A PROJECT REPORT ON

“DESIGN & FLOW ANALYSIS IN A CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT NOZZLE”

MOHALI (PUNJAB)

Submitted By
ARCHIT KARJEE 20BAS8007
NAINAN TRIVEDI 20BAS8011
PRADUMN KUMAR SINGH 20BAS8010
NISHANTSINGH SISODIA 20BAS8012

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF

BHAGEL SINGH

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

MAY - 2020

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodied in this project entitled “DESIGN & FLOW
ANALYSIS ON A CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT NOZZLE” being submitted by ARCHIT
KARJEE (20BAS8007), NAINAN TRIVEDI (20BAS8011), PRADUMN KUMAR SINGH
(20BAS8010), NISHANTSINGH SISODIA (20BAS8012) in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of “Bachelors in Aerospace Engineering ”(4th Sem.) to
CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, PUNJAB during the academic year 2021 is a record of
bonafide piece of work, carried out by them under my guidance in the Department of Aerospace
Engineering, Institute of Engineering.

Guided By

____________________
Prof. BHAGEL SINGH

Countersigned By
____________________
Prof. DHARMINDER SINGH CHAND (HOD)
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Forwarded By
_____________________
Dr. HARJOT SINGH GILL
(Associate Director)
CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

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 CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION
College Name : University Institute of Engineering

Branch : Aerospace Engineering

Year / Semester : II / IV

Name of the Students Name of the

S.NO. who have done Title of the project Supervisor with
the project Designation

1. ARCHIT KARJEE
2. NAINAN TRIVEDI DESIGN & FLOW ANALYSIS IN DHARMINDER
A CONVERGENT – SINGH
3. PRADUMN KUMAR SINGH DIVERGENT NOZZLE CHAND
4. NISHANTSINGH SISODIA

The reports of the project work submitted by the above students in partial fulfillment for
the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree In Aeronautical Engineering of Chandigarh
University were evaluated and confirmed to be the reports of the work done by the above
students and then evaluated.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As students of 4th semester of Aerospace Engineering, we are required to undertake a project as
a part of our curriculum. Our project is titled “Designing & Flow Analysis of a Convergent-
Divergent Nozzle”. Here with is encapsulated a report of the same. In submitting this report, we
the undersigned, would like to take the opportunity to thank all these people, without whose help
our modest endeavor would never have seen the light of the day.

There by we take immense pleasure in thanking to our guide Prof. Bhagel Singh for providing
us a chance to work under his guidance and supervision. And last but not the least our parents
and friends for their patience, love and care while we dragged through this venture. For standing
by us in toughest of time, we thank them. Above all, to GOD, almighty, we bow and lay down
our sincere prayers and thank him.

ARCHIT KARJEE

NAINAN TRIVEDI

PRADUMN KUMAR SINGH

NISHANTSINGH SISODIA

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 ABSTRACT
Aeronautical studies are being focused more towards supersonic flights and methods to attain a
better and safer flight with highest possible performance.as we know from supersonic jets to
rockets Convergent-divergent Nozzles are used for better performance. As de laval nozzle is
used to obtain a supersonic stream starting from low speeds at the inlet. Then the Mach number
should increase from Ma=0 near the inlet to Ma>1 at the exit. It is also clear that nozzle must
converge in subsonic portion and diverge in supersonic portion accordingly. Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) is a method which depends on various numerical analysis and algorithms for
finding solutions and analyzing the complex problems that concern fluid flow and it is atributary
of Fluid Mechanics. The objective of our current project is to determine the variation of flow
parameters like pressure, temperature, velocity and density across the flow using CFD. In the
current work, Study of flow through the convergent-divergent nozzle is carried out by using the
finite volume method. The modeling of the nozzle geometry is done in ANSYS 17.1. The
discretization process and the analysis are carried out in ANSYS FLUENT 17.1.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE I
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE II
CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV
ABSTRACT V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
INDEX VI
LIST OF FIGURES VIII
ABBREVIATIONS IX

INDEX
CHAPTER NO. TITLE OF THE CHAPTER PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 What is Nozzle? 1
1.2 Functions of Nozzle 2
1.3 Types of Nozzle 2
1.3.1 Convergent Nozzle 2
1.3.2 Convergent-Divergent Nozzle 3
1.4 Throat conditions for Supersonic Nozzle 4
1.5 Nozzle Efficiency 4
1.6 Under-expanding and Over-expanding Nozzles 5
1.7 Variable Area Nozzle 6
1.8 Rocket Nozzle 7
1.8.1 Functions of Rocket Nozzle 7
1.8.2 Nozzle losses 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Literature Survey 9

3 ANSYS METHODOLOGY 14
3.1 Introduction to ANSYS 14
3.2 Problem Statement 14
3.3 Procedure of Analysis 15

4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 24

4.1 Results 24

5 CONCLUSION 31

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6 FUTURE SCOPE 32

7 REFERENCES 33
7.1 Title & Authors 33

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of Figures Page No.
Figure 1.1 Convergent Nozzle 2
Figure 1.2 Convergent-Divergent Nozzle 3
Figure 1.3 Thrust Vectoring 3
Figure 1.4 Under-expanding & Over-expanding types of 5
Nozzle
Figure 1.5 Conical Type Nozzle 7
Figure 1.6 Contoured Type Nozzle 8
Figure 1.7 Aero-spike Type Nozzle 8
Figure 3.1 Design Modeler View of C-D Nozzle 16
Figure 3.2 Structure Meshed View 17
Figure 3.3 Précised Meshed View 18
Figure 3.4 Pressure Inlet (Boundary condition) 19
Figure 3.5 Inlet & Outlet reference values 21
Figure 3.6 Solution Initialization 22
Figure 3.7 Residual Monitors 22
Figure 4.1 Density Variation 24
Figure 4.2 Static Pressure 25
Figure 4.3 Static Temperature 26
Figure 4.4 Mach Number 26
Figure 4.5 Velocity Variation 27
Figure 4.6 Velocity viewed in Streamline flow 27
Figure 4.7 Density graph 28
Figure 4.8 Pressure graph 28
Figure 4.9 Temperature graph 29
Figure 4.10 Mach Number graph 29
Figure 4.11 Velocity v 30
Figure 4.12 Velocity u 30

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 ABBREVIATIONS
1. CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics
2. C-D: Converging Diverging
3. AR/A: Area ratio
4. M: Mach number
5. NPR: Nozzle pressure ratio
6. Angle of Attack
7. MEP: Mean effective Pressure
8. MR: Mass ratio
9. BPR: By-pass ratio
10. CPR: Critical pressure ratio

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 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 What is Nozzle?
The nozzle is a thrust producing duct located after turbine section in a gas turbine engine
or it is the end component in any propulsion system. It is also called as exhaust nozzle.
The primary purpose of the nozzle is to transform the pressure energy into kinetic energy
of combusted gas to produce thrust. It also collects the flows coming from different paths
and straightens the flow of exhaust. For a large value of a specific thrust, the kinetic
energy of exhaust must be very high, nothing but high-velocity exhaust jet. The
expansion process in the nozzle is controlled by the upstream pressure ratio. The
maximum thrust for a given mass flow rate is obtained mainly when the exit pressure Pe
from the nozzle is equal to the ambient or atmospheric pressure P0, which is nothing but
the complete expansion of gas.

1.2 Functions of Nozzle:

Nozzle performs the following functions:
1. It accelerates the hot flow.
2. It matches the flow pressure to the atmosphere pressure as close as possible,
which increases the specific thrust.
3. It permits afterburner operation located in between turbine and nozzle without
affecting the main engine process.
4. It allows the inner wall cooling by using bypass air.
5. It mixes the bypass stream with the core stream of engine to decrease the noise
and flow eddies.
6. It allows thrust reversing by adopting the clamshell type thrust reversal without
affecting the internal flow.
7. It allows the noise and infrared radiation suppressing techniques.
8. Thrust vectoring system can also be integrated with the nozzle.

All the above functions should be attained at a maximum cost, weight factor and bow tail
drag. The exhaust nozzle has mainly three parts, namely, exhaust cone, tail pipe and exhaust
nozzle. The exhaust cone has an outer duct, inner cone and struts. Nickel alloy, titanium alloy
and ceramics are used as material for making nozzles.

The nozzle is used to direct the turbine discharge aft gases to the atmosphere at
maximum velocity to produce the required thrust by expanding the gases. The gases must expand
completely and discharge vortex-free and axial flow. Heat and pressure energy converted into
velocity, and hence, into thrust. If the gas reaches sonic speed, the flow will be choked and there

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 INTRODUCTION

will be no further expansion unless the gas temperature is increased or throat area is increased or
upstream gas pressure is increased. The flow inside the nozzle can also be called Fanno flow. It
can be considered that the flow inside the constant cross section nozzle with friction and without
heat exchange is a Fanno flow.

In nozzle, it is isentropic expansion process (no heat interaction). As Fanno flow

equation is applicable to the nozzle, the maximum entropy is found at Mach 1 and there is no
change in heat and work. Hence, the stagnation temperature also remains constant throughout the
nozzle.

Inside nozzle, there is a thin insulating wall which protects the inner surface from
excessive heating and also avoids maximum amount of heat exchange; meanwhile, the flow tries
to have choked condition. At high speeds, it is necessary to use both continuously variable intake
and nozzle capable of continuous variation of nozzle exit area. The nozzle is designed to match
high-pressure high-temperature flow with the atmospheric pressure. The ratio of nozzle entry
pressure to the nozzle exit pressure is called pressure ratio.

1.3 Types of Nozzle:

There are mainly two types of nozzle, namely, Convergent and Convergent-Divergent
Nozzle, which are used in almost all the types of air-breathing propulsion systems.

1.3.1 Convergent Nozzle:

The convergent nozzle is a simple convergent duct or gradually decreasing area duct,
which accelerates the flow by expanding the high-pressure gas, as shown in Figure
1.1. It is also called subsonic nozzle. When nozzle exit pressure ratio is low (less
than 1.86), the convergent type of nozzle is used. Exit pressure ratio is the ratio of
flow pressure at the exit of the nozzle to the atmosphere pressure. The convergent
shape of the nozzle increases the velocity of the gas as the cross section of the duct or
nozzle reduces gradually. It is generally used for subsonic aircraft engines where the
momentum thrust is more with less or almost no pressure thrust.

Figure 1.1 Convergent Nozzle

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 INTRODUCTION

1.3.2 Convergent-Divergent Nozzle:

The convergent-divergent nozzle is used exclusive for higher supersonic or
hypersonic jets or to expand the gas to supersonic or hypersonic speed. It is also
called supersonic nozzle. It has a convergent section, a throat and a divergent section,
as shown in Figure 1.2. The section of the nozzle where the cross-sectional area is
very less is called throat, which is located in between convergent and divergent
section. The convergent-divergent nozzle is used when the nozzle exit pressure ratio
is high (more than 1.86). If the nozzle pressure ratio is less than that, still this nozzle
can be used, but the weight and length of the engine increases which is like dead
weight of no use.
Convergent –divergent nozzle and convergent nozzle incorporate variable geometry
system, thrust vectoring, as shown in Figure 1.3, and other aerodynamic features.

Figure 1.2 Convergent-divergent Nozzle

Figure 1.3 Thrust Vectoring

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 INTRODUCTION

The convergent-divergent nozzle shows less range and less efficiency if operated
outside its design point or envelope. Hence, to compensate this, these nozzles are
designed as variable area nozzle also. The convergent-divergent nozzle works in
three major conditions, namely, critical, subcritical and supercritical conditions.
These conditions are based on shock wave location, which is nothing but choked
condition. If the shock is created inside the convergent section near the throat, then it
is called subcritical condition. If the shock is exactly in the throat section, then it is
called critical condition, and if the shock is at divergent section, then it is called
supercritical condition. The main drive to adopt the convergent-divergent nozzle is to
match the exit pressure with the ambient so that the pressure thrust term can be
eliminated and thrust value with its efficiency can be increased.

1.4 Throat conditions for Supersonic Nozzle:

➢ The nozzle should choke at the throat (the mass flow at a given temperature
through the nozzle is sufficient to reach sonic speeds at the smaller cross-sectional
area).
➢ By the time the flow come to the exit area of the convergent section, the flow
should be transformed from subsonic speed to sonic speed.
➢ The entry pressure to the nozzle has to be significantly much above the ambient
condition at all times.
➢ The pressure at the exit of the nozzle should be equal to or more than an ambient
condition to avoid reverse flow.

As the gas enters the nozzle from the turbine at high pressure and temperature, which is
at subsonic velocity it is forced to accelerate in the convergent section. The flow reaches a sonic
velocity at the throat. This leads to shock at the throat which separates the flow into subsonic
region and supersonic region. From the throat section, the nozzle diverges (divergent section),
which leads to more expansion of gas and the velocity progresses to supersonic velocity.

1.5 Nozzle Efficiency:

Nozzle efficiency can be defined as the efficiency with which a nozzle converts the
pressure energy into kinetic energy to the ideal change in kinetic energy at a given
pressure ratio. It can also be defined as the ratio of energy converted into kinetic energy
to the total potential energy which could be converted into kinetic energy.

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 INTRODUCTION

1.6 Under-expanding and Over-expanding Nozzles:

These are the nozzles which are classified based on the flow expansion process on the
exit pressure of the nozzle. The under-expansion type of nozzle has high pressure at the
exit section of the nozzle as compared to ambient pressure, as shown in Figure 1.4. The
under-expansion nozzle means the flow inside the nozzle does not expand completely to
match with the ambient condition. This type of nozzle leads to expansion fan at the
nozzle exit surface with high-temperature shock at the boundary layer.

Figure 1.4 Under-expanding and Over-expanding types of Nozzle

The over-expanding nozzle has low pressure at the exit of the nozzle as compared to the
ambient condition. In this type of nozzle, the flow expands more because of some factors like
less reduction in mass flow as compared to design point, variation in altitude, etc. This leads to
flow separation before the flow exits from the nozzle, which in turn leads to side force on inside
wall of the nozzle. This produces oblique shock wave reflections at the exit, which reduces the
efficiency with high pressure region.

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 INTRODUCTION

1.7 Variable Area Nozzle:

A complete expansion of gas or almost no pressure thrust and improved fuel consumption
can be achieved by varying the exit area of the nozzle. A change in nozzle exit area at
takeoff and approach can increase or reduce the jet velocity followed by some amount of
noise variation.

In variable area nozzle, the nozzle petals have got some degree of freedom, whereas in
normal nozzle, it looks like a duct with no petal-like structure and movement. These
nozzle petals are brought into motion using hydraulic actuators which deploy at particular
flight conditions on pilot inputs. In a convergent nozzle, as the requirement of thrust
varies, the nozzle petals are deployed accordingly. If high amount thrust is required then
the nozzle exit area is decreased and if thrust required is low amount of thrust is required
then exit area is increased. This condition is true for engine without afterburner case and
it is opposite when engine is with afterburner. From the ideal condition of the nozzle exit
area, the area can be increased or decreased also. In other condition, throat area can also
be varied by moving the translating cone inside or outside the nozzle aperture.

In thrust augmentation, i.e., afterburner, the exhaust gas temperature crossed the
allowable limit and by increasing the exit area of the nozzle the temperature of the gas
can be brought within the limit. If thrust augmentation is used, it means the requirement
of thrust is more and the temperature and pressure of the flow increasing. Hence, to meet
the main function of the nozzle, i.e., flow expansion and acceleration and to make the exit
pressure equal to the ambient temperature, the exit area of variable area nozzle is
increased.

In variable area nozzle, there must be precise synchronization between the reheat
actuation switch and variable area nozzle deploying system. If there is a significant delay
in the process, then it leads to surging in any set of the compressor, normally in high-
pressure compressor set.

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 INTRODUCTION

1.8 Rocket Nozzle:

Rocket nozzle is a part of thrust chamber which is used to convert the heat energy
generated by the propellant combustion into kinetic energy. Most of the rockets use a
convergent-divergent nozzle, which is capable of expanding and accelerating the exhaust
gas at supersonic speed.

1.8.1 Functions of Rocket Nozzle:

1. To expand the product gases with less total pressure loss.
2. To guide the flow with fewer eddies.
3. To preheat the fuel before combustion.
1.8.2 Nozzle losses:
1. Frictional loss: It is due to the viscous force by the hot gases, which is
less than 1% of the total loss.
2. Heat transfer loss: Nozzle cools down the hot gases while cooling the
walls of nozzle using liquid propellant.
3. Aerodynamic loss: Nozzle exit area is maintained as equal as body area
to avoid base drag.
4. Divergence loss: If exhaust gas flow direction is not parallel to the nozzle
direction, then such type loss occurs.

Based on the grain shape or fuel oxidant configuration, different types of convergent
divergent nozzles are used in solid and liquid propellant rockets.

An easy to manufacture conical nozzle having a simple design (Figure 1.5), is used in
most of the small capacity engines. The nozzle has a divergence angle of 10°- 20° after throat
section. This divergence angle helps in producing a higher amount of thrust with high specific
impulse. This leads to the lengthier nozzle to expand the gases, which leads to an increase in
weight.

Figure 1.5 Conical Type Nozzle

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 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, all large capacity rocket engines use contoured nozzle (Figure 1.6). The
nozzle diverging angle after throat section is 30°-60°. At the end of the nozzle section, it
converges to 2°-10° angle. These nozzles are designed to avoid oblique shock wave. They can
achieve their maximum performance level at only specified design altitude.

Figure 1.6 Contoured Type Nozzle

Aerospike (Figure 1.7) is the most complex design nozzle. The hot pressurized gas flows
around the central body of the nozzle (spike). Spike actually blocks the gas from flowing from
the center of the nozzle and it creates convergent-divergent shape at its periphery with respect to
the outer casing of the nozzle. Assuming isentropic expansion, we can say no energy is lost due
to turbulent flow and the nozzle efficiency is maintained.

Figure 1.7 Aero-spike Type Nozzle

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Survey

1. Design and Analysis of C-D Nozzle in Subsonic Flow Regime:

Abstract:

In this study the author investigated the Mach numbers due to the flow from the supersonic nozzle
exhausted in a larger circular duct and the corresponding thrust force created due assess the flow
development in the circular pipe, the flow field was by the numerical approach using
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis. The nozzles were designed to withstand Mach
numbers 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 for which NPR ranged from 2 to 8, and the area ratios were varying
from 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10.

Conclusion:

This investigation concludes that the flow field in the enlarged duct is strongly influenced by the
NPR, the presence of the relief at the nozzle exit, and the inertia level that is the Mach number of
the nozzle. The lower nozzle pressure ratios result in the nozzle becoming over-expanded and
hence the smallest area ratio will give the maximum net thrust.

Authors:

Khizar Ahmed Pathana, P.S. Dabeera, Sher Afghan Khanb.

Trinity College of Engineering and Research, Pune, India.

Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University

Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

2. CFD Analysis of C-D Nozzle compared with Theoretical & Experimental Data:

Abstract:

In this research, it is shown that the experimental or analytical results are commonly used to
predict the accuracy of the CFD models by comparing their results. There is also a common
agreement that the CFD modelling software available does not accurately model turbulence for
application such as transonic C-D nozzle. The objective of this research was to develop a
theoretical approach for calculating the flow properties along the axis of the nozzle based on the
fundamental gas dynamic equation.

Conclusion:

The results of this study show that there are some discrepancies in the results from theoretical
analysis to the results from CFD predictions. These results may attribute to the detailed
calculation of the CFD method compared to a theoretical method which is based on a single value

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

at each cross-section. Here the author indicates the sensor's response time could the main source
of error in temperature and pressure measurements. The Excel-based ‘Shockwave Location’ Tool
played its part in the research by providing the information needed for a successful modifying of
the experimental rig initially and then providing information upon which conclusions were able to
be formed. The Excel tool appears to have a range of effective use of which begins to diminish
slightly at Inlet Pressures of below 3.5 Bar allowing for more work to be undertaken to increase
its effectiveness by revisiting the original equations used and tailoring them to accommodate for
the effects of lower pressure flows.

Authors:

School of Science & Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK

[email protected].

Rob Ives, School of Science & Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK

F A Hamad, School of Science & Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, U

3. CFD Analysis of C-D Nozzle and effect of Nozzle Pressure Ratio on Pressure and Velocity
for suddenly Expanded Flows:

Abstract:

This numerical work was carried out to study the ability of micro-jets to control base pressure in
suddenly expanded two-dimensional planar ducts. Two micro-jets of 1 mm orifice diameter
located at 90° intervals along a pitch circle distance of 1.5 times the nozzle exit diameter in the
base region were hired as active controls. The Mach numbers at the entry of the suddenly
expanded duct were 1.87. The length-to-diameter ratio of the duct was 10.

Conclusion:

Here it is concluded that the effect of the NPR on velocity and pressure for suddenly expanded
convergent-divergent nozzle and active control in the form of micro-jets to control base pressure
level has been demonstrated. The base pressure assumes an area ratio of 6.25 and L/D = 10 at
1.87 Mach number. The micro-jets are found to be consistent for a specific Mach number and
NPR. The enlarged duct wall pressure distribution is not adversely influenced by the active
control. This concludes that total pressure is varying dramatically from the inlet to the outlet, as
pressure decreases velocity will increase and the above results proved that the velocity is high at
the exit and variation of pressure in the inlet to the outlet is observed by considering the Mach
number.

Authors:

SHER AFGHAN KHAN, ABDUL AABID AND MAUGHAL AHMED ALI BAIG

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University

Malaysia,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Department of Mechanical Engineering, CMR Technical Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

4. Analysis of Area Ratio in a C-D Nozzle with suddenly Expanded Duct using CFD
Method:

Abstract:

This article tells us about the significance of area ratio and control of base pressure with microjets
using the CFD method in a CD nozzle with suddenly expanded duct it says that whenever there is
a sudden expansion in a duct, the pressure in the downstream has to be sub-atmospheric. This low
pressure in the recirculation zone, adds a considerable amount of drag, which is nearly two-thirds
of the net drag of the aerospace vehicles. Hence, to counter the above problem, many researchers
are trying to control the base pressure depending upon the mission’s requirements. According to
the article, in the case of the combustion chamber, they tried to decrease the base pressure as low
as possible to have better mixing of air and fuel and efficient combustion, whereas, for external
ballistics application we would like to increase the base pressure as high as possible to reduce the
drag of the projectiles to enhance the range of the weapons.

Conclusion:

A 1 mm diameter orifice of microjets placed at the pitch circle diameter (PCD) of 13 mm, located
at 90o for more active control of base pressure. It is designed to withstand a Mach number of 2.2,
the length to diameter ratio of 8, the nozzle pressure ratio of 9, and the area ratios of 2.56, 3.24,
4.86, and 6.25. The results of these experiments show that the relief to the flow plays a crucial
role in fixing the base pressure values. The increase in the area ratio always results in a
progressive increase in the base pressure even though all other flow parameters remained the
same. This shows that the initial values of the base pressure continue to decrease with the increase
in area ratio. With this increase in area ratio while the controls are activated the efficacy of the
control mechanism becomes marginal as compared to the lower area ratio.

Authors:

Sher Afghan Khan, Abdul Aabid1, Fharukh Ahmed Mehaboobali Ghasi, Abdulrahman Abdullah
Al-Robaian, Ali Suleiman Alsagri

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University

Malaysia, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bearys Institute of Technology,

Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College,

Huvinahadagali, Karnataka, India

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

5. Design and Performance Analysis of a CD Nozzle for Evacuating Emissions from the
Subway Tunnels:

Abstract:

In this research, the researchers have discussed the ventilation system of the tunnels to have good
air quality using a C-D nozzle. This process of removing air from any space using mechanical
parts is known as evacuation. It says that the evacuation of exhaust gases and harmful smoke in
case of a fire emergencies it is very important to bring in fresh air otherwise it causes in pressure
and temperature build-up which causes discomfort to the passengers traveling especially in long
tunnels. The objective of this study was to optimize the design of the nozzle and replace the jet
blower fan cylindrical enclosure with a CD Nozzle.

Conclusion:

The conclusion of this research shows the effect of the NPR on pressure, velocity, and
temperature for suddenly expanded convergent-divergent nozzle and the dynamic control in the
form of micro-jets to regulate the pressure at the base that has been demonstrated in CFD. This
base pressure assumes the area ratio to be 6.25 and L/D = 10 at 1.87 Mach. These micro-jets are
proved to be effective for a certain level of inertia and expansion level. The static pressure in the
duct is positively affected by the active control. Here the author also concludes that the total
pressure dramatically varies from inlet to the outlet and the value of pressure is high for NPR of
11 as proved in the observations made.

Authors:

Nallode C*, Rakesh C, Ahmed J and Ganesha Prasad MS

Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

6. Design of Converging-Diverging Nozzle with Constant Radius Centre-body:

Abstract:

This research shows that recirculating wake flows or noise generation are some of the fowl
phenomena, that occur in aerodynamic configurations with steps facing backward. Taking the
above situation into consideration, subsonic nozzles with constant-radius center bodies exist,
enable the fundamental research opportunities of the above phenomena for M < 1. Here it is
mentioned that for the supersonic regime, the existing database and knowledge are very limited,
therefore, this research represents a design approach for a converging-diverging nozzle with a
constant-radius center body. Here for the nozzle throat, the Sauer’s method was modified to
include a central body in the nozzle. The author here suggests that comparing the analytical
calculations to numerical simulation results is a very good agreement and therefore underlines the
applicability of the chosen approach.

Conclusion:

Here they have concluded that the analytical results were similar to the results from the numerical
simulations, this proves the validity of the approach. While designing the exit diameter the Mach
number of a constant nozzle, including a center body results in shorter nozzle lengths. The cases
investigated show that the viscosity of the fluid slightly reduced the nozzle exit Mach number by

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

1–1.2%. Here it has been considered that the deviation in the Mach number negligible and
therefore the author pretends that no vicious treatment is necessary for the design approach.

Authors:

Andreas K. Flock, Ali Gülhan

7. CFD Analysis of Convergent-Divergent Nozzle flow and Base Pressure control using
Micro-jets:

Abstract:

In this article, the author performs numerical work to study the ability of micro-jets to control
base pressure in suddenly expanded two-dimensional planar ducts. Two similar kinds of micro-
jets of 1 mm orifice diameter located at nienty degree intervals along a pitch circle distance of 13
mm in the base region were hired as active control of base pressure. The Mach numbers at the
entry of the suddenly expanded duct were 1.87. The length-to-diameter ratio of the duct was 1, 2,
4, 5, 6, 8, and 10. The NPR ranges from 3 to 11.

Conclusion:

Here it is concluded that the effect of the NPR on velocity and pressure for suddenly expanded
convergent-divergent nozzle and active control in the form of micro-jets to control base pressure
level has been demonstrated. The base pressure assumes an area ratio of 6.25 and L/D = 10 at
1.87 Mach number. The micro-jets are found to be consistent for a specific Mach number and
NPR. The enlarged duct wall pressure distribution is not adversely influenced by the active
control. This concludes that total pressure is varying dramatically from the inlet to the outlet, as
pressure decreases velocity will increase and the above results proved that the velocity is high at
the exit and variation of pressure in the inlet to the outlet is observed by considering the Mach
number. The researchers used a 2D mesh of 21,368 binary nodes structural mesh.

Authors:

Ambareen Khan 1 *, Abdul Aabid 2, S. A. Khan 2

School of Aerospace Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia

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 ANSYS METHODOLOGY

ANSYS METHODOLOGY 3
3.1 Introduction to ANSYS:

ANSYS, Inc. is an American company based in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. It develops and

markets multi-physics engineering simulation software for product design, testing and operation
and offers its products and services to customers worldwide. Ansys was founded in 1970 by John
Swanson.

Engineering Simulation Software:

Ansys develops and markets engineering simulation software for use across the product life
cycle. Ansys Mechanical finite element analysis software is used to simulate computer models of
structures, electronics, or machine components for analyzing strength, toughness, elasticity,
temperature distribution, electromagnetism, fluid flow, and other attributes. Ansys is used to
determine how a product will function with different specifications, without building test products
or conducting crash tests. For example, Ansys software may simulate how a bridge will hold up
after years of traffic, how to best process salmon in a cannery to reduce waste, or how to design a
slide that uses less material without sacrificing safety.
Most Ansys simulations are performed using the Ansys Workbench system, which is one of the
company's main products. Typically Ansys users break down larger structures into small
components that are each modeled and tested individually. A user may start by defining the
dimensions of an object, and then adding weight, pressure, temperature and other physical
properties. Finally, the Ansys software simulates and analyzes movement, fatigue, fractures, fluid
flow, temperature distribution, electromagnetic efficiency and other effects over time.
Ansys also develops software for data management and backup, academic research and
teaching. Ansys software is sold on an annual subscription basis.

3.2 Problem Statement:

Considering a convergent-divergent Nozzle in which Ideal Gas is flowing. At the inlet, the
Stagnation Pressure is atmospheric pressure, at the exit the pressure is lower than the inlet. At the
throat section of the nozzle, the velocity increases and pressure decreases. At the converging
section, the flow was subsonic, and as the fluid accelerates towards the throat, the Mach no.
increases and the flow become supersonic at the exit. We have made it more effective by changing
angles of divergence.

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3.3 Procedure of Analysis:

➢ We have stimulated the flow in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle in Fluid Flow Fluent in

Ansys.
➢ Condition:
❖ Stagnation pressure p0 at the inlet = 20*10^5 Pa.
❖ Stagnation temperature T0 at the inlet = 300 K.
❖ Static pressure p at the exit = 2.5*10^5 Pa.
❖ We will compare the Density, Mach number, Pressure, Temperature, Velocity
distribution in the nozzle using FLUENT in both the cases and compare the solution
to quasi-1D nozzle flow results.
❖ The Reynolds number for this high-speed flow is large. So we expect viscous
effects to be confined to a small region close to the wall. So it is reasonable to model
the flow as inviscid.

Step-wise Procedure:

➢ The geometry is modeled using Ansys Geometry 17.1 and proper dimensioning is given to
the model to make the geometry completely defined.
➢ We will be using FLUENT to complete the simulation. So, we will start our study by
loading the Fluid Flow Fluent box by dragging and dropping it into the Project Schematic.
➢ Sketching geometry in 2D plane

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 ANSYS METHODOLOGY

Geometry:

➢ Considering air flow at high-speed through a convergent-divergent nozzle having a

circular cross-sectional area, A, that varies with axial distance from the throat.
➢ In geometry, caring out designing by sketching the C-D Nozzle on XY plane, creating
only the half of the nozzle as we are going to do axisymmetric analysis.
➢ Dimensions:
❖ Total length of Nozzle : 200mm
❖ Inlet : 50 mm
❖ Outlet : 70mm
❖ Throat diameter : 31mm
❖ Convergence : 40°
❖ Divergence : 20°
➢ Trimming the lines which are not mandatory
➢ Applied “surfaces from sketches” to whole body.
➢ Also, drawing vertical lines for “face split”, applying face split and generating different
parts.

Figure 3.1 Design Modeler View of C-D Nozzle

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 ANSYS METHODOLOGY

Meshing:

➢ In ANSYS the model is meshed using Quad elements and proper care is taken while
meshing the regions near the walls of the nozzle so as to get more refinement in those
particular regions. As any computational process requires a mesh to carry
computation this step is a primary and most important to start the problem. In order to
get more refined solution, we switch to ‘mid-side nodes’ to every element, which
increases the number the nodes present in the geometry and lowers the ‘discretization
error’ in the solution.
➢ Applying “edge sizing” to the parts, which are mandatory, with number of divisions
with respect to soft behavior.
➢ Also, implementing “Face Meshing” on whole body for structuring the mesh, now
selecting the faces and providing Mapped Face meshing for a Structured Mapping
Mesh.
➢ Now, naming the boundary lines, Inlet, Outlet, Axis-symmetry and Wall respectively.
➢ No. of nodes: 42521
➢ No. of Elements: 42000

Figure 3.2 Structure Meshed View

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 ANSYS METHODOLOGY

Figure 3.3 Précised Meshed View

Boundary Conditions:

1. Inlet Pressure
2. Outlet Pressure
3. Nozzle Wall
4. Interior Surface

Specification of the boundary zones has to be done in ANSYS only, there is no possibility to
specify the boundary zones in FLUENT. So proper care has to be taken while defining the
boundary zones in ANSYS. With all the zones defined properly the mesh is exported to the
solver. The solver used in this problem is FLUENT. The exported mesh file is read in fluent for
solving the problem.

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 ANSYS METHODOLOGY

Physics Setup:

The gauge total pressure at the inlet boundary is the total (stagnation) pressure. This value is
taken as is. The ‘supersonic/initial gauge pressure’ is an initial guess for the static pressure at the
inlet. This value will get updated if the flow at the inlet is subsonic. This value will not get
updated if the inlet velocity is supersonic since disturbances cannot propagate upstream in this
case.

In our problem, the inlet velocity is going to be subsonic, so the static pressure at the inlet will
get updated, we just need to make a reasonable initial guess for the static pressure so the
iterations converge.

Figure 3.4 Pressure Inlet (Boundary condition)

We keep in mind that all pressure we entered are gauge pressures and that:

Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Reference pressure

The reference pressure is set to zero under “operating conditions”. So, there is no difference
between gauge and absolute pressures. This is a good idea for highly compressible flows where
one gets significant variation in pressure across the domain. In contrast, for low speed flows,
where absolute pressure variation might not be significant, giving a reasonable reference
pressure will ensure that gauge pressure variations are still significant and minimize rounds-off
errors (essentially we avoid having to take small differences of large numbers).

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Setup:

➢ Selecting the Density based solver, as for compressible flow analysis it will provide a
more accurate result.
➢ Now, applying axisymmetric 2D space as the nozzle model is axis-symmetrical.
➢ In models, applying, Energy Equation & Inviscid flow as viscosity has negligible effect
in compressible flow.
➢ In materials. Changing some characteristics, selecting ideal-gas density from material
library.
➢ Now, applying boundary conditions, in inlet, making it pressure-inlet, also changing
Total gauge pressure (stagnation pressure) as 101325 Pa & for supersonic/initial gauge
pressure is the initial guess value for static pressure, so applying it as 1000000Pa & total
Temperature as 300K.
➢ Also, at outlet, making it pressure outlet, gauge pressure as 2814 Pa & Temperature
300K.
➢ Now, setting operating pressure as zero, as we are going to use the Absolute pressure in
the calculation not the atmospheric pressure.
➢ Now in Residual monitors, decreasing the residuals for a better accuracy to “1e-6”.
➢ Reference values for inlet:
❖ Area : 1 m2
❖ Density : 1.165655 kg/m3
❖ Enthalpy : 301929 J/kg
❖ Length : 1m
❖ Pressure : 1000000
❖ Temperature : 278.8759 K
❖ Velocity : 47.56801 m/s
❖ Ratio of specific heat : 1.4
➢ Reference values for outlet:
❖ Area : 1 m2
❖ Density : 1.165655 kg/m3
❖ Enthalpy : 301929 J/kg
❖ Length : 1m
❖ Pressure : 2189
❖ Temperature : 278.8759 K
❖ Velocity : 47.56801 m/s
❖ Ratio of specific heat : 1.4
➢ Now, Initialization, in that Standard Solution computing from Inlet.
➢ At last, Running Calculations:
❖ No. of Iterations : 3000
❖ Solution converged at 2517

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 ANSYS METHODOLOGY

Numerical Solution:

1. Under Solution Methods > Spatial Discretization

1. Set Gradient to Least Squares Based
2. Set Flow to Second-order Upwind
2. Under Solution > Monitors
1. Residuals
➢ Seat all Residual Convergence Criteria to 1e-6
3. Under Solution > Solution Initialization
1) Select Standard Initialization > Compute from Inlet
4. Under Run Calculation
➢ Set Number of Iterations to 3000
➢ Calculate

Figure 3.5 Inlet & Outlet reference values

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 ANSYS METHODOLOGY

Figure 3.6 Solution Initialization

Figure 3.7 Residual Monitors

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 ANSYS METHODOLOGY

Solution:

➢ Obtaining solution from XY-Plot

➢ The flow was subsonic (Mach no<1) at the converging section, it becomes sonic (Ma=1)
near the throat section and becomes supersonic (Ma>1) at the diverging section.
➢ When the cross-section of pipe decreases, the velocity increases at that section & Static
pressure decreases, this is known as “The Venturi effect”, due to this this effect the static
pressure is decreasing.
➢ Result are shown further.

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4
An analysis is carried out for obtaining result of Flow in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle. The
design is considered to be a pipe with varying cross-sectional areas throughout the length for
altering and controlling the mass flow rate, velocity, direction of flow, pressure ratio & etc. The
variation of pressure difference at the inlet and outlet of the nozzle section results in the change
of flow characteristics. Convergent-Divergent supersonic nozzles are significantly used for high-
speed missiles and for rocket nozzles. Depending on the nozzle applications different shapes are
used. The divergent part of nozzle plays a vital role in expansion characteristics. The function of
a C-D nozzle is to convert thermal energy into kinetic energy to expel high-speed exhaust. The
major importance of a C-D nozzle in the industry is to improve the kinetic energy of the flow
medium at an expense of an internal energy and the pressure.

4.1 Results:
1. Density variation in the Nozzle:

Figure 4.1 Density Variation

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

2. Pressure Variation in the Nozzle:

Figure 4.2 Static Pressure

Fluent defines the ‘total pressure as a gauge pressure’ with respect to operating pressure. From
Figure 4.2, the static pressure shown at the nozzle varies from 7.990e+2 Pa to 9.789e+4 Pa.
When the flow of fluid in the nozzle is accelerated it encounters the pressure drop.

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3. Temperature Variation in the Nozzle:

Figure 4.3 Static Temperature

Static temperature, From Figure 4.3, is in the range of 753-292 K at the nozzle and varies gradually
through the axial distance. From the inlet to outlet temperature decreases.

4. Mach Number Variation in the Nozzle:

Figure 4.4 Mach Number Variation

The Mach number is in the range of 0.7413-3.74. i.e. the Mach number is subsonic at the inlet, after
crossing the throat portion, the flow becomes supersonic. The exit Mach number has some variations. In
the boundary layer, the flow becomes supersonic but at midpoint of the exit, the flow becomes less
supersonic.

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5. Velocity Variation in the Nozzle:

Figure 4.5 Velocity Variation

Figure 4.6 Velocity viewed in Streamline flow

The Velocity Variation is in the range of 2.53-6.72 m/s, the exit temperature determines the exit speed of
sound, which determines the exit velocity. The exit velocity, pressure, and mass flow through the nozzle
determines the amount of thrust produced by the nozzle, tells us that for M > 1, the change in density is
much greater than the change in velocity.

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.2 Graphical Results:

1. Density graph:

Figure 4.7 Density graph

2. Pressure graph:

Figure 4.8 Pressure graph

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3. Temperature graph:

Figure 4.9 Temperature graph

4. Mach number graph:

Figure 4.10 Mach number graph

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5. Velocity graph:

Figure 4.11 Velocity v

Figure 4.12 Velocity u

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 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSIONS
5
5.1 CONCLUSION:
The project is carried out for the study of Flow analysis in a Convergent-Divergent
Nozzle in Ansys Workbench 17. A nozzle is a device crafted by engineers to control
the characteristics of the fluid. It is mostly used to surge the velocity of the fluid
which normally consists of convergent portion, Throat section and Divergent section.
In this project, design and analysis of a convergent-divergent nozzle are carried out
using ANSYS FLUENT in order to study the flow field analysis considering input
variables as pressure inlet and pressure outlet. From this study and analysis, various
flow properties like Pressure, Temperature, Velocity, Mach number and Density, with
respect to that graphs are also attached and have been computed respectively.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

FUTURE SCOPE
6
In this project of design and analysis over a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle, more work can be
done further, continued by doing fluid flow analysis for both the models and imparting rotational
speed to the fan to accelerate the air at much better rate. The present study focuses only on
circular geometry of the C-D Nozzle and this work can be further continued by changing the
geometry to rectangular and ellipse at the inlet, outlet and at the throat.

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 REFERENCES

REFERENCES
7
7.1 Title & Authors:
1. Optimization of area ratio and thrust in suddenly expanded flow at supersonic Mach
numbers.

Khizar Ahmed Pathana, P.S. Dabeera , Sher Afghan Khanb

Trinity College of Engineering and Research, Pune, India b Mechanical Engineering Dept.,
Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2. CFD Analysis of C-D Nozzle Compared with Theoretical & Experimental Data:

(Andrew) Stewart Keir School of Science & Engineering, Teesside University

Rob Ives School of Science & Engineering, Teesside University

F A Hamad School of Science & Engineering, Teesside University

3. CFD ANALYSIS OF CD NOZZLE AND EFFECT OF NOZZLE PRESSURE RATIO

ON PRESSURE AND VELOCITY FOR SUDDENLY EXPANDED FLOWS

SHER AFGHAN KHAN, ABDUL AABID2AND MAUGHAL AHMED ALI BAIG3

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University

Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Department of Mechanical Engineering, CMR Technical Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

4. Analysis of Area Ratio in a CD Nozzle with Suddenly Expanded Duct using CFD Method

Sher Afghan Khan1, Abdul Aabid, Fharukh Ahmed Mehaboobali Ghasi, Abdulrahman Abdullah
Al-Robaian , Ali Sulaiman Alsagri

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University

Malaysia, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bearys Institute of Technology,

Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College,

Huvinahadagali, Karnataka, India

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 REFERENCES

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia

5. Design and Performance Analysis of a CD Nozzle for Evacuating Emissions from the
Subway Tunnels

Nallode C, Rakesh C, Ahmed J and Ganesha Prasad MS

Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

6. Design of converging-diverging nozzles with constant-radius centerbody

Andreas K. Flock · Ali Gülhan

7. CFD analysis of convergent-divergent nozzle flow and base pressure control using micro-
JETS

Ambareen Khan, Abdul Aabid, S. A. Khan

School of Aerospace Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia

8. AIRCRAFT PROPULSION

Mayur R. Anvekar

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