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Comparative Analysis of Concrete Compressive Strength of River Bed

and Crusher Run Coarse Aggregate in Pokhara Valley

Article · October 2018

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 OODBODHAN Vol 5, No. 1, Issue 5 October, 2018
A Journal of TUTA, Pashchimanchal Campus
Printed in Nepal

Comparative Analysis of Concrete Compressive Strength of

River Bed and Crusher Run Coarse Aggregate in Pokhara
Valley
Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal
Department of civil and Geomatics Engineering
Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering, Pashchimanchal campus, Nepal
[email protected]

Abstract
Construction industry is the key business sector contributing about 10% GPD of the nation. Concrete is widely
used material for every infrastructure seems the critical goods in construction industry. Quality Aggregate
has important role as concrete making materials for the stability of volume and strength of concrete. The
objective of this research was comparative analysis of crusher and river bed coarse aggregate in respect to the
compressive strength of M20 grade concrete with nominal mix. Samples were collected from Kotre & Hemja
river bed and crusher of Pokhara widely used in construction and Hemja River Bed considering sand from
single source and cement remains single brand. Fifteen Cubes were casted for each source and was determined
compressive strength for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days.

The mean compressive strength sampled sources were 28.62 N/mm2, 24.41 N/mm2, 25.94 N/mm2 and 24 N/
mm2, respectively. Finally, outcomes of the study indicated that the compressive strength of Kotre Crusher
aggregate is found superior than other sources and all selected samples applicable for construction work.

Key words: Aggregate, Concrete, Compressive strength

1. Introductions
used as construction material in buildings and other
Aggregate occupies most of the volume of the
infrastructures since the invention of cement. The
concrete and bind with each other with the aid of
production of concrete includes mixing constitutes
cement paste coated on their surface. Aggregates
such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
are assumed to be of inert characteristics. Though
and water in the right proportion together and then
they are considered to be the structural filler within
poured into the already made formwork.
a concrete mix, a closer look reveals their major role
as they influence the properties of concrete in both The compressive strength of concrete is one of its
fresh and hardened state. Particle size distribution, major properties that structural engineers take into
shape, size, unit weight, fineness modulus and consideration before erecting any structure [2]. The
moisture content can all alter the properties and compressive strength of concrete depends on the
performance of our concrete mix to be designed [1]. water to cement ratio, degree of compaction, ratio
Concrete materials have become the most extensively of cement to aggregate, bond between mortar and
pb\af]wg–@)&%, jif{ %, cª\s !, k"0ff{ª\s % Oodbodhan-2018, Vol. 5, No. 1, Issue 5
aggregate, and grading, shape, strength and size of Bed, Hemja Crusher and Hemja River Bed with
the aggregate [3, 4]. considering sand from single source available in the
Pokhara valley of Gandaki province.
Aggregate gradation also plays an important role in
concrete mixing. Improper gradation of aggregates 2.1.2 Cement
leads to segregation of mortar from the coarse The cement remains single brands used is the
aggregates, internal bleeding, need for chemical commercially available Ordinary Portland cement.
admixtures to restore workability, excessive water Portable water free from any noticeable impurities
use and increased cement use [5]. was used for the research.
Quartzite, granite, and river gravel have been used
as coarse aggregate to investigate the compressive 2.2 Methods
strength and corresponding relation [6].The 2.2.1. Batching of materials
research work reveled that type of coarse aggregate The batching of materials for concrete production was
influence the strength of concrete and established for M20 grade with nominal mix. In all 60 concrete
that aggregate type has effect on the compressive cubes (150mm x150mm x 150mm) were made after
strength of normal concrete, and that concrete batching and mechanical mixing for the compressive
made from crushed quartzite would give the highest strength test. Apart from the variation in the Coarse,
compressive strength at all ages but concrete made aggregate sources the concreting procedures and
with granite as coarse aggregate would give the water/cement ratio were kept constant for all the
least strength. On the contrary, Concrete made with samples. The workability of the fresh concrete was
granite as coarse aggregate gave higher compressive determined by slump test as per IS codes.
strength compared to concrete made with washed and
unwashed gravels as coarse aggregate component 2.2.2 Compressive Strength tests
[7]. Easy and cheap availability of concrete Compressive strength tests were carried out on the
ingredients such as like cement, sand, aggregate and 150mm x150mm x 150mm cubes in a compressive
water and increased skilled manpower for carrying strength machine after curing of test sample. The
out the construction work, usage of concrete in Nepal smoothest parts of the hardened concrete cube were
is at its eminence. Despite being a rich country in placed on the machine and load was then applied at
forest resources Nepal imports structural wood and the end of 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of casting.
in economic terms concrete is proved to be cheaper A strain gauge was attached to the compression
than steel. machine and the failure load was recorded until the
cube was finally crushed. The peak load was noted
2. Materials and Methods as the crushing load. The compressive strength of
each sample was determined as follow:
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Fine and coarse aggregates Compressive strength (N/mm2) = Peak crushing
For this research, sample of coarse aggregate (25mm load (N) / Area of cube (mm2)
down) were taken from Kotre Crusher, Kotre River

24
pb\af]wg–@)&%, jif{ %, cª\s !, k"0ff{ª\s % Oodbodhan-2018, Vol. 5, No. 1, Issue 5
3. Results and Discussion The above Figure 1 illustrates that the river bed source
3.1 Workability of concrete by slump has higher degree of workability than the crusher
aggregate in all testing days that means minimum
It shows the behavior of compacted concrete under effort is required for placement and compaction of
the action of gravitational forces. Workability of river bed aggregate. It is due to, more voids and
fresh concrete by slump test results with different moisture contents in the river bed aggregate than the
source of coarse aggregate are given in Table 1. crusher aggregate which increases the workability of
Table 1: Slump Value of Different Sources of Coarse fresh concrete.
Aggregate
3.2 Compressive strength Results
Source Seven Fourteen Twenty The experimental results of M20 grade of concrete
/ Days Days Days Eight Average Slump cube with different sources of aggregate are given
Day (mm) in Table 2.
Height(x)

Height(x)

Height(x)

Table: 2 Compressive Strength of M20 Grade of

Slump

Slump

Slump

Concrete Cube

KC 240 60 238 62 236 64 62.00 Source Compressive strength (Mpa)

KR 214 86 212 88 219 81 85.00
Seven Fourteen Twenty Eight
HC 230 70 232 68 228 72 70.00 Days Days Days
HR 210 90 208 92 212 88 90.00 KC 18.63 23.89 28.62
Where, X = Height of highest point of removal KR 16.16 19.89 24.41
concrete
HC 17.3 21.53 25.94
Concrete with HR source has the highest slump HR 13.93 18.67 24
value and KC has lowest slump value. Slump value
of concrete with crusher and river bed aggregate are Compressive strength of KC source has highest
within range (50 – 100mm) as per IS: 456 – 2000 compressive strength and HR has lowest compressive
and the workability of all aggregate sources have strength. HR source has lower compressive strength
medium degree of workability. than the KC source by 25.228 % in 7 days, 21.85 %
in 14 days and 16.142 % in 28 days. The percentage
of increment in compressive strength for KC, KR,
HC and HR sources are 28.23, 23.08, 24.45 and
34.03 from 7 days to 14 days and 19.80, 22.72, 20.48
and 28.55 from 14 days to 28 days respectively.
Compressive strength of all aggregate sources are
greater than the minimum characteristics strength as
Figure 1: Slump Value of concrete with different per IS: 456 – 2000 which indicates, all sources are
sources significant for construction work

25
pb\af]wg–@)&%, jif{ %, cª\s !, k"0ff{ª\s % Oodbodhan-2018, Vol. 5, No. 1, Issue 5
35.00
4.2 Recommendations
Kotre
30.00 Crusher Based on the above conclusion, it is recommendations
that the compressive strength results of all selected
Compressive Strength(Mpa)

25.00

20.00 Kotre
15.00
River sources in 7day, 14 days and 28 days are greater than
Bed
10.00 the minimum target strength so all sampled sources
Hemja
5.00 Crusher are suggested for building normal weight concrete.
Hemja
0.00
River

5. References
Bed
7Days 14 Days 28 Days
Testing Duration
[1] Neville, A.M., “Properties of Concrete”, Fifth
Figure 2 Compressive Strength of M20 Grade of
Figure 2 Compressive Strength of M20 Grade of Concrete Cube
Above graph evidently shows that the compressive strength of aggregate from KC has higher than KR
Edition, Longman Group Ltd. London, 1981.
Concrete
source and HC hasCube
higher than that from HR source. It is because, KC has higher density than KR and HC
has higher density than HR which gives the higher compressive strength due to good bondage and less voids [2] Hollaway, L. C., “A review of the present

Above graph river

from the corresponding evidently
bed aggregate. shows that the compressive
in concrete matrix. So it is found that the crusher aggregate has higher compressive strength of than that
and future utilization of FRP composites in
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
strength
4.1 Conclusions of aggregate from KC has higher than KR
Based on the results of this investigation carried out, the compressive strength of aggregate from KC has
the civil infrastructure with reference to their
source and HC has higher than that from HR source.
higher than KR and HC has higher than HR. It has been concluded that the crusher aggregate has higher
compressive strength than that from corresponding river bed aggregate. The percentage increment from 7 important in-service properties”, Construction
days to 14 days for KC, KR, HC and HR are 28.23, 23.08, 24.45 and 34.03 and from 14 days to 28 days are
It19.80,
is 22.72,
because, KCrespectively.
20.48 and 28.55 has higher Also it has density
been concludedthan KR and
that the compressive strength and Building Materials, Vol. 24, pp. 2419-
increases with maturity of concrete in decreasing rate.
HC has higher density than HR which gives the
4.2 Recommendations 2445, 2010.
Based on the above conclusion, it is recommendations that the compressive strength results of all selected
higher compressive
sources in 7day, 14 days and 28 days arestrength
greater than thedue
minimumtotargetgood bondage
strength so all sampled sources
[3] Rocco, C.G., and Elices, M., “Effect of
are suggested for building normal weight concrete.
and less voids in concrete matrix. So it is found Aggregate Shape on the Mechanical Properties
5. References
that the crusher aggregate has higher compressive
[1] Neville, A.M., “Properties of Concrete”, Fifth Edition, Longman Group Ltd. London, 1981. of a Simple Concrete”, Engineering Fracture
[2] Hollaway, L. C., “A review of the present and future utilization of FRP composites in the civil
Mechanics, Vol. 76, pp. 286-298, 2009.
strength ofpp.than
Materials, Vol. 24, 2419-2445,that
2010. from the corresponding river
infrastructure with reference to their important in-service properties”, Construction and Building

[4] Elices, M., and Rocco, C.G., “Effect

bed aggregate.
4 of Aggregate Size on the Fracture and
Mechanical Properties of a Simple Concrete”,
4. Conclusions and Recommendations Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 75, pp.
4.1 Conclusions 3839-3851, 2008.
Based on the results of this investigation carried out, [5] Loannides, M. A. and Mills, C. J., “Effect
the compressive strength of aggregate from KC has of Larger Sized Coarse Aggregates on
higher than KR and HC has higher than HR. It has Mechanical Properties of Portland Cement
been concluded that the crusher aggregate has higher Concrete Pavements and Structures”, Vol. 1,
compressive strength than that from corresponding pp. 30-31, 2006.
river bed aggregate. The percentage increment from [6] Abdullahi, M., “Effect of aggregate type
on Compressive strength of concrete”,
7 days to 14 days for KC, KR, HC and HR are 28.23,
International Journal of Civil and Structural
23.08, 24.45 and 34.03 and from 14 days to 28 days
Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 791-800, 2012.
are 19.80, 22.72, 20.48 and 28.55 respectively. Also
[7] Aginam, C. H., Chidolue, C. A., and Nwakire,
it has been concluded that the compressive strength
C., “Investigating the Effects of Coarse
increases with maturity of concrete in decreasing Aggregate Types on The Compressive
rate. Strength of Concrete”, International Journal
of Engineering and Applications, Vol. 3, pp.
1140-1144, 2013.

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