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The First Law of Thermodynamics

 It is the law that relates the various forms of energies for system

CHAPTER 4 of different types.

 It is simply the expression of the conservation of energy

The First Law of principle.

 Based on experimental observations, the first law of

Thermodynamics thermodynamics states that

 “Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a

process; it can only change forms.”

The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics

 The total energy of the system, Esystem, is given as
Ein  Eout  Esystem
Esystem = Internal Energy + Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
Esystem = U + KE + PE
 If the system does not move with a velocity and has no change in
 For the system shown above, the conservation of energy principle elevation, it is called a stationary system, and the conservation of
or the first law of thermodynamics is expressed as
energy equation reduces to
 Total Energy   Total Energy   The Change in Total 

Entering the System

Leaving the System
=   Ein  Eout  U + KE + PE
     Energy of the System 
Ein  Eout  U
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Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
 Heat Transfer, (Q) Heat transfer to a system (heat gain) increases the energy of  The energy balance can be written more explicitly as
the molecules and thus the internal energy of the system and heat transfer from a
Ein  Eout  (Qin  Qout )  (Win  Wout )  ( Emass ,in  Emass ,out )  ESystem
system (heat loss) decreases.

 Work Transfer, (W) Work transfer to a system (i.e., work done on a system)
increases the energy of the system, and work transfer from a system (i.e., work
done by the system) decreases .
 Or on a rate form, as
 Mass Flow, (m) When mass enters a system, the energy of the system increases
because mass carries energy with it (in fact, mass is energy). Likewise, when
Ein  Eout byNetheat,
energy transfer  ESystem Change in internal, kinetic,  kJ 
work and mass potential, etc..energies
some mass leaves the system, the energy contained within the system decreases .

 Ein  Eout 
Rate of net energy transfer
by heat, work and mass

  E System 
Rate change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc..energies
 kW 

The first law and a closed system The first law and a closed system
 For the closed system where the mass never crosses the system  If the total energy is a combination of internal energy, kinetic energy
boundary, then the energy balance is and potential energy
 Q in -Q out +W in -W out = E system E  U  KE  PE
 Closed system undergoing a cycle m(V22  V12 )
Q12  W12  U 2  U1    mg ( Z 2  Z1 )
 For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the initial and final 2
states are identical, and thus
 For negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy
 The initial and final states are identical
Q12  U 2  U1   W12
Esystem  E2  E1  0 Ein  Eout

Ein  Eout  0 Wnet ,out  Qnet ,in

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Internal energy and Enthalpy Enthalpy

 Internal energy  It is another extensive property which has a unit of energy and it is
denoted by H.
 The internal energy includes some complex forms of energy show up due to  The enthalpy is a convenient grouping of the internal energy,
translation, rotation and vibration of molecules. pressure, and volume and is given by
 It is designated by U and it is extensive property. H  U  PV
U
 Or per unit mass as, specific internal energy, u H
m  The enthalpy per unit mass is, h 
m
then h = u + Pv
 If we take two phase as liquid and vapor at a given saturation
Q12  U 2  U1   W12 W12  Pdv  P (V2  V1 ) W12  PV2  PV1
pressure or temperature
Q12  U 2  U1    PV2  PV1  Q12  U 2  PV2   U1  PV1 
U  U f Ug mu  m f u f  mg u g
u  u f  xu fg Q12  H 2  H1

Specific Heat Specific Heat

 It defined as; the energy required to raise the temperature of a The specific heat at constant volume can be viewed
as the energy required to raise the temperature of the unit
unit mass of a substance by one degree. mass of a substance by one degree as the volume is
 It is an intensive property of a substance that will enable us to maintained constant.
compare the energy storage capability of various
Here the boundary work is zero because the volume is
constant
substances. The unit is KJ
Kg℃ .
or KJ KgK
From first law δQ  dU
 In thermodynamics, we are interested in two kinds of specific Per unit mass  q  du  q  Cv dT
heats: specific heat at constant volume and specific heat at  du 
Cv dT  du Cv   
 dT v
constant pressure.
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Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal

Specific Heat Gases
The specific heat at constant pressure Cp can be viewed  We defined an ideal gas as a gas whose temperature, pressure, and
as the energy required to raise the temperature of the unit specific volume are related by Pv  RT
mass of a substance by one degree as the pressure is  From the specific heat relation du  Cv dT
maintained constant. u 2  u1  Cv dT

From first law δQ  dU  PdV  d  U  PV   dH  Or taking average value of specific heat for narrow temperature
difference u2  u1  Cave ,v (T2  T1 )
Per unit mass  q  dh  q  C p dT
 dh 
C p dT  dh Cp    dh  C p T  dT h2  h1  C p dT h2  h1  Cave, p (T2  T1 )
 dT  p

Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of

Relation between CP and CV for Ideal Gases
Solids and Liquids
h  u  RT dh  du  RdT  A substance whose specific volume (or density) is constant is called an
 Replacing dh by C p dT and du by Cv dT we have incompressible substance.

C p dT  Cv dT  RdT C p  Cv  R  The specific volumes of solids and liquids essentially remain constant
during a process. Therefore, liquids and solids can be approximated as
 At this point, we introduce another ideal-gas property called the
specific heat ratio k, defined as incompressible substances.

 It can be mathematically shown that the constant-volume and constant-

Cp KCv  Cv  R
K C p  KCv
Cv pressure specific heats are identical for incompressible substances.

R Cp K  The specific heat can be expressed as

Cv  Cp  R Cp  R
K 1 K K 1
C p  Cv  C
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1. The initial pressure and volume of a piston-

cylinder arrangement is 200kPa and 1m3
respectively. 2000kJ of heat is transferred to the
system and the final volume is 2m3. Determine
Example the change in the internal energy of the fluid.

2. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m3 of 3.A piston-cylinder contains steam initially at 1
saturated water vapor at 250 kPa. At this state, the Mpa, 450 oC and 2.5m3. Steam is allowed to
piston is resting on a set of stops, and the mass of the cool at constant pressure until it first start
piston is such that a pressure of 300 kPa is required to
move it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the steam condensing. Show the process on a T-v diagram
until the volume doubles. Show the process on a P-v with respect to saturation lines and determine.
diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine a) The mass of the steam
(a) the final temperature, (b) the work done during this b) The final temperature
process, and (c) the total heat transfer. c) The amount of heat transfer
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4. A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200 kPa,

The First Law and the Control Volume
200°C, and 0.4 m3. At this state, a linear spring is touching the
piston but exerts no force on it. Heat is now slowly transferred
to the steam, causing the pressure and the volume to rise to 300
kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively. Show the process on a P-v diagram
with respect to saturation lines and determine (a) the final
temperature, (b) the work done by the steam, and (c) the total
heat transferred.  The conservation of mass and the conservation of energy
principles for open systems or control volumes apply to systems
having mass crossing the system boundary or control surface.
 In addition to the heat transfer and work crossing the system
boundaries, mass carries energy with it as it crosses the system
boundaries.

The First Law and the Control Volume Steady state process
 The flow through a control volume is at steady state if, “the
 Hence the conservation of mass principle can be used to relate mass
which entering and leaving a system. It can be expressed as property of the substance at a given position within or at the
 The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a process (a boundaries of the control volume do not change with time”.
time interval t) is equal to the net change (increase or decrease) in the  During a steady-flow process, the total amount of mass contained
total mass within the control volume during that process (t). That is,
within a control volume does not change with time (mCV=
 Total mass entering   Total mass leaving   Net change in mass  constant).
 the CV during Δt  -  the CV during Δt  =  within the CV during Δt  dmCV
      m in  m out  dmCV / dt   m CV  0
dt
 Thermodynamic processes involving control volumes can be considered
in two groups: steady-flow processes and unsteady-flow processes. m in  m out m in
  mout

min  mout  mCV (kg ) in V in   out V out

in   out incompressible assumption
 
m in  m out  dmCV / dt (kg / s) m  V V in  V out Vin Ain  Vout Aout
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Unsteady state process Flow Work and The Energy of a Flowing Fluid
 The properties within the control volume change with time but  Unlike closed systems, control volumes involve mass flow across
remain uniform at any instant of time. their boundaries, and some work is required to push the mass into
or out of the control volume.
 Typical example:- filling and empting processes where most of the  This work is known as the flow work, or flow energy.
cases average value of properties must be used.
dmcv
0
dt
dmcv
  mi   me
dt
dmcv
 mi  m e
dt

Flow Work and The Energy of a Flowing Fluid Development of energy balance
 The general representation of the first law of thermodynamics
F  PA Q12  W12  E2  E1
W flow  FL  PAL  PV (kJ )
 The first law for open system will also have the same form, but
w flow  Pv W12  W flow  Wcv E = U + KE + PE

w flow,in  Pv
i i and w flow ,exit  Pe ve E = Internal Energy + Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
V2
W  ( Pv e  u  ke  pe  u   gz
flow ,in i i ) m i and W flow ,exit  ( Pe ve ) m e 2
 The fluid entering or leaving a control volume possesses an additional form of
W flow   Pe ve  me   Pv
i i  mi energy, the flow energy Pv

W  W flow  W cv  Then the total energy of a flowing fluid on a unit-mass basis (denoted by)
becomes   Pv  e  Pv  (u  ke  pe)
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Development of energy balance Development of energy balance

 But the combination Pv + u has been previously defined as the Q
 In such cases, it is common practice to assume heat to be
enthalpy h. So the relation in the above equation reduces to W
transferred into the system (heat input) at a rate of , and work
V2
  h  ke  pe  h 
2
 gz (kJ / kg ) produced by the system (work output) at a rate of , and then
solve the problem. The first-law or energy balance relation in
V 2i V 2i that case for a general steady-flow system becomes
 For inlet ei  Pv
i i  ui   gzi  Pv
i i ei  Pv
i i  hi   gzi
2 2
 V 2  V12  V22  V12
V2 Q W  m  h2  h1  2  g ( z2  z1 )  q  w  h2  h1   g ( z2  z1 )
 For outlet ee  Pe ve  he  e  gze  2 
2
2
 When the fluid experiences negligible changes in its kinetic and
 General equation potential energies (that is, ke = 0, pe = 0), the energy balance
0( steady ) Qin  Win   m  Qout  Wout   m
Ein  Eout  dEsystem / dt 0 in out equation is reduced further to
q  w  h2  h1
V2 V2
Qin  Win   m(h   gz )  Qout  Wout   m(h   gz )
in 2 out 2

Nozzles and Diffusers

 Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet engines, rockets, spacecraft,
and even garden hoses.
 A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of
pressure.
Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices  A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.

m in  m out m1  m2  m

 V2   V2 
Ein  Eout Q net   mi  hi  i  gzi   W net   me  he  e  gze 
inlet  2  exit  2 

 V2   V2 
mi  hi  i   me  he  e  Ve  2(hi  he )  Vi 2
 2   2 
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Turbines Compressors
 In steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants, the device that drives  Compressors, as well as fans, are devices used to increase the
the electric generator is the turbine. pressure of a fluid.
 As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the  Work is supplied to these devices from an external source through a
blades, which are attached to the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, rotating shaft.
and the turbine produces work.
min  m out

m in  m out
 V2   V2 
m1  m2  m Q net   mi  hi  i  gzi   W net   me  he  e  gze 
inlet  2  exit  2 
 V2   V2 
Ein  Eout Q net   mi  hi  i  gzi   W net   me  he  e  gze 
inlet  2  exit  2   W net  m( h e  hi )
mi h i  m e h e  W out W out  m(hi  h e )
W net  m(hi  he )

Pumps Throttling Valves

 The work required when pumping an incompressible liquid in an  Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a
adiabatic steady-state, steady-flow process is given by significant pressure drop in the fluid.
 V 2  V12 
Q  W  m  h2  h1  2
2
 g ( z2  z1 )   The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a large drop
 
 The enthalpy difference can be written as in temperature, and for that reason throttling devices are commonly
h2  h1   u2  u1    Pv 2   Pv 1 
used in refrigeration and air-conditioning applications.
 The pumping process for an incompressible liquid is essentially  V2   V2 
Q net   mi  hi  i  gzi   W net   me  he  e  gze 
isothermal, and the internal energy change is approximately zero. inlet  2  exit  2 
Since v2 = v1 = v the work input to the pump becomes
m in  m out mi hi  m e h e
 V 2  V12 
 W  m  v  P2  P1   2  g ( z2  z1 ) 
 2 
hi  h e
 W  m  v  P2  P1   W in , pump  m v  P2  P1  
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Mixing Chambers Heat Exchangers

 Heat exchangers are normally well-insulated devices that allow
 The mixing of two fluids occurs frequently in engineering
energy exchange between hot and cold fluids without mixing the
applications. The section where the mixing process takes place is
fluids.
called a mixing chamber.
m in  m out m1  m 2  m w
 The ordinary shower is an example of a mixing chamber.
m3  m 4  m R
E in  E out
2 2
 V   V  E in  E out
Q net   mi  hi  i  gzi   W net   me  he  e
 gze 
inlet  2  exit  2 
 V2   V2 
Q net   mi  hi  i  gzi   W net   me  he  e  gze 
m1 h1  m 2 h 2  m3 h3 inlet  2  exit  2 
 
m1 h1   m3  m1  h 2  m3 h3
  m1 h1  m3 h3  m 2 h 2  m 4 h 4
 min   mout
m1 ( h1  h 2 )  m3 ( h3  h 2 )
m1  m 2  m3 m w (h1  h 2 )  m R (h 4  h3 )
(h3  h 2 )
m1  m3
m 2  m 3  m1 (h1  h2 )

1.Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300 oC, enters an adiabatic

nozzle with a 1m/sec and leaves at 0.2MPa
with a quality of 90%. Find the exit velocity, in
m/s.
Example
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2. Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The 3. The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is
inlet conditions of the steam are 4 MPa, 500°C, and 80 m/s, 5 MW, and the inlet and the exit conditions of the
and the exit conditions are 30 kPa, 92 percent quality, and
steam are as indicated in Figure below.
50 m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is 12 kg/s.
a) Compare the magnitudes of h, ke, and pe.
Determine b) Determine the work done per unit mass of
(a) the change in kinetic energy, the steam flowing through the turbine.
(b) the power output, and c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.
(c) the turbine inlet area.

3. Nitrogen gas is compressed in a steady-state, 4. Saturated steam at 0.4 MPa is throttled to

steady-flow, adiabatic process from 0.1 Mpa, 25 0.1MPa, 100 oC. Determine the quality of the
oC. During the compression process the steam at 0.4MPa.
temperature become 125 oC. If the mass flow rate
is 0.2kg/s, determine the work done on the
nitrogen, in kW. (use cp=1.039kJ/kg.K)
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6. Two tanks (Tank A and Tank B) are separated by a partition.

5. Steam at 0.2MPa, 300oC, enters a mixing Initially Tank A contains 2-kg steam at 1 MPa and 300°C while
chamber and is mixed with cold water at 20oC, Tank B contains 3-kg saturated liquid–vapor mixture with a
0.2MPa, to produce 20kg/s of saturated liquid vapor mass fraction of 50 percent. Now the partition is removed
and the two sides are allowed to mix until the mechanical and
at 0.2MPa. What are the required steam and
thermal equilibrium are established. If the pressure at the final
cold water flow rates? state is 300 kPa, determine (a) the temperature and quality of the
steam (if mixture) at the final state and (b) the amount of heat
lost from the tanks.

7. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 9. Refrigerant-134a is throttled from the
kPa, 400°C, and 30 m/s and leaves at 250kPa saturated liquid state at 700 kPa to a pressure
and 33m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 0.08 of 160 kPa. Determine the temperature drop
m2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate through during this process and the final specific
the nozzle, (b) the exit temperature of the air, volume of the refrigerant.
and (c) the exit area of the nozzle.
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10. In steam power plants, open feedwater heaters are frequently 11. An adiabatic air compressor is to be powered by a
utilized to heat the feedwater by mixing it with steam bled off the direct-coupled adiabatic steam turbine that is also
turbine at some intermediate stage. Consider an open feedwater
driving a generator. Steam enters the turbine at 12.5
heater that operates at a pressure of 1000 kPa. Feedwater at 50°C
and 1000 kPa is to be heated with superheated steam at 200°C MPa and 500°C at a rate of 25 kg/s and exits at 10
and 1000 kPa. In an ideal feedwater heater, the mixture leaves kPa and a quality of 0.92. Air enters the compressor
the heater as saturated liquid at the feedwater pressure. at 98 kPa and 295 K at a rate of 10 kg/s and exits at 1
Determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the feedwater and MPa and 620 K. Determine the net power delivered
the superheated vapor for this case. to the generator by the turbine.

Thank You!!!
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