• Central tendency is a statistical measure that describes the center or typical

value of a distribution of data. It represents a single value that summarizes

the data and gives an indication of where the majority of the data points are
located. There are three main measures of central tendency: mean, median,
and mode.
o Mean: The mean is the sum of all the data points divided by the
number of data points in the distribution. It is also known as the
arithmetic average. The mean is sensitive to extreme values or outliers
in the data, and can be skewed if the distribution is not normal.
o Median: The median is the middle value of a sorted distribution of
data. Half of the data points are above the median and half are below
it. The median is not affected by extreme values or outliers, and is a
good measure of central tendency for skewed distributions.
o Mode: The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a
distribution of data. It is useful for identifying the most common value
or category in a dataset, and can be used for both numerical and
categorical data.
• Each measure of central tendency has its own strengths and weaknesses, and
the choice of which measure to use depends on the type of data and the
research question. For example, if the distribution is skewed, the median
might be a better measure of central tendency than the mean. If the data is
categorical, the mode might be the most appropriate measure.
1. Find mean, median, mode and range of following data sets.
a. 79, 58, 73, 66, 50, 89, 91, and 58.
b. 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18, 19
c. 17,17,18,18,18,19,19
d. 3, 2, 5, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 4, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5
e. 78, 215, 35, 267, 39, 17, 418, 286, 335, 50
f. 29, 32, 45, 27, 30, 47, 35, 37, 33
2. Listed below are the scores of 50 students in a 60 marks test.
25, 33, 26, 34, 28, 35, 29, 36, 30, 54, 30 ,39, 36, 37, 39, 40, 37, 34,
27, 41, 37, 41, 38, 42, 48, 51, 40, 51, 43, 40, 41, 39, 48, 51, 53, 41,
37, 52, 28 46, 44, 37, 39, 52, 51, 40,45,46,43,53
Make a frequency distribution table taking 6 classes of equal size.
3. The number of units of electricity consumed by 31 households are listed
below. Construct a frequency table?
727, 773, 859, 711, 860, 747, 862, 738, 774, 852, 791, 836, 834,
 752, 828, 792, 908, 839, 752, 715, 880, 838, 852, 816,7 51, 834,
818, 835, 831, 778, 837
4. Construct a frequency distribution for the following numbers using 1 — 10
as the starting class. List the class boundaries. Also construct a histogram.
54, 67, 63, 64, 57, 56, 55, 53, 53, 54, 44, 45, 45, 46, 47, 37, 23, 34, 44,
27, 36,45, 34, 36, 15, 23, 43, 16,44, 34, 36,35, 37,24,24, 14, 43, 37,
27, 36, 33, 25, 36, 26, 5, 44, 13, 33, 33, 17
5. Following are the number of days that 36 tourists stayed in some city.
1, 6, 16, 21, 41, 21, 5, 31, 20, 27, I7, I0, 3, 32, 2, 48, 8, 12, 21, 44, 1,
36, 5, 12, 3,13, 15, 10, 18, 3, 1, 11, I4, 12, 64, 10.
Construct a frequency distribution starting with the class 1 – 7 and also
construct a histogram.
6. The average amount of sleep, in hours, that 30 students in a secondary two
class get on a weekday is give below.
8 7 6 4 8 9 5 3 10 6 6 5
3 8 7 5 7 4 9 8 8 5 5
5 9 4 10 9 6 5
i. Construct a frequency table for the data.
ii. Draw a histogram to illustrate the data.
iii. Calculate the percentage of students who get an average of at
least 8 hours of sleep on a weekday.
iv. Ali says that the most common average amount of sleep the
students get on a weekday is 7 hours. Do you agree with him?
Explain your answer.
7. The number of mistakes made by 30 students in a primary one class for a
vocabulary test is given in the table.
3 4 6 0 2 2 4 3 5 3 4 2
2 3 1 5 3 0 4 5 4 3 4
0 3 2 6 3 1 0
a. Construct a frequency table for the data.
b. Draw a histogram to illustrate the data.
c. Among these students, what is the most common number of mistakes
made?
d. Find the fraction of students who made at most 3 mistakes in the test.
 8. A survey is conducted to find out the average number of hours the teachers
in a school spend on marking their student’s assignments each day. The data
collected is given below.
6 4 3 1 2 2 3 1 4 1 2 5
3 4 5 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 3
1 4 2
a.Construct a frequency table for the data.
b.Draw a histogram to illustrate the data.
c.How many teachers responded to the survey?
d.What the longest number of hours and most common number of hours
are spent?
e. Find the fraction of teachers who spend an average of 3 hours marking
their students’ assignments each day.
9. The number of fire incidents that occurred in a city each day over a period of
60 days were recorded.
Number of fire incidents 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of days 16 12 11 9 6 2 2 2
a. Draw a histogram to illustrate the data.
b. Find the ratio of the number of days which had no fire incidents to the
number of days which had more than 5 fire incidents.
c. Aslam says that the most common number of fire incidents is 16. Do
you agree with him? explain your answer.
10.100 crates of oranges imported from a country A are inspected. The number
of rotten oranges in the crates is recorded.
Rotten oranges 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number of crates 4 9 12 28 22 15 5 2 2 1
Another 100 crates of oranges imported from country B are also inspected. The
number of rotten oranges in the crates is recorded.
Rotten oranges 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of crates 51 30 8 4 1 2 2 1 1
a. Draw a histogram to illustrate each set of data.
b. State the largest number of rotten oranges found in a crate from each
country.
c. Find the total number of rotten oranges from each country.