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Atomic &molecular Short Notes

Short note of Atomic &Molecular

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58 views

Atomic &molecular Short Notes

Short note of Atomic &Molecular

Uploaded by

Dildar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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= Oromrc awd Movecuceag SPECTROSCOPY “SHORT Nores” ne + fhtesa Sata Td DASHRATH DEV YADAV © > Fes Complete material Related -to CSIR-NET PHysrcs , GATE, JEST (PHYSIéS) Jom My Telegram chame/. > G oyys ‘PHYSICS Devilliews (ESIR-NET PHYSICAL SCTENCE GATE Paystes)” CUAL ig dd an Belts piomic Model: By Raciua of od ovbit uae ee Texm value\7p= 2 Te vy Pachery Sewes” em B MNE= 230-7 NU= 4)S,6---- 2 npzt _ ne= 3 wt 5 agoit— 187464" ‘Infra Res] Region. eee 2157 a Backed sevies- we estoy meet > Fox Tnfra Red Pej. nee semesr > Fore Tnnfira Reo} Pay, EAH => Ratio OF Populoctton of Atoms molecules in two energy bevel ~> if shaemenaey of enewy oe ace) ee =O eyp [= 8) MAN Nd- of actoms di _ Ket In energy leve) 14 2: = Cowvection For Nuclear Motion: — a m™m => Moment of Trevtia/Z= uy Ts Us? «sD = m> margof e7 => Tn special (ye el M3 mars of Nucl. Mae > usm w-> Dict. “Rls Nueg e- 122 Yam A> Reduced masa- > By aes ™ Je > 8 : (= (4 Ly > Energy: a oo 1097 31% 0! nv" A > Fer fea Hyebregen_ “nuclear ag M= ue 1836 Me m= Me - — | Rye 96109677 x10! 70"! od, Fox Beytentom 2 (over pe BIMn S228 me Hee ay? satel Ro= O9707xIN' ni! . vecceceecegereesnytenatns WAV ~ For Fitendwi2y Nuclear Mags Ms Mp-+ 2h Song = 4x1836 Me = t => For H-adom on Ra fae cat] | 7 ro sings Rp a : oe Foe Tarr. I.. Tf theve 4 mixtyee aces ] then there vitl} be closely spaces. spectral ine of He tr the spectrum (one Conexponds to Hythe, tie =o} ly == and other for peutestum) with the Loove fength 7 © ditferense of 1-8 A: =—__~ =e trot | [redeem il ara eae : eo) For mixture of Hydeogen $ Tas trary st [he ahs Ie Posttvonium ator: Positeonium atom t= meme, M= *- ae positentom i \ > Raoli 4 = EDA ae 1 WK (>) pesitoniam (i+ mn) m=aMeme enh (55) posi. = 1-064 x 2 [Un)posi = 2(Ti) padom bul > Velocity: 2+/8X/0 mipec. (Vrn)poss = (Vn) Hes 7 > Energy. En) positeoniam = a 7) Te By aber (Em °”)positaoniyin = aos > Binding energy Eg = +6: BEV 3 > Rydberg Constaut Reosthontiin™ a Reosj. _ Ru | 2, , WN > Wavelength -{_t_ Ry) [at - Apgesi - 4 ) 7 Tr R : H> Roo PPP OPEL TOOT ELTREELETAVVALANAS wy ° x => Muonic actor ~ (Muonfc Hydrogen ators) | Pa If woe veplace Election of Hyohogen atom by Q& muon (U-meson), We-find a muonic (t= mesonic or W-mesic) akom of short Life time: SS) Muon (uemeson) 3s @ Lepton Family member L1Id. a => Mags (Mu= 207me , Muon hays Holt tfegral spin? aM) M=mang of nucleus x ” Reduces roy ue mM | + = jeseme- . m=207Me - jewel = S389? mts eaaspet| s=e>> Radkug : | (tn) moe 186 << D1BXI0 vi —s> Velocity (mente RE mm] pec. =e { 2252936 ara (Evjamputer 186 (En) H-atom = ev SSP ey Emeray + =~ ie Binding Enevsy of mucric actors Le > Rydberg Const: (Rest fa 136% Reo i mot La > wavelength Sune Une “te elt ' f ! = Remoude® | > ny ) NS Rnuesie = ek Reo OTe DASHRATH DEV YADAV Mob-- 928790 958/ Telegu chennef. > Pay $zcs Devilliews (E5ER° NET PHYSIOL. = +2529-6eV AVM SAT => Wilson- Sommerfield's Quah zat fon: Rules oP pedag = MWh Where, Py dt raamende ascpciaded with % 4 ent quantum 0 => Applications. of W-S, Quads eakien pucle’ ~ 40°°E= ph S = NtwW “Sea Planks, oan ta tne i # De- aps aceon of Bohws aed enon > =|Crroum ference = 1 De -B70- wavelength The electron psare Gn be adguued agriind 1) orbit? enly when: the..chreumference of the orbit Gn Coxon exeetly an integra, nnobtyple ote bree” Ware length.” Ht Soramet sang at ® f IF seoeoaeapnenetes reeity NY Ft, Sommerfelds extengon of Bohs Model s~ Oo SFSSe D> Sommerfeld. hay ‘Consider that the eleckon Couto] move jn elftpheal orbit atleo in acldi'tion to Bohsis circular grbitp- > Let an a & sevolving in elliptico) otbit UUth Nucteys at one fows—> SS > from tdi son -Sommerfelds Quad -cof icy Refet— 4 Pedr = wh F $fede= Noh = Rh > Ve and K Lorne) oe Gaclial and azimuthal PEN: =~ > By using Ten nine 2 n= Nytk > b ~-—*_ 3 /2=t | nw Pinipalal: "- LVIVIII7. IJ Ot MytR fe n Thy Gd the quai Conoli-tion for elliptical orbit: > Fou of atl the possfble ellipae . [The b= & 4 : Ke a go elijpse teducer f 4 stiaight- Line: = 2%----N => po Ke b% Dae yt ay Foe Myth 9 HE DH SVUTTTTT Td cn > Energy of H-ahm— fe _ -met Pern engte pte (7 ) “ WE dypergr.on 7” WT D Semi- major ones= gq. Wares -T Tmze> =I — *> Servicio ants + its. b= als Tmzer i 5, = Bohr vadiup- HEGEL Fp m=1, K=1t01=1 (z=) for H-afon) (@=a[ ; : [=a] Circle of toollug Tet mar, K= 1t02 = 42 .(z21 for H-atom) Gxt for n=2,Sk=1 3 [A= #9) ib= 2H] Ellige cae fy n=2, K=2% > (a= 47) =F] = Cirde. Met N=3,8 K=1 4 a= 9%, 5 b= By =) Clipse N=% 9KZ WY Qz= 9B, 7 bs ET, > Elljipre N23 4 bss sa a 94, 5 b= 3m Gide. LIEU Lt eee — > Here sommerfield jutssduction of elipdicat ‘ovbit J dolls no New energy eve], and Here clo not al eyplain the fine shuctire. : The severe! ately chayactn'2eq by alommen vale of. sl ares are Sd da be deyenerate FE Sommerfeld RelativisHe Correction .~ 7 Sommerfeld hoo wembyed the degeneraoy IN the ~Tetel energy of the election moving a ait fercexct obit, of different azimuthal quatumno- (1) for givenm, by intodydng the ccelotivistie Varviact for of the mass of the electron m= We —__—, TaKing the offet oF >. Te ey Relafevishe mags lrereltin-> Total T= pe pod a bate 4a? fo 3 Gi fet her fre mY yn VU IT IIT INIT TI77. co First “Fern > energy: eepreston etre by Bohy fee cfrodar Obits becond Term > Relafivistte Correction (AT) Sanh} which jp Ve becaupe tf For N=1,K> 1 3 For n=2, k= 1 3S ATH beer! Ss ATH 0. 456 cri! =) n=2, K2 2 AT = Ogle” S Pr n=3,K=1 n=3, ni=3 SS pra oer cnt Kao AT = 00S# CM, nz3, K= 3, > aT = 6-018 cm! > let Ha lime -> Transition: Miz 3 —> E= et )KEI al e i Kea (Selection Rule f et SIR Cn". = 8, Ak>=x+) el Lape Potted [ ra Xv 04S beni? KS ) nMe22 0.09 eri? Kaa E> | BS Tree elo! “TLL Apeetral “URIne shructyre onprag >. Selection pule fer azimuth) fusdin 120. (x) S AAA {Sr (H-atom) ©] 4 e — — = eS ec is 1 tt sely space} el dine CL “The Value of K-fire prindpal Quautym mo 1 gate Ly3--in- =) Quantinly for Headom orb} fal guatim 70° Losi Wilueg 6, 1,2,3 — ~~, (m-!) = Thug. (azinmethed quaadum 0-(®) =orbiel ot. nol) tt > - “parity p= tnt ps tileven) for A= ae p= -1 ead) for Le 4 S>- me * Selection Rule of Transition ip. Dm Indi gctes that parity of ware function must ig change im. the ‘elec dsic olipole transition" as Electife ¢ Electiic Ajpole Toansitfon /— ae 2 [AL= tI > Gu ahmly [ix= #17 3 Sommer Feld anadef. pOK= ="! =} the electric dipok momeut p= -ev =er 3, The moda elemetc of 9¢ Compo. of the electric diptle momeut (€) is —> fee en) Yi db MVMTIT. Wi] => YE and Yi ane the efgen £” Correppord tig bo the final 9 tWitial stateg- reppectvely- Tis, or en Wy odd be lauge, e(-%) = -&% » Therefore. , Pe the wip ¢ final eigen #0 Yit Ve are of game parity, beth even ov both ddd the entire Infegrand (ere) wil) be od Parity (edd fh) “Thus moctrx element of 2- Gime: of electica) olipele monet watif five ‘zero’ lout bution. be Franeiten vate will be Zev: Hence, for the electric dipele transit’ to fake Place Parity of the Final code. | Vt) must be Lifferert from that Initial shd(Ye) tf Quast un Numbers t-> EOS 1. Principal Quakm no (n) > > Tt Gn toke valueg 4%3----- © y The greoder valve of 7, gredey Ip energy of feb Smet a "Ke Shell” M=2 cp "L=~Shell” n=3 4p ‘M-Shept” n=4 ap “w- shell” 2. Or bited Cuaekim m0: (Azimuthal gt m0.) (L) =) Otbi ted Any, mom. (a= fay 3] > de ovbitel ft mo. > we d= O12,-~- (mai) fer diventys UA! PRPPPPOP IRE Leree sere weiss > Puatuns ne J algo gives fhe Shape of Povbabi lity: dist bufion tuywe. The elechon with d= 0,1,2,%~--~ - are Glee) 2,Pid,f- ~~: elechons vreppe ctirdy- N= U u=0>5 N4= IZ Nez N01 NS) 2; 2P. n=%, d= PP Suds, Be, 3, ad Te? Mogm etic orbital gin no. (t4):- > oe eer N/a) Allovoea) apiucfationg. along. =, 3) = J= taf = mack [ any Fives oll ay for diver y's: mee tbo A uuth iff of imi Total (31+1) ‘yalues of maar. possible- (as Lg Compo of 2 at 5 ae =< fae 8 angler) —- 2B eS Tey . y WIN Ad¢d0 | J ad Ce. eee Vd —* C5O= Feo Se Te TE? Te. I? Se 1Fh I ye we “698 B5,8° > ( pitow ex oteadetoy fer Wau § => Spin Quatum mMumbey (4) i= » mogneric spin Quaitm 70- (mp)? : > Sea mss teh m= th Hp Ged mag. spin Gt. > S2= 18) WO e— J 4 we~ UE Por mma (CB = F104. T (0° rae] 2-7 016 = 4 36 ol . Bre & = asgE 7, f+ Aufbau Principle > The. af autbay principle dicts that e~ Ls/l/ occupy the orbifal having wer energy befre oceypring higher energy wll >The energy of an otbite] vy Calealedee] Ay Sur of phe Priniple and the azinudhal guaudim no: (nit) P, enersy p By? A. LW TSS Sr HW ad Ay stl ppsuenTH OEY YADAV Meh 9BBIIOVS 8) OCCULLLLLL poe —) Q@ Wo ssi3i3 di “aw pr aN BS o bay & ~ ~ th Electronic Conf fauvation (round spate) +~ 2-Helium:- Z=2, N= deo fen-1 = 0 , AAt Mes © Mr that > [re] elec lent. = = 3-Lithium'- 2=3, EB] fru] AT 1% 28" iii : —9t Bewlium: 2=4 , fal fap, 18528" ~ S& Roron: Z=s, % ) etapt = FL, 1 ast =? 6: Carbon: z= 6, 295% op* ; “2 m (ra) PRE], 18" 28, OP i Cd > Hydrogen: Z=1 forsingle e- of H-atom yy N= Azo ,M2> 0, Mp =! ton 2 S Electronic Confy. > nno.of e~ in the orbitef yy Subshel) ot type of Ss Prince =» ot a» = = yg = Vector Atom Model ¢- = Se To oxbj tel org mom, 3 [isi= Fama 4 > ve Mb Sie [L-s| with 2 , aiff. of Unity. a> The Ze Compe: of 7 oy gen by ~ Je= TK myn T to rT UN > Re erwe use pmall leters tps oj D For Atemp, L597 j : > The pauli exclusion principle totes tad a maximum of 4i0 eleetwn, eath having opposite spins Can fit tm an orbital: = No two electrons in the Same afom have the Same values for all for Juakim numbers: (eer at 72> M4, Ms; ™) 7 ey cha f ML d=o,9msso, Ms ta = {ny Uso, my=0, m= ‘a. * p + Spectroxopie Term &— xy oe _pastipticlly stot on gulot gt: no: COCCI WUWWUUULULULUL GED ITT IIIATITI ‘ ast = el dz-o0 a Mydeegen 15" m=1, 2 To es j= (dts)to pees)= 7 TPM G-& gpechrsw pi - Term of Hatem: Sor Fs Le+Y SIRS IPP ey 22 F SS Tipat= Lies lest 2/28 lab ~) | Cpe = vy Angle bho F 2 filer. [s(s+o BDH (ied & dongle bho FoF) +1) cptis [eer 4 ete = falgry alse) + s+) L(cts) [> - 2 ats) EJstsyy = Angle blo LET: % es aoe L(eti— sl) | YS 2 rary Suey | Vector mode) of-atom- => Too types of Couplirg methade—> Russe) ~ Saunders ov L-S Coyp Jj Coupling. (vied der hen v= vt ling (ued wal Lighky vier ae” HLS Cuplieg > Elechsn- cleehen epulpion ji > Spin-spin exchange Interaction re wb — cpin-osbit interdion lominance (0 Coupling of orbital angular mema.ta > Neleres e-adds uP py faa b Ee Hata Be = > j= Pal) Bo are (rev= Teperr%/ Kl LA Tofel orbital gt: 20- for De Le (dt) to fr-vel let Jet, az day Le (it)teliil = 210 Jer, dae 1 Le (ot) te pel = 3,2iL Ci) Coupling of sin anpeliy moneda > + Spin angulay mamevds ef Velerce elecdbrs are Lupted - “ Ss At Pat Pet ~~ th : 2 Cgi= fy A 57h ene aa and Ba. ave. SPrve- S= (E) +a) to Br Ae! 2 a ip: “Two em Jet Att) H2t> gz 140 2 for s=l (Triplet) sping multiplicity = 2541 =f for S=0 (singlet) COOOL LL ) Gauplng af Band 3 (Spin orbit) — 3 nesultend = and Realjat 2 fatermer mognetiolly — Proagh thetr atsociated more mements [La oa) >> rc C+D P | = (175) to ft-s/ =~ SH Deter mination of spe Terms for = ditfereit : elemeudts > ; => Nalence electon:- ype electron corresponding to ower most shel! are Called aa valence election: ==9= Opt) electson'- He electron correpponsting to <=s cuher mest parhally Filled! subshell aye Glee) od 3 vie ee 6): 1S os 2p> 0" Zr =e f elete elechon ‘and 2 2 opticd electrong) wt = =, nome wits one ei! eleton = Midd Spectroscopic Term = S| beet: Conf. = Pt a) 2p 4 2, 3° Boron, oe a Bue Fe hh Py Galhivon Zrolivrh-- A Fi Fer elements having one ne. electra | Aa p- ee aa Z 2 (li) For Clements haviny one electron in aswoorn Clee Conf. -> nd - Vo 6 be Spechoscopic Term = “sy fy j 2 é (N) For one e- jy fF. Sybsh 3? Fe, Fy —4 é 2. Atoms having two pPHtel electron: - ‘ ! Gy" 82 tie Rave etek Conf = -ptattd j a ip € é € « ‘ e € € @ e e e @ Epechostople Ferny = | 'b, |p,» Ging SPoiay Dip, 2Fa3,4 (Triplet) )- (ti) Afomg having elect Gon 25? 85'> (ii) For 2p'3Ppi> i 8 Specs Terms 9 ‘55104 'De 195.9? a, Dias}. > > Equivalent electrons > ; on electrong are sold tp be equivalent elec: When they have Same principal Quam no. (YY § Same orbital Oust mo- (J) ° eg ~Fox Grbn > !8 28%, 2P* nt “Here ophtaf er have pame n 4 game f ‘Tuy optta/ er gre egujralot elec frong - fate ol. IIdI bd i Ie Ldd = Jil = TUWWALULULU LEGGE Jv Non- Equjvelet ekchons> > aes! Tf they have either differat volye of f or. .. diff value of 1 ov both nal an aly ffeveot 2 PI tee HUND'S RULE [Fre determining the Os of 4” Atom) - OF the terms belonging to given electronic Configured: the term uth the greatest poscjble value of S (highest mulhplity ) and greatest possi ble vale of L at thi §- val) have the Ipwect enevsy. 2- The muttiptet Formed by equivedent electrons are normal (fer lets than ha ff Billet) Ce the enewy Of the state qrows with increase jn the velue of T ip not mere than half of the Subshel/ Hi va iv r I hel) => > Pov 2 aon-equdve leit electrons. p-subshel) = , etee- tonf. = 2pl ep! SpeChrwstepy Termy : 5 3 2~ enijveleuf e~ ™” Late by Bret spec Term os Is, 01D > *Po,1,2.) Scheme. => 2mon- spite |S 8 "Fa on "812 (je feroye Sin? Moa” cog =n set [spectoescopy Tors > Me ,'Dy | lng Bar Fan] Dann nat nanaraget =>\Ahe speeheseopic Terme for a Cloze) SYb-shelf Such ak =o) ps, d'\_-... 7 Ion DRADRADA RRA MM aD = hs ig, Spee mato Pic «Terme dos. "81, Syoot Ref filled P= AMP (mp) sic hen tract helt filleal d= subshelf (ng®) 9 "Ss exoot f-sybshy ine) 3 8s; A —t—_—_—___. s- | i i i WS iF ow 7 The spechoscopic Verm of a Configuration ay wee > mat are the seme asthe Terms of the 3 Gnfigyret ion. ne fra) , Where %. if the marin, = Number of electone prot J. 2(2L+) : sp PT Conf Team = 2P* Conf: Ferme. 7 ope. Cow. Termg’ = op! nt Terms . = 34? Conf. Jermy = 3d! Conf Termg- 848 Conf. Terme = 3q™ Cov Terms.” = aq? ————_ = aq? — : meee = dt. > +f! —— +8 = => 23> a eore Term. of lo (2P art) ley i 7 Bw Iso, lp ai as 17, BR a aS Covad cdk : a more thay half =F specdosapic Fer Pt oxygen ( (2Ptlonf) fled: Ig, 19g Spy," SP, BP —> Grind eke See _ : if | uw aP, ny (ors) 3p ¢ (ah) (n onal (oem) (*nysen) (inver}eq) We tt Magnet Ic. Momeadoot os of an Abm f> | Ori fal mag. monet (li) 2. Spin magnetic ne =? Mix See Ny = de S a[Mu = = gu 7 Le gaan Be Pebly spin rin l= 1 for Pyrtly orb; Toast eon 9 fable) > MB) = In Sste+7 eh. 7 FG)= 94 JAD S4(3/[Hy= 9s Js He SOR 1= qa RED te Ye= ae I-27 XB 9 -ng® T/T "Bole magnedry’ 4 Totel teognede monet (Hp):—- J | = Jz ST (T+) He I ¥. dae fe f LIM RL lerp + sfsri) . 25(T+!) bibs WL Spin Orbit Tytenattion emergy = Sa ia agree eae Chet Tq 2) Lfezt PP * | Ae mac WA (ded jer ] Sto SEP = ATi suey - -slse1)] R- Met the ae & om G 2h Cer ries Timer 7 aie 26 C “Term wave. be ‘S ATyg= Os us he AT of QS Rez A = ar dority net [4 +) ere ao a) 2 5-34 crs! = = She Jeteh M2 ld+i) m AT = (8 gg (07x). KWAULUSUUUL LETT dd LUM MAM ? SP orld pyterachon energy > a kt AE,= A(T) Am Coup bry lent =I 3 COE) yyy = Ab * aa hag 2 = . et (0€)5) ; jet = oe (d+1) “1 Ht > dete a (ae) — (2 Edis i c mee G Lande in terye) Rule. “The energy intertal (sparing) Shy two Conseerhe level TG (T+!) of adine strechyre multiplet Ib poofortionsl to (TH), Ge. fo the larger of the foo J- Valueg Tha Known ag “Lander infernal Rele” ? Selection Rude im L-S Coupling » v ui 9. OL = Ot! (not alowel) \ bye ott but T= oF J=0 * oS Gaping = Tn Jj-j Coupling, stin- orbit /ofemttons are Atminating over the Coulomb jar fratd'ag and spin epchage Imferacdon- For f- we have TJise ebeetrn EELLIII IASI AC dr I4ele. T= B43 Ji (ts) te Mi 5) for 71" e lee. nea R+ Ve {oke\ a2= (At Sa) to |4.- So} =e or: Jit alo Je (ita) to |U,- 2) ——<— eo >/Por Ls Coup ling -» Midna Tas, lz Fos T-Thupligs Ts, Tas, > Misa, Tes ea LTS Sa VWUNNUUUUULE SEL Esa ddd 1 Tesla = 1o*Gauga % > (2T41) Syblevels fy 2841. Term Rega} eg. 2 { Xs 3 Pay? 2541 = 2x8 +1 = 4! s bd 25,3 2TH = 2% 41 = 6 ss Normal Zeeman effects— mA ~ effect’ 2 “The normal Zeeman’ = hich S Shown by all the spectrel fine fn” = ides - inglet (S=o) -fo Singlet (s=0) +yangjtfor, => sy, ly, 'P, Fr Syed sete For S=o, T= (L \ CSE? atl to Just (TET (My= Mh Mig =a \ + Ap =o for So Vuddd The megmetic imteraction energy > aes ~bh : AE= (aMiies { t-0 — be. _daMideB [_ The. voave mb's (by ‘term value) Coevepponcliny to Above ners T dubete® gamer Je ne 5. AE = — ae SIT 1 C AB 4667 JMB i | gokart Frequency AUT The Difference of wavelength (A A) lemegporoling to (> B= 5-9 avs oad = JoBl= #2 v "> | A= A?(46-67 ,Mu-®) Selection Rule fos nutmal Zeeman effect: ci 7 otal? Mz=0 Safaetal 7 en AL=O0 When AT =O > AMZ = 03 A lomponed (T=! tey=0 ane AMy= HS + Gmponeat: | EME 9= Tye a> + Anomalous Zeeren effecti- (s#0) [Wak wag Fl The mognetie TuteraeHorn energy [see ar Modoc : _ pt TO -Ller ts” gy Ise ! 2TH My =-Ttoy” > Dine of Sodium ly i 3S Deline > 2H —> 2Sy.7> + Zeeman Comp. (2114 29) uy 4y > d7% d=? . > Veliness 2fyj,—> 254, 6Reemen Coo. Tr 40), 2 ody y 8 ge Ya ages : EF Polarization Ruless— , > lng al Yeio> Parallel tothe, fiald (only o Compo: ‘ Appenr) Tre Upet hewieg UvoH bly poled ne RAHA AHhOOHRHKRETHAHHAMHADRADTDAN NN WML ranpverpe view > perpendialet to the Field?” (Roth x $7 Compo will appear) (Plane Polar’ zed)» Paschen- Boek effect 2 Selection Rule> — Hoong magnetic Field Ams © AML=0,t! = ~> The wy due fo precession of the vectoy 2 ArUnd B 2 > The chagy dye to precession of the vector @ AYU => he energy due to Imteractton b/o Cee 3 te 4 faken as nepligitle (ze): ca AE= (M+2Me) ups Y dus | for ons ed © Oa = 2 for syn moron a? la 2 Sy, enerdy level =} SPlity jbo 2 erblerela- The energy cliff, = 24eQ- [TTI JT, M ya cS => fins, Todal 6 Combinod ion of ee wr > We get seneny svete Eo dy og 9 20 2m > Totel to Combinations: ind deg. =) “7 energy Syblevels- =f douty leq. As, as Tete} |4- eid fe mon- deg: : Zz D> 9 emergy Cyblevele D> [c- doybly dea, : a »S de Hyperfine structite of spectral Itne 7 aaa => Atornit vector mode] The elector ortial arjulv- ino meufung c 2. The electron spir avgulare momentind S | “He muclerr spy angular momertm FCS | P= (J+7) to |v-2] : “PIE E(FH) +> Tntewetfon, energy:- , — > i= Coupling (vst -bofo T° - Te ve et alge Eqy =P [Fore -afery-iey]\| ANS ar Selection Rylev= [AE = ovtl] but F507 Feo iy iter Le the energy frtervals blo Corceut ive hfs levels Ford Ft os pasportional te the lngow of the F Valueg - >. / : Ft . AE'x (E+!) F He Breadth of spectral lines ae ee oct Ave MM: "97 Coupes oF bIB al King -5 (halal ented Sreadieg, Oe: 2: Bowler Atomic weight Ta abso }de “Teme. Ro univers gal lorst ay al | 2RT = Relative hdensity Ty) = new| if vere > [tom] = tel marist were [TO ah => (eee = Vy Ve = yAv pe Telegram clarnal 5 PHystes Devillieng (eSTR-NET-—J (DASHRATH DEV yAonv) JdLbdddddd. ONVVAVULIL LUE S Ud de XciRay Spectra 3~ EM Rodiahiny of Hiph Leper TR ware}ength Rewsge » odo oonm (0-1 to lonm) > It foo ; he A= ey eae s ; a yE408 | Amin i aa eG 9 Foe Amin = 1% (Hard xenay) accejerating voHage- € $ Vs 124004 = )2400V" Ta For V=220V. Amin= AlRgB 98 — sb (softy)? => Types of xvay spectrums 0 Continuoys spectrum Corners spectsym: Y a The wavelength of spectrel lings are. Siven by ~ ev Az 1.24x15°m _ che eo = ay Dupre thurge Rite (z-0)= Zerf., c= Seveening Cont: R= Rudberg Constavct + Fev k- Sevez 1 =} For Le Seyiex, o = 74 Fe M- Series , T= 1402. Moseley's laws of eee Ky = fe e(eay APPL PPRPPPRAP PPR RRO S Fine struedyre of K-serfes x-ray Ifnes => Ky Jd a Cloped double of tuo spectre Ihnex NR a Key G Ka, ~ D> Similar for kp @ Ky pied For = OAsHRATH Dev yooRN) iad Me-~ Jasnqo9sa) = Telegram channe{—s = PHYSICS Devilfiegg: sie — iF auger Effet: = PE aa] satin med thom the came adorn: 4e Tntenstty of spectral linez.— np t Fatensey : papuletfon of excites Intensity & Nexéited) adele Eoy— E, - N= Myer] Ke a8] deg. of rS-= (non- ty) as exp |- [Eex Bee byl ( a) | ex = 25+) Soe lt Fow High Temp T2 y kgT— : i Bc 4 Ke Nex = 9.5 2T4! The ahi of frdensities of Do Da lines of Sodjym for To 0 WO z CPapuleton of 2yn. se /} of >hs : Intensity of Di line _ BR, Sede Frtenst FD, line (PepuloF Py, stete/ Pops Pa! ) ; _ (axa!) _ Zea 2 [2*4+1) 7 AARRA DAD D DTA t Await spect44 s- ipl Atoms: Li(2=9), alent K(z=19), Rb(Z=37) ~~ Sexiep observed in Alkali spectiai~ } Sharp sevfen 1 NA-—y 2P (72), mol 2+ Pameipal sevies | NP —? 7A (134) Z. Diffuse serfes i nd —7 2P (72) 4. Fundamensed sevieg mf —> ed (178) -_-_a a mannan Kaa hnann an oe es [Tefal = Fcectronic + Evtbaationa) t Exetedjono| Ecjeetaonte “> NisTbIe. oF UY, Region Evibentionad ~ InfraRed (TR) Region ; Epetadtonal ~~ Far Infrared 00 Microwave (Mo) = Pome Retadfonel_ spectroseepy _ bk Hommonuelert Diatomte (2° Heteronucleary Diatomic [ _ Molecule. molecnte “Jy, * fered > Molecules ane, of sume) Moleculen are of Di ee Clement: : elemesch’ = Hp Was Oeke SS! Ha, Her, Co HL---~ te a vies Agve Upeke\ They have pesmanet olipele | meu: =——e. td Ly tnoment: ° wy do met Cxh > Exihibit Ketch eedaq- Rotadfonal ppeet ta” 3 ERIE E Petehinel AP Hh Molecule ap Rigid Rotator 3,5 IU ye Mat Mt Ms mbm, at Rotetional enesgy of DJodomfe molecule (K-E ot MOE: B= puede) > a ‘1 ‘ esate Tew value (fo usavenve voit) ees Ez. slat ya” HO)= 5o-~ sane f=] mcd o 8? IC Ra 3 tevyn of Ret lly, Freny FL gga | = E7= BheT(T+!) fot ad Se Fev J=o J=o) = Eos © (G-8+) - Jou Ege) 220 & 6, 28h (Pendtel a) Ja 2, F(s=2) = 6B § A> 6 BHC (24 exedtel es t= 3, F(g=3) = 28 §$ Ey = !2Bhc (8° ended stds) = a 4, FIA) = 208 9 Ea 2O8NC (4h ext sad] T= S, F(J=S) = 308 GEs = BOBHE (SM excite sta Ta GE(TEC) = 428 GEe= F2ENE (Hh excited stage) de Selection Rules— Az= +1 (Absosption} ., AD = -1 (Emizaion) : : DEVVATAT AVE I AAR ITT Absosption-spectra 8a" - let tuansitfon -takep place blo ath (3+)! aetatfonal fevely. Wave no: of abgorbes} paoliation — sca = F (at) FS). = Rs) (a+9) ~BT(5+) = eH Tie For Teo) Hs, = 26 (1% spectral {ne) THl,s Bar = 48 (a spechrad , fine) J=2, Yoz= 6B (= spectral line) rah, Toop g = 28 (4th spect fine) Tat apse = toe oh spectral fine) a ses, eg = 268 (om spectral Ithe) 28 48 68 86 108 ---- yp — > waen (crt!) - A Trap tre abpoxption apectym of 4 sigh aa by eppected do Consists of 4 SOP of equidisn cpectial finep , AAUVUUUV Uda dde The population of sh yotatfonal level velatives Te” fivound state (7= 0) 3=} Nx No (2740 exp [GE (Fe eee =) - 2a = degenenaly oF thle = = Bye T+) phew) 1) Loz (0:4 Ez = N5_ = (2TH) xP feanestIe4 | No Tin 3 * KeT Far mayttinym welye of ae ed elm =O J=Jm [EE Jin = 7 [EE C. male aaa) . on y= Pg be Sh SEE 1M, © BI Ye => TH an atom a roleae Jy wreplareo) by heater fsobope ~ . ufyal Bag > hom “fe > Sa J Greay [afm shhewtro] ‘ REE LLL AAA 4F 3D Rotation, pS seg steko 4 a + 2- pajncipal axis (orthogonal) A Be | Ze > &- Pandpall ML» Ja, Za, Fe G jon ; nvention A onip ‘unique or figure ayy alng which lies the molecules defining cyromery «°° Za ac EddEETEGE® |; Kimeqr Molecules 2 Atoms are antanged] iin straight Une =~ =o > Tf Dipole momed = 0% Mreroune Fraetive A | E99 Ory Cy (do pot shar wfarjonal ore d P= Tf Dipole moment Fo = Micwoware active: TS eg 0, Hel, Os Cexhibit Bot” gpeote): —-> Ip =o (sotation about Bony avis) = Ze= Ze By. =— . So 2. Syrnmetate Top molecules * Ip #0; Ta= Fe pa O Paolade syemiehie Top ~? [= = a Oblate. Symmebie “Ter* > [ze= TeX 7A] CT obtede. > > Thepe molecules are potattonod (raferordave) Active becaype thelr olipole moment Jy mon- Zev0: 2 Spherical Top moleadep i= Mt dipele nomad Li Zevo BoMPW Enachive. Ta=Te=te Sg Che, Ccl4, SFe rT Telaon Tea bebe \ANUNS \ SW 4. Asymmeteic.-Top Mmtolecufes '~ 1S, TOFOM PEMDSIIG oP SPORE ty # Inte EJ. tO, MO, CH,” ~ 3 Ss These molewsen gre microudqre active bear’ oy have met olipole moment non- zewd’ + Non- Rigid: Rotator :— , ; Tie batons (Enery) Tem vee | F(s)= Ba(tH)- oF Fal Om { DY known g centr fugal olistertion Conp tat eS B= antrrke { Ke 42a chy We pave nd: -° » Rel” Blo £82: [ox | Ke povce Contot 2 For J=0, Fle) = 0 Teln thy Tele grein ches Jat) El) = 26-40 PHYSTes Dewiliiens. T=2) Flay = 6e- 96D) (oRsHRATH DEV yaopv) _ = (2R- 144 SESS ery mit 4 RiteaT Sete Selection Re [aos +4/ Fee Trans} Hori Tx T+ the memo: (P) Y divey b — ~~ ~ Z Fetes EOE) ~ Fla) AMAA A RTA CPR TETRA AAA Yossy, = 2elTH) - 40(7+y? . J=03 TSI, Hy,= 2B- 400m" (2% atsexptin line) J=!4J=2, DB. = 4e- gopenr'(24 9 i) J= 23958 = 6a ape (d » 9) ' 1 Paes dune, aph 28 4R 6B ga joa ~~ (RIGIY Petafre) H i T T T T hop bp bye I Ihe | (28-48) @B-25 (6-loep ~~ ~~ - (Won- Rigi) 2. Pasa ' JIUUL IVIL ITI. —e tt Pure Vibvational spectra 5— ike pure rotational spectra Vibrational spectra =e WY obsesved aviby Por those molecules wohich = hove Permanent djpole. moment: =o Only Heeroma pale a Hr, HF o etc. exhibit Vibsano ; a os iruvattenal spect v3 olosewved i Tnfated > —-Begion ( !-urd ~ loom) of EM, spectran: Bs We moleale 98.4, Hamonle Oscillator += \) \) a Fo= (79) = foce Gols = FE KE) che x epli brie pcbendny a blo atomp- Vie) = K-72)” i Z if 2) N Ay GLeo} ap vibrational 4ugudum 10. For n=0, E, = hee (xem pict eneray) n= B= Shree (a8 excited stade), = 2, Ex = LhYose (IE exdter sede) H=%, A= BhYse (Ty exe ted sede ) Ce snl] Frey. of oseflten. _ hy Term value Gln) a ee = re! ine 4 4) Vese * - Gan) = Theft) Wose= FS. = oh k — y ' f= . ATF | Wese= see Dire < Y Lave YU, Cc Corresponding to free. of oselledron- Few "= ©, 1,2, 8 -~--- Gle)= Uese (érs)- ). Vib-Frep. pecstl | (o(V* Fp Chose, (1 tercited ste) — G2) = ac OM excite] side) Cf) = Taine Senttel set) 4 i H ‘ , Mller reeerereeeere rp FEETAVAAUTVAVAL @ee Jet transition From vib- energy level nl" ton Wave no, Dy sagt 6 (a G(H9 Yagn! = Woe (nen) Fer absosption,n''= 1'-1 smintt=t Wose a ay > Fe 3 "= — = = ODMH, Wz, = Bese 2 & 3 LJdbddddiiesee For ols 1 Ws 2) Yog= Bese ; ! 1 “Thuy the Vibawdiona| spectrum uy expected to Coneist of a Single band at USesc- Se + Effect of Teotepie subst tution += ( ! Mec= oF je § se = 3H ao amd "Y WoseX Vose ” WUVuuad \ AVA L # Molecule ap AnHermonte. Oxcillakot?~ +s fr Harmonic cose =} Single absorption bane (tse) Ss But de experimental spectrum, CURT ve Pidbce vBilece Bae (Here: overtme 4 ET ace, Ankormoner = 7 a ee pene overtone “overtone V(a) = F (re) = 9 (te) | m= TT VO)= FOe= geo Ae Energy. < ee ae te = eptd seperation © E(m)= heise(n+4) Jmhctonelrdg)| Wet Mave ne- ns vib - a a Neoyld- He = Anhomenicity Constat Chimension tear): Dire LADATARNIVS Em “Tern value , Gln) = The For N=0, Cnlo)= tr We $2 U5eMe ) Hene we Can ny net Gl) = Ste - Dex hat enerdy levels = ae ae are not eguiclis font Nar 5 Gla) We ~ Ewe f beh theit sepintioy dlecrteapep sfors}y with Ineveasing nN Z elit eererir Selection Rute - an = +h, £2, +3,----+- AT —>J set Fransi Hen msn! Weve (nt!) (n'n'4y1) 7 Fox Faramevdet a bole ee: Gas Bey DN | aPOvepae, | Overfone overtone BA for os 1 01 * over ‘tone —~ ae =< ens r a overdme 3 (Ysa 2196 [4 -'4e) cre! . Wovertone $3) ,54 = $We (I- S%e) cm. => Te = Nibrodtion Conatard- : ry . =~ =. guilt baum vib weticn fre. TS * Pometion Batic fa ono {ee} deg.= 1 -fov alt 1" Kel Is E enersy levelp: Cye-E ‘Ose-IE = "= 600K VIE IdL ddd ddde u BE. Sook oie = Soocr' (HO appar) noes (A ce “up tn Prevesd E)- Es = hase = heWose = (0-801) M0 ciel st 2a = (0:09.06) Ms) state pepulai Nazi = No (0*030) Ttevctte} \Nm= 2. population [p-o082) 2Mencite| (m= = = (0-0271)No. 7 ame At Niner = Nol SP E-bo= 2helnet 2. Fase Tse ) — ip decressey. Hot Bands- At Higner terperatyt, nad Ste Tes er appredable popultion: - Then for trareition, n= 4— a m'= 2,the wave 0" YAN sq) Be (mn) He (m'- 0") (va'-+70"+1) be found deze te ard ot a : Siigutly [ower roave mam bere Ahan fundamental €qna: = ee eS H Dissogafin energy of didomic male ule + a n= =0 — a _— Mwer Fiventhe Value of may. vibrational gto. <= Above which the energy piff NES a ' He] 2 Depth/od. pot — Derr We 7 4 * le hePal aa “| Cue. ae Sep a ; . = >The Assoc} adyoy enesy = Den Enzp a De he We Pole = x] Ss # Dicboric melecde os 4 vibvatthg -Rofetey 2 Rotatfenal @nergy s | /oen! | | vibvodi onol Energy (000 em!— Boocm ! \ S Erotad™ Ernest Eup. { Bhe (t+ - dhe [70041)) “ens penctisid + [hee nes) ~ heidete(n+ 4) ") “The Tetrny 7 rnheewani Value Eqn = Ex Dee wi a = = pe S3m= BI[TH) +e (n+) -Berte(m+4) Selection Rules An= +1,42,43-~--- (AnHarmonic ow) AT= £1 (Non- Rigial Rotator). ¥ y, Niigata) = = yi o3M'=1 Enter 3! En 'z0,T!! JW=3T —e [Myr = BF B/THTN (TF TH) cor! T4345! ee. —4 a Woerde Covrs to funds. Band- (ate= 2. (P-@ranch) [], Teves TT VIUILIVITIT TEs Ff Here We = We 9 Coe E =z (R- Branch) = fresiots raat glee c= ‘Yyoor = Bo +28(T"4) "Ta = 1-28 (T'+!) Le J'95" Ne fa re Te ONE) Gy = We 28(T) Ce Poot fs m+26(T+)) l(s-9s F=5 12/3 | + —_ Jine( Puline) 190 5 p= Be 206% fF . Pi = Redline [1 lane) 0-915 Y= e428 nd + Hen -4.6.607! Rydline(1) 1925 a age | OM) 2989 hs = ia-66 crs! Ee: dine (W) 2-935 Dae rt B, (94) 3-925 p=, } 1 ' ! t ' \\ Reman Specreas sae ]]—e 7 Aiese® Ten fc ie TstokeZ Raman Stat UU UU Atese> Asat. Ajoser sana TET a lNiuatsh Gnelast?c) ) we ia Ase pine | = ar iene Ts WU U Idd dl ddI ddd ddC 33 Purse RotoHonal Raman Spectra of Diatomic 2 Molecules > 2 2 -the wolettonal enersy of diatomic molecule’ 3 ~ c y= BTlrtt) ~ DT? (TH) crm where T= 1,2)3-->- WA But inn Roman spechostety the A, Precision of the measyrmet does not nortrally esanvved: » q x Phe vetactey of the tenm invehng Bro Sow _, Rg J e e ‘ake, E55 BETO aig Selection Rule for pure Rot renal spectra 4T= 0, £2 only. AT=0 Payleigh sotbsing - A= +255 Sr Brench- e “SATS -25 : Sees On Branch: a PTR) © = Branch O° P ORS © = > aren ad B(TE I") (st 4), a 3 > ee Fos O-Branch(Padistoren) |S - ranch (ctokea)? < AMeranigi gis 2% Aye s2 3 ghglet2 | (< syub spt 2 it apie a ya Foy sqv= 6 (4s +6) a Siz 0y1,2,3--- = Fox & fa © sete Zoe hier” hy- Bhe (43-46) — Pz drags, WT BAe (4-0'+6) = at [> First Une at Waveno, -68 S= aS Fiest Jine B observed ate Sieh sven bLoave Number +66 from the r Royleigh dine, 324. > -108 from: Pony Mane, = 32M Snead uoaveno: fog |? St 1B ‘from Poyyletgh Line. 4th 5 RG > MI —~y +14.8 from Pay. Une d4th—s at +148 fiom Pay- lbe wirrer 4h Purse Vibvational Ramin Spectra’.— ; Sy Me Vibtational eners'y (J cn!) of moleude AH aS 2 Ey= Welns L)— Were( Ht <( *) ‘ ( : 7) N=O12,3---- Wer? Be (1-Bte) — _ > - TZ —24e) % = Vt oy = Veyt e(I —— adtchee, = De (|) 205 leigh Line , stoke @ Audistokey Reman Line > Rel blo lave Jensth of Ray fejgh Ljne , SPokep en's and. Audish Ket Raman Line 3 re Aex = ; ex Astes st audi sto keg . S Wavelength of Ray lefgh dine "Herenenic Mean” a Wavelength of stkes gral’ asistlkes Pawran ire B Findamerted Vibrations i= hy Totalno of : Covrdf rode g Value = SN (DoF) > For Non djnewr molecules, Total Fardamede| Vibrations Yuve. (31-6) DoF: . > Fox a dinencr molecule of N adomp, The Tete DoF for Whratfone = SNS eg. HD Molecule :- (N=% on diner) Fundamental Vib: hos DOP = an~ 6 = 3 ¥ CO, Mole wale » (N= 5 Lines} fHHBe® (Ifa ) a2 Vib- Dok = BN-S = 4°. | No-of Vib: DoF = 1 % 02 (Ltnene) => No-of vib Dof = t % 50; (on- linear) 3 No- of vib- DoF=4.3 ¥ Bch (Now=Ineat) =} ——-——— = § ¥ Hescu [Lineor) = ed ¥ CH (rom Aner) 3 = % Het ( Noo Lmeay) 9 iad i _2ea ea me maaeneanaen AR Aenean nw ao ee ew ne % GH (rontinear )> Ho Molecule > DoE = aweg = '3 (Non- Lay ¢ R > Fundameitelg’ Vibrations’ or Wormal Modes of: S a Way “ Hoy ne] Se, enlthy along seca S (nto, (sytem. strech) (Scissoving st.) aeme 3 Pama’ Both: > Fondamevdals vib. ov Normal reodeg of Co, eae T> DOF fsx Momul modleg = 8nN-s= = (dinear) = o a “ ZI FX Comin O=C=0 One 0. CO=ba® ‘ \ si dapraptiry Caudisymst) — Oxne Sbd ay (Faactive no ' (Active) Suz Suy” . eee — dipole charge) (p# 6) Deg. Same energy —~ pa pole (FR atte) one. Band« - Pt (ZR aedive) =~ =. (Raman ostive) — >to. > 1 Raman artyvemode g SLR aegive made. Fo > Mutual Exclusion Ruler ping the chad Tr . exclusion rule, “for moletules with a centre of symmetey, the, Frequensieg obsetved inthe TR spectra (vib: spectra). are net obsewed tn the, Raman we ang) Vite- Ver gas 1, AAT S rr [omnes TH YADAY), (48 90 953 /) 4+ Nuclease Magnetic. Resonance (MR) SpecTastord © > Thiz. Wactechnigve with exploits the meg Pryperties of certain nuclei to The most abundad Csofope jH has mucteyr Spin =A and po it dog exhibit magnetle Resorintes anal algo ol gF9. Sp lf. ephp Lit Muclear Mognetic Resonances The jwheraction, eneray of prton with, the mognetic Field 4 — Crag, = ps B > Emag,= ~ Gun M78 Gur barcley- footer CTUTTAATAAUAVARIVES § : = MHa oo 3 Fore wma ,the raol’o fregsensy (rrp) Somce yn tatel 4 Electron Spf Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy > = (ov Slectyon Para magnenic VESoMANCE(EPR) spechosuapy). —— 2? The Resonance occyxs between the spin 6f = Unpajrel electm and elechomametite field Under stodfe tte Field. yee Emay = + Iz Ha MB ( Cove GHe> s 2 ESR Spectroscopy the “wplee| Frep Jy ithe s ” Bras cave test on em = spectyn. a # Electinic spectroscopy of molecules + Biodomic matecule , we Gn Uge a Opperthe?mer Fe = &, 5 Tod an elechotc, t Change. in Total energy, , “ea sayy icenleg Comp ae Ae. elechouge + AE ay, te retetrornl pees fopth gq IP PPRRLELALA, Fn. terms. of wave number Ccr'), =, > \ me | AS rte = Av orecraict “Evi, +4 Eavtadrone =» - a i = = aioe 3] (aaeige ee im Coreetctc — ben, x70" (ee= Leal ry Nan elechoule Transttion, st Frank Conelon Prine es — sear Lavikegohivs rfeaal n : Eel ie tensity @ ot < i$ cs Le LY A pag Se eee "3p Son Sent | f. em! he tutensityot (0! Supper stede ftornad] iN eater olth Dict. a ithhe groder. Couk nyeyny. coe lights band than the lower stake: DX otnolewt le) aN HH Discociainy &mergy 2- = mT : = Death Ee Matinee? D}' + Dissocieton enewqy of lower electrode state ‘ Ee. BY exciting energy- 2 OY CHAATH Dev tob-= 998770 158 #Laser Spectvoscopy :- “Lait Araplificed-ion by stimulated emisson of . Rodiotion”, > Tt bla ‘Vugld Source, vohich emits an itense ! almost pesfectely monochrome tc, directional and highty Coherent beara of Might + 3 Interaction of Radiation with matter > Stimulotecl Absorption aN a Br (Vniulr) Spontaneous €rj'ssion. a. = Ay Ne Stimulated €mi scion Ne =. Bly) My a, Bi. > ECrsHein B Coeff |. Rar Sinskin A Geff. ti 1 a ea Gr dr. oP ar La Pe At ermal &9ui ltbium Recte of uptrard) Transition = Recfe. shecind dry sf dn, Nb. ( ae heat & ane ee | era, > uly) = (A21/@2)) Bro ( Bain, ) I Plankie Rootiodtor ‘nila 8irhy Uly) = ci ah h : exp Jae)" keT mperting et Thege are Calleo! 28 - a ay. “Cingtein Relations" => Redo of Stimulates emission and spontaneous Emfscion Rate w=} 9 Gie-L When Rat Ce R= 1 Raden st. em. = Rode of: spo» emi [ord] Gose-t (81>!) —> PST a he Gee 37 (R61) (3t-emnj. > $PO-€mf.) 2 t z é Bes g& ¢ VMSTELTE S Patlo of sHinwlate) emigsforr' Rate to SHINN absorption Tate 8 By? PARTE, A _ =hy R= XP] DASHRATH YA DAV Mob-~ 938190985) KeT > By using plone ky Paliaten vai 2 Aa) 8rThy® m ei) eS - ee q° M Baio) Ne > Re-Peeadsve jndep- => aye Sls uy oo of excites atte. : Jenene Ary Cinddetin A Coeff. for spor-emyy ~> Nain Components of Laver? Me yen | Active mediun : . O92, Come 2+ Purging: ——> opal Puroping moe E oles & ophieal Reson, San eat pCa Oy Pumping. 7 Rede} Chemie proving A) a Gry > Refractive i which give x be aetrare Frepe of ostilladiong fide On Different Valuez_ of m fence to different Frejuenciee, “Ss WH Ch Comtityte, the longs Huot} nad morse of the & catty « ae j Ne Sry > We £ veg. oli ff Sho aah ‘acenf Jo Modes, Sy given by- ° 7 mg itotined | Sve pet 7 Me = bry & ~ Sz [= SF moodle separtion \ ce i Liddlddiece Freep. Lsidth of cach ; x to= Conity Itfe time -The bavity Jife time Jy ‘the time tn which enewsy ih the Giity by - foetor Hime in the absence of the amplifying tmeclium- Y whe ; 31 = I RRL xP (“Hee d) Ry SR are ef lectivity ofmivrorp 4 fe Ht abies Cot > poe Ah Tee eX gona Suppose, Ni>™M (Populadien Inversion). Sohe &. i Ma Therede. 9” er lower levef- i te sai Gaull IM E,_Q00 60 ——_ -ByrUlyny, RUUVN TUM td d7 WV Rode. 9% for Lipper evel: cele = FRU [oN Aart, Barly) Mr Im steady stote x HME =D at sy | Ne Bly) : N ~ Paat + Biutr) > 7 & “t) | hey os on Value of Az NaN > Thug, for tuo leve} Jase the stele of popultn tnversion Con mot be achteved: ~> Three leve] lasey : (Ruby Laser) > Solid state Laser, (Thace level /aaer) 2% Ruby Lasey fy one of the feo solid etode laser Hot produce visible Wight. Tt emits. aeep veo) light of voave length '634.8nrn- > Co-clope Al,0, BY Used Agan aetivemedium. > Some of ays Cong are vt placed by ex3+ fons. > Ahoy Se Coloysless,. qnal doping of Cx?" Cong. Povtde tt veal Colour > Ruby Jaser (p not tunable becouse roavelergtt of [user Ligh i fixed » Perereaereeervarvareratvaaaas TUL * ; ing Ruby Laser emits laser light try pulses- = The time tterviol bho fue Successive Pulses Is about IH ]oudg,- => Threshold Pumping Powes 3 LLLddd de. =s = RR > N Utotuno of atoms pet Lnit Volyme- — hyp Ju the pumping energy: io X ye-Ne loter emits Reol Laud. => Her Ne = 1081 3 TRy tt Coudinuoug voave (et 24>) Mixture of He Ne gasez acts op an active. == medium: =» Laser transition takes place blo energy levels of Neon only. 25 Vweof He By te achieved popubdtion tnvercion Sate, DALY fe-Ne lasers hap tree lager traniitions > 24 1. 59-5 4P 4 2. SS — > BPeC tn Sy maby Transitvn) ie g 14s — 9p

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