Is there A Philippine Public Administration?

- PA has a lot of dimension, and wide scope.

There is a Philippine administration due to the presence of administration

structure.

Evolution of the Field of Public Administration

PA two major phases: Traditional/Classical phase & Modern Phase

Modern Phase Subphases

- Development administration
- New public administration
- New public management and reinventing governance
- Public administration as governance

Traditional/Classical PA

“PA should not be considered administration of the public, but administration for the
public”

The idea of “client-oriented” administration has its roots in ancient public

administration. Like in the Code of Hammurabi, in Confucianism.

Caiden noted that PA originated from MONARCHICAL Europe.

- Household officials were divided into two groups

a. In charge of public affairs
b. Responsible for personal service.

SUPPORT (Rutgers) that royal administration had been already manifested in mid 17 th
century and 18th century

K.Medikus- “Cameralism” PA should be treated as an autonomous field of study of great

importance to the state.

1800s to 1950s

- Wilson, PA should be self-conscious, professional field. Distinction between

politics and administration, politics free administration, field of business. Politics
administration dichotomy.
- Goodnow, politics administration dichotomy, supplanted the tradition concern
with the separation of powers among branches of government.
 - Weber, father of modern sociology, descriptive analysis of bureaucratic
organizations. Features of bureaucracy, good and bad effects of bureaucratic
structures.
- White, administration is an art, ideal transforming into science, concentrated the
managerial phase administration.

From classical, neoclassical, to integrative/modern organization theories.

- Frederick, Taylor, “Father of scientific management”, “one best way approach”

Classical organization theory evolved in this notion.
a. POSDCORB which integrated in ideas of Fayol into comprehensive theory.
(Single science of administration exceeds the boundaries of the private and
public sector exists.
- Simon, theoretical and practical science, principles in literature of administration,
highlighted administrative efficiency and specialization “proverbs of
administration”
- Appleby, attack on concept of politics administration dichotomy, PA was not
something apart from politics, center of political life.
- Waldo, book which hit “gospel of efficiency”
- Sayre, “triumph over purpose”
- Selznick, “cooptative mechanism, “cooptation” as process of absorbing new
elements into leadership or policy determining structure of an organization as
means of averting threats to its stability or existence.
- Willoughby, role of trilogy (3 branches of government), budgetary reforms
- Mary Follet, proponents of participatory management and law of situation.
Illustrated advantages of participatory management.
- Elton, Mayo, experiment on theory of individuals with an organization, which
propelled the human relations school of management thought. Human behaviour
and interpersonal relations important subjects for organizational analysis.
- Barnard, theory of organizational behavior, functions of executive. Argued that
executive to become more effective, it should maintain equilibrium between the
needs of employees and organization.
- Maslow, hierarchal needs, “theory of motivation” human being has five sets of
needs: physiological, safety, love or affiliation, esteem, self actualization.

MODERN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

- Discipline of PA characterized with continuing “identity crisis” which led to

emergence of New PA.
Development administration

- Study first emerged in third world countries as focal point.

- “Third world” attributed to Alfred Sauvy, used term to distinguish developing
country outside TWO POWER BLOCKS: capitalist and communist societies.
- Riggs and Weidner, coined the term “development administration” which refers to
countries in Asia, Latin, America and Africa
- Landua, DA as engineering of social change.
- Illchman, countries concerned with increasing the capacity of the state to
produce goods and services to meet and induce changing demands.
- Gant, DA as the inducement and management of change to pursue development
aspirations.
- Khator, DA was built upon several critical assumption:
a. Development needs are most important needs of developing countries
b. Development needs of each countries are different.
c. Developmental know-hows are transferable
d. Political, social, and cultural context of development can be easily altered.
Riggs- DA may be considered as the management innovation, because it aimed helping
countries that are undergoing reconstruction and social transformation.
De Guzman
- Argued that the implementation of administrative reform should have two major
dimensions: Reforming the structures & reforming behaviour of those in bureaucracy.

New Public Administration

- This emerge from the Minnowbrook Conference by Dwight Waldo
- Conventional/Classic administration sought only to answer inquiries on efficiency and
effectiveness.
Frederickson- argued that disparities existed because public administration focused less
on social purposes or values of government policies and programs and more on the
economy and efficiency of execution.
New PA- advocated that public administrators should not be neutral. It is client oriented,
should be committed to both good management and social equity. “Change”
Is new PA relevance?
Pilar- new Pa is relevant while there exist no indigenous model of PUBAD.
- the relevance of new PA may be regarded in terms of their compatibility with the
context or environment, as well the convergence between the content and intent of new
PA with goals, purposes, and aspirations of country.
New PA- created the need to stimulate change, meeting the needs of the society
through the government’s development programs and projects, and addressing social
equity and justice.
New Public Management and Reinventing Government
- Started in Thatcher government
-Hood coined the term “A public management for All Seasons”
Pollitt
- This is a shift to “managerialist” movement
5 cores of managerialism:
1. Social progress lies in achievement of continuing increases in economically defined
productivity
2. Productivity increase come from application of technologies
3. It can only be achieved with labor force discipline in accordance of productivity ideal
4. Management is a separate distinct organizational function. (planning, implementing)
5. To perform this role, managers must be granted reasonable room to maneuver.

- this born out because of the continuing search for solutions to economic
problems, to produce a government that “works better but cost less”

Osborne and Gaebler - idea of “ reinventing government”. Use of business model

prescriptions for government.
10 Principles.- Emphasis on people as “customers” or clients rather than citizens.
Customers as an end product users of government rather than means of policy making
process.

Opposed by

Denhardt- Model for governance expands traditional role of public administrator as

lone arbiter of public interest, rather the public administrator is seen as a key actor
within the larger system of governance.

Reinventing government seven principles:

1. Serve citizens not customers

2. Seek the public interest
3. Value citizens over entrepreneurship
4. Think statistically, Act democratically
5. Recognize that accountability is not simple
6. Serve rather than steer
7. Value people, not just productivity
Similar movement “Reengineering”- Michael Hammer
- approach for improving performance, effectiveness, and efficiency of organization
regardless of the sector in which they operate.
- Fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve
dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance.
- It is sought to refurbish the organization operation, management system, and structure
to improve its efficiency, effectiveness, and competitive ability and to ultimately improve
service delivery.
- Effective way to upgrade the services of governmental agencies, to continue to hurdle
obstacles and challenges in applying the formula such as fiscal constraints.
PA as Governance
Governance
ADB defines governance as institutionalization of system through which citizens,
institutions, organizations and groups in society articulate their interest, exercise rights
and meditate their differences in pursuit of collective goods.
UNDP- governance as the exercise of political, economic, and administrative authority
to manage a nations affair. Embrace all methods of good and bad, that society use to
distribute power and manage public resources and problems.
Carino- governance is not the sole responsibility of the government, but the role of the
market and civil society are of equal importance and should be recognized.
Carino’s Factor and process that pushed for governance
1. Quest for growth and development
2. The environmental movement
3. Globalization
4. Consolidating peace.
Governance promotes the virtue of decentralization, participation, responsiveness, and
accountability.
“When there is good governance, there is sustainable development”
Good governance is the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and
promoting development.
Elements of Good governance: Accountability, participation, predictability, transparency.

SPECIALIZATION OF PUBAD
Traditional Subfields of Political Science
Political Theory- Study of analysis of political ideas of significant thinkers. Search of
knowledge of political thoughts
International relations and politics- Deals with relations between and among
nation states. Power- a factor and determination of international relations
Comparative Politics- Study of contemporary politics and political trends in the
different countries around the world. Ideas can be used by other country.
In Philippines PA did not evolve in the discipline of PolSci.

Subfields of Public Administration

Organization and Management- Discusses theories, processes, and techniques
involved in the organization and management of the national government and its
agencies. (reinventing and reengenering)
Public personnel Administration- administrative processes. Involves people, its
element, public personnel. This discuss the evolution of public personnel
administration, arrangements of the personnel system. (basta all about personnels) we
can see traditional politics here./ human resource or human resource development.
“Organization studies”
Public fiscal administration- issues and topics affecting government
administration, auditing, and intergovernmental relations. TAX
Local government administration- this is the concept of “decentralization”.
Decentralization in promoting development and democratic governance. Administrative
organizations, operations of local governments, structure and processes of regional
administration.

NEW subfields of PA
Policy analysis and program administration- focuses in the content of public
policy, its processes, models, theories and approaches. Its impact on as well as
evaluation of public programs and projects.
Public Enterprise management- privatization is one of the focus. Nature and
processes of public enterprises, relationship between the government and public
enterprise sector; issues on managerial autonomy. Managerial anatomy
Voluntary sector management- in recognition of growing voluntary sector in PH.
Spatial Information management- support tools, all kinds of spatial data are utilized
in delivering public goods and services efficiently and effectively.
PA has evolved both as scholarly discipline and as profession. It reached wider
dimension of governance, from political, economic, social, cultural aspects of public
management.

Gawad Kalinga: Model of PUBAD and Governance

“Less for self, more for other, enough for all”
Gawad kalinga- to give care
- goal of rehabilitating juvenile gang members and out of school youth in Silang,
Caloocan.
- Movement of nation building, transforming poverty stricken areas into progressive
communities.
- Delivers basic services to Filipinos living in poverty by engaging cooperation
between government, business, and civil society.
Three important characteristics of GK that embody key concept to new PA
- Reinventing government
- Governance enhancement
- Effective delivery of service.

Gawad kalinga as an emerging model of development: GK’s program and MDGs\

- Engage in shelter and site development, community health, education/child and youth
development, productivity and livelihood, community organizing, culture and tourism,
environment.
MDGs- central concern of PA and governance worldwide.
Child and youth livelihood- MDG goal to achieve universal primary education, gender
equality. Sibol and Sagip and Siga GK program
Health Program- 3-4 MDG, family are monitored
Gawad kabuhayan- give livelihood, MDG 1- eradicate extreme poverty
Gawad kalinga environment- MDG 7, environment sustainability.
Gawad kalinga fosters partnership with stakeholders- MDG 8, develop global
partnership.
Gawad Kalinga Programs as convergence point for partnership
- Gk become a vehicle for convergence for all sectors, and its model of
governance is now being replicated in all levels of PH society.
Governance paradigm of GK: cooperation, partnership among business,
government, ngos, and lgus, civil society.
Article 62 of the Local government code of 1991- direct involvement of people’s
organization, NGOs and private sector in plans, programs, project, or activities of
LGUs.
GK partnership with its stakeholders is grounded in trust
- working model of development that can be completed with research, training, and
extension work.
- Gk shuns politics while working with politicians, successfully draw Filipino ingenuity
and generosity.
“To bring the philippines out of the THird world country; to make it a first world nation”
Gawad Kalinga as a template of Good governance
- Good governance evolves around the values of transparency, accountability,
participation, rule of law, equity, social justice, sustainability and continuity.
Gk revolves around the value of “bayanihan”
Massive mobilization of GK partners and volunteers begins with “padugo” or “bleed
for a cause” - devoting one’s own time and resources to initiate work within the
community without expecting outside funding or support, and “patriotism in action”
Gawad kalinga as a global model for development
Gk as the new kind of “people power”
Three stages of GK community may be seen and evaluated through two global
lenses:
1. In view Mahbub ul Haq’s core pillars of sustainable human development
2. In view of innovative, entrepreneurial principles of obsorne and gaebler’s
reinventing puba.

Pillars of sustainable human development and the innovative, entrepreneurial

principles of reinventing pub ad.
- Equity
-Empowerment
- Productivity
- Sustainability
It animates the indigenous principle in the “sweat equity” concept, which has brought
out the productive and creative side of the people.
- It revived the indigenous practice of bayanihan volunteerism.
Gk reaching the poor and underprivileged in other parts of the world through the lens
of new Pa, Reinventing PA, and Governance.
Challenges: Indeed for whom is PA?
Number of challenges have to be addressed:
1. For whom has the field of PA been developed?
2. Has the PH been simply reacting and following the lead of the international PA
community?

Summary
Traditional Politics
- PA is administration for the public
- "Client oriented"
- It roots ancient public
- Wilson - PA should be self conscious
- Goodnow- Politics and administration dichotomy
- Weber(bereaucracy) White(managerial phase)
*classical, neoclassical, to integrative/modern organization theories.*
- taylor- one best way approach
- POSDCORB
comprehensive theory. (Single science of administration exceeds the boundaries of the
private and public sector exists.
Modern Public Administraton
- PA experience the "identity crisis"
which led to new PA
Development administration- study of the third world countries.
DA- as engineering of social change (landua)
Gant- DA as an inducement and management of change for development
Riggs- DA considered as management innovation
New Public Administration
Frederick- disparities exist, PA focused less on social purposes or values of government
policies and programs and more on economy and efficiency.
New PA- administrators should not be neutral, client oriented, should be committed to
both good management and social equity.
- created the need to stimulate change
New Public Management and Reinventing government
-this born out because of the continuing search for solutions to economic problems, to
produce a government that “works better but cost less”

Osborne and Gaebler- idea of reinventing

- use of business model for government
- 10 princeples emphasis on people as customers rather than citizens.
vs
Denhardt- model for governance expands traditional role of public administrator. Serve
citizen

Reengineering- Michael Hammer

- approach of improving performance, effectiveness, efficiency of organization kahit ano
man sector
- rethinking, redesign to achieve improvements.
- effective way to uprgrade services of govermental agencies.

PA as governance
Carino- governance is not the sole responsibility of government.
Governance promote decentralization, participation, responsiveness, and
accountability.
Elements of Good governance: APPT

Specialization of PUBAD
POLSCI SUBFIELDS
Political theory- analysis of political ideas
International politics- relation between and among other country
Comparative- contemporary politics, trends