides a whole
lot of other services like investment counseling for individuals, short-term funds
management and portfolio management for individuals and companies. It
undertakes the inward and outward remittances with reference to foreign exchange
and collection of varied types for the Government
Common Banking Products Available:

• Credit Card: Credit Card is “post paid” or “pay later” card that draws from a credit
line-money made available by the card issuer (bank) and gives one a grace period to
pay. If the amount is not paid full by the end of the period, one is charged interest

• Debit Cards: Debit Card is a “prepaid” or “pay now” card with some stored value.
Debit Cards quickly debit or subtract money from one’s savings account, or if one
were taking out cash.
Every time a person uses the card, the merchant who in turn can get the money
transferred to his account from the bank of the buyers, by debiting an exact amount
of purchase from the card. To get a debit card along with a Personal Identification
Number (PIN).
• Automatic Teller Machine: The ATM’s are used by banks for making the
customers dealing easier. ATM card is a device that allows customer who has an
ATM card to perform routine banking transaction at any time without interacting
with human teller. It provides exchange services. This service helps the customer to
withdraw money even when the banks ate closed. This can be done by inserting the
card in the ATM and entering the Personal Identification Number and secret
Password. It allows the customers • To transfer money to and from
accounts.
• To view account information.
• To order cash.
• To receive cash.
• Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT):. The system called electronic fund transfer
(EFT) automatically transfers money from one account to another. This system
facilitates speedier transfer of funds electronically from any branch to any other
branch. In this system the sender and the receiver of funds may be located in
different cities and may even bank with different banks. Funds transfer within the
same city is also permitted. The scheme has been in operation since February 7,
1996, in India.
• Telebanking: Telebanking refers to banking on phone services. A customer can
access information about his/her account through a telephone call and by giving the
 coded Personal Identification Number (PIN) to the bank. Telebanking is extensively
user friendly and effective in nature.
• Mobile Banking: A new revolution in the realm of e-banking is the emergence of
mobile banking. On-line banking is now moving to the mobile world, giving
everybody with a mobile phone access to real-time banking services, regardless of
their location. It provides a new way to pick up information and interact with the
banks to carry out the relevant banking business. The potential of mobile banking is
limitless and is expected to be a big success. Booking and paying for travel and
even tickets is also expected to be a growth area. This is a very flexible way of
transacting banking business.
• Internet Banking: Internet banking involves use of internet for delivery of banking
products and services. Banking is no longer confined to the branches where one has
to approach the branch in person, to withdraw cash or deposits a cheque or request
a statement of accounts. In internet banking, any inquiry or transaction is processed
online without any reference to the branch (anywhere banking) at any time.
• Benefits of Internet Banking:
• Reduce the transaction costs of offering several banking services and diminishes the
need for longer numbers of expensive brick and mortar branches and staff.
• Increase convenience for customers, since they can conduct many banking
transaction 24 hours a day.
• Increase customer loyalty.
• Improve customer access.
• Attract new customers.
• Easy online application for all accounts, including personal loans and mortgages
Banking Services
• Banking covers many services, these basic services have always been recognized as
the hallmark of the genuine banker. These are…
• The receipt of the customer’s deposits
• The collection of cheques drawn on other banks
• The payment of the customer’s cheques drawn on himself
• There are other various types of banking services like:
– Advances – Overdraft, Cash Credit, etc.
– Deposits – Saving Account, Current Account, etc.
– Financial Services – Bill discounting etc.
– Foreign Services – Providing foreign currency, travelers cheques, etc.
– Money Transmission – Funds transfer etc. – Savings – Fixed deposits, etc.
 – Services of place or time – ATM Services.
– Status – Debit Cards, Credit Cards, etc.
Bank Lending
• Banks extend credit to different categories of borrowers for a wide variety of
purposes. Bank credit is provided to households, retail traders, small and medium
enterprises (SMEs), corporates, the Government undertakings etc. in the economy.
• Retail banking loans are accessed by consumers of goods and services for financing
the purchase of consumer durables, housing or even for day-to-day consumption. In
contrast, the need for capital investment, and day-to-day operations of private
corporates and the Government undertakings are met through wholesale lending.
• Loans for capital expenditure are usually extended with medium and long-term
maturities, while day-to-day finance requirements are provided through short-term
credit (working capital loans). Meeting the financing needs of the agriculture sector
is also an important role that Indian banks play.
Principles of lending
• Safety: Banks need to ensure that advances are safe and money lent out by them
will come back. Since the repayment of loans depends on the borrowers' capacity to
pay, the banker must be satisfied before lending that the business for which money
is sought is a sound one. In addition, bankers many times insist on security against
the loan, which they fall back on if things go wrong for the business. The security
must be adequate, readily marketable and free of encumbrances.
• Liquidity: To maintain liquidity, banks have to ensure that money lent out by them
is not locked up for long time by designing the loan maturity period appropriately.
Further, money must come back as per the repayment schedule. If loans become
excessively illiquid, it may not be possible for bankers to meet their obligations vis-
à-vis depositors.
• Profitability: To remain viable, a bank must earn adequate profit on its investment.
This calls for adequate margin between deposit rates and lending rates. In this
respect, appropriate fixing of interest rates on both advances and deposits is critical.
Unless interest rates are competitively fixed and margins are adequate, banks may
lose customers to their competitors and become unprofitable.
• Risk diversification: To mitigate risk, banks should lend to a diversified customer
base. Diversification should be in terms of geographic location, nature of business
etc.
Loan Policy
• Based on the general principles of lending stated above, the Credit Policy
Committee (CPC) of individual banks prepares the basic credit policy of the Bank,
which has to be approved by the Bank's Board of Directors.
• The loan policy outlines lending guidelines and establishes operating procedures in
all aspects of credit management including standards for presentation of credit
proposals, rating standards and benchmarks, delegation of credit approving powers,
prudential limits on large credit exposures, asset concentrations, portfolio
 management, loan review mechanism, risk monitoring and evaluation, pricing of
loans, provisioning for bad debts, regulatory/ legal compliance etc
• The loan policy typically lays down lending guidelines in the
following areas:
• Level of credit-deposit ratio
• Targeted portfolio mix
• Ratings
• Loan pricing
• Collateral security
Loan Policy cont-
• Credit Deposit (CD) Ratio: A bank can lend out only a certain proportion of its deposits,
since some part of deposits have to be statutorily maintained as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
deposits, and an additional part has to be used for making investment in prescribed
securities (Statutory Liquidity Ratio or SLR requirement). It may be noted that these are
minimum requirements. Banks have the option of having more cash reserves than CRR
requirement and invest more in SLR securities than they are required to.
• Targeted Portfolio Mix: The CPC aims at a targeted portfolio mix keeping in view both
risk and return. Toward this end, it lays down guidelines on choosing the preferred areas of
lending (such as sunrise sectors and profitable sectors) as well as the sectors to avoid.
Banks typically monitor all major sectors of the economy. They target a portfolio mix in
the light of forecasts for growth and profitability for each sector. If a bank perceives
 economic weakness in a sector, it would restrict new exposures to that segment and
similarly, growing and profitable sectors of the economy prompt banks to increase new
exposures to those sectors. This entails active portfolio management.
Loan Policy cont-
• Ratings: There are a number of diverse risk factors associated with borrowers. Banks
should have a comprehensive risk rating system that serves as a single point indicator
of diverse risk factors of a borrower. This helps taking credit decisions in a consistent
manner.
• Pricing of loans: Risk-return trade-off is a fundamental aspect of risk management.
Borrowers with weak financial position are placed in higher risk category and are
provided credit facilities at a higher price (that is, at higher interest). The higher the
credit risk of a borrower the higher would be his cost of borrowing. To price credit
risks, banks devise appropriate systems, which usually allow flexibility for revising the
price (risk premium) due to changes in rating. In other words, if the risk rating of a
borrower deteriorates, his cost of borrowing should rise and vice versa
Loan Policy cont-
• Collateral security: As part of a prudent lending policy, banks usually advance loans
against some security. The loan policy provides guidelines for this. In the case of term
loans and working capital assets, banks take as 'primary security' the property or goods
against which loans are granted. In addition to this, banks often ask for additional
security or 'collateral security' in the form of both physical and financial assets to
further bind the borrower. This reduces the risk for the bank
• Capital adequacy: The amount of capital they have to be backed up by depends on the
risk of individual assets that the bank acquires. The riskier the asset, the larger would
be the capital it has to be backed up by. A key norm of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)
known as Capital Risk Weighted Assets Ratio, is a simple measure of the soundness of
a bank. The ratio is the capital with the bank as a percentage of its risk-weighted assets.
Given the level of capital available with an individual bank, this ratio determines the
maximum extent to which the bank can lend.
Loan Policy cont-
• Credit Exposure Limits: As a prudential measure aimed at better risk
management and avoidance of concentration of credit risks, the Reserve Bank has
fixed limits on bank exposure to the capital market as well as to individual and
group borrowers with reference to a bank's capital. Limits on inter-bank exposures
have also been placed. Banks are further encouraged to place internal caps on their
sectorial exposures, their exposure to commercial real estate and to unsecured
exposures. These exposures are closely monitored by the Reserve Bank.
• Lending Rates: Banks are free to determine their own lending rates on all kinds of
advances except a few such as export finance; interest rates on these exceptional
categories of advances are regulated by the RBI. The concept of benchmark prime
lending rate (BPLR) was introduced in November 2003 for pricing of loans by
commercial banks with the objective of enhancing transparency in the pricing of
their loan products. Each bank must declare its
 benchmark prim lendin rat (BPLR) as approved by its Board of
e g Types of Advances(Lending)
e
Universal Banking Services
• Advances can be broadly classified into Fund-based lending and Nonfund based
lending
• Fund based lending: This is a direct form of lending in which a loan with an
actual cash outflow is given to the borrower by the Bank. In most cases, such a
loan is backed by primary and/or collateral security. The loan can be to provide for
financing capital goods and/or working capital requirements etc.
• Non-fund based lending: These are services, where there is no outlay of funds by
the bank when the commitment is made. At a later stage however, the bank may
have to make funds available. Since there is no fund outflow initially, it is not
reflected in the balance sheet. However, the bank may have to pay. Therefore, it is
reflected as a contingent liability in the Notes to the Balance Sheet. Therefore, such
exposures are called Off Balance Sheet Exposures. When the commitment is made,
the bank charges a fee to the customer. Therefore, it is also called fee-based
business..
Fund-based Services (Lending) for
Business
• Working Capital Finance: Working capital finance is utilized for operating
purposes, resulting in creation of current assets (such as inventories and
receivables). Banks carry out a detailed analysis of borrowers' working capital
requirements. Credit limits are established in accordance with the process approved
by the board of directors. The limits on Working capital facilities are primarily
secured by inventories and receivables (chargeable current assets). Working capital
finance consists mainly of cash credit facilities, short term loan and bill
discounting.
• Project Finance: Project finance business consists mainly of extending medium-
term and long-term rupee and foreign currency loans to the manufacturing and
infrastructure sectors. Banks also provide financing by way of investment in
marketable instruments such as fixed rate and floating rate debentures. Lending
banks usually insist on having a first charge on the fixed assets of the borrower.
The project finance approval process entails a detailed evaluation of technical,
commercial, financial and management factors and the project sponsor's financial
strength and experience.
• Loans to Small and Medium Enterprises: A substantial quantum of loans is
granted by banks to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). While granting credit
facilities to smaller units, banks often use a cluster-based approach, which
encourages financing of small enterprises that have a homogeneous profile such as
leather manufacturing units, chemical units, or even export oriented units
• Bank Overdraft : A facility where the account holder is permitted to draw more
funds that the amount in his current account.
• Bill Purchase / Discount – When Party A supplies goods to Party B, the payment
terms may provide for a Bill of Exchange (traditionally called hundi). A bill of
exchange is an unconditional written order from one person (the supplier of the
goods) to another (the buyer of the goods), signed by the person giving it
(supplier), requiring the person to whom it is addressed (buyer) to pay on demand
or at some fixed future date, a certain sum of money, to either the person identified
as payee in the bill of exchange, or to any person presenting the bill of exchange.
• When payable on demand, it is a Demand Bill
• When payable at some fixed future date, it is a Usance Bill.
• The supplier of the goods can receive his money even before the buyer makes the
payment, through a Bill Purchase / Discount facility with his banker.
• It would operate as follows:
• The supplier will submit the Bill of Exchange, along with Transportation Receipt
to his bank.
• The supplier’s bank will purchase the bill (if it is a demand bill) or discount the bill
(if it is a usance bill) and pay the supplier.
• The supplier’s bank will send the Bill of Exchange along with Transportation
Receipt to the buyer’s bank, who is expected to present it to the buyer:
• For payment, if it is a demand bill • For acceptance, if it is a usance bill.
• The buyer will receive the Transportation Receipt only on payment or acceptance,
as the case may be.
Fund-based Services (Lending) for
Individuals
• Credit Card : The customer swipes the credit card to make his purchase. His seller
will then submit the details to the card issuing bank to collect the payment. The
bank will deduct its margin and pay the seller. The bank will recover the full
amount from the customer (buyer). The margin deducted from the seller’s payment
thus becomes a profit for the card issuer.
• Personal Loans: These are often unsecured loans provided to customers who use
these funds for various purposes such as higher education, medical expenses, social
events and holidays. Sometimes collateral security in the form of physical and
financial assets may be available for securing the personal loan
• Vehicle Finance : This is finance which is made available for the specific purpose
of buying a car or a two-wheeler or other automobile. The interest rate for used
cards can go close to the personal loan rates. However, often automobile
manufacturers work out special arrangements with the financiers to promote the
 sale of the automobile. This makes it possible for vehicle-buyers to get attractive
financing terms for buying new vehicles.
• Home Finance: Banks extend home finance loans, either directly or through home
finance subsidiaries. Such long term housing loans are provided to individuals and
corporations and also given as construction finance to builders. The loans are
secured by a mortgage of the property financed. These loans are extended for
maturities generally ranging from five to fifteen years and a large proportion of
these loans are at floating rates of interest
Non-Fund-based Services For Business
• Letter of Credit : When Party A supplies goods to Party B, the payment terms may
provide for a Letter of Credit.
• In such a case, Party B (buyer, or opener of L/C) will approach his bank (L/C
Issuing Bank) to pay the beneficiary (seller) the value of the goods, by a specified
date, against presentment of specified documents. The bank will charge the buyer a
commission, for opening the L/C.
• The L/C thus allows the Part A to supply goods to Party B, without having to worry
about Party B’s credit-worthiness. It only needs to trust the bank that has issued the
L/C. It is for the L/C issuing bank to assess the credit-worthiness of Party B.
Normally, the L/C opener has a finance facility with the L/C issuing bank.
• The L/C may be inland (for domestic trade) or cross border
(for international trade).
• Guarantee: In business, parties make commitments. The beneficiary of the
commitment wants to be sure that the party making the commitment (obliger) will
live up to the commitment. This comfort is given by a guarantor, whom the
beneficiary trusts.
• Banks issue various guarantees in this manner, and recover a guarantee commission
from the obliger. The guarantees can be of different kinds, such as Financial
Guarantee, Deferred Payment Guarantee and Performance Guarantee, depending on
how they are structured
• Loan Syndication: This investment banking role is performed by a number of
universal banks
Non-Fund-based Services For Individuals
• Sale of Financial Products such as mutual funds and insurance is another major
service offered by universal banks.
• Financial Planning and Wealth Management are offered by universal banks.

• Executors and Trustees: a department within banks – help customers in managing

succession of assets to the survivors or the next generation.
• Lockers: a facility that most Indian households seek to store ornaments and other
• valuables
Money Remittance Services
• Demand Draft / Banker’s Cheque / Pay Order
• National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT):National Electronic Funds Transfer
(NEFT) is a nation-wide system that facilitates individuals, firms and corporates to
electronically transfer funds from any bank branch to any individual, firm or
corporate having an account with any other bank branch in the country.
• In order to issue the instruction, the transferor should know not only the
beneficiary’s bank account number but also the IFSC (Indian Financial System
Code) of the concerned bank.
• IFSC is an alpha-numeric code that uniquely identifies a bank-branch participating
in the NEFT system. This is a 11 digit code with the first 4 alpha characters
representing the bank, and the last 6 numeric characters representing the branch.
The 5th character is 0 (zero). IFSC is used by the NEFT system to route the
messages to the destination banks / branches
• Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS): RTGS transfers are instantaneous unlike
National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) where the transfers are batched together
and effected at hourly intervals. RBI allows the RTGS facility for transfers above
Rs1lakhs. The RBI window is open on weekdays from 9 am to 4.30 pm; on
Saturdays from 9 am to 12.30 pm
• Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunications (SWIFT): SWIFT is solely a carrier of messages. It does not
hold funds nor does it manage accounts on behalf of customers, nor does it store
financial information on an on-going basis. As a data carrier, SWIFT transports
messages between two financial institutions. This activity involves the secure
exchange of proprietary data while ensuring its confidentiality and integrity.
• SWIFT, which has its headquarters in Belgium, has developed an 8-alphabet Bank
Identifier Code (BIC). The BIC helps identify the bank
Non Performing Assets
• An asset of a bank (such as a loan given by the bank) turns into a non-performing
asset (NPA) when it ceases to generate regular income such as interest etc for the
bank.
• In other words, when a bank which lends a loan does not get back its principal and
interest on time, the loan is said to have turned into an NPA
• Banks have to classify their assets as performing and nonperforming in accordance
with RBI's guidelines. Under these guidelines, an asset is classified as non-
performing if any amount of interest or principal installments remains overdue for
more than 90 days, in respect of term loans. In respect of overdraft or cash credit, an
asset is classified as non-performing if the account remains out of order for a period
of 90 days and in respect of bills purchased and discounted account, if the bill
remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days.
 Classification of non-performing Assets
• Standard assets: Standard assets service their interest and principal installments on
time although they occasionally default up to a period of 90 days. Standard assets
are also called performing assets. They yield regular interest to the banks and return
the due principal on time and thereby help the banks earn profit and recycle the
repaid part of the loans for further lending.
• Sub-standard assets: Sub-standard assets are those assets which have remained
NPAs (that is, if any amount of interest or principal installments remains overdue
for more than 90 days) for a period up to 12 months

• Doubtful assets: An asset becomes doubtful if it remains a sub-standard asset for a

period of 12 months and recovery of bank dues is of doubtful

• Loss assets: Loss assets comprise assets where a loss has been identified by the
bank or the RBI. These are generally considered uncollectible. Their realizable
value is so low that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. They
should be entirely written off. If this is not done, provisioning should be made for
100% of the amount shown as outstanding
SARFAESI Act
• Banks utilize the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and
Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI) as an effective tool for
 NPA recovery. It is possible where non-performing assets are backed by securities
charged to the Bank by way of hypothecation or mortgage or assignment. Upon
loan default, banks can seize the securities (except agricultural land) without
intervention of the court.
• The SARFAESI Act, 2002 gives powers of "seize and desist" to banks. Banks can
give a notice in writing to the defaulting borrower requiring it to discharge its
liabilities within 60 days. If the borrower fails to comply with the notice, the Bank
may take recourse to one or more of the following measures:
• Take possession of the security for the loan
• Sale or lease or assign the right over the security
• Manage the same or appoint any person to manage the same
• The SARFAESI Act also provides for the establishment of asset reconstruction
companies regulated by RBI to acquire assets from banks and financial institutions.
• The Act provides for sale of financial assets by banks and financial institutions to
asset reconstruction companies (ARCs). RBI has issued guidelines to banks on the
process to be followed for sales of financial assets to ARCs.
• Hypothecation:Hypothecation is defined under the SARFAESI Act, 2002, (which
will be discussed in the next chapter) as follows:
• Hypothecation means a charge in or upon any movable property, existing or future,
created by a borrower in favour of a secured creditor, without delivery of
possession of the moveable property to such creditor, as a security for financial
 assistance, and includes floating charge and crystallization of such charge into
fixed charge on moveable property.
• The act addresses the regulation of three distinct areas:
• Securitization
• Reconstruction of Financial Assets
• Enforcement of Security Interest
Securitization
• This is a process where financial assets (say, dues from a borrower) are converted
into marketable securities (security receipts) that can be sold to investors.
• In the first stage of a securitization transaction, an originater sells the financial
asset to the securitization company. This can be done as follows:
• The securitization company / asset re-construction company issues a debenture or
bond or any other security in the nature of a debenture, for the agreed
consideration, and as per the agreed terms and conditions, to the originator; or
• Entering into an agreement for transfer of the financial asset as per the agreed
terms and conditions
• On acquisition of the financial asset, the securitization or reconstruction company
becomes the owner of the financial asset
• In the second stage, against the security of the financial asset, the securitization
company can mobilize money by issuing security receipts to QIB investors.
• Thus, securitization makes it possible to transfer loans secured by mortgage or
other charges.
Asset Re-construction
• Here, the right or interest of any bank or financial institution in any financial asset
is acquired by the asset re-construction company for the purpose of realization of
dues.
• Asset re-construction might entail taking several measures such as:
• Takeover the management of the business of the borrower or bring about any such
change.
• To sell or lease a part or whole of the business of the borrower.
• Reschedule debts of the borrower.
• Take possession of secured asset
• Enforce security interest
• Settle dues payable by the borrower
• Enforcement of Security Interest
• SARFAESI gives another window for banks and financial institutions to enforce
their security interest without the intervention of Civil Court or the Debt Recovery
Tribunal (DRT).
• If the lender also holds security through a pledge of any moveable assets, or the
guarantee of any person, then it can sell the pledged goods or proceed against the
guarantor without initiating any action against the secured assets.
• Under SARFAESI, the bank or financial institution needs to give 60-day notice to
the defaulter, giving details of the amount payable and the secured asset intended
to be enforced by the secured creditor, in the event of non-payment of the secured
debt. The effect of this notice is that the borrower is barred from transferring the
property mentioned in the notice.
• If the dues are not paid during the notice period, then the secured creditor gets the
following rights:
• Take possession of the secured assets, and transfer it by lease, assignment or sale
for realization of money.
• Appoint a manager to manage the secured assets that have been re-possessed.
• Takeover management of the secured assets, and transfer it by lease, assignment or
sale for realization of money.
• Give notice to any person who has acquired the secured asset from the borrower,
and from whom any money is due or may become due to the borrower, to pay the
moneys to the secured creditor. Such payment to the secured creditor will be a
valid discharge of the
person’s dues to the borrower
International Banking

• International banking relates to financial intermediaries that bid for time

deposits and make loans in the offshore market
• It is an unregulated market involving greater risk

• It is a wholesale segment of lending and deposit activity

• International banking brings together borrowers and lenders from same country
or different countries

• They are substitutes for the domestic banking system

Major Functions of International Banking
1. Facilitate imports and exports of their clients – trade financing
2. Arrange for foreign exchange – cross-border transactions and foreign
investments
3. Assist in hedging exchange rate risk
4. Trade foreign exchange products for their own account
5. Borrow and lend in the Eurocurrency market
6. Participate in international loan syndicate – lending to MNCs- project
financing and to sovereign governments – economic development
 7. Participate in underwriting of Eurobonds and foreign bonds issues.
8. Provide consultancy and advice on hedging strategies, interest rate and
currency swap financing and
international cash management services
BASEL Framework
• Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
• Established on 17 May 1930, the BIS is the world's oldest international financial
organization. It has its head office in Basel, Switzerland.
• BIS fosters co-operation among central banks and other agencies in pursuit of
monetary and financial stability. It fulfills this mandate by acting as:
• A forum to promote discussion and policy analysis among central banks and within
the international financial community
• A centre for economic and monetary research
• A prime counterparty for central banks in their financial transactions
• Agent or trustee in connection with international financial operations
• Every two months, the BIS hosts in Basel, meetings of Governors and senior
officials of member central banks. The meetings provide an opportunity for
 participants to discuss the world economy and financial markets, and to exchange
views on topical issues of central bank interest or concern.
• BIS also organizes frequent meetings of experts on monetary and financial stability
issues, as well as on more technical issues such as legal matters, reserve
management, IT systems, internal audit and technical cooperation.
• BIS is a hub for sharing statistical information among central banks. It publishes
statistics on global banking, securities, foreign exchange and derivatives markets.
• Through seminars and workshops organized by its
Financial Stability Institute (FSI), the BIS disseminates knowledge among its
various stake-holders
Role Of Information Technology (It) In The Banking Sector
• Banking environment has become highly competitive today. To be able to survive
and grow in the changing market environment banks are going for the latest
technologies, which is being perceived as an ‘enabling resource’ that can help in
developing learner and more flexible structure that can respond quickly to the
dynamics of a fast changing market scenario.
• It is also viewed as an instrument of cost reduction and effective communication
with people and institutions associated with the banking business.
• Information Technology enables sophisticated product development, better market
infrastructure, implementation of reliable techniques for control of risks and helps
the financial intermediaries to reach geographically distant and diversified markets.
E-Banking

• Many banks have modernized their services with the facilities of computer and
electronic equipments.

• The electronics revolution has made it possible to provide ease and flexibility in
banking operations to the benefit of the customer.

• The e-banking has made the customer say good-bye to huge account registers and
large paper bank accounts

• The e-banks, which may call as easy bank offers the following services to its
customers

• Credit Cards – Debit Cards

• ATM
• E-Cheques

• EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer)

• D-MAT Accounts

• Mobile Banking

• Telephone Banking

• Internet Banking

• EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)

Benefits of E-banking
To the Customer
• Anywhere Banking no matter wherever the customer is in the world. Balance
enquiry, request for services, issuing instructions etc., from anywhere in the
world is possible.
• Anytime Banking – Managing funds in real time and most importantly, 24
hours a day, 7days a week.
 • Convenience acts as a tremendous psychological benefit all the time.

• Brings down “Cost of Banking” to the customer over a period a period of time.
• Cash withdrawal from any branch / ATM
• On-line purchase of goods and services including online payment for the same.
To the Bank:

• Innovative, scheme, addresses competition and present the bank as technology

driven in the banking sector market .

• Reduces customer visits to the branch and thereby human intervention

• Inter-branch reconciliation is immediate thereby reducing chances of fraud and

misappropriation

• On-line banking is an effective medium of promotion of various schemes of the

bank, a marketing tool indeed.
• Integrated customer data paves way for individualized and customized services.