Chapter 3

Fundamentals of Electric Drives

Starting ,braking and reversing of
electrical drives

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh

1
Starting
 The operations of starting, stopping and reversing the direction of rotation
of electric motors are carried out in two ways:
1. The manual method: by using simple manual control means such as
switches and compressors, and this method is used when the number of
times of starting, stopping, and reversing the direction of rotation in one
work period is small.

2. The automated method, by using automatic control methods such as

contactors and relays such as: Time, Current, Voltage Relays) and selectors
limit Switches.
This method works according to control principles
Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 2
 The automated method principles

The time
Speed principle
principle

Current Displacement
principle principle

This method is used when the number of times start, stop and reverse .The
direction of rotation in one working period is large.

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 3

Operation of direct current motors
 Operations of electric motors are carried out in two ways

1- Direct starting: It is done without any intermediate means to reduce

currents
Starting (without the use of physical resistors or voltage-reducing devices).
This method is used when operating motors with low capacities and when
they are powerless the resource is unlimited and too large for the engine's
capacity.

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 4

 2- Indirect starting: It is used in engines with high power medium and high. And
when the power of the source is limited, that is, when the power of the source is
close to the power of the engine.

This is done by adding starting resistors movement or reducing the voltage, so the
motor starts at a low voltage, then we increase it this voltage is gradually increased
to the extent of reaching the specified voltage.

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 5

Braking of dc Motor Drives – Operating Modes
 Braking of dc Motor Drives
Robot in a production line must be able to quickly Stop, Holds its position, and Reverse its
motion with high accuracy.
** Electric braking is very efficient with low maintenance.
** In contrast, mechanical braking implies waste of energy associated with load motion
inertia. Brake pads wear out with repeated use.
Hence braking is done in an uncontrollable manner.
**Therefore, electrical braking is used to describe a set of operating modes for drive
systems.
This includes a mechanism to quickly reduce the motor speed as desired, or rapidly bring
speed to halt. This process can be accomplished in controllable manner.

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 6

Operating modes of dc motor drives

Motoring • motor develops Torque [Td] to meet load demand

Regenerative • Motor acts as a generator

Braking • Motor kinetic energy is fed back to input source

• Motor acts as a generator

Dynamic Braking • Kinetic energy is fed back to input braking resistor

Countercurrent • Plugging: To stop the machine frequently

• Examples: Elevator's control, machine tools, rolling
Braking mills, printing press

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 7

Operating modes of dc motor drives
 1. Motoring: Motor develops Torque [Td] to meet load demand
VAve > EA
IA & If > 0

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 8

 2. Regenerative Braking
- Motor acts as a generator
- Motor kinetic energy is fed back to input source
EA > VAve
If > 0
IA < 0

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 9

 3. Dynamic Braking :

- Motor acts as a generator

- Supply [VAve] is replaced by braking resistor [Rb]
- Kinetic energy is fed back
- to input braking resistor [Rb]
- EA > VAve

If > 0

IA < 0

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 10

 4.Countercurrent Braking

- Plugging: To stop the machine frequently

- Examples: Elevator's control, machine tools, rolling mills, printing press

- VAve terminals are reversed while running or armature supply is reversed

- I A is reversed producing a brake torque
If > 0

EA = VAve – RAIA
VAve

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 11

 DC Motor Drives – Example
 Regenerative Braking – Kinetic energy is fed back to source

* DC motor: 100kW, 600V, 1800RPM, I ARated= 165A, EARated= EAFL= 594Vdc

* During motoring: VAve = 608.42V [at α = 20.18°]

Calculate the power fed back to the supply during regenerative

braking
PRegnerative = VꞌAve IARated

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 12

 Dc Motor Drives – Four Quadrant of
Operations

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 13

DC Motor Drives-Four Quadrant of Operations
 Quadrant 1: Forward Motoring
- power flow from machine to load

 Quadrant 2: Forward Braking

- power flow from load to machine (as a generator)

 Quadrant 3: Reverse Motoring

- power flow from machine to load

 Quadrant 4: Reverse Braking

- power flow from load to machine (as a generator)
Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 14
Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 15
Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 16
 Q1:
ωm > 0, Tm > 0, Pm > 0
VAve, EA & IA > 0, VAve > EA
 Q2:
ωm < 0, Tm > 0, Pm < 0
VAve, EA & IA < 0, VAve < EA
 Q3:
ωm < 0, Tm < 0, Pm > 0
VAve, EA & IA < 0, VAve > EA
 Q4:
ωm > 0, Tm < 0, Pm < 0
VAve, EA & IA > 0, VAve < EA

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 17

 DC Motor Drives Summary
 An Electric Motor, for Drives applications, must be capable to Operate in
the 4 Quadrants.
 If Torque and Speed are in the Same direction, …motoring… operation.
 Machine consumes …electric…. power from ……source… ; and delivers
…mechanical.... power to ……load……. .
 If Torque and Speed are in the Opposite direction, …generator.. operation.
- Machine consumes ……mechanical…. power from ……load… ; and
delivers ……electric….... power to ……source…………. .
 Condition: The power electronics converter should be capable to operated
in both directions.
* Td = KΦ IA ; EA = KΦ ωm ; Pmotor = VAve IA
Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 18
 Thank you for listening

Eng. Wesam AL Hamaideh 19