❑ Steps:-

1- Remove the determinate parts such as cantilevers

P M
2- Numbering the joints and members.

3- Choice of the global axes (X and Y).

2 3
b

a c

4 X
1
4- Local axes of each element are placed so that the axis (x) from the
beginning to the end of element depending on the numbering.

❑ For member (1-2):

Y 2

1 X

❑ X and Y are the global axes.

❑ x and y are the local axes.

5- Configure the local stiffness matrix for each member [k].

6. Transfer stiffness matrix for each member from the local axes to the
global axis.

7- General matrix of the structure made up by putting local stiffness

matrices for each member in a single global matrix [K].

8. matrix dimension = number of degrees of freedom of origin.

9. The load vector is configured

10. Transfer all loads on the structure to a fixed end forces at the
joints and that of the local axes to the global axes.

𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑷 = 𝑱𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑷𝑱 − 𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝑷𝑭

Where:

𝑃 = Load vector of the whole structure.

𝑃𝐽 = Joint loads.
𝑃𝐹 = Fixed end forces due to the member loads.

11- It is determined supports where the movements = zero (transitional

and rotational). Remove the rows and columns responding to the
movement of zero in the overall stiffness matrix [K] and also in load
vector matrix, thereby reducing the overall matrix of the structure. This
step is called the (Boundary conditions).
12. After reducing the equation by applying the terms of supports, the
equation will be resolved and from reduced equation we get the
unknown displacements of different points of structure so that
they are relative to global axes of the structure.

𝑷𝒓 = 𝑲𝒓 . 𝜹𝒓

From the shown equation, obtain the values of 𝛿𝑟

13. Calculate the reactions in the global direction from the whole
stiffness matrix for the structure before reducing after knowledge
the displacements.

𝑷 = 𝑲. 𝜹 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑃
14- Transfer the calculated displacements from global axes to local axes
for each element. That is mean in the direction of the same element.
This step is called (back transformation of displacement).

15- Calculate the internal forces for each element in the direction of the
element from the following equation. This step is called (back
transformation of displacement).

𝑃 = 𝑘. 𝛿
𝑃𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝐹

Where:

𝑃 = The forces calculated from the equation of local stiffness matrix.

𝑃𝐹 = Fixed end forces.
Calculate the reactions, and then draw the internal forces diagrams for the
shown beam.

12 t
2 EA EA
1 a 2 b 3

8m 4m
 Solution

𝐷. 𝑂. 𝐹 = 1 = 𝜇2

❑ The global axes = the local axes.

❑ The forces and displacements in the horizontal direction only.

𝐸𝐴 −𝐸𝐴 1 −1
𝑘 = 𝐿 𝐿 = 𝐸𝐴. 𝐿 𝐿
−𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 −1 1
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

12 t
2 EA EA
1 a 2 b 3

8m 4m
Member (a):

𝑢1 = 0
𝑢1 𝑢2 𝑢1 𝑢2

𝑃𝑥𝑎1 2ൗ −2ൗ 1ൗ −1ൗ

8 8 0 4 4 0
= 𝐸𝐴. . = 𝐸𝐴. .
𝑃𝑥𝑎2 −2ൗ 2ൗ 𝑢2 −1ൗ 1ൗ 𝑢2
8 8 4 4

𝑢2
𝑃𝑥𝑎1 (−0.25)
𝑎 = 𝐸𝐴. . 𝑢2
𝑃𝑥2 (0.25)

12 t
2 EA EA
1 a 2 b 3

8m 4m
Member (b):

𝑢3 = 0
𝑢2 𝑢3

𝑃𝑥𝑏2 1ൗ −1ൗ
= 𝐸𝐴. 4 4 . 𝑢2
𝑃𝑥𝑏3 −1ൗ 1ൗ 0
4 4

𝑢2
𝑃𝑥𝑏2 (0.25)
= 𝐸𝐴. . 𝑢2
𝑃𝑥𝑏3 (−0.25)

12 t
2 EA EA
1 a 2 b 3

8m 4m
Load Vector:

0
𝑃 = + 12
0

P = External Forces at joints

12 t
2 EA EA
1 a 2 b 3

8m 4m
Structure stiffness matrix:

𝑢1 𝑢2 𝑢3
𝑃𝑥1 𝑎 𝑎
𝐾11 𝐾12 0 𝑢1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
𝑃𝑥2 = 𝐸𝐴. 𝐾21 (𝐾22 +𝐾11 ) 𝐾12 . 𝑢2
𝑃𝑥3 0 𝑏
𝐾21 𝑏
𝐾22 𝑢3

𝑃𝑥1 = 𝑃𝑥3 = 0, 𝑃𝑥2 = +12

𝑢1 = 𝑢3 = 0

12 t
2 EA EA
1 a 2 b 3

8m 4m
Member (a): Member (b):

𝑢2 𝑢2
𝑃𝑥𝑎1 (−0.25) 𝑃𝑥𝑏2 (0.25)
= 𝐸𝐴. . 𝑢2 = 𝐸𝐴. . 𝑢2
𝑃𝑥𝑎2 (0.25) 𝑃𝑥𝑏3 (−0.25)

𝑢2
0
12 = 𝐸𝐴. 0.25 + 0.25 . 𝑢2
0

∴ 12 = 0.5 . 𝐸𝐴. (𝑢2 )

∴ 𝑢2 = 24ൗ𝐸𝐴
 Internal Forces
Member (a):
𝑃𝑥𝑎1 (−0.25) 1
= 𝐸𝐴. . . 24
𝑃𝑥𝑎2 (0.25) 𝐸𝐴

𝑃𝑥𝑎1 = − 0.25 . 24 = −6 𝑡 ←
𝑃𝑥𝑎2 = 0.25 . 24 = +6 𝑡 →

Member (b):

𝑃𝑥𝑏2 (0.25) 1
= 𝐸𝐴. . . 24
𝑃𝑥𝑏3 (−0.25) 𝐸𝐴

𝑃𝑥𝑏2 = 0.25 . 24 = +6 𝑡 →
𝑃𝑥𝑏3 = −0.25 . 24 = −6 𝑡 ←
Internal Forces Diagrams:

12 t
6t 2 EA EA 6t

1 a 2 b 3

8m 4m

6t
(+)
N.F.D
(-) 6t
Calculate the value of force (P) that can be safely applied on the shown
bar system, provided that the maximum allowable nodal displacement
would not exceed (1 cm). Then draw the N.F.D.
The axial stiffness is constant for all elements, [K = (EA/L) = 40 t/cm].

2P P
1 a 2 b 3 4
4m 3m 3m
The bar is symmetric around the horizontal axe, so, the displacements
occur in the direction of this axe.

𝐷. 𝑂. 𝐹. = 2 = (𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 )

𝑢1 = 𝑢4 = 0
𝐸𝐴 −𝐸𝐴
𝑘 = 𝐿 𝐿
−𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝐿 𝐿

2P P
1 a 2 b 3 4
4m 3m 3m
Member (a):

𝑢1 = 0
𝑢1 𝑢2 𝑢2
𝑃𝑥𝑎1 1 −1 𝑢1 −1 0
= 𝐾. . 𝑢 = 40. .
𝑃𝑥𝑎2 −1 1 2 1 𝑢2

𝑢2
𝑃𝑥𝑎1 −1 𝑢
= 40. . 2
𝑃𝑥𝑎2 1

2P P
1 a 2 b 3 4
4m 3m 3m
Member (b):

𝑢2 𝑢3
𝑃𝑥𝑏2 1 −1 𝑢2
= 𝑘. . 𝑢
𝑃𝑥𝑏3 −1 1 3

𝑢2 𝑢3
𝑃𝑥𝑏2 1 −1 𝑢2
= 40. . 𝑢
𝑃𝑥𝑏3 −1 1 3

2P P
1 a 2 b 3 4
4m 3m 3m
Member (c):

𝑢3 𝑢4
𝑃𝑥𝑐3 1 −1 𝑢3
= 𝑘. .
𝑃𝑥𝑐4 −1 1 0

𝑢3
𝑃𝑥𝑐3 1
𝑐 = 40. . 𝑢3
𝑃𝑥4 −1

2P P
1 a 2 b 3 4
4m 3m 3m
Load vector:

0
+ 2𝑃
𝑃 =
−𝑃
0

2P P
1 a 2 b 3 4
4m 3m 3m
Structure stiffness matrix:

𝑢2 𝑢2 𝑢3 𝑢3

𝑃𝑥𝑎1 −1 𝑢 𝑃𝑥𝑏2 1 −1 𝑢2 𝑃𝑥𝑐3 1

= 40. . 2 = 40. . 𝑢 = 40. . 𝑢3
𝑃𝑥𝑎2 1 𝑃𝑥𝑏3 −1 1 3
𝑐
𝑃𝑥4 −1

𝑢2 𝑢3

𝟐𝑷 1+1 −1 𝑢2
= 40. . 𝑢
−𝑷 −1 1+1 3

2P P
1 a 2 b 3 4
4m 3m 3m
Structure stiffness matrix:

2𝑃 2 −1 𝑢2
= 40. . 𝑢
−𝑃 −1 2 3

2𝑃 = 40. [ 2 . 𝑢2 − 1 . 𝑢3 ] … … … . (1)

−𝑃 = 40. −1 . 𝑢2 + 2 . 𝑢3 … … … … (2)

By solving equations (1) and (2),

𝑃
𝑢2 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 = 0
40
𝐵𝑢𝑡, 𝑢2 max. = 1 cm
𝑃
1=
40

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 40 𝑡
 Element Forces

Member (a):

𝑃𝑥𝑎1 −1
= 40. . 1
𝑃𝑥𝑎2 1

𝑃𝑥𝑎1 = 40. − 1 . 1 = −40 𝑡 ←

𝑃𝑥𝑎2 = 40. 1 . 1 = +40 𝑡 →

40 t Tension 40 t

1 a 2
Member (b):

𝑃𝑥𝑏2 1 −1 1
= 40. .
𝑃𝑥𝑏3 −1 1 0

𝑃𝑥𝑏2 = 40. 1 . 1 − 1 . 0 = +40 𝑡 →

𝑃𝑥𝑏3 = 40. −1 . 1 + 1 . 0 = −40 𝑡 ←

40 t Compression 40 t

2 3
Member (c): b

𝑃𝑥𝑐3 1
= 40. . 0
𝑃𝑥𝑐4 −1
Zero Member

𝑃𝑥𝑐3 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑥𝑐4 = 0 3 4

c
Internal Forces Diagrams:

40 t 80 t 40 t
1 a 2 b 3 4
4m 3m 3m

40 t

(+)
N.F.D
(-)

40 t