Introduction of Heat Transfer

Raj Saini
PDF (IIT Delhi), PhD (IIT Bombay), M.Tech. (IIT Madras), B.Tech. (UPTU)

https://www.drrajkumarsaini.com/ April 2023

Outline for the talk
● Introduction of Heat Transfer and applications

● Heat Transfer through Conduction

● Heat Transfer through Convection

● Subjects I wish to teach courses

● Research Interest

2
 What is Heat ?
Heat u2
u1
Mechanical
Macroscopic
z

Translational
Thermal: u1 Rotational
Sensible Vibrational

Thermal:
Latent Inter-molecular
Internal
(microscopic)
Intra-molecular
Other
(Chemical bond)

Nuclear

Wikimedia
3
Application of Heat Transfer in Chemical Engineering
Lab distillation
(pixbay)

Lab stirrer
(dreamstime)

Distillation Tower
(wikimedia)

Stirred tank reactor

(wikimedia)

4
Mechanism of Conduction
● Conduction in a gas (low density
fluid)
○ Random translation of molecules carries
heat
○ Transfer by collisions
● Conduction in a liquid (high density
fluid)
○ Molecules in a “cage”, translation
localised
○ Transfer by strong inter-molecular
forces (collisions)
○ Heat transferred, molecules localised
● Conduction in a solid
○ Highly localised
○ Lattice vibrations (or waves)
○ Translation of free electrons
Chemistry LibreTexts.org
5
Diffusion of Heat and Mass
● Diffusion is spreading by random Tracer

motion Microscopic
● Each particle is exploring the space
Macroscopic
around by random motion in all
directions
● Appears as a directed motion
macroscopically
● Diffusion of Heat = Conduction!
● Diffusion of species = Diffusion

Wikimedia; Taylor Science Geeks

6
Heat Transfer Rate due to Conduction
● Fourier’s Law

● Heat Flux through a material

● k is the thermal conductivity

Heat Transfer Rate Notations Remarks

Liquids and solids: Conduction is
● Heat transfer Rate (W)
dominated by energy transport
● Heat transfer rate per length (W/m)
through inter-molecular “collisions”
● Heat transfer rate per area (W/m2), heat Gases: translation of molecules
flux

● Heat transfer rate per volume (W/m3)

7
Bergman et al 2011 Fundamentals of H&MT (Incropera) Chemistry LibreTexts.org
Convection Phenomenon
● Mean motion of a packet of fluid
● Carries heat with mean (bulk) flow, u
● Heat is still random motion of
molecules
● Heat transported depends on
○ Temperature of packet
○ Fluid velocity, u
○ Number of molecules in packet

Wikimedia (Metalomer); Flow3D DEM

8
Convective (fluid) Heat Transfer
a) Forced convection
Fluid driven externally

b) Natural convection
Buoyancy driven

c) Boiling
(phase change to vapour)

d) Condensation
(phase change to liquid) Key feature: Fluid-Solid Interface
Bergman et al 2011 Fundamentals of H&MT (Incropera)
9
Convective Heat Transfer from a Surface
● Flow of fluid past Heated surface
○ Solid to 1st fluid layer by conduction
○ On surface: Fluid temp T = Solid temp Ts
○ Far away ambient temp T0

● Thermal Boundary layer

○ Region where temp changes from T0 to Ts

● Thermal BL can be diff. from Velocity BL

● Increase in velocity reduces both BL
● h Convective heat transfer coefficient

HT Today (Virginia.edu); Wikipedia;

10
Meaning of Convection Flux Equation
● Horizontal laminar layers
○ No mixing between layers

● Heat transport between layers

○ Predominantly by random vertical motion

● Essentially thermal conduction

Remarks
● Convective heat transport is between a
● Heat transfer coefficient fluid and a solid
● It is due to bulk (mean) motion not
random motion of molecules

Flow3D DEM
11
Radiation Exchange
● All bodies emit radiation (EMR)
● Transmission does not require
medium

● Emission by a surface: Emissivity E

● Incident on a surface: Irradiation G

○ Absorption
○ Reflection
○ Transmission

Bergman et al 2011 Fundamentals of H&MT (Incropera)

12
Mechanism of Radiation Emission
UV Visible IR

● All bodies T > 0 K: emit Electromagnetic

radiation (EMR) reducing their temperature
○ Thermal motion => electron energy
transitions
○ Thermal radiation
○ Solids, liquids, and gases

● Solar Radiation
○ Thermal, Sun at 5800 K

● Emissive power [W/m2]

Wikipedia
13
Mechanism of Radiation Absorption
● EMR of all long wavelengths (visible and
beyond) are absorbed by non-opaque
materials
● Absorption converts EMR to thermal
energy
● Thumb rule

Wavelength thermally emitted is also

absorbed to thermal heating

● Incident Radiation: Irradiation G

● Only a fraction is absorbed

14
Net Rate of Radiation Exchange
● Engineering Approximations
○ Only surface radiates/absorbs (ignore bulk
volume)

○ Gases ~ Transparent

○ Liquids & Solids ~ Opaque

● Small surface enclosed in a large

surrounding

● Gray surface

15
Boundary Layer: Flow Past a Surface
● Flow of fluid past a surface
○ No slip (zero relative velocity) on solid
○ Far away unaffected u0

● Boundary Layer
○ Region where velocity changes from 0
to u0

● Boundary layer phenomenon Flow past flat surface Flow past cylinder

○ Laminar
○ Turbulent

Wikipedia; Gifer (Fluid Flow)

16
Convection Misconceptions
● Convection is not just atmospheric motion of
hot fluid down and cold fluid top
○ That is Free convection
○ There is also forced convection
● Convection cannot occur in Still air
○ Room air is strictly not still
○ Small temperature variations cause bulk
turbulent flow
○ We smell perfume in a still room because of
convection not diffusion
○ Diffusion will take years to reach our nose!

Weather World @ UIUC; Golden Triangle

17
Research Interest
● Area of Research Interest
○ Computational Fluid Dynamics
○ Heat Transfer
○ Multiphase Flow
○ Convective Heat Transfer
○ Combustion
○ Flow of Granular Materials

● Other Area of Research Interest

○ Open Source (OpenFoam & CFD-DEM Coupling)
○ Modelling and simulation
○ Renewable Energy
○ Solar PV design
○ Open-source softwares

18
Thank you

Questions ?
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