ee 6. COMPLEX NUMBER 1. INTRODUCTION The number system can be briefly summarized as NoWclcQcRCC, where N, W, | Q Rand C are the standard notations for the various subsets of the numbers belong to it. N= Natural numbers = (1, 2,3...) (0.1.23... Integers = (..2,-1,0,1, 2.3 W-Whole numbers Q = Rational numbers IR Irrational numbers = {,/2,3.n| C—Complex numbers A complex number is generally represented by the letter “z”, Every complex number z, can be written as, 2= where x,y eR andi=y-1 xis called the real part of complex number, and. y is the imaginary part of complex number. Note that the sign + does not indicate addition as normally understood, nordoes the symbol “i" denote a number. These are parts of the scheme used to express numbers of a new class and they signify the pair of real numbers (%y) toform a single complex number. y Imaginary axis| x x O| Real axis y Figure 6.1: Representation of a complex number on a plane Swiss-born mathematician Jean Robert Argand, after a systematic study on complex numbers, represented every complex number as a set of ordered pair (x,y) ona plane called complex plane. All complex numbers lying on the real axis were called purely real and those lying on imaginary axis as purely imaginary. Hence, the complex number 0-01 is purely real as well as purely imaginary but it is not imaginary.6.2 | Complex Number Note Purely eal ity = 0 zextiyis Purely imaginary ifx = 0 120 Complex number if 2 9 re 6.2: Classification of @ complex number (a) The symbol i combines itself with real number as per the tule of algebra together with Baa; Psi 21; 7 = 2; PS jo Lei ai ito jt tos In general, i =1. “i, mel and i®* +i? +14? 43! Hence, 1+ +? +... 24 + PS <0 (b) The imaginary part of every real number can be treated as zero. Hence, there is one-one mapping between the set of complex numbers and the set of points on the complex plane. Complex number as an ordered pair: A complex number may also be defined as an ordered pair of real numbers and may be denoted by the symbol(a, b). For a complex number to be uniquely specified, we need two real numbers in a particular order. Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR 54) 2. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS (a) Addition: (a +ib)+(c+id) = (a+¢)+ib +d) (b) Subtraction: (@ +ib)-(c+id)= (ao +ib-d) (©) Multiplication: (a + ib) (¢ +id) = (ac—bd) + i(ad + bc] (d)_ Reciprocal: if at least one of a,b is non-zero, then the reciprocal of a+ib is given by 1 a-ib ab a+ib _ (@+ib)(a-ib) _ ab? a? sb? we : If at least one of c, d is non-zero, then quotient of a+ib and c+idis given by (eiby(c=id) _ (actrbd) + ibe at) _ actbd , | be=ad (ia (ia) cud Ce ad (6) Inequality in complex numbers is not discussed/defined. If a + ib > + id is meaningful only if b = d = 0. However, equalities in complex numbers are meaningtul. Two complex numbers z, and 2, are said to be equal if Re (z,) =Re(z,) and Im (z,) =Im(2,). (Geometrically, the position of complex number z, on complex plane) (g)_ Inteal number system if p? +q? = 0 implies, p=0=q..Butif z, and z, are complex numbersthen 23 +23 = 0 does not implyz, =z, =0. For eg. 2 =I and z,=1 However if the product of two complex numbers is zero then at least one of them must be zero, same as in cace of real numbers. ifx20 x, ifx<0 (h) In case x is real, then |x point z from the origin. but in case of complex number z, |2| means the distance of theMathematics | 6.3 lustration 1: Find the square root of 5 + 12i. (GEE MAIN) Sok: 2-5.412i Let the square root of the given complex number be a + ib. Use algebra to simplify and get the value of 2 and b. Letits square root = arib 5 412i—a? —b? + 2abi oe S2ab 2 =e? +b?)? = @? —b?)? 4427? (a? +b)? = 254144169 a! +b? =13 ji) 2a? =18 32? 9-52-43 asb+2 Wasasb +. Square root = 3+2,-3-2 + Combined form 1(3+2) Mlustration 2: If z= (x,y) eC. Find z satistying 2? x (1 +i) (-7+17) (GEE MAIN) ‘Sol: Algebra of Complex Numbers. (x+iy)? QI) =-7 +171 => 08 -y? + Dey) Q4) = -7 4171; xe S02 =y? ey) G2 =y? +B) =-T HIT 3 2=3,y =2 34i(-2 Mlustration 3: If x° +2(1+ 2))x~ (11 +2) = 0. Solve the equation. (GEE ADVANCED) Sol: Use the quadratic formula to find the value of x. (14 2i) = V4 16+ 164 44 2 = x= (-2)(L4 2) £32241 1) Q+2)+VB+6 = -1-214G4D; x= 2-i, 4-3!6.4 | Complex Number fae 44x24 8x44. Find (8 +2) (EE ADVANCED) Ilustration 4: If f(x) = Sol: Let x = 3+2i, and squareit to form a quadratic equation. Then try to represent f(x) in terms of this quadratic x=3+2i =9(e=3)? 5x? ~6x+13=0 xt 4x8 he + Bx 444 = 9? x? ~Gx+13)+ 20-9? +8444 => fx) =? (2 —6x +13) +260 — Gx? $13x) + 3b? 6x 413)H5 > fle) =5 3. IMPORTANT TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLEX NUMBER Three important terms associated with complex number are conjugate, modulus and argument. (a) Conjugate: If z= x + iy thenits complex conjugate is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary partand denoted by Zie. Z ~ x— iy (see Fig 6.3). The conjugate satisfies following basic properties @ 242=2R2@) i Im (2) zz-vay? If lies in 18 quadrant then Zilies in 4 quadrant and —2 in the 2"! quadrant. x (0) fx + iy =f (@ + ib) then x iy = (@~ ib) For e.g. if 2 + 3i)* =x + iythen (2~3i)*=x-iy Conjugate of z,2 = xtiy image of zin x-axis, iy =>sin(w—ip) =x-iy ym and, sin(a+ip) =x (vi) 247 > 2 1s purely imaginary Figure 6.3: Conjugate of a complex number (vi) 2-2=0 >is purely real (b) Modulus: If P denotes 2 complex number z = x + iy then, OP = |2| =x? +y* Geometrically itis the distance of a complex number from the origin. oui tie [Va] -1 All complex number satisfying [2] ~ rlie on the circle having centre at origin and radius equal to'r’ Imaginary axis, Hence, note that | Poy) Real axis (©) Argument: if OP makes an angle 0 (see Fig 6.4) with real ax in anticlockwise Figure 6.4: Modulus of a sense, then @ is called the argument of z. General values of argument of z are complex number given by 2nz-+0, n eI. Hence ary two successive arguments differ by 2n Note: A complex number is completely defined by specifying both modulus and argument. However for the complex number 0 + Oj the argument is not defined and this Is the only complex number which is completely defined by its modulus only () Amplitude (Principal value of argument): The unique value of 9 such that —r<0+x is called principal value of argument, Uniess otherwise stated, amp z refers to the principal value of argument. Least positive argument: The value of 0 such that 0 < 0 < 2r is called the least positive argument. WF -tont b HiMathematics | 6.5 Mustration 5: For what real values of x and y, are -3+i¢y and x7 +y-+4i complex conjugate to each other? (GEE MAIN) Sol: As -3 +ix’y and x’ +y+4i are complex conjugate of each other. Therefore —3+ix’y = x? +y+4i. -3+bey =x +y—4i Equating real and imaginary parts of the above question, we get -3= @+ysy=3-% and xy =-4 Putting the value of y = -3~x2 from () in (i, we get x? (3-%) 6 @al=x=4 St 3e 420 oP SEO Putting value of x = + Hence, x = + 1 and we get 3-qyr 2-3-1 (GEE MAIN) 1s? 42 14? - Vs 14d 2 2 72 _dede2i 1-1-2 _ 2-2) IGP tities6.6 | Complex Number Mlustration 7: Find the locus of zif | 2-3] = 3]z + 3} (JEE MAIN) Sol: Simply substituting z = x + iy and by using formula | 2| = yi? + y? we will get the result Letz =x + iy [xsiy-2]=3]eriys 3] [oe —3)iy[=3] +34] [(x—3)? +y? = Bylx+3)? sy? 5 (x3)? ty? = 90x43)? +9y? Mlustration 8: If a and p are different complex numbers with [| = 1, hen find es | Gee apvancep) “ap Sol: By using modulus and conjugate property, we can find aut the value of | P— iy using ijugate property, tl tap Wehave, |B] =1 =[B/ =1 = 88 Bra Boa bp- ap wom | Boa ai = 1 fasixsy ebay Illustration 9: Find the number of non-zero integral solution of the equation |1-i|'=2*. (EE ADVANCED) Sol: As | S? +9? . therefore by using this formula we can solve it. Wehave, |1-i’=2" > Weve |=2" o(2)=2 2 The number of non zero integral solution is zero, IMustration 10: (2 1 y+ iq. Prove that £1 VEE MAIN) vid +d Sok Simply by obtaining modulus of both side of are =p tiq Wehave, 24 - p «iq avid) (EE sig) afpoa! cHid |" Yorug? = 1P tial ade? sat Mlustration 11: If (x +iy)”? = a + ib, Prove thats -¥ (JEE ADVANCED) Sol: By using algebra of complex number. We have, (x+iy)"3 = a+ ib (sib)? = a +i? +3atib+ 3atiby = a ~b*i+3a°bi~3ab” (a? ~3ab”) + (Ba’b—b3)i; x= a! ~3ab? = a (a? 30%); y xi 3a°b-b? 4@? -b")4, REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER 4.1 Graphical Representation Mathematics | 6.7 Every complex number x + iy can be represented in a plane as a point P (x,y). X-coordinate of point P represents the real part of the complex number and y-coordinate represents the imaginary part of the complex number. Complex number x + Oi (teal number) is represented by a point (x, 0) lying on the x-axis, Therefore, x-axisis called the real axis. Similarly, a complex number 0 + iy (imaginary number) is represented by a point on y-axis. Therefore, canis is called the imaginary axis, The plane on which a complex number is represented is called complex y rnumber plane or simply complex plane or Argand plane (see Fig 66). The _maginary ax figure represented by the complex numbers as points in a plane is known co as Argand Diagram. x = 4.2 Algebraic Form Ret) <0 | Re(z)>0 Hz=x+iysthen |z|=ye4y?sz Generally this form is useful in solving equations and in problems involving locus. ~y, and o=tan'(2) 4.3 Polar Form Figure 67 shows the components of a complex number along the x and y-axes respectively. Then +h Aliter: z (cos@+isin®) = rcis® where |z| =r; ampz= 8. iy > 1=|2|(cos0 +isin 0) =r cis 0 Note: (a) (cisa) (cis =cis(a+) (b) (cisa) cis(-)) =cis(a-p) (© 4 - (esa) =cis(-«) (esa) | PLANCESS CONCEPTS The unique value of 0 such that -n< 0 x for which x. known as the principal value of the argument. cos &y =rsin0 is The general value of argument is(2nx-+0), where n is an integer and 0 is the principal value of arg (2). While reducing @ complex number to polar form, we always take the principal value. The complex number z = r (cos@ +isind) can also be written as rcis® Real axis, Ima) 0 O| = ‘ Figure 6.6: Graphical representation 2x, 9) = «iy Feo Polar form + (cos 0 + isin 0) pera Figure 6.8 Nitish Jhawar (JEE 2009, AIR 7)6.8 | Complex Number 4.4 Exponential Form Euler's formula, named after the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler, states that for any real number x, = cosx tisine Hence, for any complex number z =r (cos@+isin6), z=re" is the exponential representation. ere” andsinx = © = © Note: (a) cos are known as Eulers identities. 2 e+e (b) cos ix = 0s hx is always positive real Vx ER and is > 1 and, sinix sin hx is always purely imaginary. 2 4.5 Vector Representation ‘The knowledge of vectors can also be used to represent a complex number y x+y. The vector OF, joining the origin 0 ofthe complex plane tothe Paynes xviy point P(x yi the vector representation ofthe complex number z=xviy, (see Fig 69).The length ofthe vector OP thats, |B] isthe modulus of ‘The angle between the positive real ais and the vector OB, more exactly, the angle through which the positive real axis must be rotated to cause it to have the same direction as OP (considered positive ifthe rotation is counter clockwise and negative otherwise) is the argument of the complex Figure 6.9 Vector representation number. Mlustration 12: Find locus represented by ae 1 Js (VEE MAIN) +, Sol: Multiplying numerator and denominator by x—iy. We have, we 1 2 yy? 5 nox? ty? 2x30 way 2 Y Locus is the exterior of the circle with centre (1, 0) and radius = 1 Mustration 13: fz -1-+cos SE sisin 2, Find rand amp z (EE MAIN) Sol: By using trigonometric formula we can reduce given equation in the form of 2 = r(cos@ +i sind) Bry 3k 3k Bn [3m ae 2 = 2cos? 3 4 2isin™ cos == sisi 2eos! + isin cose = 2cos-— [cos sn] = 20528 | -cos2% +isin2® 5 | 5 2n[ 2m ia 2c0s = | cos~* — isin 5 5 [OsMathematics | 6.9 Mustration 14: Show thet the locus of the point Plodenoting the complex number 2+ on the complex plane is a standard ellipse where | z| = a, where a0, 1 7 VEE ADVANCED) Sol: Here consider w= x+ iyand z = a +iff and then solve this by using algebra of complex number. Letw = zt wherez = a+ip, a? +p? =a? (@s|z| =a) = a+ipst_ xviy= atin 5. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE, MODULUS AND ARGUMENT For z, z,andz, €C, (2) Properties of Conjugate: Re (2) dima (b) Gi) 1221-14 1-12, x) lal ww |F\-— 220 a] 121 @w) [2"J=12{" wh lyre P e122 P=2 [la P +z P] [le 1-12 I] tau +2015 141201 (angle Inequality]6.10 | Complex Number (©) Properties of Amplitude: (@ amp (@ -2,)=amp 2, +ampz, + 2kx, kel « ano{24]=ame 2 ampz +2kn kel (iii) amp (2") =n amp(z) + 2kx, where the value of k should be such that RHS lies in (-x, x] Based on the above information, we have the following © [Re(2}| +[Im(z)|0 24 Lt ab a ib 7 z atib atib ab yb? tab? and @y? = B= = te de o) Z a+ib a-ib From (i) and (ii), we get (2 *)=(2)* i (asi? oy ge een? Mustration 17: if @*)” = p + ig, then show that p? + q? = (JEE MAIN) Bi 4a41 Sok: Multiply given equation to its conjugate. (esp? We have, p + iq = a jehave, p= Iq C aig | @+i? Taking conjugate of both sides, we get p +i GV Gal using @ -F2-2-2-@)? Gacy Ca sing =) ® = p-ig-' Multiplying () and (i, we get (p + Iq) (pia) = { Gso (4) 2a-i || 2a 2 pq? -@ 7)? 2 gr een? Sp? Pa? = spied = 4a -? aa +1 Mlustration 18: Let 2, 2),23, ($s][ 2) mee om a (zis areal number (i) O]b]=2 Also |~a | = 1%, +2] lalslx [+11 or lal s2 2 Mi Now consider y?+ Ja] y+|b|=0 SS where y, and y, are complex numbers ated oapes _ —lel+(Ve TP) 2 z . Wa Yaa Hence, ly; |=lyz 1-1 6. TRIANGLE ON COMPLEX PLANE In a AABC, the vertices A, B and C are represented by the complex numbers z, 2, and z, respectively, then (a) Controid: The centroid "is given by 2277272 Az) Be) D cea) Figure 6.10: Centroid (b)_Incentre: The incentre ‘I is given by 221 arbre Ae) Bez.) Cte) Figure 6.11:Incentre Refer to Fig 6.10, 2% +b22 #023 Refer to Fig 6.11(©) Orthocentre: The orhtocentre ‘H’ is given by 7 Dana AG) e Bey P Dg Ce) Figure 6.12: Orthocente Pz +02) a In DABD and AACD, p = c cos B and q = b cos C. Refer to Fig 6.12 beosC z, +ccosB z, Deosez, recosi a Now, AE = ccosA; n= AH= AEcosecC =c cos Acosec C Proof: From section formula, we have Zp = ‘Therefore, z= =n=Reosd [Using Sine Rule] andm = ¢cos BcotC orm = 2RcosB cos C [Using Sine Rule] Hence, 2, = 2102. 4 neh beosC z) + ¢cos8 z, PRcosBcosCz, + 2R cosAj “2 SSO 3 2R (CosA+cosBcosC) acosBcosCz, 1 beosAcosCz, | ccosAcosB2. 058 + C) + cosBcosO) 2, (SiNACosBcosC) +2, (sinB cosCcosA)+ 2,(sinCCosACOsB) sind (sinBsin@) 2, tanA +z, tanB +z, tanC tanA +z, tanB+z,tanC AtanA +2, tanB+ZtanC 2% tanA+ 7, tanB+z, tan€ Yoana Tiana [IFA + B+ C= n, then tan A+ ten B + tan C= tan A tan BtanC] (A) Circumcentre: Let R be the circumradius and the complex number z, represent the circumcentre of the triangle as shown in Fig 6.11, lz 70 1=122- 2p |= ‘| 3 Consider, | z, - 25 |? =|2) Z|? 9) (%, ~%)= (23 ~25) @, %)6.14 | Complex Number 7%, [@-29)-(2, 9 (% -¥,) a0) (2, ~%9) -Z, (2, ~25 A ~t9) ~2, (2) -%9 Similarly 1 and 3° gives Yl -%) -2y (05 -%) = 2 (2-25) i) On dividing (i) by (i), Z gets eliminated and we obtain 2, Alternatively: From Fig 6.13, we have BD _m _ Ar AABD _ Ar APBD Ar AADC Ar. APDC ‘sindB sin2c AABP _ AAPC _ AABP+AAPC J Ay +4, APBD ~ ACPD © APBD ACPD kay +12 _ 1 indA+ 2,8inZB +2, 5in2C “eh ' Ysin2a Hence, 25Mlustration 20: fz, z,, 2, are the vertices of an isosceles triangle right angled at 2, then prove thatz} +22} +2) = 2z, (2, +25) (EE MAIN) Sol: Here (2, ~2,) =(2, ~2,)82 - Hence by squaring both side we will got the result : > (2, -2,)? =Pl2, -2,)? " gy ae Figure 6.14 242 ~ 2-2 2422 2-22, (2, +2 > Bas} 22,2, —-22 23 .2ay2, af 4 2b oad —22, (2, 424) Mlustration 21: A, B, Care the points representing the complex numbers 2, 2,,2, respectively and the circumcentre of the triangle ABC jes atthe origin. Ifthe altitudes of the triangle through the opposite vertices meets the crcumcirde at D, £ F respectively. Find the complex numbers corresponding to the points D, EF interms of, z,,2, QEEMAIN) Sol: Here the ZBOD= x-2B, hence OD = OB From Fig 6.13, we have OD =O8 a"). a=z, 0 also, 2, Figure 6.15 Mlustration 22: if z, ( = 1, 2 ...6) are the vertices of a regular hexagon then prove that °z? = 623, where 2, is the circumcentre of the regular hexagon. EE MAIN) Sol: As we knowl 2), 25, 25,024 be the vertices of regular polygon of n sides and 2, be its centroid, then 2? +23 4 anata! ned Xe) Here by the Fig 6.14, ©) 5a) Se as Figure 6.16 aed =zezi+d Poky eye 2.2 and, 323 =z 424 422 = 68-32 Mustration 23: fz, 2,,2,arethe vertices of an equilateral triangle then prove that 2! +23 423 ~2,2) 42,25 +232, andi 2 is its circumcentre then 323 = 22 +23 +23 (EE ADVANCED) Sol: By using triangle on complex plane we can prove Babak = 22, +2:25+22; and by using 2) -27%2 743 we can prove 323 = 22 +23 +23 ’ To Prove, 22422421 =2,2, 42,2, +2,% ey As seen in the Fig 6.17, ‘ie Cte) - 3 4-4 _-HIe 2 Ale NE ig, 2), -24)= 4-4) a E 2) (2-83) = Ata —Bs Kies 2,)e d x 2p an snp seer-22,-0 «Sx Figure 6.17 3h -n2,-22, +22, +2 +23-22,2,-0 Dz - Laz, i6.16 | Complex Number — Now ifz is the circumcentre of the A, then we need to prove 323 =2? +22 +22 Since in an equilateral triangle, the circumcentre coincides with the centroid, we have zy = “*2*73. (20) 73 Ee >, +2, +257 = P8+20z2, 92. Ilustration 24: Prove that the triangle whose vertices are the points z,,z,, z, on the Argand plane is an equilateral triangle if and only if —1_+—2_+_1_ <0. (EE ADVANCED) 2-5-4 ay Sol: Consider AEC is the equilateral triangle with vertices 2,, z, and 2, respectively ne Therefore |2,~25 |= 123-2 1=12, ~2 1] - Let ABC be atrianglesuch that theverticesA, BandCare z, z, and z, respectively, 50" Further let «=2) 2, B=2)-z, and 7=2,-2). Then a+B+7=0 a ‘As shown in Fig 6.16 let AABC be an equilateral triangle. Then BC = CA = AB 2 lz,-2) 1-1-4 1-14-21 = 1al=18 foo: S Bees ce > laP=IpF (say) Parr = aa =pp- di) ‘Thus, we have to prove that the triangle is equilateral. We have, 2+ z* 4.0 a By 1 Be x) 2 ain-(Ber) > a2=py @ ( ir Saf: Billy] > loP=lal [Bly] lBily| and ly P=lal1Blly1 =[Bl=lyl al= Hence, the given triangle is an equilateral triangle. Similarly, |B. z,| >BC=CA=ABce | 6.17 Mlustration 25: Prove that the roots of the equation =0 (where z,,2,, 2, are pair wise distinct ‘complex numbers) correspond to points on a complex plane, which lie inside atriangle with vertices z,z,,z, excluding its boundaries. (GEE ADVANCED) Sol: By using modulus and conjugate properties wecan reduce givenexpression as“ + 42, 21s [za f? |z-2 |? 2-33] where I= = 0. Therefore by putting | 2-2, P= 2 2 and 3, we willgetthe result, 1 @-2)+H@-Z)+t (2-2) =0 where |2-z, [P= ete and t,t ty eR" th) +(2-2,)+ Ge-2,) = 0 atte, +t Reb oWetarhe che S2- (rbot) 22 +h et, tzttz, t+t tz, tet. Ba) ce oo BB ARE Figure 619 ht, thet het+t, t+th+th path tbk ty, Eethst, =t, => zis the centroid of the triangle. = zlies inside the Az,z,7, It = Also, it implies |2—2, |=|2-2 |=|2-25| > zis the circumcentre. IMlustration 26: Let z, andz, be rocts of the equation z’ +pz+q = 0, where the coefficients p and q may be complex numbers. Let A and 8 represent z, and z, in the complex plane. If /AOB =a #0 and OA = OB, where O is the origin, prove thatp* = 4qcos? 5 (EE ADVANCED) Sol: Here OB = OAe"”. Therefore by using formula of sum and product of roots of quadratic equation we can prove this problem. y Since 2, and z, are roots of the equation z” +pz+q 2, +2, =-pand 27%, =q a @) a (ya) Since OA = OB. $0 OB isobtained by rotating OA in anticlockwise direction through y. x angle «. o OB=OAe = > z, =2,6" = Bad ¥ 4 Figure 6.20 +h @f cos isin” +cosatisina > deos$ | cos$-+isin$6.18 | Complex Number — Mlustration 27: On the Argand plane z,, z, and z, are respectively the vertices of an isosceles triangle ABC with AC = BC and equal angles are 0. fz, is the incentre of the triangle then prove that (z, ~ z,) (2, ~z,) = (1+ sec 0) 72) (JEE ADVANCED) Sol: Here by using angle rotation formula we can solve this problem, From Fig 621, we have 0) (clockwise) ce) (i) (anticlockwise) aN =%) _ 1@-Zz)INGs—2,)1 _ ABLAC] _ 2(AD) (AC) _ 2(AD)?_ AC Ag) D Bie) zi (an? (an? (AD? AD Figure 6.21 = 2cos" sect = (1+ coseyseco 7. REPRESENTATION OF DIFFERENT LOCI ON COMPLEX PLANE @ (san denotes a circle with centre (1, 2) and radius 3 (see Fig 6.22), y Figure 6.22: Circle on a complex plane (b) |z~1|~|2~i| denotes the equation of the perpendicular bisector of join of (1, 0) and (0, 1) on the Argand plane (see Fig 6.24). Figure 6.23: Perpendicular bisector complex plane (© |z-4i| +|z + 4i| = 10 denotes an ellipse with foci at (0, 4) and (0, — 4 major axis 10: minor axis 6 with AD. W Figure 6.24: Elipse on a complex plane 4 e= 4 (0eFig6.24), 5 Gee Fig2 36 ot [E | 100 ~ 100 5 19 25 (d) [2-1] + [2+ 1] =1 denotes no locus. (Triangle inequality). (@) [2-1] < 1 denotes area inside @ circle with centre (1, 0) and radius 1 (f) 2|z-1]<5 denotes the region between the concentric circles of radii 5 and 2. Centred at (1, 0) including the inner boundary (see Fig 6.25) y a.0) t Figure 6.25: Circle disc on acomplex plane (@) 0 sargz s 5 (2+ 0) where zis defined by positive real axis and the part of the line x = yin the fist quadiant. I includes the boundary but not the origin, Refer to Fig 626, Figure 6.26 (h) Re (z)>0 denotes the area between the lines x = y and x = ~ y which includes the x-axis. Hint (-y')+2yi=0 = -y?>0 = O-yl&+y)>0. Imtustration 28: Solve forz, if 2° | 2|- 0 (EE MAIN) Sol: Corsider 2 = x-riy and solve this using algebra of complex number tetz= arly soit ite =0 [Pye lea) +2 =0 = Either x=O0ry=0; x = -ye|y|=0 9 Sy =0,1-1 2-0-1 ° andy=0— x2+|x]=0 = x=0 =Oz=i2 Therefore, Iustration 29: Ifthe complex number z is to satisty e| = 3e—(et+i)-9]-<3 and |z + 2a-(@+ il > 3 simultaneously for at least one z then find all a eR. (JEE ADVANCED) Sol: Consider z = x + iy and solve these inequalities to get the result.6.20 | Complex Number All zat a time lie on a circle |z | = 3 but inside and outside the circles | fa (1 + i)-i} |= 3and|z + 2a- (e+ 1) i| = 3, respectively Letz = x + iy then equation of circles are x¢ +y* 0 (x-aF +(y-at)? =9 i) and (x+2a)'+(y-a-1=9 «iy Circles () and (i) should cut or touch then distance between their centres < sum of their radi = Ule-0)? +(a-1-0) 53+3 >a? +(e-1)' =36 ~ * a7 an 2 2 Figure 627 w Again circles (i) and (ii) should not cut or touch then distance between their centres > sum of the radi = Ve-a-0)7 +(a+1-0)7 2343 = V5a?+2a+1>6 = 5a? +2a+1>36 Suanasa a aeBr0 The 2 alt ae) ot) (en, 5 +411 Figure 628 ‘The common values of a satisfying (iv) and v are 2 aol) (aon oft) : 3 2 5 / ac, 8. DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM Statement: (cos n@ + isin n8) is the value or one of the values of (cos8+ ising)", Vn Q. Value if n is an integer. One of the values if nis rational which is not integer, the theorem is very useful in determining the roots of any complex quantity. Note: We use the theory of equations to find the continued product of the roots of a complex number. The theorem is not directly applicable to (sin® + icos@)", rather ems onan] =u aonMathem 8.1 Application Cube root of unity 1 -iv3 2 1+ NB 2 (a) The cube roots of unity are 1, [Note that 1-iy3 =-2and 1 +i y3=-20*) {b) If o is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1+0+ 07 In general 1 + 0! +0% = 0; where r= 1, and nota multiple of 3. 28 isin2®. cos 4? x isin tt (€) In polar form the cube roots of unity are: cos 0+ isin 0; cos +isin2= ; cos $= + isin$® (2 Imp y F tisin> ; (d)_ The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the vertices of an equilateral triengle. [Note thet the 3 cube roots of ilies on the vertices of an isosceles triangle] (@) The following factorization should be remembered. Fora, b,¢ eR andbeing the cube root of unity, (a! —b’ = (@-b) (a-eb)(a—o’b) x 41 = (x00) x0") Gi) a +b? = @+D) (a+ wd|(@+u%) (iv) a) +b! +c! abe = (@+b+0) (a+ ob+0'd (a+ "b+ 0x) n® roots of unity: If 1. a,,0;,05........0,, are the n.n™ roots of unity then , (2) oth They rein GP with common cto et") cos visinZ® VF +of +08 +......+02 , =0 ifpis notan integral multiple of n IP (ay)? (0)? tens t ly g)? =n fp isan integral multiple ofr. (a) Qa) =a, =n. Steps to determine nth roots of a complex number Represent the complex number whose roots are to be determined in polar form. ‘Add 2m to the argument. Apply De Moivre's TheoremT (iv) Put m= 0, 1, 2.3, ..... (n= 1) to getall the n® roots. 1 1 1 5 , z . 2 ,2mm gam) Explanation: Let z = 1° = (cos 0+-isin OP = (cos 2m isin mae = ( cos2™ 4 isin 2 pl (cos OF isin Or = ( y ( ° a Put m =0, 1, 2, 3, .... (n-1),weget 1 cose icin 2 , cost wisn sue, cos LOLI, gin AO—UE (ny ot roots inGP) nny 7 n a6.22 | Complex Number (oP) _ A (anyP 1-at lea? Now, S= +a? +a? 40% +... ea! P= ifp isnotan integral multiple of n 1) Oe) 4g) nr Oy) < («-4,..) Putx = 1, toget (1-a,)(1-a,) Similarly putx =~ 1, is to get other result. Mlustration 30: if x= a+b, y=anm+bo* and z= aa” +be, then prove that’ +y? +z? =3 (a +b®) (JEE MAIN) Sol: Here x+y+2=0. Take cube on both side. xey42=0 38 +yP 42 = yz LHS = 392 = 31a +b)(a0 + bo? (a0? +bo} =3(@+b)(e0 + bo? a0" + bo") = 30'(a+bia-+bayfa +bo?) =3.@ +b?) Mlustration 31: The value of expression 1(2— e)(2— @”) + 2(3-@) @—a*)+.. + (a-1(n-o)(n— 0”). (EE ADVANCED) Sol: The given expression represent as x? —1 = (x- 1) (x—@) (x— a”). Therefore by putting x = 2, 3, 4... n, we will get the result. x81 = (x- 1) (k-0) (xo) Putx=2 2'-1=1-(2-)(2-0)? — Putx=3 3*-1= 2-3-0) G-e*): Putx =n’ —1= (1-1) (n-«)(n—o*) -+n)-(n-1) +2 43+, LHS = (23 +39 + +)-n -(@% ] aMathematics | 6.23 9. SUMMATION OF SERIES USING COMPLEX NUMBER (2 a (a) c0s8+c0520+c0530 +.......#cosn® = 0) 2 sin( 2 () no) sin(%?) (b) sin6 + sin26 + sin30+. +sinn® = A2 oF siqf B42 2n Note: If 8 =—, then the sum of the above series vanishes 9.1 Complex Number and Binomial Coefficients Try the following questions using the binomial expansion of (1+ x)" and substituting the value of x according to the binomial coefficients in the respective question. Find the value of the following O Cy Fly HCy + W G#GQ+Gt (ll) C, #0, + Gao + (i) G+, 4+ () Cy +C3 +E5 +Cy + Hint (vIn the expansion of (1+1)", put x =1,,ando? and add the three equations Mlustration 32: F 1,0, 0... "4 are n** roots of unity, then the value of (5 ©) (56?) ......(6—e"™) is equal to (JEE MAIN) Sol: Here consider x = (1), therefore x"-1=0 (has n roots i€. 1, 0, 00%, 00.04 0"?). = xX -1= KD (x0) (0?) ik -0" (x-0" 4) 2) Gat) = BP > Putting » = Sin both sides, we get 5-0) 6-08)... 6-e) = FF 10. APPLICATION IN GEOMETRY 10.1 Distance Formula Distance between A(z,) and 8(z,) is given by AB = |z, ~2, |. Refer Fig 629. x Figure 6.296.24 | Complex Number 10.2 Section Formula B(z,) ‘The point Po) which divides the join of AC.) and B(,) inthe rato m:n oe ime, + by z= —2~—_. Refer Fig 6.30. AG) owen bys = MT. goter ig 10.3 Midpoint Formula Mid-point M(z) of the segment AB is given by z= 5% +) 1.1. Ag) = -M@) Biz) Figure 6.31 Mid point formula 10.4 Condi Condition(s) for four non-collinear A(z,), B(Z,), C(2,) and D(z4) to represent vertices of a n For Four Non-Collinear Points (2) Parallelogram: The diagonals AC and BD must bisect each other ae) De) (b) Rhombus: pa (The diagonals AC and BD bisect each other © 442, 22,424, and Aw) De) Gi) Apair of two adjacent sides are equal, for instance AD = AB © lat 112-211 (© Square: aey cle) (The diagonals AC and BD bisect each other i Figure 633 Apair of adjacent sides are equal; for instance, AD = AB 2 e) @ lzqntalelz-z1 The two diagonals are equal, that is AC = BD Dd lana tl2.-21 oe te) (@)_ Rectangle: Figure 6.34 (The diagonals AC and BD bisect each other Ate) Die © AHR HZ tty Gi) The diagonals AC and BD are equal N ° 123-2, 1=124-221 8ey Ce), Figure 6.3510.5 Triangle Inatriangle ABC let the vertices 4, B and C be represented by the complex numbers 7,7, and z, respectively. Then (a) Centroid: The centroid (G), is the point of intersection of medians of AABC. It is given by the formula a ne $y 42, +33) ge Bay 2) Figure 6.36 (3) (b) Incentre: The incentre (1) of AABC is the point of intersection of internal angular bisectors of angles of ‘ABC. It is given by the formula pe tbe He, aebre ye a ‘es Figure 6.36 (b) (©) Circumcentre: The circumcentre ($) of ABC is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of sides of AABC. It is given by the formula ne) 2 72 laPe Aq 214 HG - A) By 82) (2) 7, (5in2A) + 7, (8in2B) +74 (sin20) Figure 6.36 (¢) Also, sin 2A + sin2B + sin2C Bo ets (Otthocentre) —(Centroid) " (Citcumcentre) Figure 6.37 (4). Euler’s Line: The orthocenter H, the centroid G and the circumcentre § of a triangle which is not equilateral lies on a straight line. In case of an equilateral triangle these points coincide. G divides the join of H and S in the ratio 2 : 1 (see Fig 6.37). 1 Thus, 2 = F(2+2z6)6.26 | Complex Number 10.6 Area of a Triangle Nz) ‘Area of MABC with vertices A(z,),B(2,) and Clz,) is given by Zz % 1 : Aalalte % Ul = |Fimqz, +225 +22) z%3 % 1 Biz) Cle.) . Figure 6.38 10.7 Conditions for Triangle to be Equilateral The triangle ABC with vertices A(2,), B(2,) anéC(2,) is equilateral ft 2 1 1 a2) Figure 6.39 10.8 Equation of a Straight line (a) Non-parametric form: An equation of a straight line joining the two points Alz,) and B(z,) is te) 02) ‘ie or 2(Z, -2,) -2(2, -2,)+ 2,2, -2,2, = 0 (b) Parametric form: An equation of the line segment between the points A(z, ) and B(2, )is z= tz, +(1-tz,, t(0.1) where tis a real parameter. (©) General equation of a straight line: The general equation of a straight line is @+az+b=0 where, a is non-zero complex number and b is @ real number. 10.9 Complex Slope of a Line AW? IF 8ta,)and(z.) are two pointsin the complex pane then complex slope of AB is defined tobe w = 31 “% Two lines with complex siopes ji, and pt, are (@ Parallel, if ty = Hy (il) Perpendicular if wy +n, = 0 ) The complex slope of the line 42 +aZ +b =0 is given »(210.10 Length of Perpendicular from a Point toa Line Length of perpendicular of point A(o) from the line +a «b= 0 ° Where a€C-(0}, andb eR isgiven by p=/20+a@+b/ 2lal Figure 6.41 10.11 Equation of Circle 2 (a) Anequation of the circle with centre z, and radius ris |2~z)|=ror z=2, +1e",0<0<2n (parametric form) of 22-22 (b) General equation ofa cicle is 22+ a2 + es b—0 0 Figure 642 Where a is a complex number and bis a real number such thetaa—b 2 0. Cente of (i) is ~ @ and its radius is (©) Diameter form of a circle: An equation of the circle one of whose diameter is the segment joining A(z,) and Bz, is (2-2) (2-2) +(2-Z 2-2) =0 rae) (4) Anequation of the circle passing through two points A(z,) and B(z,) is @-2,)(2-Z,)+@-1,)(2-z,)+ik]z, % 1|=0 where kisa real parameter Bl Figure 6.43 (@) Equation of a circle passing through three non-collinear points. Let three non-collinear points be A(z,), Biz) and C(z] and P(2] be any point on the circle through A, B and C. Then either ACB = ZAPB [when angles are in the same segment] or, ZACB + ZAPB = x [when angles are in the opposite segment] (see Fig 6.44), yz). (2-2 2 = ws{ 222) wo(2) - 0 (2-2) @ -2,) In any case, we get Y 9 G29) is purely real Figure 6.44 (2-2) 3-2) (@-2))l23-%) (Condition for four points to be cancyelic. (2, ~%) (2 ~%) is purely real (2, -%)(2,-%) Four points 7,.2,.2, andz, willlie on the same circle if and only if6.28 | Complex Number a Three points 2;,2, andz, are collinear it |z, z 3 If three points A(z,), B(2,) and C(z,) are collinear then slope of AB = slope of BC = slope of AC 4% Boe Boe UNNI! ‘Akshat Kharaya (JEE 2009, AIR 235) IMlusteation 33: If the imaginary part of 72 a is 4, then the locus of the point representing z in the complex plane is ze (@)Astraight line (6) Aparabola—(@)Acircle._—_(@) Anellipse (EE MAIN) Sol: Put z = x + iy and then equate its imaginary part to — 4, 2+] _ Qoctiytd _ Qs +2 wel ioeriyet Ayre As (Zt) = -Aweget (2x41) +2] (L-yP a? Letz =x + iy, then zi > D2 + 2y? x-2y= 42 + Aly? —2y +1) > 2x? +2y? —x—6y +4 =O It represents a circle. Mlustration 34: The roots of z° = (z-1)5 are represented in the argand plane by the points that are (2) Collinear (6) Coneycie (Q Vertices of a parallelogram (4) None of these (JEE MAIN) Sol: Apply modulus on bath the side of given expression Let z be a complex number satisfyingz® =(z-1)5 S| l=1@-1| zi =lz-1P |e 1 Thus, 7 les on the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining the origin and (1 + i0) ie. zlies on Re(2) = 5 ae lMustration 35: Let 2, and 2, be wo non-zero complex numbers such that “1.422. = 1, then the origin and points represented by z, and z, 2m {@) Le on straight line (0) Form a right triangle (© Forman equilateral triangle (4) None of these (IEE ADVANCED) 2 and z, and z, are represented by AandB respectively and O be the origin Sol: Here consider z vthenz+2=1 = 2?-z+1=0 Zz z, Letz = 2% levi = AlN 2 = 2-1 : 2If z, and z, are represented by A and 8 respectively and O be the origin, then on _ 1s 08 [zy] AB Also, = AB= 0B Thus, OA = OB = AB AOAB is an equilateral triangle. Mlustration 36: If z,,2,,2, are the vertices of an isosceles triangle, right angled at the vertex z, , then the value of (@ -4,)? (2-4)? is @- (0 (d) None of these (VEE ADVANCED) Sol: Here use distance and argument formula of complex number to solve this problem. ‘As ABC is an isosceles right angled triangle with right angle at B, cz BA = BC and ZABC =90" = |z, -z, |=|2,~2, | and arg| m4 Be) Ae) Figure 6.45 11. CONCEPTS OF ROTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER Let z bea non-zero complex number. We can write z in the polar form as follows: (cos0 +isin0) =re where r = | z | and arg (z) = 0 (see Fig 6.46). t ow) Consider a complex number ze to ze (reitilt—=eio 4 e Thus, ze represents the complex number whose modulus is r and argument is 8+. Fyre 66 igure Geometrically, ze" can be obtained by rotating the line segment joining © and P(z) through an angle «in the anticlockwise direction, Corollary: If A(z,) and B(z,) are two complex number such that ZAOB=0, then 2, = iz yn” (see Fig 647) % Let z, =ne® and z,=r,0" where |z, |=4,12,1= then 22 =f" fego-o 2 ne Thus, 72 =e” (> p— Ah Figure 6.476.20 | Complex Number Multiplication of a complex numberz with i Letz =r (cos +isind) and i = (cos ein then iz feo +0) it Hence, iz can be obtained by rotating the vector 2 by right angle in the positive sense. And so on, to ‘multiply a vector by- 1s to turn it through two right angles. Thus, multiplying a vector by (cos0 +isin0) is to turn it through the angle @ in the positive sense. Anvit Tawar (JEE 2009, AIR 9) Mlustration 3: Suppose A(2,), 8(z,) and C(z,) are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the crcle 2.If 2,-1.4 Bi, then 2, and 2, are respectively. (@ 21-3 (&) -1+V3i,-2 (9-2-1435 (6) -2,2+V3i (EE ADVANCED) Sol: As we know x + iy = re”. Hence by using this formula we can obtain z, and z, 2, =1+N3i = 2e8 sine, Zaoc =25 and “800 = 2 =2e" = 2cosz + ising) =-2 and 25 =eo(e-s}-m( =2| 2 isin® [on su Figure 6.48 PROBLEM-SOLVING TACTICS (a) Ona complex plane, a complex number represents a point. (b) In case of division and modulus of a complex number, the conjugates are very useful (6). For questions related to locus and for equations, use the algebraic form of the complex number. (4). Polar form of a complex number is particularly useful in multiplication and division of complex numbers. It directly gives the modulus and the argument of the complex number. (©) Translate unfamiliar statements by changing z into xtiy (8) Multiplying by cos@ corresponds to rotation by angle ® about O in the positive sense.ce | 6.22 a+ib (g) To put the complex number inthe form A + i8 we should multiply the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator (h) Care should be taken while calculating the argument of a complex number. If z = a + ib, then argiz) is not always equal to tan () «To find the argument of a complex number, first determine the quadrantin which it lies, and then proceed to find the angle it makes with the positive x-axis. For exemple if¢ =~ 1 =i the formula tar? () civesthe argument as, wile the actal agument FORMULAE SHEET (a) Complex numberz = x+iy, where x,y eR andi= V1. (b) f= «+ iythen its conjugate 7 (©) Modulus of z, i tan? be x50, y>0 r-tan? i" x<0, y>0 (4) Argument of z,.€.0= 2 ly rvton <0, y<0 on? y | a> < | x20 y<0 0, ifx>0 IF y=0, the ofzie.8 (9 Hyon agen ie [0 #429 =, ity>o (8) fx, then argument of, 18.6 =} 2 ra ity0 is given byz = (8) Midpoint formula: Levy (6) Equation of a straightline (Non-parametric form: 2 % ~%) ~22, -2,)+ 23% Gi) Parametric form: 2= tz, +(L-thz, c General equation of straight line: 32+ az +b=0 () Complex slope of aline, w= 22 Two lines with complex slopes 14, andj are Z-2 (Parallel, if uy =H, i) Perpendicular if 1+ my = 0 (u) Equation of a circle: |z~z96.24 | Complex Number — JEE Main/Boards LHS=14 092 46? <1 4 we? Example 1:f z, andz, are 1~i,~2 + di respectively. (b) Let = 3m +2 Jo 4 ghd 1+0" = 1L+0? to" = 140? +0 =0. Example 4: Show that represents a circle. 3. Sol: Consider z =x + ly and then by taking modulus we will get the result Lotz =x + iy Example 2: Find the square root of z = — 7 24i. Sol: Consider z)=x+iy be a square root then [r-34iy[P=2? por sriy |? 2g! = 724i 2 7 o or (x-3) ty? =4( 0043) 4y’ ) => 3x? +3y?+30x+27=0 = 7-24) = 2 —y? + 2iny Equating real and imaginary parts we get x nye = 7 a and 2xy = -24 Gi) Example 5: if] 2, which represents a circle. 2 sy2\?= oe -y?P aaey? (ee OC —yhl + x0 prove that|2) 42) town 2, [= a = (-7) +(-24)? = 625 7 Pay? a2 6 Sat itn Solving (i) and (i), we get, Example 3: If 9 is @ positive integer and mbe an imaginary cube root of unity, prove that 1s oh vo2 [3:Whennis amulitpleof 3 0, when nis not a mulitpleof 3 Sol: Case I: =3mim el 2Atoh eal 2140 40% 2 1 Example 6: if |2, +2, 21-2; |, prove that S1tl+ife@ =I =3 atgt, arg2, = odd mutiple of E. Case I:n = 3m + 1or3m+2;me! ~ Sol: As we know |z]=23 . Apply thie formula and (a) Letn = 3m +1consider z= r(cos6+i sind) 12, +2, [12 -2, = (+2) % +%)=(% -%))(% -%) oF QL $YL +h th - HL +h,-Lh 4h or 2(2,2, +2,%,)=0; Re(%Z,)=0 Let 2, =, (€080, +isind,) and z, =r, (C056, +isin®,) =" (cost, -0,)+isin(0, —0,) ) =0(asRe(z,2,)=0) then 2,2 2 €08 (8-6, 8, ~@, = odd multiple of Example 7: f|7~1| < 3. prove that |iz +3—Sile 8 Sok: Here we have to reduce iz + 3 ~ Si as the sum of two complex numbers containing z ~ 1. because we have to use -1 63. Jiz + 3-51 iz-i+3-4i| = [3-4 +i@-1)| s|3-4i]+]i@-0] (by triangle inequality) <5 +1-3=8 Example 8:1f (1+ x)" = a, tax + aye + then show that + aX @a, tat = 2 cos 2 4 = 22 sin (aja 49,4 Sol: Simply put x = | in the given expansion and then by using formula z=1(cos0 +i sind) and (cos0 + isin 6)" = cosn+i sin n8, we can solve this problem. Putx in the given expansion (sipearaitae era ) Mathem Equating real and imaginary parts. -atat Example 9: Solve the equation 2~' = Z:neN Sol: Apply modulus on both side. IF fz] = Othenz = «b= ork Let i} Vythen, 2° =2Z =1 ama amr = C08 +isin Em = 0,1, se NT lie Example 10: If2= x + iyand © with Jol =1, show that, z ies on the real axis FE | lo e~il =|1-i7 on [i -int y= he + iy- 1] of (I +P ext = + y- Tor Ay = 0 Hence zlies on the real axis Example 11: If a complex number z lies in the interior or on the boundary of a circle of radius as 3 and centre at (0-4) then greatest and least value of fe + 1] are (a) 34vi7.17-3 (61 of (0) 3,1 Sol: Greatest and least value of 2 + 1] means maximum and minimum distance of circle from the point (- 1, 0). In circle greatest and least distance ofit from any point is along the normal y 1.0) | 0 os)6.26 | Complex Number AP va = 34417 = f7-3 Groatest distance = 3 Least distance = Vi? +4? Example 12: Find the equation of the circle for which 2-6-2 ar =nyA 0233) / z-2-2i Circle of which Line joining (6, 2)) and (2, 2) is a chord y g Jana represent a major atc of that subtends an angle i at circumference. Clearly AB is parallel to real (x) axis, Mis mid-point, M=(4,2),OM=AM=2 <. 0 = (4,4) and OA’ = OM? + AM? = 2y2 Equation of required circle is |z-4~4i|=2v2 Example 13: If |z| > 3, prove that the least value of Lod isé 3] "3 1 bjzj-t Sol: Here zi) 4 +4] | Now [2|2 3 @ I ‘Adding the two like inequalities 1,18 p33 i 8 3 Hence from (i) and (i), we get [2+] Least value is & 3 Example 14: If, z,,z, are non-zero complex numbers such that z, + 2, + 2, = O and z,! +423! +231 =0 then prove that’ the given points are the vertices of an equilateral tangle. Also show that [2 = [2 = [21 Sol: Use algebra to solve this problem Given 2, + 2, + 2, = 0, and from 2~ relation zz, + 2,2, + 22,0 22g, =- 22,42) heb = 2 “P= iP = eP Above shows that distance of origin from AB, C is same. -2,62) =27 Origin is circumcentre, but z, + z, +2, = 0 implies that centroid is also at the origin so that the triangle must be equilateral JEE Advanced/Boards Example 1: For constant c> 1,findall complex numbers z satisfying the equation z + ¢|z+ 1]+i=0 Sol: Solve this by putting 2 = x + iy. Lotz xs iy. The equation z + ¢|z+ 1] x rly tc icra? +7 41-0 orx+cy(x+iy ty? +iy+1)=0 Equating real and imaginary parts, we get becomes @ andx + eylasiP+y2=0:x<0 «iy Solving () and (il, we get KC VKH? +1=0 ore = Cle + 1? +1) or (= x8 + 2¢x + 2c = ytt=0>y Ife = A.letc> 1; then, wae eye! -8c'(?-1)_ 2 2ey2-2 Ae -1) e-1 As xis real and c > 1, we have: 1 < cs ¥2 then x (Thus. for ¢ > V2. there is no solution). Since both values of x satisfy (i), both values are admissible.