Name: Muhammad

“Aviation Weather” Bilal

Final Project Roll No: BSAM-
1902777016

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 1

 “PROJECT TOPIC”

“Progressive and Prospective

Technology for Cloud Seeding
Experiment by Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle and Atmospheric Research
Aircraft”

Abstract:
This project highlights the experiment of a cloud seeding using an unmanned
aerial vehicle and a research aircraft, the UAV showered a cloud seeding material
(calcium chloride), and the airplane checked the mists in the sky. Cloud seeding
experiment in the airplane demonstrated an expansion in the number focus and
normal molecule size of huge cloud particles after the seeding. Climate radar
reflectivity expanded by roughly 10 dBZ over the exploratory region because of
the advancement of mists and precipitation frameworks. Downpour was seen
subsequent to seeding, and 0.5 mm was recorded, including normal and blended
precipitation from the cloud seeding. Also, it showed that the fast expansion in
the quantity of raindrops and vertical reflectivity was around 10 dBZ.
Subsequently, these outcomes showed the chance of cloud seeding utilizing
UAVs and air research airplane. The impacts of cloud seeding are demonstrated
through the expanded number fixation and size of cloud particles, radar
reflectivity, and ground-based precipitation discovery.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Materials And Methods

3. Results And Discussion

3.1 Description of Cloud Seeding Experiment

3.2 Weather Conditions during Cloud Seeding

Experiment

3.3 Results of Cloud Seeding Experiment

3.4 Designing Cloud Seeding Experiments Using Two

Vehicles

4. Conclusion

5. References

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 3

1. INTRODUCTION
Aerosols can go about as cloud buildup cores or ice cores and influence cloud
development and lifetime. Understanding the microphysical impacts of sprayers
on mists and precipitation is basic in understanding and anticipating
environmental change. In climate adjustment innovation, cloud-seeding
materials relating to these vapor sprayers go about as cloud buildup or ice cores,
consequently influencing cloud and precipitation arrangement. Climate
adjustment is a high-level logical strategy that is utilized in the meteorological
field to upgrade precipitation, smother hail, and scatter haze. A significant
technique can be utilized to reduce water asset shortage, dry season help, and
woods fire avoidance. For the eventual fate of climatic sciences, climate change
procedures are basic. Cloud seeding tests have been performed utilizing seeding
materials that have been utilized starting around 1946. Climate change is an
innovation wherein cloud-seeding materials misleadingly cause cloud buildup
and precipitation improvement in region of the environment with lacking cloud
buildup or ice cores.
Climate change procedures began from the disclosure that showering fake ice
cores into supercooled mists can build the number grouping of ice precious
stones. The cloud seeding technique relies upon precipitation development
processes, which shift with cloud temperature. In chilly mists (underneath 0°C),
precipitation is actuated by showering ice cores materials, like silver iodide or
dry ice, to create or fortify ice. In warm mists (above 0°C), precipitation is
prompted by splashing hygroscopic substances, for example, sodium chloride or
calcium chloride, which go about as cloud buildup cores and advance the crash
mixture process in the cloud. The seeding particles effectively increment the
drop-size dissemination, which speeds up the downpour interaction.(Jung, Cha
et al. 2022)
The World Meteorological Affiliation (WMO) noticed that the advancement of
meteorological ventures, like climate alteration exercises, has become altogether
because of an expansion in friendly financial interest for dry season alleviation,
water assets, and fire woodland counteraction. Climate change has been proposed
as a way to limit ecological issues and secure water assets for a generally minimal
price. Accordingly, cloud seeding investigations and examination advances are

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 4

required. As of now, climate adjustment projects are in progress around the world,
remembering for the US, China, Japan, the Unified Bedouin Emirates, and Russia.
Cloud seeding tests utilizing airplane have been performed to acquire significant
outcomes. Besides, the strategy shows high accomplishment for downpour
improvement. The US and Thailand are directing cloud seeding explores
different avenues regarding airplane to increment long haul precipitation; they
recommended an expansion in yearly precipitation through cloud seeding.
Different other cloud seeding studies have been led utilizing airplane. An outline
of these examinations/tests is given in the accompanying.
The Wyoming Climate Change Pilot Venture (WWMPP) was performed to
genuinely assess the viability of cloud seeding with silver iodide in the
Medication Bow and Sierra Madre Scopes of south-focal Wyoming. The cloud
seeding program over the Sierra Nevada mountains locale brought about six
fruitful and five ineffective cases. The Cultivated and Normal Orographic
Wintertime Cloud: the Idaho Analysis (SNOWIE) project was performed to
check the cloud seeding impact utilizing meteorological radar and cloud bead
instrument. The Queensland Cloud Seeding Research Program (QCSRP) was
completed in Australia to research the cloud seeding impact on cloud and
precipitation in a spotless spray climate. In South Africa, seeding with
hygroscopic seeding flares from the wings of an airplane brought about an
expansion in radar-estimated downpour mass. The cloud seeding tests in Israel
showed the precipitation improvement over the objective region with solid low
strain, precipitation, and wind of concise condition. In India, cloud seeding from
airplane based hygroscopic flares ascribed an estimated 17% of the complete
precipitation. The development rate was demonstrated to be delicately impacted
by spray size dispersion, vertical speed, strain, temperature, and relative
moistness. These cloud seeding tests have been endeavored utilizing different
sorts of airplane, like helicopters, robots, rockets, and planes.(Jung, Cha et al.
2022)
In Korea, cloud seeding tests utilizing airplane were first led in 1963 and are as
yet being utilized. Beginning around 2018, cloud seeding analyses and
perceptions have been executed utilizing environmental examination airplane.
The accessible days for a cloud seeding test in Korea are assessed to be
somewhere in the range of 40 and 91 for every annum to cover all the center
regions, in particular, water assets, dry spell help, woodland fire counteraction,

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 5

and air quality improvement. In any case, these examinations involve extensive
expenses related with building and keeping up with foundation (e.g., airplane and
gear).
As of late, an Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle (UAV) has been proposed as another
option, more savvy answer for extend climate alteration innovation. Accordingly,
more as of late, UAV frameworks have been tried for their utilization in different
fields, including meteorology, climate, and its applications. The UAV framework
is a helpful device for cloud seeding tasks and proficiency examination. In the
US, an automated aeronautical framework stage was laid out to explore the
capability of UAVs in directing cloud perception tests. They attempted to foster
a structure to involve independent automated airplane frameworks for the activity
and assessment of cloud seeding exercises. They found significant benefits in
involving the UAV framework for cloud seeding activities that empower the ID
of the air natural circumstances for more successful execution of cloud seeding.
They further gave a unique situation and direction on involving automated
airplane frameworks for the activity and execution of cloud seeding. For the
activity of cloud seeding, a huge UAV framework, including sensors and seeding
material, is required. The Lower Climatic Interaction Studies at Height a
Remotely Guided Airplane Group Examination (LAPSE-RATE) crusade was
directed utilizing an automated elevated framework to notice the upward profile
of spray, carbon dioxide, water fume, and other meteorological boundaries.
Contrasted with monitored airplane, UAVs require less labor force and lower
financial plans and can fly during serious weather patterns.(Jung, Cha et al. 2022)

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 6

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cloud seeding tests were directed utilizing a UAV and an air research airplane.
Figure 1 shows the airplane and instruments in the (a) UAV and (b) Korea
Meteorological Organization (KMA)/Public Establishment of Meteorological
Sciences (NIMS) Environmental Exploration Airplane (NARA). Table 1 gives
the particular determinations. The UAV utilized in this study is a TR-60 down to
earth tiltrotor UAV created by the Korea Aviation Exploration Establishment,
which can take off and land upward and fly at high paces. This is a cutting-edge
UAV framework that can perform observation and reconnaissance missions
through a quick methodology towards the objective point. It has a wing length of
3 m, greatest departure payload of 200 kg, greatest flight season of 5 h, and most
extreme roof elevation of 3 km. This empowers vertical departure and landing
tasks in slender regions, high velocity flight, and high-proficiency surveillance
and observing. To extend the utility of the UAV, it was created to control a flare
rack introduced under it to lead cloud seeding tests. The flare rack is intended to
be outfitted with four to six flares.

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Aviation Weather (Final Project) 8
The NARA utilized in this study was a King Air 350 HW model produced by
Beechcraft in the US in November 2017. The motor is a super prop model in
which two propellers work, with a most extreme roof of 10 km and a greatest
flight season of 5.5 h. The NARA was furnished with a sum of 25 kinds of
meteorological perception instruments to direct extreme weather conditions
checking, ecological checking, ozone harming substance checking, cloud
physical science perceptions, and cloud seeding. To direct cloud seeding tests,
the NARA was outfitted with a flare rack, cloud buildup cores counter (CCNC)
for 0.75-10 μm cloud buildup cores perception, cloud imaging test (CIP) for 7.5-
930 μm cloud molecule perception, cloud bead test (CDP) for 2-50 μm cloud
molecule perception, precipitation imaging test for 100-6,200 μm precipitation
molecule perceptions, and multielement water content estimation (WCM-2000)
for fluid water content. Cloud material science perceptions and cloud seeding
tests utilizing NARAs have been effectively directed starting around 2018 and
showed expansions in cloud molecule size and ground precipitation.
To lead the cloud seeding test, the main in Korea to utilize both the UAV and
NARA, an exploratory plan reasonable with the end goal of every airplane was
ready. The trial splashed cloud seeding material utilizing the UAV and noticed
the climatic circumstances and cloud particles utilizing NARA. To apply cloud
seeding to warm mists, the UAV was outfitted with calcium chloride flares from
the Ice Gem Designing organization. To check the examination results,
information from the CIP, CDP, climate radar, programmed climate framework
(AWS), miniature downpour radar, disdrometer, and a mathematical model were
investigated.
Varieties in the cloud molecule microphysics were dissected utilizing cloud
physical science perception hardware mounted on the NARA. The C-band
climate radar at the Korea Aviation Exploration Foundation was utilized to
record reflectivity changes. Precipitation identification and sum information
were gathered from the beginning perception network inside the seeding
molecule dissemination reach and time. What's more, the reflectivity when the
trial and the size dissemination of the raindrops by field perceptions, like by
miniature downpour radar and disdrometer, were investigated.

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 9

3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
3.1. Description of Cloud Seeding Experiment
Processes, like weather conditions estimate investigation, seeding situation
foundation, and authorizing for airplane activities, were led before the cloud
seeding test. The analysis was led by noticing varieties in air conditions and cloud
particles utilizing the NARA in the wake of showering cloud seeding material
utilizing the UAV. This was led on April 25, 2019, during which the UAV flew
from 0912 to 1037 nearby standard time (LST) (85 min) and the NARA flew
from 0930 to 1254 LST (204 min). The UAV splashed the cloud seeding material
from 0917 to 1029 LST (72 min). The review region included Goheung and
Boseong, Jeollanam-do. Figure 2 shows the objective region and flight way of
seeding by the UAV and the perception by the NARA over the southern piece of
the Korean landmass. The UAV cultivated the mists utilizing 12 calcium chloride
flares at a level of 760 m on the windward side of the area; the NARA voyaged
directly at 1-2 km in level on the windward and leeward sides.

Figure: 2 Target area and flight path of seeding by the UAV (red) and observation by the NARA (blue) over the
southern part of the Korean peninsula on April 25, 2019.

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 10

3.2. Weather Conditions during Cloud Seeding Experiments
Exploring whether the weather patterns were reasonable before the cloud seeding
test was a main consideration impacting its prosperity. Also, the seeding material
species are reliant upon the limit for air temperature. Consequently, the edge
worth and weather patterns were analyzed (Table 2). Table 2 gives the
atmospheric condition agenda to this examination. The environmental
circumstances for cloud seeding tests in warm mists, as proposed by the NIMS,
are a temperature above 0°C, a fluid water content over 0.1 g/m3, and a breeze
speed under 15 m/s at the seeding level. The NARA played out the environmental
circumstances at the seeding level to guarantee the appropriateness of these
circumstances for seeding. The deliberate circumstances were as per the
following: temperature of 10.1°C, fluid water content of 0.71 g/m3, and wind
speed of 6.9 m/s.

Data on the predominant succinct circumstances is valuable to assess the

development and attributes of the cloud framework for cloud seeding purposes.
The succinct atmospheric conditions by Brought together Model (UM) in KMA
and satellite infrared satellite picture during this examination are given in Figure
3. Figure 3 shows the (a) surface weather conditions outline, (b) the hole among
temperature and dew point temperature, dew point temperature, and wind at 850
hPa, (c) the weather conditions graph at 850 hPa, and (d) the temperature at 850
hPa and vertical speed at 700 hPa at 0900 LST on April 25, 2019. As displayed
in Figures 3(a) and 3(c), during the examination, the center and upper mists,

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 11

joined by an upper pneumatic stress valley close to Balhae Straight, were moving
upper east, and the grew low and convective mists behind them moved upper east
toward the northern Yellow Ocean. As the southwest wind kept on blowing from
southern China, the dew point shortfall in the objective region expanded from 0
to 1°C (Figure 3(b)), and the upward speed was −5 hPa/h, with a feeble vertical
breeze (Figure 3(d)). It was assumed that the seeding material showered in this
soggy environment rose upward and responded with the cloud particles.

Figure: 3 (a)

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 Figure: 3 (b)

Figure: 3 (c)

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 13

 Figure: 3 (d)
Figure: 3 (a) Surface weather chart, Figure: 3 (b) gap between temperature and dew point temperature, dew point
temperature, wind at 850 hPa, Figure: 3 (c) weather chart at 850 hPa, and (Figure: 3 d) temperature at 850 hPa and
vertical velocity at 700 hPa at 0900 LST on April 25, 2019.

Vertical weather patterns were resolved utilizing the upward sounding profile
and (b) precipitable water in Heuksando at 0900 LST and 2100 LST on April 25,
2019. Figure 4 mirrors (a) the upward sounding profile and (b) precipitable water
in Heuksando at 0900 LST and 2100 LST on April 25, 2019. In the upward
profile of the climatic circumstances, displayed in Figure 4(a), the lifting buildup
level was recorded at around 990 hPa, and the K-file expanded by 9.2 after the
cloud seeding, demonstrating the chance of showers or rainstorms. In Figure 4(b),
the precipitable water expanded in many regions from the lower to the upper
layer. Besides, the precipitable water at the surface was 0.65-0.76 mm, and the
aggregated precipitable water was 1.70-2.39 m. From this upward profile, it was
seen that dampness and temperamental cloud conditions were available, making
it reasonable for directing cloud seeding tests.

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 14

 Figure: 4 (a)

Figure: 4 (b)
Figure:4 (a) Vertical sounding profile of sounding and (b) precipitable water in Heuksando at 0900 LST and 2100 LST on
April 25, 2019.

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 15

3.3. Result of Cloud Seeding Experiment
The result of the cloud seeding was resolved utilizing field perceptions and a
mathematical reproduction.
To examine the drop-size dissemination in the cloud to decide the impact of cloud
seeding, the data gathered by NARA was used as displayed in Figure 5, which
portrays (a) the flight way map, (b) time series of flight range from 1030 to 1145
LST, and (c) normal cloud size dispersion at 1 km in level previously (cyan) and
subsequent to seeding (blue) on April 25, 2019. Taking into account the southeast
wind and the showering level during the cloud seeding (Figure 5(a)), the
windward side (the part not impacted by the cloud seeding material, displayed in
cyan) and the leeward side (the segment impacted by the cloud seeding material,
displayed in blue) were separated into three layers at 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0 km (Figure
5(b)). During the cloud perception flight, the focuses checked OB1-1 and OB1-
2 were noticed windward in the request for 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0 km in level, and the
focuses OB3-1 and OB3-2 were noticed leeward in the request for 1.0, 1.5, and
2.0 km in level. As displayed in Figure 5(c), at 1 km cloud seeding level, the
number centralization of the cloud particles under 10 μm in measurement was
comparative when seeding. Nonetheless, the molecule size of the cloud particles
north of 10 μm expanded. In this manner, the greatest number fixation diminished,
and a wide cloud molecule range showed up in 10-100 μm particles due to the
opposition impact and development of precipitation by reinforcing the crash
blend process in the cloud. Moreover, the cloud beads showed a wide cloud
molecule range in cloud particles north of 100 μm through goliath cloud buildup
cores action that showed up because of the tail impact, speeding up precipitation
development. Table 3 looks at the typical number fixation (cm−3) when cloud
seeding at a level of 1 km on April 25, 2019. While contrasting the outcome in
the wake of seeding with those before the cloud seeding test, the cloud particles
with breadths of 2-50 μm, as estimated utilizing the CDP, had comparative
number fixations after the seeding, though those particles with distances across
of 60-500 μm as estimated utilizing the CIP expanded 1.52 times, from 12.52
cm−3 before to 19.01 cm−3 after cloud seeding, which was critical. The NARA
noticed an expansion in the number grouping of cloud particles on the leeward
side after the seeding, which is because of the development of huge cloud
particles after cloud seeding.

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 16

 Figure 5 (a)

Figure 5 (b)

Figure 5 (c)
Figure:5 (a) Flight path map, (b) time series of flight height from 1030 to 1145 LST, and (c) average cloud size
distribution at 1 km height before (cyan) and after seeding (blue) on April 25, 2019.

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 17

3.4. Designing Cloud Seeding Experiments Using Two Vehicles
An effective cloud seeding test utilizing two kinds of airplanes can be led to
relieve the drawbacks of environmental exploration airplane. Environmental
exploration airplane experience issues flying in low mists. The UAV utilized for
this study can fly in low mists. In this way, the main part of cloud seeding tests
utilizing UAVs and environmental examination airplane is the trial plan. For the
two airplanes to perform actually and composed way during cloud seeding tests
without wellbeing concerns, the trial should be planned thinking about transient
and spatial circumstances. Figure 10 shows a schematic chart of the cloud
seeding test utilizing the UAV (red) and the NARA (blue). As displayed in Figure
10, the UAV ought to play out the cloud seeding first, and the barometrical
exploration airplane ought to accordingly notice the meteorological
circumstances. Spatially, the trial can be planned by isolating it into vertical and
even regions. In an upward direction, UAVs ought to fly in the lower locales of
the mists, and air research airplane ought to fly in the center and upper levels of
the mists, keeping up with basically 100 meters between the two airplanes to
lessen wellbeing issues and mishaps. A trial underlined keeping a 100-300 m
span between the two airplanes; subsequently, this investigation was directed
with a time frame 1280 m. On a level plane, the environmental examination
airplane should fly in a check region where ground-based perception hardware is
introduced, and UAVs should fly in the seeding region of the objective cloud.
Cloud seeding trials can be confirmed in different ways (ground-based and upper
layers). Generally, while planning cloud seeding tests utilizing different airplane,

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 18

the UAV ought to shower cloud seeding material close to the cloud base over the
exploratory region first, and environmental examination airplane ought to notice
the air conditions in the center and upper cloud layers over the check region at a
later stage. Powerful and safe cloud seeding examinations and check can
accordingly be led by utilizing these two sorts of airplanes. This trial (particularly,
Figure 10) will act as a rule for cloud seeding test utilizing two or a few airplanes.

Figure: 6
Schematic diagram of cloud seeding experiment by UAV (red) and NARA (blue).

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 19

4. CONCLUSION
This study explored without precedent for Korea the chance of cloud seeding
utilizing maintained barometrical examination airplane and UAVs. An intensive
exploratory plan was ready to shower cloud seeding material with the UAV and
to notice the cloud physical science by utilizing the NARA. The meteorological
circumstances (temperature, fluid water content, and wind speed) on April 25,
2019, were appropriate for cloud seeding tests involving calcium chloride as seed
material. It showed that there were low mists with fluid status, wet circumstances,
and a 0-1°C dew point deficiency in the trial region. Perceptions showed an
expansion in the number centralization of cloud particles north of 10 μm in
distance across, an expansion in radar reflectivity of more than 10 dBZ,
precipitation identification, and an expansion in the number fixation and size of
the raindrops. Besides, a mathematical reenactment showed the scattering of the
cloud seeding material. Thusly, the development of the mists and raindrops was
probable because of the cloud seeding test. The investigation rules for cloud
seeding impacts proposed by the NIMS and KMA are expanded surface
precipitation, cloud particles, and radar reflectivity; accordingly, this study
shows reasonable outcomes.

Despite the fact that expansions in precipitation and mists in the objective region
after the trial were shown, this might have been a characteristic increment. In this
way, measurable confirmation through additional trials is required. Albeit this
was the principal helpful examination involving UAVs and air research airplane
in Korea, we hope to see comparable analyses from different specialists and
cooperative administrators. Need for venture to foster further climate change
advancements was investigated involving the 10 pointers for 16 innovations and
noticed that the improvement of new climate sensors for UAVs, splashing and
dissemination of cloud seeding material, confirmation, mathematical displaying,
and ground-based tests are required. Thusly, the KMA will keep on making
progress toward innovation advancement in cloud seeding tests utilizing UAVs
and barometrical exploration airplane. Later on, we intend to further develop
cloud seeding effectiveness utilizing UAVs through proceeded with double
airplane tests.

Aviation Weather (Final Project) 20

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Aviation Weather (Final Project) 23