Moving Boundary Work

❖ Moving boundary work:

The expansion and compression work in
a piston-cylinder device.

the volume change dV is positive during

an expansion process (volume increasing)
and negative during a compression
process (volume decreasing). Thus, the
boundary work Wb is positive during an
expansion process and negative during a
compression process.
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 Moving Boundary Work
❖ The area under the process curve on a p-V diagram is equal, in magnitude, to the work done
during a quasi-equilibrium expansion or compression process of a closed system.
Quasi-equilibrium process: A process during which the system remains nearly in equilibrium at all times.

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 Moving Boundary Work
Polytropic processes
The polytropic process is one in which the
pressure-volume relation is given as

PV n = constant

The exponent n may have any value from minus

infinity to plus infinity depending on the Schematic and P-V diagram for a polytropic process.
process. Some of the more common values are
given below.
Process Exponent n
Constant pressure 0
Constant volume 
Here, k is the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure
Isothermal & ideal gas 1
CP to specific heat at constant volume CV
Adiabatic & ideal gas k = CP/CV
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 Moving Boundary Work
Polytropic processes

The boundary work done during the polytropic process is found by substituting the pressure-
volume relation into the boundary work equation. The result is

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 Moving Boundary Work
Polytropic processes
For an ideal gas under going a polytropic process,
the boundary work is

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 Moving Boundary Work
Isobaric Process P = C
n=0

P-V diagram for a Isobaric process.

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 Moving Boundary Work
Isothermal process T = C
n=1
Isothermal process (T = C) for Ideal Gas.

If the temperature of an ideal gas system is held

constant, then the equation of state provides the
pressure-volume relation
mRT
P=
V P-V diagram for a Hyperbolic process.

Then, the boundary work is

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 Moving Boundary Work
Adiabatic Process PV γ =C
n=γ

Adiabatic process (Q = 0) for Ideal Gas.

γ=K

K = CP/CV
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Moving Boundary Work

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 Suez University
Faculty of Petroleum
and Mining Engineering

Course Title: Thermodynamics

BSE 224
Sem. 2 – 2022-2023

Lecture No. : 6
The First Law of Thermodynamics

Dr. Salwa Mansour

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
o The first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy principle) provides a
sound basis for studying the relationships among the various forms of energy and
energy interactions.
o The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.

The First Law: For all adiabatic

processes between two specified
states of a closed system, the net work
done is the same regardless of the
nature of the closed system and the
details of the process.

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics

o It simply states that the change in the total energy during an adiabatic process must be
equal to the net work done.

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics

➢ Energy Balance

The net change (increase or decrease) in the total

energy of the system during a process is equal to
the difference between the total energy entering
and the total energy leaving the system during
that process.

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
➢ Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
o Energy balance for any system undergoing any kind of process can be expressed more compactly as

in the rate form, as

o For constant rates, the total quantities during a time interval Δt are related to the quantities per unit time as

o The energy balance can be expressed on a per unit mass basis as

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
➢ Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
o which is obtained by dividing all the quantities by the mass m of the system. Energy
balance can also be expressed in the differential form as

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
o For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the initial and final states are identical, and thus
Δ Esystem = E2 - E1 = 0
Then the energy balance for a cycle simplifies to
Ein - Eout = 0 or Ein = Eout
o Noting that a closed system does not involve any mass flow across its boundaries, the
energy balance for a cycle can be expressed in terms of heat and work interactions as

• Heat transfer A closed mass

Mechanisms of
energy transfer: • Work transfer involves only heat
• Mass flow transfer and work.

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics

o The heat transfer Q is zero for adiabatic

systems, the work transfer W is zero for
systems that involve no work
interactions, and the energy transport
with mass Emass is zero for systems that
involve no mass flow across their
boundaries (i.e., closed systems).

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
❖Example 1.

Solution

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
❖Example 2.

Solution

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
❖Example 3.

Solution

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
❖Example 4.

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
❖Example 4.

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
❖Example 4.

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
❖Example 4.

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
❖Example 4.

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 Energy Conversion Efficiencies
❖ Efficiency indicates how well an energy conversion or transfer process is accomplished.

o Combustion equipment efficiency

o Mechanical efficiency

o Pump efficiency

o Turbine efficiency

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 Energy Conversion Efficiencies

o Motor Efficiency

o Generator Efficiency

o Combined or overall efficiency of pump–motor

o Combined or overall efficiency of turbine–generator

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 The First Law Of Thermodynamics
❑ Example 2.4.

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The First Law Of Thermodynamics

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Any Questions?

Thank You