Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Cat
The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small
Cat
carnivorous mammal.[1][2] It is the only domesticated
species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred Temporal range: 9,500 years ago –
to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it present
from the wild members of the family.[4] Cats are
commonly kept as house pets but can also be farm cats
or feral cats; the feral cat ranges freely and avoids
human contact.[5] Domestic cats are valued by humans
for companionship and their ability to kill rodents.
About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat
registries.[6]

The cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it

has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth,
and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey like
mice and rats. Its night vision and sense of smell are
well developed. Cat communication includes
vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing,
growling, and grunting as well as cat-specific body
language. Although the cat is a social species, it is a
solitary hunter. As a predator, it is crepuscular, i.e. most
active at dawn and dusk. It can hear sounds too faint or
too high in frequency for human ears, such as those
made by mice and other small mammals.[7] It also
secretes and perceives pheromones.[8]
Various types of cats
Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to
late autumn, with litter sizes often ranging from two to Conservation status
five kittens.[9] Domestic cats are bred and shown at Domesticated
events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as
cat fancy. Population control of cats may be achieved by Scientific classification
spaying and neutering, but their proliferation and the Kingdom: Animalia
abandonment of pets has resulted in large numbers of
feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of Phylum: Chordata
entire bird, mammal, and reptile species.[10] Class: Mammalia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 1 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

It was long thought that cat domestication began in Order: Carnivora

ancient Egypt, where cats were venerated from around
Suborder: Feliformia
3100 BC,[11][12] but recent advances in archaeology and
genetics have shown that their domestication occurred Family: Felidae
in Western Asia around 7500 BC.[13]
Subfamily: Felinae
As of 2021, there were an estimated 220 million owned Genus: Felis
and 480 million stray cats in the world.[14][15] As of
2017, the domestic cat was the second most popular pet Species: F. catus[1]
in the United States, with 95.6 million cats Binomial name
owned[16][17][18] and around 42 million households
Felis catus[1]
owning at least one cat.[19] In the United Kingdom, 26%
of adults have a cat, with an estimated population of Linnaeus, 1758[2]
10.9 million pet cats as of 2020.[20] Synonyms

Etymology and naming Catus domesticus Erxleben, 1777[3]

F. angorensis Gmelin, 1788
The origin of the English word cat, Old English catt, is
thought to be the Late Latin word cattus, which was first F. vulgaris Fischer, 1829
used at the beginning of the 6th century.[21] It was
suggested that cattus is derived from an Egyptian precursor of Coptic ϣⲁⲩ šau, 'tomcat', or its
feminine form suffixed with -t.[22] The Late Latin word may be derived from another Afro-
Asiatic[23] or Nilo-Saharan language. The Nubian word kaddîska 'wildcat' and Nobiin kadīs are
possible sources or cognates.[24] The Nubian word may be a loan from Arabic ‫ط‬ ّ ‫ ِق‬qiṭṭ.
​ ّ ‫ َق‬qaṭṭ ~ ‫ط‬

However, it is "equally likely that the forms might derive from an ancient Germanic word,
imported into Latin and thence to Greek and to Syriac and Arabic".[25] The word may be derived
from Germanic and Northern European languages, and ultimately be borrowed from Uralic, cf.
Northern Sami gáđfi, 'female stoat', and Hungarian hölgy, 'lady, female stoat'; from Proto-Uralic
*käďwä, 'female (of a furred animal)'.[26]

The English puss, extended as pussy and pussycat, is attested from the 16th century and may have
been introduced from Dutch poes or from Low German puuskatte, related to Swedish kattepus, or
Norwegian pus, pusekatt. Similar forms exist in Lithuanian puižė and Irish puisín or puiscín. The
etymology of this word is unknown, but it may have arisen from a sound used to attract a
cat.[27][28]

A male cat is called a tom or tomcat[29] (or a gib,[30] if neutered). A female is called a queen[31] (or
a molly,[32] if spayed), especially in a cat-breeding context. A juvenile cat is referred to as a kitten.
In Early Modern English, the word kitten was interchangeable with the now-obsolete word
catling.[33] A group of cats can be referred to as a clowder or a glaring.[34]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 2 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Taxonomy
The scientific name Felis catus was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a domestic cat.[1][2] Felis
catus domesticus was proposed by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777.[3] Felis daemon
proposed by Konstantin Satunin in 1904 was a black cat from the Transcaucasus, later identified as
a domestic cat.[35][36]

In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled that the domestic cat is
a distinct species, namely Felis catus.[37][38] In 2007, it was considered a subspecies, F. silvestris
catus, of the European wildcat (F. silvestris) following results of phylogenetic research.[39][40] In
2017, the IUCN Cat Classification Taskforce followed the recommendation of the ICZN in
regarding the domestic cat as a distinct species, Felis catus.[41]

Evolution
The domestic cat is a member of the Felidae, a family that had a
common ancestor about 10–15 million years ago.[42] The genus
Felis diverged from other Felidae around 6–7 million years
ago.[43] Results of phylogenetic research confirm that the wild
Felis species evolved through sympatric or parapatric
speciation, whereas the domestic cat evolved through artificial
selection.[44] The domesticated cat and its closest wild ancestor
are diploid and both possess 38 chromosomes[45] and roughly
20,000 genes.[46] The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)
was tamed independently in China around 5500 BC. This line
of partially domesticated cats leaves no trace in the domestic
cat populations of today.[47]

Skulls of a wildcat (top left), a

Domestication housecat (top right), and a hybrid
between the two. (bottom center)
The earliest known indication for the taming of an African
wildcat (F. lybica) was excavated close by a human Neolithic
grave in Shillourokambos, southern Cyprus, dating to about 7500–7200 BC. Since there is no
evidence of native mammalian fauna on Cyprus, the inhabitants of this Neolithic village most likely
brought the cat and other wild mammals to the island from the Middle Eastern mainland.[48]
Scientists therefore assume that African wildcats were attracted to early human settlements in the
Fertile Crescent by rodents, in particular the house mouse (Mus musculus), and were tamed by
Neolithic farmers. This mutual relationship between early farmers and tamed cats lasted
thousands of years. As agricultural practices spread, so did tame and domesticated cats.[13][6]
Wildcats of Egypt contributed to the maternal gene pool of the domestic cat at a later time.[49]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 3 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

The earliest known evidence for the occurrence of the domestic cat in Greece dates to around 1200
BC. Greek, Phoenician, Carthaginian and Etruscan traders introduced domestic cats to southern
Europe.[50] During the Roman Empire they were introduced to Corsica and Sardinia before the
beginning of the 1st millennium.[51] By the 5th century BC, they were familiar animals around
settlements in Magna Graecia and Etruria.[52] By the end of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th
century, the Egyptian domestic cat lineage had arrived in a Baltic Sea port in northern
Germany.[49]

During domestication, cats have undergone only minor changes in anatomy and behavior, and they
are still capable of surviving in the wild. Several natural
behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have pre-adapted
them for domestication as pets. These traits include their small
size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play, and
high intelligence. Captive Leopardus cats may also display
affectionate behavior toward humans but were not
domesticated.[53] House cats often mate with feral cats.[54]
Hybridisation between domestic and other Felinae species is
also possible, producing hybrids such as the Kellas cat in
Scotland.[55][56]

Development of cat breeds started in the mid 19th century.[57]

An analysis of the domestic cat genome revealed that the
ancestral wildcat genome was significantly altered in the
process of domestication, as specific mutations were selected to A cat eating a fish under a chair, a
develop cat breeds.[58] Most breeds are founded on random- mural in an Egyptian tomb dating to
the 15th century BC
bred domestic cats. Genetic diversity of these breeds varies
between regions, and is lowest in purebred populations, which
show more than 20 deleterious genetic disorders.[59]

Characteristics

Size
The domestic cat has a smaller skull and shorter bones than the
European wildcat.[60] It averages about 46 cm (18 in) in head-
to-body length and 23–25 cm (9–10 in) in height, with about
30 cm (12 in) long tails. Males are larger than females.[61] Adult
domestic cats typically weigh between 4 and 5 kg (9 and Diagram of the general anatomy of a
11 lb).[44] male domestic cat

Skeleton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 4 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Cats have seven cervical vertebrae (as do most mammals); 13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have 12);
seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacral vertebrae (as do most mammals, but
humans have five); and a variable number of caudal vertebrae in the tail (humans have only three
to five vestigial caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal coccyx).[62]: 11  The extra lumbar and
thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine are 13
ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis.[62]: 16  Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the
shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones which allow them to pass their body through any space into
which they can fit their head.[63]

Skull
The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large
eye sockets and a powerful specialized jaw.[64]: 35  Within the
jaw, cats have teeth adapted for killing prey and tearing meat.
When it overpowers its prey, a cat delivers a lethal neck bite
with its two long canine teeth, inserting them between two of
the prey's vertebrae and severing its spinal cord, causing
irreversible paralysis and death.[65] Compared to other felines,
domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth relative to the
size of their jaw, which is an adaptation to their preferred prey Cat skull

of small rodents, which have small vertebrae.[65]

The premolar and first molar together compose the carnassial

pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently shears meat
into small pieces, like a pair of scissors. These are vital in
feeding, since cats' small molars cannot chew food effectively,
and cats are largely incapable of mastication.[64]: 37  Cats tend
to have better teeth than most humans, with decay generally
less likely because of a thicker protective layer of enamel, a less
damaging saliva, less retention of food particles between teeth,
A cat with exposed teeth and claws
and a diet mostly devoid of sugar. Nonetheless they are subject
to occasional tooth loss and infection.[66]

Claws

Cats have protractible and retractable claws.[67] In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are
sheathed with the skin and fur around the paw's toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing
wear from contact with the ground and allows for the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the
forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hindfeet.[68] Cats can voluntarily extend their claws
on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, kneading,
or for extra traction on soft surfaces. Cats shed the outside layer of their claw sheaths when
scratching rough surfaces.[69]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 5 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Most cats have five claws on their front paws and four on their rear paws. The
dewclaw is proximal to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which
appears to be a sixth "finger". This special feature of the front paws on the
inside of the wrists has no function in normal walking but is thought to be an
antiskidding device used while jumping. Some cat breeds are prone to having
extra digits ("polydactyly").[70] Polydactylous cats occur along North America's
northeast coast and in Great Britain.[71]
Shed claw
sheaths
Ambulation
The cat is digitigrade. It walks on the toes, with the bones of the feet making up the lower part of
the visible leg.[72] Unlike most mammals, it uses a "pacing" gait and moves both legs on one side of
the body before the legs on the other side. It registers directly by placing each hind paw close to the
track of the corresponding fore paw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure
footing for hind paws when navigating rough terrain. As it speeds up from walking to trotting, its
gait changes to a "diagonal" gait: The diagonally opposite hind and fore legs move
simultaneously.[73]

Balance
Most breeds of cat are notably fond of sitting in high places, or
perching. A higher place may serve as a concealed site from
which to hunt; domestic cats strike prey by pouncing from a
perch such as a tree branch. Another possible explanation is
that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it
to survey its territory. A cat falling from heights of up to 3
meters (9.8 ft) can right itself and land on its paws.[74]
13:37

During a fall from a high place, a cat reflexively twists its body
Comparison of cat righting reflexes in
and rights itself to land on its feet using its acute sense of
gravity and zero gravity
balance and flexibility. This reflex is known as the cat righting
reflex.[75] A cat always rights itself in the same way during a
fall, if it has enough time to do so, which is the case in falls of 90 cm (2 ft 11 in) or more.[76] How
cats are able to right themselves when falling has been investigated as the "falling cat problem".[77]

Coats
The cat family (Felidae) can pass down many colors and patterns to their offsprings. The domestic
cat genes MC1R and ASIP allow for the variety of color in coats. The feline ASIP gene consists of
three coding exons.[78] Three novel microsatellite markers linked to ASIP were isolated from a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 6 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

domestic cat BAC clone containing this gene and were used to perform linkage analysis in a
pedigree of 89 domestic cats that segregated for melanism.[79]

Senses

Vision
Cats have excellent night vision and can see at only one-sixth
the light level required for human vision.[64]: 43  This is partly
the result of cat eyes having a tapetum lucidum, which reflects
any light that passes through the retina back into the eye,
thereby increasing the eye's sensitivity to dim light.[80] Large
pupils are an adaptation to dim light. The domestic cat has slit
pupils, which allow it to focus bright light without chromatic
aberration.[81] At low light, a cat's pupils expand to cover most
of the exposed surface of its eyes.[82] The domestic cat has Reflection of camera flash from the
tapetum lucidum
rather poor color vision and only two types of cone cells,
optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish green; its ability
to distinguish between red and green is limited.[83] A response
to middle wavelengths from a system other than the rod cells
might be due to a third type of cone. This appears to be an
adaptation to low light levels rather than representing true
trichromatic vision.[84] Cats also have a nictitating membrane,
allowing them to blink without hindering their vision.

Hearing
The domestic cat's hearing is most acute in the range of 500 Hz
to 32 kHz.[85] It can detect an extremely broad range of
frequencies ranging from 55 Hz to 79 kHz, whereas humans
can only detect frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. It can
hear a range of 10.5 octaves, while humans and dogs can hear
ranges of about 9 octaves.[86][87] Its hearing sensitivity is
enhanced by its large movable outer ears, the pinnae, which A cat's nictitating membrane shown
amplify sounds and help detect the location of a noise. It can as it blinks
detect ultrasound, which enables it to detect ultrasonic calls
made by rodent prey.[88][89] Recent research has shown that
cats have socio-spatial cognitive abilities to create mental maps of owners' locations based on
hearing owners' voices.[90]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 7 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Smell
Cats have an acute sense of smell, due in part to their well-developed olfactory bulb and a large
surface of olfactory mucosa, about 5.8 square centimetres (29⁄32 square inch) in area, which is
about twice that of humans.[91] Cats and many other animals have a Jacobson's organ in their
mouths that is used in the behavioral process of flehmening. It allows them to sense certain aromas
in a way that humans cannot. Cats are sensitive to pheromones such as 3-mercapto-3-
methylbutan-1-ol,[92] which they use to communicate through urine spraying and marking with
scent glands.[93] Many cats also respond strongly to plants that contain nepetalactone, especially
catnip, as they can detect that substance at less than one part per billion.[94] About 70–80% of cats
are affected by nepetalactone.[95] This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine
(Actinidia polygama) and the herb valerian; it may be caused by the smell of these plants
mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats' social or sexual behaviors.[96]

Taste
Cats have relatively few taste buds compared to humans (470 or so versus more than 9,000 on the
human tongue).[97] Domestic and wild cats share a taste receptor gene mutation that keeps their
sweet taste buds from binding to sugary molecules, leaving them with no ability to taste
sweetness.[98] Their taste buds instead respond to acids, amino acids like protein, and bitter
tastes.[99] Cats also have a distinct temperature preference for their food, preferring food with a
temperature around 38 °C (100 °F) which is similar to that of a fresh kill and routinely rejecting
food presented cold or refrigerated (which would signal to the cat that the "prey" item is long dead
and therefore possibly toxic or decomposing).[97]

Whiskers
To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of
movable whiskers (vibrissae) over their body, especially their
faces. These provide information on the width of gaps and on
the location of objects in the dark, both by touching objects
directly and by sensing air currents; they also trigger protective
blink reflexes to protect the eyes from damage.[64]: 47 

Behavior The whiskers of a cat are highly

sensitive to touch.
Outdoor cats are active both day and night, although they tend
to be slightly more active at night.[100] Domestic cats spend the
majority of their time in the vicinity of their homes but can range many hundreds of meters from
this central point. They establish territories that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging
from 7 to 28 hectares (17–69 acres).[101] The timing of cats' activity is quite flexible and varied but

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 8 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

being low-light predators, they are generally crepuscular, which means they tend to be more active
in the morning and evening. However, house cats' behaviour is also influenced by human activity
and they may adapt to their owners' sleeping patterns to some extent.[102][103]

Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older. The daily
duration of sleep varies, usually between 12 and 16 hours, with 13 and 14 being the average. Some
cats can sleep as much as 20 hours. The term "cat nap" for a short rest refers to the cat's tendency
to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period. While asleep, cats experience short periods of rapid eye
movement sleep often accompanied by muscle twitches, which suggests they are dreaming.[104]

Sociability
The social behavior of the domestic cat ranges from widely dispersed individuals to feral cat
colonies that gather around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females.[105] Within
such groups, one cat is usually dominant over the others.[106] Each cat in a colony holds a distinct
territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about 10 times larger
than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories. These territories are
marked by urine spraying, by rubbing objects at head height with secretions from facial glands, and
by defecation.[93] Between these territories are neutral areas where cats watch and greet one
another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually chase
away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling and, if that does not work, by short but
noisy and violent attacks. Despite this colonial organization, cats do not have a social survival
strategy or a pack mentality, and always hunt alone.[107]

Life in proximity to humans and other domestic animals has led to a symbiotic social adaptation in
cats, and cats may express great affection toward humans or other animals. Ethologically, a cat's
human keeper functions as if a mother surrogate.[108] Adult cats live their lives in a kind of
extended kittenhood, a form of behavioral neoteny. Their high-pitched sounds may mimic the cries
of a hungry human infant, making them particularly difficult for humans to ignore.[109] Some pet
cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older cats show aggressiveness toward newly arrived
kittens, which include biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as feline asocial
aggression.[110]

Redirected aggression is a common form of aggression which can occur in multiple cat households.
In redirected aggression there is usually something that agitates the cat: this could be a sight,
sound, or another source of stimuli which causes a heightened level of anxiety or arousal. If the cat
cannot attack the stimuli, it may direct anger elsewhere by attacking or directing aggression to the
nearest cat, dog, human or other being.[111][112]

Domestic cats' scent rubbing behavior toward humans or other cats is thought to be a feline means
for social bonding.[113]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 9 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Communication
Domestic cats use many vocalizations for communication,
including purring, trilling, hissing, growling/snarling, grunting,
and several different forms of meowing.[7] Their body language,
including position of ears and tail, relaxation of the whole body,
and kneading of the paws, are all indicators of mood. The tail
and ears are particularly important social signal mechanisms in
cats. A raised tail indicates a friendly greeting, and flattened
ears indicates hostility. Tail-raising also indicates the cat's Vocalizing domestic cat
position in the group's social hierarchy, with dominant
individuals raising their tails less often than subordinate
ones.[114] Feral cats are generally silent.[115]: 208  Nose-to-nose touching is also a common greeting
and may be followed by social grooming, which is solicited by one of the cats raising and tilting its
head.[105]

Purring may have developed as an evolutionary advantage as a signaling mechanism of

reassurance between mother cats and nursing kittens, who are thought to use it as a care-soliciting
signal.[116] Post-nursing cats also often purr as a sign of contentment: when being petted,
becoming relaxed,[117][118] or eating. Even though purring is popularly interpreted as indicative of
pleasure, it has been recorded in a wide variety of circumstances, most of which involve physical
contact between the cat and another, presumably trusted individual.[116] Some cats have been
observed to purr continuously when chronically ill or in apparent pain.[119]

The exact mechanism by which cats purr has long been elusive, but it has been proposed that
purring is generated via a series of sudden build-ups and releases of pressure as the glottis is
opened and closed, which causes the vocal folds to separate forcefully. The laryngeal muscles in
control of the glottis are thought to be driven by a neural oscillator which generates a cycle of
contraction and release every 30-40 milliseconds (giving a frequency of 33 to 25 Hz).[116][120][121]

Grooming
Cats are known for spending considerable amounts of time licking their coats to keep them
clean.[122] The cat's tongue has backward-facing spines about 500 µm long, which are called
papillae. These contain keratin which makes them rigid[123] so the papillae act like a hairbrush.
Some cats, particularly longhaired cats, occasionally regurgitate hairballs of fur that have collected
in their stomachs from grooming. These clumps of fur are usually sausage-shaped and about 2–
3 cm (3⁄4–11⁄4 in) long. Hairballs can be prevented with remedies that ease elimination of the hair
through the gut, as well as regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush.[122]

Fighting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 10 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Among domestic cats, males are more likely to fight than

females.[124] Among feral cats, the most common reason for cat
fighting is competition between two males to mate with a
female. In such cases, most fights are won by the heavier
male.[125] Another common reason for fighting in domestic cats
is the difficulty of establishing territories within a small
home.[124] Female cats also fight over territory or to defend
their kittens. Neutering will decrease or eliminate this behavior
in many cases, suggesting that the behavior is linked to sex The hooked papillae on a cat's
hormones.[126] tongue act like a hairbrush to help
clean and detangle fur
When cats become aggressive, they try to make themselves
appear larger and more threatening by raising their fur, arching
their backs, turning sideways and hissing or spitting.[127] Often,
the ears are pointed down and back to avoid damage to the
inner ear and potentially listen for any changes behind them
while focused forward. Cats may also vocalize loudly and bare
their teeth in an effort to further intimidate their opponents.
Fights usually consist of grappling and delivering powerful
slaps to the face and body with the forepaws as well as bites.
Cats also throw themselves to the ground in a defensive posture
to rake their opponent's belly with their powerful hind legs.[128]
A domestic cat's arched back, raised
Serious damage is rare, as the fights are usually short in fur, and open-mouthed hiss are signs
duration, with the loser running away with little more than a of aggression.
few scratches to the face and ears. Fights for mating rights are
typically more severe and injuries may include deep puncture
wounds and lacerations. Normally, serious injuries from fighting are limited to infections of
scratches and bites, though these can occasionally kill cats if untreated. In addition, bites are
probably the main route of transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus.[129] Sexually active
males are usually involved in many fights during their lives, and often have decidedly battered
faces with obvious scars and cuts to their ears and nose.[130] Cats are willing to threaten animals
larger than them to defend their territory, such as dogs and foxes.[131]

Hunting and feeding

The shape and structure of cats' cheeks is insufficient to allow them to take in liquids using suction.
Therefore, when drinking they lap with the tongue to draw liquid upward into their mouths.
Lapping at a rate of four times a second, the cat touches the smooth tip of its tongue to the surface
of the water, and quickly retracts it like a corkscrew, drawing water upward.[132][133]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 11 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Feral cats and free-fed house cats consume several small meals in a day. The frequency and size of
meals varies between individuals. They select food based on its temperature, smell and texture;
they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are
similar to meat. Cats reject novel flavors (a response termed neophobia) and learn quickly to avoid
foods that have tasted unpleasant in the past.[107][134] It is also a common misconception that cats
like milk/cream, as they tend to avoid sweet food and milk. Most adult cats are lactose intolerant;
the sugar in milk is not easily digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea.[135] Some also
develop odd eating habits and like to eat or chew on things like
wool, plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even coal.
This condition, pica, can threaten their health, depending on
the amount and toxicity of the items eaten.[136]

Cats hunt small prey, primarily birds and rodents,[137] and are
often used as a form of pest control.[138][139] Cats use two
hunting strategies, either stalking prey actively, or waiting in
ambush until an animal comes close enough to be
captured.[140] The strategy used depends on the prey species in
the area, with cats waiting in ambush outside burrows, but
tending to actively stalk birds.[141]: 153  Domestic cats are a
major predator of wildlife in the United States, killing an
estimated 1.3 to 4.0 billion birds and 6.3 to 22.3 billion A domestic cat with its prey, a
deermouse
mammals annually.[142]

Certain species appear more susceptible than others; in one

English village, for example, 30% of house sparrow mortality was linked to the domestic cat.[143] In
the recovery of ringed robins (Erithacus rubecula) and dunnocks (Prunella modularis) in Britain,
31% of deaths were a result of cat predation.[144] In parts of North America, the presence of larger
carnivores such as coyotes which prey on cats and other small predators reduces the effect of
predation by cats and other small predators such as opossums and raccoons on bird numbers and
variety.[145]

Perhaps the best-known element of cats' hunting behavior, which is commonly misunderstood and
often appalls cat owners because it looks like torture, is that cats often appear to "play" with prey
by releasing and recapturing it. This cat and mouse behavior is due to an instinctive imperative to
ensure that the prey is weak enough to be killed without endangering the cat.[146]

Another poorly understood element of cat hunting behavior is the presentation of prey to human
guardians. One explanation is that cats adopt humans into their social group and share excess kill
with others in the group according to the dominance hierarchy, in which humans are reacted to as
if they are at or near the top.[147] Another explanation is that they attempt to teach their guardians
to hunt or to help their human as if feeding "an elderly cat, or an inept kitten".[148] This hypothesis
is inconsistent with the fact that male cats also bring home prey, despite males having negligible
involvement in raising kittens.[141]: 153 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 12 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Play
Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their
love of play. This behavior mimics hunting and is important in
helping kittens learn to stalk, capture, and kill prey.[149] Cats
also engage in play fighting, with each other and with humans.
This behavior may be a way for cats to practice the skills
needed for real combat, and might also reduce any fear they
associate with launching attacks on other animals.[150] Play fight between kittens aged 14
weeks
Cats also tend to play with toys more when they are hungry.[151]
Owing to the close similarity between play and hunting, cats
prefer to play with objects that resemble prey, such as small furry toys that move rapidly, but
rapidly lose interest. They become habituated to a toy they have played with before.[152] String is
often used as a toy, but if it is eaten, it can become caught at the base of the cat's tongue and then
move into the intestines, a medical emergency which can cause serious illness, even death.[153]
Owing to the risks posed by cats eating string, it is sometimes replaced with a laser pointer's dot,
which cats may chase.[154]

Reproduction
Female cats, called queens, are polyestrous with several estrus
cycles during a year, lasting usually 21 days. They are usually
ready to mate between early February and August.[155]

Several males, called tomcats, are attracted to a female in heat.

They fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate. At
first, the female rejects the male, but eventually, the female
allows the male to mate. The female utters a loud yowl as the
male pulls out of her because a male cat's penis has a band of
When cats mate, the tomcat (male)
about 120–150 backward-pointing penile spines, which are
bites the scruff of the female's neck
about 1 mm (1⁄32 in) long; upon withdrawal of the penis, the
as she assumes a position conducive
spines may provide the female with increased sexual to mating known as lordosis
stimulation, which acts to induce ovulation.[156] behavior.

After mating, the female cleans her vulva thoroughly. If a male

attempts to mate with her at this point, the female attacks him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once
the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat.[157] Because ovulation is not always triggered
by a single mating, females may not be impregnated by the first male with which they mate.[158]
Furthermore, cats are superfecund; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she
is in heat, with the result that different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.[157]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 13 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

The morula forms 124 hours after conception. At 148 hours, early blastocysts form. At 10–12 days,
implantation occurs.[159] The gestation of queens lasts between 64 and 67 days, with an average of
65 days.[155][160]

Data on the reproductive capacity of more than 2,300 free-ranging queens were collected during a
study between May 1998 and October 2000. They had one to six kittens per litter, with an average
of three kittens. They produced a mean of 1.4 litters per year, but a maximum of three litters in a
year. Of 169 kittens, 127 died before they were six months old due to a trauma caused in most cases
by dog attacks and road
accidents. [9] The first litter is
usually smaller than subsequent
litters. Kittens are weaned between
six and seven weeks of age. Queens
normally reach sexual maturity at
5–10 months, and males at 5–7
months. This varies depending on
breed.[157] Kittens reach puberty at
A newborn kitten
the age of 9–10 months.[155]

Cats are ready to go to new homes

at about 12 weeks of age, when they are ready to leave their
mother.[161] They can be surgically sterilized (spayed or castrated) as
Radiography of a pregnant early as seven weeks to limit unwanted reproduction.[162] This surgery
cat. The skeletons of two also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as aggression,
fetuses are visible on the left territory marking (spraying urine) in males and yowling (calling) in
and right of the uterus. females. Traditionally, this surgery was performed at around six to
nine months of age, but it is increasingly being performed before
puberty, at about three to six months.[163] In the United States, about
80% of household cats are neutered.[164]

Lifespan and health

The average lifespan of pet cats has risen in recent decades. In the early 1980s, it was about seven
years,[165]: 33 [166] rising to 9.4 years in 1995[165]: 33  and about 15 years in 2021. Some cats have
been reported as surviving into their 30s,[167] with the oldest known cat, Creme Puff, dying at a
verified age of 38.[168]

Neutering increases life expectancy: one study found castrated male cats live twice as long as intact
males, while spayed female cats live 62% longer than intact females.[165]: 35  Having a cat neutered
confers health benefits, because castrated males cannot develop testicular cancer, spayed females
cannot develop uterine or ovarian cancer, and both have a reduced risk of mammary cancer.[169]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 14 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Disease
About 250 heritable genetic disorders have been identified in cats, many similar to human inborn
errors of metabolism.[170] The high level of similarity among the metabolism of mammals allows
many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using genetic tests that were originally developed for
use in humans, as well as the use of cats as animal models in the study of the human
diseases.[171][172] Diseases affecting domestic cats include acute infections, parasitic infestations,
injuries, and chronic diseases such as kidney disease, thyroid disease, and arthritis. Vaccinations
are available for many infectious diseases, as are treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms,
ticks, and fleas.[173]

Ecology

Habitats

The domestic cat is a cosmopolitan species and occurs across much of the world.[59] It is adaptable
and now present on all continents except Antarctica, and on 118 of the 131 main groups of islands,
even on the isolated Kerguelen Islands.[174][175] Due to its ability to thrive in almost any terrestrial
habitat, it is among the world's most invasive species.[176] It lives on small islands with no human
inhabitants.[177] Feral cats can live in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land,
scrublands, urban areas, and wetlands.[178]

The unwantedness that leads to the domestic cat being treated as an invasive species is twofold. On
one hand, as it is little altered from the wildcat, it can readily interbreed with the wildcat. This
hybridization poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of some wildcat populations,
particularly in Scotland and Hungary, possibly also the Iberian Peninsula, and where protected
natural areas are close to human-dominated landscapes, such as Kruger National Park in South
Africa.[179][56] On the other hand, and perhaps more obviously, its introduction to places where no
native felines are present contributes to the decline of native species.[180]

Ferality
Feral cats are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are unfamiliar
with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas.[10] The numbers of feral cats is
not known, but estimates of the United States feral population range from 25 to 60 million.[10]
Feral cats may live alone, but most are found in large colonies, which occupy a specific territory
and are usually associated with a source of food.[181] Famous feral cat colonies are found in Rome
around the Colosseum and Forum Romanum, with cats at some of these sites being fed and given
medical attention by volunteers.[182]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 15 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Public attitudes toward feral cats vary widely, from seeing them as free-ranging pets to regarding
them as vermin.[183]

Some feral cats can be successfully socialized and 're-tamed' for adoption; young cats, especially
kittens[184] and cats that have had prior experience and contact with humans are the most
receptive to these efforts.

Impact on wildlife

On islands, birds can contribute as much as 60% of a cat's diet.[185] In

nearly all cases, the cat cannot be identified as the sole cause for
reducing the numbers of island birds, and in some instances,
eradication of cats has caused a "mesopredator release" effect;[186]
where the suppression of top carnivores creates an abundance of
smaller predators that cause a severe decline in their shared prey.
Domestic cats are a contributing factor to the decline of many species,
a factor that has ultimately led, in some cases, to extinction. The South
Island piopio, Chatham rail,[144] and the New Zealand merganser[187]
are a few from a long list, with the most extreme case being the
flightless Lyall's wren, which was driven to extinction only a few years
after its discovery.[188][189] One feral cat in New Zealand killed 102 Feral farm cat
New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats in seven days.[190] In the US,
feral and free-ranging domestic cats kill an estimated 6.3 – 22.3 billion
mammals annually.[142]

In Australia, the impact of cats on mammal populations is even greater than the impact of habitat
loss.[191] More than one million reptiles are killed by feral cats each day, representing 258
species.[192] Cats have contributed to the extinction of the Navassa curly-tailed lizard and
Chioninia coctei.[180]

Interaction with humans

Cats are common pets throughout the world, and their worldwide population as of 2007 exceeded
500 million.[193] Cats have been used for millennia to control rodents, notably around grain stores
and aboard ships, and both uses extend to the present day.[194][195]

As well as being kept as pets, cats are also used in the international fur trade[196] and leather
industries for making coats, hats, blankets, stuffed toys,[197] shoes, gloves, and musical
instruments.[198] About 24 cats are needed to make a cat-fur coat.[199] This use has been outlawed
in the United States since 2000 and in the European Union (as well as the United Kingdom) since
2007.[200]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 16 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Cat pelts have been used for superstitious purposes as part of the practice of witchcraft,[201] and
are still made into blankets in Switzerland as traditional medicine thought to cure
rheumatism.[202]

A few attempts to build a cat census have been made over the years, both through associations or
national and international organizations (such as that of the Canadian Federation of Humane
Societies[203]) and over the Internet,[204][205] but such a task does not seem simple to achieve.
General estimates for the global population of domestic cats range widely from anywhere between
200 million to 600 million.[206][207][208][209][210] Walter Chandoha made his career
photographing cats after his 1949 images of Loco, an especially charming stray taken in, were
published around the world. He is reported to have
photographed 90,000 cats during his career and maintained an
archive of 225,000 images that he drew from for publications
during his lifetime.[211]

Shows
A cat show is a judged event in which the owners of cats
compete to win titles in various cat-registering organizations by
entering their cats to be judged after a breed standard.[212] It is
often required that a cat must be healthy and vaccinated in
order to participate in a cat show.[212] Both pedigreed and non-
purebred companion ("moggy") cats are admissible, although
A cat sleeping on a man's lap
the rules differ depending on the organization. Competing cats
are compared to the applicable breed standard, and assessed
for temperament.[212]

Infection
Cats can be infected or infested with viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, arthropods or worms
that can transmit diseases to humans.[213] In some cases, the cat exhibits no symptoms of the
disease.[214] The same disease can then become evident in a human. The likelihood that a person
will become diseased depends on the age and immune status of the person. Humans who have cats
living in their home or in close association are more likely to become infected. Others might also
acquire infections from cat feces and parasites exiting the cat's body.[213][215] Some of the
infections of most concern include salmonella, cat-scratch disease and toxoplasmosis.[214]

History and mythology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 17 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

In ancient Egypt, cats were worshipped, and the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form,
sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness. The Greek historian Herodotus reported that
killing a cat was forbidden, and when a household cat died, the entire family mourned and shaved
their eyebrows. Families took their dead cats to the sacred city of Bubastis, where they were
embalmed and buried in sacred repositories. Herodotus expressed astonishment at the domestic
cats in Egypt, because he had only ever seen wildcats.[216]

Ancient Greeks and Romans kept weasels as pets, which were seen as the ideal rodent-killers. The
earliest unmistakable evidence of the Greeks having domestic cats comes from two coins from
Magna Graecia dating to the mid-fifth century BC showing Iokastos and Phalanthos, the legendary
founders of Rhegion and Taras respectively, playing with their pet cats. The usual ancient Greek
word for 'cat' was ailouros, meaning 'thing with the waving tail'. Cats are rarely mentioned in
ancient Greek literature. Aristotle remarked in his History of Animals that "female cats are
naturally lecherous." The Greeks later syncretized their own goddess Artemis with the Egyptian
goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to Artemis. In Ovid's
Metamorphoses, when the deities flee to Egypt and take animal forms, the goddess Diana turns
into a cat.[217][218]

Cats eventually displaced weasels as the pest control of choice because they were more pleasant to
have around the house and were more enthusiastic hunters of mice. During the Middle Ages, many
of Artemis's associations with cats were grafted onto the Virgin Mary. Cats are often shown in icons
of Annunciation and of the Holy Family and, according to Italian folklore, on the same night that
Mary gave birth to Jesus, a cat in Bethlehem gave birth to a kitten.[219] Domestic cats were spread
throughout much of the rest of the world during the Age of Discovery, as ships' cats were carried on
sailing ships to control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms.[50]

Several ancient religions believed cats are exalted souls, companions or guides for humans, that are
all-knowing but mute so they cannot influence decisions made by humans. In Japan, the maneki
neko cat is a symbol of good fortune.[220] In Norse mythology, Freyja, the goddess of love, beauty,
and fertility, is depicted as riding a chariot drawn by cats.[221] In Jewish legend, the first cat was
living in the house of the first man Adam as a pet that got rid of mice. The cat was once partnering
with the first dog before the latter broke an oath they had made which resulted in enmity between
the descendants of these two animals. It is also written that neither cats nor foxes are represented
in the water, while every other animal has an incarnation species in the water.[222] Although no
species are sacred in Islam, cats are revered by Muslims. Some Western writers have stated
Muhammad had a favorite cat, Muezza.[223] He is reported to have loved cats so much, "he would
do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it".[224] The story has no origin in
early Muslim writers, and seems to confuse a story of a later Sufi saint, Ahmed ar-Rifa'i, centuries
after Muhammad.[225] One of the companions of Muhammad was known as Abu Hurayrah
("father of the kitten"), in reference to his documented affection to cats.[226]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 18 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

The ancient Egyptians mummified A 19th-century drawing of a tabby

dead cats out of respect in the cat
same way that they mummified
people[4]
Ancient Roman mosaic of a cat
killing a partridge from the House
of the Faun in Pompeii

Superstitions and rituals

Many cultures have negative superstitions about cats. An
example would be the belief that encountering a black cat
("crossing one's path") leads to bad luck, or that cats are
witches' familiars used to augment a witch's powers and skills.
The killing of cats in Medieval Ypres, Belgium, is
commemorated in the innocuous present-day Kattenstoet (cat
parade).[227] In mid-16th century France, cats would be burnt
Some cultures are superstitious
alive as a form of entertainment. According to Norman Davies,
about black cats, ascribing either
the assembled people "shrieked with laughter as the animals,
good or bad luck to them. howling with pain, were singed, roasted, and finally
carbonized".[228]

James Frazer wrote that "It was the custom to burn a basket, barrel, or sack full of live cats, which
was hung from a tall mast in the midst of the bonfire; sometimes a fox was burned. The people
collected the embers and ashes of the fire and took them home, believing that they brought good
luck. The French kings often witnessed these spectacles and even lit the bonfire with their own
hands. In 1648 Louis XIV, crowned with a wreath of roses and carrying a bunch of roses in his
hand, kindled the fire, danced at it and partook of the banquet afterwards in the town hall. But this
was the last occasion when a monarch presided at the midsummer bonfire in Paris. At Metz
midsummer fires were lighted with great pomp on the esplanade, and a dozen cats, enclosed in
wicker cages, were burned alive in them, to the amusement of the people. Similarly, at Gap, in the
department of the Hautes-Alpes, cats used to be roasted over the midsummer bonfire."[229]

According to a myth in many cultures, cats have multiple lives. In many countries, they are
believed to have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil and some Spanish-speaking
regions, they are said to have seven lives,[230][231] while in Arabic traditions, the number of lives is

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 19 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

six.[232] An early mention of the myth can be found in John Heywood's The Proverbs of John
Heywood (1546):

Husband, (quoth she), ye studie, be merrie now,

And even as ye thinke now, so come to yow.
Nay not so, (quoth he), for my thought to tell right,
I thinke how you lay groning, wife, all last night.
Husband, a groning horse and a groning wife
Never faile their master, (quoth she), for my life.
No wife, a woman hath nine lives like a cat.

— Julian Sharman, The Proverbs of John Heywood (https://archive.org/details/pr

overbsofjohnhe00heywrich/page/104/mode/2up) (1874), p.104

The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-
threatening situations. Also lending credence to this myth is the fact that falling cats often land on
their feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around. Nonetheless, cats can
still be injured or killed by a high fall.[233]

See also
Aging in cats
Ailurophobia Cats portal

Animal testing on cats Mammals portal

Animal track
Animals portal
Cancer in cats
Cat bite
Cat café
Cat collar
Cat lady
Cat lover culture
Cat meat
Cats and the Internet
Cats in Australia
Cats in New Zealand
Cats in the United States
Cat–dog relationship
Dried cat
List of cat breeds
List of cat documentaries, television series and cartoons
List of individual cats
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 20 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

List of individual cats

List of fictional felines
Perlorian
Pet door
Pet first aid
Popular cat names

References
1. Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis Catus" (https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/42).
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum
characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae:
Laurentii Salvii. p. 42.
2. Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Felis catus" (http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/r
esources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000031). In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (http://www.google.com/books?i
d=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA534–535) (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 534–535.
ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494).
3. Erxleben, J. C. P. (1777). "Felis Catus domesticus" (https://archive.org/details/iochristpolycerx0
0erxl/page/520). Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm
synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia. Lipsiae: Weygandt. pp. 520–521.
4. Clutton-Brock, J. (1999) [1987]. "Cats" (https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg
=PA133). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (Second ed.). Cambridge, England:
Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–140. ISBN 978-0-521-63495-3. OCLC 39786571 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/39786571). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210122145647/htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg=PA133) from the original on 22 January
2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
5. Liberg, O.; Sandell, M.; Pontier, D. & Natoli, E. (2000). "Density, spatial organisation and
reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids" (https://books.google.com/books?id=G
gUwg6gU7n4C&pg=PA119). In Turner, D. C. & Bateson, P. (eds.). The domestic cat: the
biology of its behaviour (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–147.
ISBN 9780521636483. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062218/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=GgUwg6gU7n4C&pg=PA119) from the original on 31 March 2021.
Retrieved 25 October 2020.
6. Driscoll, C. A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Kitchener, A. C. & O'Brien, S. J. (2009). "The taming of the
cat" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5790555). Scientific American. 300 (6):
68–75. Bibcode:2009SciAm.300f..68D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SciAm.300f..68
D). doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0609-
68). PMC 5790555 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5790555). PMID 19485091
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19485091).
7. Moelk, M. (1944). "Vocalizing in the House-cat; A Phonetic and Functional Study". The
American Journal of Psychology. 57 (2): 184–205. doi:10.2307/1416947 (https://doi.org/10.230
7%2F1416947). JSTOR 1416947 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1416947).
8. Bland, K. P. (1979). "Tom-cat odour and other pheromones in feline reproduction" (https://www.
gwern.net/docs/catnip/1979-bland.pdf) (PDF). Veterinary Science Communications. 3 (1): 125–
136. doi:10.1007/BF02268958 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02268958). S2CID 22484090 (htt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 21 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

136. doi:10.1007/BF02268958 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02268958). S2CID 22484090 (htt

ps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22484090). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2019
0130202521/https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1979-bland.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 30
January 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
9. Nutter, F. B.; Levine, J. F. & Stoskopf, M. K. (2004). "Reproductive capacity of free-roaming
domestic cats and kitten survival rate". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
225 (9): 1399–1402. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.204.1281 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summar
y?doi=10.1.1.204.1281). doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399 (https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.
2004.225.1399). PMID 15552315 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15552315).
S2CID 1903272 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1903272).
10. Rochlitz, I. (2007). The Welfare of Cats. "Animal Welfare" series. Berlin: Springer
Science+Business Media. pp. 141–175. ISBN 978-1-4020-6143-1. OCLC 262679891 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/oclc/262679891).
11. Langton, N. & Langton, M. B. (1940). The Cat in ancient Egypt, illustrated from the collection of
cat and other Egyptian figures formed. Cambridge University Press.
12. Malek, J. (1997). The Cat in Ancient Egypt (Revised ed.). Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
13. Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley,
E. H.; Delibes, M.; Pontier, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; O'Brien, S. J. & Macdonald, D.
W. (2007). "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
articles/PMC5612713). Science. 317 (5837): 519–523. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..519D (https://ui.
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317..519D). doi:10.1126/science.1139518 (https://doi.org/10
.1126%2Fscience.1139518). ISSN 0036-8075 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075).
PMC 5612713 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5612713). PMID 17600185 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17600185).
14. "Statistics on cats" (https://carocat.eu/statistics-on-cats-and-dogs/). carocat.eu. 15 February
2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210225150136/https://carocat.eu/statistics-on-c
ats-and-dogs/) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
15. Rostami, Ali (2020). "30". In Bowman, Dwight D. (ed.). Toxocara and Toxocariasis (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=B33gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA616). Elsevier Science. p. 616.
ISBN 9780128209585.
16. "Pet Industry Market Size & Ownership Statistics" (https://www.americanpetproducts.org/press
_industrytrends.asp). American Pet Products Association. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20190225161902/https://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp) from the
original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
17. "The 5 Most Expensive Cat Breeds in America" (https://www.moneytalksnews.com/the-5-most-
expensive-cat-breeds-in-america/). moneytalksnews.com. 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20190225103150/https://www.moneytalksnews.com/the-5-most-expensive-cat-breeds-
in-america/) from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
18. "Number of cats in the United States from 2000 to 2017/2018" (https://www.statista.com/statisti
cs/198102/cats-in-the-united-states-since-2000/). www.statista.com. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20190306043645/https://www.statista.com/statistics/198102/cats-in-the-united-stat
es-since-2000/) from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
19. "61 Fun Cat Statistics That Are the Cat's Meow! (2022 UPDATE)" (https://petpedia.co/cat-statis
tics/). 12 December 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220218184821/https://petp
edia.co/cat-statistics/) from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 22 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

edia.co/cat-statistics/) from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.

20. "How many pets are there in the UK?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210303184319/https://w
ww.pdsa.org.uk/get-involved/our-campaigns/pdsa-animal-wellbeing-report/uk-pet-populations-o
f-dogs-cats-and-rabbits). www.pdsa.org.uk. Archived from the original (https://www.pdsa.org.uk
/get-involved/our-campaigns/pdsa-animal-wellbeing-report/uk-pet-populations-of-dogs-cats-and
-rabbits) on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
21. McKnight, G. H. (1923). "Words and Archaeology" (https://archive.org/details/englishwordsthei
00mckn/page/300). English Words and Their Background. New York, London: D. Appleton and
Company. pp. 293–311.
22. Savignac, J.-P. (2004). "Chat". Dictionnaire français-gaulois (in French). Paris: Errance. p. 82.
23. Pictet, A. (1859). Les origines indo-européennes ou les Aryas primitifs : essai de paléontologie
linguistique (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Joël Cherbuliez. p. 381.
24. Keller, O. (1909). Die antike Tierwelt (in German). Vol. Säugetiere. Leipzig: Walther von
Wartburg. p. 75.
25. Huehnergard, J. (2008). "Qitta: Arabic Cats" (https://books.google.com/books?id=n1_qqgNTsX
8C&pg=PA407). In Gruendler, B.; Cooperson, M. (eds.). Classical Arabic Humanities in Their
Own Terms: Festschrift for Wolfhart Heinrichs on his 65th Birthday. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
pp. 407–418. ISBN 9789004165731. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062414/h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=n1_qqgNTsX8C&pg=PA407) from the original on 31 March
2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
26. Kroonen, G. (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill
Publishers. p. 281f. ISBN 978-90-04-18340-7.
27. "Puss" (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/155147#eid27609702). The Oxford English Dictionary.
Oxford University Press. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oe
d.com/view/Entry/155147#eid27609702) from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved
1 October 2012.
28. "puss". Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York:
Gramercy (Random House). 1996. p. 1571.
29. "tom cat, tom-cat" (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/203100#eid18281825). The Oxford English
Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
30. "gib, n.2" (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78103?rskey=Z7UU0G&result=1&isAdvanced=false#
eid). The Oxford English Dictionary. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180918111545/htt
p://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78103?rskey=Z7UU0G&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid) from the
original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
31. "queen cat" (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156212?rskey=c2khr1&result=1&isAdvanced=fals
e#eid27437294). The Oxford English Dictionary. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201509
03215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156212?rskey=c2khr1&result=1&isAdvanced=false#
eid27437294) from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
32. Turner, Pam (23 November 2020). "What Are Spayed Female Cats Called?" (https://www.catwi
ki.com/faqs/what-are-female-cats-called/). Cat Wiki. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
33. "catling" (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28995?redirectedFrom=catling#eid). The Oxford
English Dictionary. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.co
m/view/Entry/28995?redirectedFrom=catling#eid) from the original on 3 September 2015.
Retrieved 1 October 2012.
34. "What do you call a group of ...?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112007/http://oxforddi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 23 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

34. "What do you call a group of ...?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112007/http://oxforddi

ctionaries.com/words/what-do-you-call-a-group-of). Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford
University Press. Archived from the original (http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-do-you-c
all-a-group-of) on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
35. Satunin, C. (1904). "The Black Wild Cat of Transcaucasia" (https://archive.org/details/proceedin
gsofzoo19042zool). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. II: 162 (https://archive.or
g/details/proceedingsofzoo19042zool/page/162)–163.
36. Bukhnikashvili, A.; Yevlampiev, I. (eds.). Catalogue of the Specimens of Caucasian Large
Mammalian Fauna in the Collection (http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/catalogue_en
glish.pdf) (PDF). Tbilisi: National Museum of Georgia. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
160304073023/http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/catalogue_english.pdf) (PDF) from
the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
37. "Opinion 2027" (https://archive.org/details/bulletinofzoolog602003int/page/81). Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 60: 81−82.
2003.
38. Gentry, A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Groves, C. P. (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and
their domestic derivatives" (http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf)
(PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (5): 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2003.10.006). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052
316/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf) (PDF) from the original
on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
39. Driscoll, C. A.; Macdonald, D. W.; O'Brien, S. J. (2009). "In the Light of Evolution III: Two
Centuries of Darwin Sackler Colloquium: From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets – An
Evolutionary View of Domestication" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702791).
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (S1):
9971–9978. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9971D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10
6.9971D). doi:10.1073/pnas.0901586106 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0901586106).
PMC 2702791 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702791). PMID 19528637 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528637).
40. Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Felis silvestris" (http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biolo
gy/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000057). In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (http://www.google.com/books?i
d=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA536–537) (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 536–537.
ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494).
41. Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.;
Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.;
Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.;
Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae:
The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (https://r
epository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?s
equence=1&isAllowed=y) (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 21. Archived (https://web.archive
.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_F
elidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y) (PDF) from the original on 17
January 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
42. Johnson, W.E.; O'Brien, S.J. (1997). "Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Felidae Using 16S
rRNA and NADH-5 Mitochondrial Genes" (https://zenodo.org/record/1232587). Journal of
Molecular Evolution. 44 (S1): S98–S116. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44S..98J (https://ui.adsabs.harv
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 24 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Molecular Evolution. 44 (S1): S98–S116. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44S..98J (https://ui.adsabs.harv

ard.edu/abs/1997JMolE..44S..98J). doi:10.1007/PL00000060 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00
000060). PMID 9071018 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9071018). S2CID 40185850 (https://
api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40185850). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201004
075723/https://zenodo.org/record/1232587) from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved
1 October 2018.
43. Johnson, W.E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien,
S.J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment" (https://zen
odo.org/record/1230866). Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311...73J). doi:10.1126/science.1122277 (https://doi.org/10.11
26%2Fscience.1122277). PMID 16400146 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400146).
S2CID 41672825 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41672825). Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866) from the original on 4
October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
44. Mattern, M.Y.; McLennan, D.A. (2000). "Phylogeny and speciation of Felids". Cladistics. 16 (2):
232–253. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.200
0.tb00354.x). PMID 34902955 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34902955). S2CID 85043293 (
https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85043293).
45. Nie, W.; Wang, J.; O'Brien, P.C. (2002). "The genome phylogeny of domestic cat, red panda
and five Mustelid species revealed by comparative chromosome painting and G-banding".
Chromosome Research. 10 (3): 209–222. doi:10.1023/A:1015292005631 (https://doi.org/10.10
23%2FA%3A1015292005631). PMID 12067210 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12067210).
S2CID 9660694 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9660694).
46. Pontius, J.U.; Mullikin, J.C.; Smith, D.R.; Agencourt Sequencing Team; et al. (NISC
Comparative Sequencing Program) (2007). "Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the
cat genome" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2045150). Genome Research. 17
(11): 1675–1689. doi:10.1101/gr.6380007 (https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.6380007).
PMC 2045150 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2045150). PMID 17975172 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975172).
47. Vigne, J.-D.; Evin, A.; Cucchi, T.; Dai, L.; Yu, C.; Hu, S.; Soulages, N.; Wang, W.; Sun, Z.
(2016). "Earliest 'domestic' cats in China identified as leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)" (h
ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4723238). PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0147295.
Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147295V (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1147295V).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147295 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0147295).
PMC 4723238 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4723238). PMID 26799955 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26799955).
48. Vigne, J.D.; Guilaine, J.; Debue, K.; Haye, L. & Gérard, P. (2004). "Early taming of the cat in
Cyprus". Science. 304 (5668): 259. doi:10.1126/science.1095335 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fs
cience.1095335). PMID 15073370 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15073370).
S2CID 28294367 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28294367).
49. Ottoni, C.; van Neer, W.; de Cupere, B.; Daligault, J.; Guimaraes, S.; Peters, J.; et al. (2017).
"The palaeogenetics of cat dispersal in the ancient world" (https://research.rug.nl/en/publication
s/the-paleogenetics-of-cat-dispersal-in-the-ancient-world(04942e78-fa48-4700-ad97-29fcdf907
7a1).html). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (7): 0139. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0139 (https://doi.
org/10.1038%2Fs41559-017-0139). ISSN 2397-334X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334
X). S2CID 44041769 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44041769). Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20220307214831/https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/the-paleogenetics-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 25 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

eb.archive.org/web/20220307214831/https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/the-paleogenetics-
of-cat-dispersal-in-the-ancient-world) from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 18 October
2021.
50. Faure, E.; Kitchener, A.C. (2009). "An archaeological and historical review of the relationships
between Felids and people". Anthrozoös. 22 (3): 221−238. doi:10.2752/175303709X457577 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.2752%2F175303709X457577). S2CID 84308532 (https://api.semanticscholar.o
rg/CorpusID:84308532).
51. Vigne, J.-D. (1992). "Zooarchaeology and the biogeographical history of the mammals of
Corsica and Sardinia since the last ice age". Mammal Review. 22 (2): 87–96.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1992.tb00124.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2907.1992.tb00124.
x).
52. Ragni, B.; Possenti, M.; Sforzi, A.; Zavalloni, D.; Ciani, F. (1994). "The wildcat in central-
northern Italian peninsula: a biogeographical dilemma" (https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/
prd/content/qt1dz6x5xf/qt1dz6x5xf.pdf) (PDF). Biogeographia. 17 (1).
doi:10.21426/B617110417 (https://doi.org/10.21426%2FB617110417). Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20180726121432/https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt1dz6x5xf/
qt1dz6x5xf.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
53. Cameron-Beaumont, C.; Lowe, S.E.; Bradshaw, J.W.S. (2002). "Evidence suggesting pre-
adaptation to domestication throughout the small Felidae" (https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/2
002-cameronbeaumont.pdf) (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 75 (3): 361–366.
doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00028.x (https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8312.2002.00028.x).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191010072239/https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/200
2-cameronbeaumont.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October
2019.
54. Bradshaw, J.W.S.; Horsfield, G.F.; Allen, J.A.; Robinson, I.H. (1999). "Feral cats: Their role in
the population dynamics of Felis catus" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190130202509/https://
www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1999-bradshaw.pdf) (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 65
(3): 273–283. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00086-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1591%2
899%2900086-6). Archived from the original (https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1999-bradsha
w.pdf) (PDF) on 30 January 2019.
55. Kitchener, C.; Easterbee, N. (1992). "The taxonomic status of black wild felids in Scotland".
Journal of Zoology. 227 (2): 342–346. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04832.x (https://doi.org/
10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1992.tb04832.x).
56. Oliveira, R.; Godinho, R.; Randi, E.; Alves, P. C. (2008). "Hybridization Versus Conservation:
Are Domestic Cats Threatening the Genetic Integrity of Wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) in
Iberian Peninsula?" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606743). Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 363 (1505): 2953–
2961. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0052 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0052). PMC 2606743 (
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606743). PMID 18522917 (https://pubmed.ncbi
.nlm.nih.gov/18522917).
57. Wastlhuber, J. (1991). "History of domestic cats and cat breeds". In Pedersen, N.C. (ed.).
Feline Husbandry: Diseases and management in the multiple-cat environment. Goleta:
American Veterinary Publications. pp. 1–59. ISBN 9780939674299.
58. Montague, M.J.; Li, G.; Gandolfi, B.; Khan, R.; Aken, B.L.; Searle, S.M.; Minx, P.; Hillier, L.W.;
Koboldt, D.C.; Davis, B.W.; Driscoll, C.A. (2014). "Comparative analysis of the domestic cat
genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication" (https://www.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260561). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 26 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

cbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260561). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

111 (48): 17230–17235. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11117230M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/20
14PNAS..11117230M). doi:10.1073/pnas.1410083111 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.141008
3111). PMC 4260561 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260561).
PMID 25385592 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25385592).
59. Lipinski, M.J.; Froenicke, L.; Baysac, K.C.; Billings, N.C.; Leutenegger, C.M.; Levy, A.M.;
Longeri, M.; Niini, T.; Ozpinar, H.; Slater, M.R.; Pedersen, N.C.; Lyons, L.A. (2008). "The ascent
of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations" (https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267438). Genomics. 91 (1): 12–21.
doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygeno.2007.10.009).
PMC 2267438 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267438). PMID 18060738 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18060738).
60. O'Connor, T.P. (2007). "Wild or domestic? Biometric variation in the cat Felis silvestris" (http://e
prints.whiterose.ac.uk/3700/1/OConnor_Cats-IJOA-submitted.pdf) (PDF). International Journal
of Osteoarchaeology. 17 (6): 581–595. doi:10.1002/oa.913
(https://doi.org/10.1002%2Foa.913). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010849/ht
tp://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3700/1/OConnor_Cats-IJOA-submitted.pdf) (PDF) from the original
on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
61. Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). "Domestic cat" (https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWM
h9-OAC&pg=PA99). Wild Cats of the World (https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/p
age/99). University of Chicago Press. pp. 99–112 (https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00s
unq/page/99). ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
62. Walker, W.F. (1982). Study of the Cat with Reference to Human Beings (Fourth revised ed.).
Thomson Learning/Cengage. ISBN 978-0-03-057914-1.
63. Gillis, R., ed. (2002). "Cat Skeleton" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061206105542/http://biowe
b.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm). Zoolab.
La Crosse: University of Wisconsin Press. Archived from the original (http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/z
oolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm) on 6 December 2006.
Retrieved 7 September 2012.
64. Case, Linda P. (2003). The Cat: Its behavior, nutrition, and health. Ames: Iowa State University
Press. ISBN 978-0-8138-0331-9.
65. Smith, Patricia; Tchernov, Eitan (1992). Structure, Function, and Evolution of Teeth. Freund
Publishing House. p. 217. ISBN 978-965-222-270-1.
66. Carr, William H.A. (1 January 1978). The New Basic Book of the Cat (https://archive.org/details
/newbasicbookofca00carr/page/174). Scribner's. p. 174 (https://archive.org/details/newbasicbo
okofca00carr/page/174). ISBN 978-0-684-15549-4.
67. Kitchener, A.C.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Yamaguchi, N. (2010). "Felid form and function" (https://
www.researchgate.net/publication/266753114). In Macdonald, D.; Loveridge, A. (eds.). Biology
and Conservation of wild felids. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–106. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20210216135340/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266753114_Felid_for
m_and_function) from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
68. Armes, A.F. (1900). "Outline of cat lessons" (https://books.google.com/books?id=-_gBAAAAYA
AJ). The School Journal. LXI: 659. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210806133121/htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=-_gBAAAAYAAJ) from the original on 6 August 2021.
Retrieved 5 June 2020.
69. Homberger DG, Ham K, Ogunbakin T, Bonin JA, Hopkins BA, Osborn ML, et al. (2009). "The
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 27 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

69. Homberger DG, Ham K, Ogunbakin T, Bonin JA, Hopkins BA, Osborn ML, et al. (2009). "The
structure of the cornified claw sheath in the domesticated cat (Felis catus): Implications for the
claw-shedding mechanism and the evolution of cornified digital end organs" (https://www.ncbi.n
lm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736126). J Anat. 214 (4): 620–43. doi:10.1111/j.1469-
7580.2009.01068.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2009.01068.x). PMC 2736126 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736126). PMID 19422432 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/19422432).
70. Danforth, C.H. (1947). "Heredity of polydactyly in the cat". The Journal of Heredity. 38 (4): 107–
112. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105701 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jher
ed.a105701). PMID 20242531 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20242531).
71. Lettice, L.A.; Hill, A.E.; Devenney, P.S.; Hill, R.E. (2008). "Point mutations in a distant sonic
hedgehog cis-regulator generate a variable regulatory output responsible for preaxial
polydactyly" (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddm370). Human Molecular Genetics. 17 (7):
978–985. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm370 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddm370).
PMID 18156157 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18156157).
72. Pocock, R.I. (1917). "VII — On the external characters of the Felidæ" (https://archive.org/detail
s/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany,
and Geology. 8. 19 (109): 113–136 (https://archive.org/details/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft/pa
ge/113). doi:10.1080/00222931709486916 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222931709486916).
73. Christensen, W. (2004). "The physical cat" (https://books.google.com/books?id=WmuQQXU6Et
AC&pg=PA27). Outwitting Cats (https://archive.org/details/outwittingcatsti0000chri/page/22).
Globe Pequot. pp. 22–45 (https://archive.org/details/outwittingcatsti0000chri/page/22).
ISBN 978-1-59228-240-1.
74. Kent, Marc; Platt, Simon R. (September 2010). "The neurology of balance: Function and
dysfunction of the vestibular system in dogs and cats". The Veterinary Journal. 185 (3): 247–
249. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.029 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2009.10.029).
PMID 19944632 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19944632).
75. Gerathewohl, S.J.; Stallings, H.D. (1957). "The labyrinthine posture reflex (righting reflex) in the
cat during weightlessness" (https://spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/history_file
s_1957/28040345-1.pdf) (PDF). The Journal of Aviation Medicine. 28 (4): 345–355.
PMID 13462942 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13462942). Archived (https://web.archive.org
/web/20201003155151/https://spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/history_files_19
57/28040345-1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
76. Nguyen, H.D. (1998). "How does a cat always land on its feet?" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0010410235503/http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/). School of
Medical Engineering. Dynamics II (ME 3760) course materials. Georgia Institute of Technology.
Archived from the original (http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/)
on 10 April 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2007. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources
but does not name them.
77. Batterman, R (2003). "Falling cats, parallel parking, and polarized light" (http://philsci-archive.pi
tt.edu/794/1/falling-cats.pdf) (PDF). Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 34 (4): 527–557.
Bibcode:2003SHPMP..34..527B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SHPMP..34..527B).
doi:10.1016/s1355-2198(03)00062-5 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1355-2198%2803%2900062
-5).
78. Eizirik, Eduardo; Yuhki, Naoya; Johnson, Warren E.; Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn; Hannah,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 28 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

78. Eizirik, Eduardo; Yuhki, Naoya; Johnson, Warren E.; Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn; Hannah,
Steven S.; O'Brien, Stephen J. (4 March 2003). "Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism
in the Cat Family" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2803%2900128-3). Current
Biology. 13 (5): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0
960-9822%2803%2900128-3). ISSN 0960-9822 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822).
PMID 12620197 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12620197). S2CID 19021807 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:19021807).
79. Fielding, Henry (14 August 2008), "Containing one of the most bloody battles, or rather duels,
that were ever recorded in domestic history" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536993.0
03.0021), Tom Jones, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/owc/9780199536993.003.0021 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1093%2Fowc%2F9780199536993.003.0021), ISBN 978-0-19-953699-3,
retrieved 17 May 2022
80. Ollivier, F.J.; Samuelson, D.A.; Brooks, D.E.; Lewis, P.A.; Kallberg, M.E.; Komaromy, A.M.
(2004). "Comparative morphology of the Tapetum Lucidum (among selected species)".
Veterinary Ophthalmology. 7 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.00318.x (https://doi.org/
10.1111%2Fj.1463-5224.2004.00318.x). PMID 14738502 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/147
38502). S2CID 15419778 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15419778).
81. Malmström, T.; Kröger, R.H. (2006). "Pupil shapes and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial
vertebrates" (https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01959). Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (1):
18–25. doi:10.1242/jeb.01959 (https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01959). PMID 16354774 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16354774).
82. Hammond, P.; Mouat, G.S.V. (1985). "The relationship between feline pupil size and
luminance". Experimental Brain Research. 59 (3): 485–490. doi:10.1007/BF00261338 (https://d
oi.org/10.1007%2FBF00261338). PMID 4029324 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4029324).
S2CID 11858455 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11858455).
83. Loop, M.S.; Bruce, L.L. (1978). "Cat color vision: The effect of stimulus size". Science. 199
(4334): 1221–1222. Bibcode:1978Sci...199.1221L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Sci..
.199.1221L). doi:10.1126/science.628838 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.628838).
PMID 628838 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/628838).
84. Guenther, E.; Zrenner, E. (1993). "The spectral sensitivity of dark- and light-adapted cat retinal
ganglion cells" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6576706). Journal of
Neuroscience. 13 (4): 1543–1550. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01543.1993 (https://doi.org/
10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.13-04-01543.1993). PMC 6576706 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC6576706). PMID 8463834 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8463834).
85. Heffner, R.S. (1985). "Hearing range of the domestic cat" (https://www.utoledo.edu/al/psycholo
gy/pdfs/comphearaudio/HearingRangeOfTheDomesticCat_1985.pdf) (PDF). Hearing
Research. 19 (1): 85–88. doi:10.1016/0378-5955(85)90100-5 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378
-5955%2885%2990100-5). PMID 4066516 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4066516).
S2CID 4763009 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4763009). Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20210707001511/https://www.utoledo.edu/al/psychology/pdfs/comphearaudio/He
aringRangeOfTheDomesticCat_1985.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved
10 October 2019.
86. Heffner, H.E. (1998). "Auditory awareness". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 57 (3–4): 259–
268. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00101-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1591%2898%29
00101-4).
87. Heffner, R.S. (2004). "Primate hearing from a mammalian perspective". The Anatomical
Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 281 (1): 1111–
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 29 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 281 (1): 1111–
1122. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20117 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.a.20117). PMID 15472899 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15472899). S2CID 4991969 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusI
D:4991969).
88. Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). "What is a Cat?" (https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJW
Mh9-OAC&pg=PA3). Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press. pp. 5–18. ISBN 978-
0-226-77999-7.
89. Blumberg, M.S. (1992). "Rodent ultrasonic short calls: Locomotion, biomechanics, and
communication". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 106 (4): 360–365. doi:10.1037/0735-
7036.106.4.360 (https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0735-7036.106.4.360). PMID 1451418 (https://pub
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1451418).
90. Takagi, S.; Chijiiwa, H.; Arahori, M.; Saito, A.; Fujita, K.; Kuroshima, H. (2021). "Socio-spatial
cognition in cats: Mentally mapping owner's location from voice" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/articles/PMC8580247). PLOS ONE. 16 (11): e0257611. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1657611T (
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1657611T). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257611 (
https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0257611). PMC 8580247 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
/pmc/articles/PMC8580247). PMID 34758043 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34758043).
91. Moulton, David G. (1 August 1967). "Olfaction in mammals" (https://academic.oup.com/icb/artic
le/7/3/421/244992). American Zoologist. 7 (3): 421–429. doi:10.1093/icb/7.3.421 (https://doi.org
/10.1093%2Ficb%2F7.3.421). ISSN 0003-1569 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1569).
PMID 6077376 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6077376). Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20210806144530/https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/7/3/421/244992) from the original on
6 August 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
92. Miyazaki, Masao; Yamashita, Tetsuro; Suzuki, Yusuke; Saito, Yoshihiro; Soeta, Satoshi; Taira,
Hideharu; Suzuki, Akemi (October 2006). "A major urinary protein of the domestic ccat
regulates the production of felinine, a putative pheromone precursor" (https://doi.org/10.1016%
2Fj.chembiol.2006.08.013). Chemistry & Biology. 13 (10): 1071–1079.
doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.08.013 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2006.08.013).
PMID 17052611 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17052611).
93. Sommerville, B. A. (1998). "Olfactory Awareness". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 57 (3–
4): 269–286. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00102-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1591%2
898%2900102-6).
94. Grognet, Jeff (June 1990). "Catnip: Its uses and effects, past and present" (https://www.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1480656). The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 31 (6): 455–456.
PMC 1480656 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1480656). PMID 17423611 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17423611).
95. Turner, Ramona (29 May 2007). "How does catnip work its magic on cats?" (http://www.scientifi
camerican.com/article.cfm?id=experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats). Scientific American.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131022023257/http://www.scientificamerican.com/arti
cle.cfm?id=experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats) from the original on 22 October 2013.
96. Tucker, Arthur; Tucker, Sharon (1988). "Catnip and the catnip response". Economic Botany. 42
(2): 214–231. doi:10.1007/BF02858923 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858923).
S2CID 34777592 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34777592).
97. Schelling, Christianne. "Do cats have a sense of taste?" (http://www.cathealth.com/nutrition/do-
cats-have-a-sense-of-taste). CatHealth.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201601281
63535/http://www.cathealth.com/nutrition/do-cats-have-a-sense-of-taste) from the original on
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 30 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

63535/http://www.cathealth.com/nutrition/do-cats-have-a-sense-of-taste) from the original on

28 January 2016.
98. Jiang, Peihua; Josue, Jesusa; Li, Xia; Glaser, Dieter; Li, Weihua; Brand, Joseph G.;
Margolskee, Robert F.; Reed, Danielle R.; Beauchamp, Gary K. (12 March 2012), "Major taste
loss in carnivorous mammals", PNAS, 13 (109): 4956–4961, doi:10.1073/pnas.1118360109 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1118360109), PMC 3324019 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
articles/PMC3324019), PMID 22411809 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22411809)
99. Bradshaw, John W.S. (1 July 2006). "The evolutionary basis for the feeding behavior of
domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus)" (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F136.
7.1927S). Journal of Nutrition. 136 (7): 1927S–1931. doi:10.1093/jn/136.7.1927S (https://doi.or
g/10.1093%2Fjn%2F136.7.1927S). PMID 16772461 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1677246
1).
100. Germain, E.; Benhamou, S.; Poulle, M.-L. (2008). "Spatio-temporal Sharing between the
European Wildcat, the Domestic Cat and their Hybrids". Journal of Zoology. 276 (2): 195–203.
doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00479.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.2008.00479.x).
101. Barratt, D. G. (1997). "Home Range Size, Habitat Utilisation and Movement Patterns of
Suburban and Farm Cats Felis catus". Ecography. 20 (3): 271–280. doi:10.1111/j.1600-
0587.1997.tb00371.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0587.1997.tb00371.x).
JSTOR 3682838 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3682838).
102. Randall, W.; Johnson, R. F.; Randall, S.; Cunningham, J. T. (1985). "Circadian rhythms in food
intake and activity in domestic cats". Behavioral Neuroscience. 99 (6): 1162–1175.
doi:10.1037/0735-7044.99.6.1162 (https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0735-7044.99.6.1162).
PMID 3843546 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3843546).
103. Ling, Thomas (2 June 2021). "Why do cats sleep so much?" (https://www.sciencefocus.com/na
ture/why-do-cats-sleep-so-much/). BBC Science Focus Magazine. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
104. Jouvet, M. (1979). "What Does a Cat Dream About?". Trends in Neurosciences. 2: 280–282.
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(79)90110-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0166-2236%2879%2990110-
3). S2CID 53161799 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53161799).
105. Crowell-Davis, S. L.; Curtis, T. M.; Knowles, R. J. (2004). "Social Organization in the Cat: A
Modern Understanding" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110720231305/http://zoopsy.free.fr/veill
e_biblio/social_organization_cat_2004.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 6
(1): 19–28. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.013 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfms.2003.09.013).
PMID 15123163 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15123163). S2CID 25719922 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:25719922). Archived from the original (http://zoopsy.free.fr/veille_b
iblio/social_organization_cat_2004.pdf) (PDF) on 20 July 2011.
106. Baron, A.; Stewart, C. N.; Warren, J. M. (1 January 1957). "Patterns of Social Interaction in
Cats (Felis domestica)". Behaviour. 11 (1): 56–66. doi:10.1163/156853956X00084 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1163%2F156853956X00084). JSTOR 4532869 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4532869).
107. Bradshaw, J.W.; Goodwin, D.; Legrand-Defrétin, V.; Nott, H.M. (1996). "Food selection by the
domestic cat, an obligate carnivore". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part A:
Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 114 (3): 205–209. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(95)02133-7 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2F0300-9629%2895%2902133-7). PMID 8759144 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/8759144).
108. Mills, D. S.; Marchant-Forde, J. (2010). Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare
(https://books.google.com/books?id=vrueZDfPUzoC&pg=PA518). p. 518. ISBN 978-0-85199-
724-7. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170407004417/https://books.google.com/book
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 31 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

724-7. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170407004417/https://books.google.com/book

s?id=vrueZDfPUzoC&pg=PA518) from the original on 7 April 2017.
109. McComb, K.; Taylor, A. M.; Wilson, C.; Charlton, B. D. (2009). "The Cry Embedded within the
Purr" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.05.033). Current Biology. 19 (13): R507–508.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.033 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.05.033). PMID 19602409
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19602409). S2CID 10972076 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/
CorpusID:10972076).
110. Levine, E.; Perry, P.; Scarlett, J.; Houpt, K. (2005). "Intercat Aggression in Households
Following the Introduction of a New Cat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090326225932/http://f
aculty.washington.edu/jcha/330_cats_introducing.pdf) (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour
Science. 90 (3–4): 325–336. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.
applanim.2004.07.006). Archived from the original (http://faculty.washington.edu/jcha/330_cats
_introducing.pdf) (PDF) on 26 March 2009.
111. Horwitz, Debra (2022). "Cat Behavior Problems - Aggression Redirected" (https://vcahospitals.
com/know-your-pet/cat-behavior-problems-aggression-redirected#:~:text=What%20is%20redir
ected%20aggression%3F,cat%20out%20on%20the%20property.). VCA Animal Hospitals.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220319184510/https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pe
t/cat-behavior-problems-aggression-redirected#:~:text=What%20is%20redirected%20aggressi
on%3F,cat%20out%20on%20the%20property.) from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved
16 June 2022.
112. Johnson, Ingrid (17 May 2014). "Redirected Aggression in Cats: Recognition and Treatment
Strategies" (https://iaabc.org/cat/redirected-aggression-in-cats). International Association of
Animal Behavior Consultants. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220307001045/https://i
aabc.org/cat/redirected-aggression-in-cats) from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved
16 June 2022.
113. Soennichsen, S.; Chamove, A. S. (2015). "Responses of cats to petting by humans".
Anthrozoös. 15 (3): 258–265. doi:10.2752/089279302786992577 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F0
89279302786992577). S2CID 144843766 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14484376
6).
114. Cafazzo, S.; Natoli, E. (2009). "The Social Function of Tail Up in the Domestic Cat (Felis
silvestris catus)". Behavioural Processes. 80 (1): 60–66. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2008.09.008 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.beproc.2008.09.008). PMID 18930121 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/18930121). S2CID 19883549 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19883549).
115. Jensen, P. (2009). The Ethology of Domestic Animals. "Modular Text" series. Wallingford,
England: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. ISBN 978-1-84593-536-8.
116. Bradshaw, John W. S. (2012). The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=CMQdnrR0xEsC). Wallingford: CABI. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-1-78064-120-1. Retrieved
6 July 2022.
117. von Muggenthaler, E.; Wright, B. "Solving the Cat's Purr Mystery Using Accelerometers" (https:
//web.archive.org/web/20110722131617/http://www.bksv.com/catspurr). BKSV.com. Brüel &
Kjær. Archived from the original (http://www.bksv.com/catspurr) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved
11 February 2010.
118. "The Cat's Remarkable Purr" (http://www.isnare.com/?aid=195293&ca=Pets). ISnare.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110713063142/http://www.isnare.com/?aid=195293&c
a=Pets) from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
119. Beaver, Bonnie V. G. (2003). Feline behavior : a guide for veterinarians (2nd ed.). St. Louis,
Mo.: Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-9498-6.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 32 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Mo.: Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-9498-6.

120. Remmers, J.E.; Gautier, H. (December 1972). "Neural and mechanical mechanisms of feline
purring" (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4644061/). Respiration Physiology. 16 (3): 351–361.
doi:10.1016/0034-5687(72)90064-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0034-5687%2872%2990064-3
). PMID 4644061 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4644061). Retrieved 5 July 2022.
121. Sissom, Dawn E. Frazer; Rice, D. A.; Peters, G. (January 1991). "How cats purr" (https://zslpub
lications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04749.x). Journal of Zoology.
223 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04749.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-799
8.1991.tb04749.x). S2CID 32350871 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32350871).
Retrieved 5 July 2022.
122. Hadzima, Eva (2016). "Everything You Need to Know About Hairballs" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20161006104436/http://www.dewintonvet.com/everything-you-need-know-about-
hairballs/). Archived from the original (http://www.dewintonvet.com/everything-you-need-know-
about-hairballs/) on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
123. Boshel, J.; Wilborn, W. H; Singh, B. B.; Peter, S.; Stur, M. (1982). "Filiform Papillae of Cat
Tongue". Acta Anatomica. 114 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1159/000145583 (https://doi.org/10.1159%2
F000145583). PMID 7180385 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7180385). S2CID 36216103 (ht
tps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36216103).
124. Lindell, E. M. (1997). "Intercat Aggression: A Retrospective Study Examining Types of
Aggression, Sexes of Fighting Pairs, and Effectiveness of Treatment". Applied Animal
Behaviour Science. 55 (1–2): 153–162. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00032-4 (https://doi.org/10
.1016%2FS0168-1591%2897%2900032-4).
125. Yamane, A.; Doi, T.; Ono, Y. (1996). "Mating Behaviors, Courtship Rank and Mating Success of
Male Feral Cat (Felis catus)". Journal of Ethology. 14 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1007/BF02350090 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02350090). S2CID 27456926 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corp
usID:27456926).
126. Kustritz, M. V. R. (2007). "Determining the Optimal age for Gonadectomy of Dogs and Cats".
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231 (11): 1665–1675.
doi:10.2460/javma.231.11.1665 (https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.231.11.1665).
PMID 18052800 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18052800). S2CID 4651194 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:4651194).
127. "Cat Behavior: Body Language" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090224154137/http://animal.di
scovery.com/guides/cats/behavior/bodylanguageintro.html). AnimalPlanet.com. 2007. Archived
from the original (http://animal.discovery.com/guides/cats/behavior/bodylanguageintro.html) on
24 February 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
128. "Aggression Between Family Cats and Feline Social Behavior" (https://www.paws.org/resource
s/aggression/). PAWS. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
129. Pedersen, N. C.; Yamamoto, J. K.; Ishida, T.; Hansen, H. (1989). "Feline Immunodeficiency
Virus Infection". Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 21 (1): 111–129.
doi:10.1016/0165-2427(89)90134-7 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0165-2427%2889%2990134-7
). PMID 2549690 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2549690).
130. Whiteley, H. E. (1994). "Correcting misbehavior". Understanding and Training Your Cat or
Kitten. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 9781611390803.
131. Devlin, Hannah (13 October 2022). "Cat v fox: what made Downing Street's Larry so brave?" (h
ttps://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/oct/13/cat-v-fox-what-made-downing-streets-larry
-so-brave). The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 33 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

-so-brave). The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2022.

132. Reis, P.M.; Jung, S.; Aristoff, J.M.; Stocker, R. (2010). "How cats lap: Water uptake by Felis
catus". Science. 330 (6008): 1231–1234. Bibcode:2010Sci...330.1231R (https://ui.adsabs.harv
ard.edu/abs/2010Sci...330.1231R). doi:10.1126/science.1195421 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fs
cience.1195421). PMID 21071630 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21071630).
S2CID 1917972 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1917972).
133. Kim, W.; Bush, J.W.M. (2012). "Natural drinking strategies" (https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/17
21.1/80405/2/Bush_Natural%20drinking%20strategies.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
705: 7–25. Bibcode:2012JFM...705....7K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JFM...705....7
K). doi:10.1017/jfm.2012.122 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjfm.2012.122). hdl:1721.1/80405 (http
s://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F80405). S2CID 14895835 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:14895835). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214820/https://dspace.mit.edu/
bitstream/handle/1721.1/80405/Bush_Natural) from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved
23 September 2019.
134. Zaghini, G.; Biagi, G. (2005). "Nutritional peculiarities and diet palatability in the cat". Veterinary
Res. Commun. 29 (Supplement 2): 39–44. doi:10.1007/s11259-005-0009-1 (https://doi.org/10.1
007%2Fs11259-005-0009-1). PMID 16244923 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16244923).
S2CID 23633719 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23633719).
135. Kienzle, E. (1994). "Blood sugar levels and renal sugar excretion after the intake of high
carbohydrate diets in cats" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130903163949/http://jn.nutrition.org/
content/124/12_Suppl/2563S.full.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Nutrition. 124 (12 Supplement):
2563S–2567S. doi:10.1093/jn/124.suppl_12.2563S (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F124.sup
pl_12.2563S). PMID 7996238 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7996238). Archived from the
original (http://jn.nutrition.org/content/124/12_Suppl/2563S.full.pdf) (PDF) on 3 September
2013.
136. Bradshaw, J.W.S. (1997). "Factors affecting pica in the domestic cat". Applied Animal
Behaviour Science. 52 (3–4): 373–379. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01136-7 (https://doi.org/10
.1016%2FS0168-1591%2896%2901136-7).
137. Woods, M.; McDonald, R.A.; Harris, S. (2003). "Predation of wildlife by domestic cats Felis
catus in Great Britain". Mammal Review. 23 (2): 174–188. doi:10.1046/j.1365-
2907.2003.00017.x (https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2907.2003.00017.x). S2CID 42095020 (
https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42095020).
138. Slesnick, I.L. (2004). Clones, Cats, and Chemicals: Thinking scientifically about controversial
issues (https://archive.org/details/clonescatschemic00sles). p. 9 (https://archive.org/details/clon
escatschemic00sles/page/n16). ISBN 9780873552370.
139. Hill, D.S. (2008). Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and their Control (https://archive.org/detail
s/pestscropswarmer00hill) (1st ed.). Springer. p. 120 (https://archive.org/details/pestscropswar
mer00hill/page/n125). ISBN 978-140206737-2 – via archive.org.
140. Tucker, A. (15 October 2016). "How cats evolved to win the Internet" (https://www.nytimes.com/
2016/10/16/opinion/sunday/how-cats-evolved-to-win-the-internet.html). The New York Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161019204937/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/o
pinion/sunday/how-cats-evolved-to-win-the-internet.html) from the original on 19 October 2016.
Retrieved 13 November 2016.
141. Turner, D.C.; Bateson, P., eds. (2000). The Domestic Cat: The biology of its behaviour
(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63648-3.
142. Loss, S.R.; Will, T.; Marra, P.P. (2013). "The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 34 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

142. Loss, S.R.; Will, T.; Marra, P.P. (2013). "The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of
the United States" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms2380). Nature Communications. 4:
1396. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1396L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCo...4.1396L).
doi:10.1038/ncomms2380 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms2380). PMID 23360987 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23360987).
143. Chucher, P.B.; Lawton, J.H. (1987). "Predation by domestic cats in an English village". Journal
of Zoology, London. 212 (3): 439–455. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb02915.x (https://doi.org/
10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1987.tb02915.x).
144. Mead, C.J. (1982). "Ringed birds killed by cats". Mammal Review. 12 (4): 183–186.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1982.tb00014.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2907.1982.tb00014.
x).
145. Crooks, K.R.; Soul, M.E. (1999). "Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a
fragmented system" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110720110246/http://www38.homepage.vill
anova.edu/jameson.chace/Urban%20Ecology/Crooks%26Soule_Mesopredator_release.pdf)
(PDF). Nature. 400 (6744): 563–566. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..563C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.
edu/abs/1999Natur.400..563C). doi:10.1038/23028 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F23028).
S2CID 4417607 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4417607). Archived from the original
(http://www38.homepage.villanova.edu/jameson.chace/Urban%20Ecology/Crooks%26Soule_
Mesopredator_release.pdf) (PDF) on 20 July 2011.
146. "Why do cats play with their food?" (https://azdailysun.com/lifestyles/pets/article_46a97775-232
d-5e56-b0ea-dd1c8782b062.html). Arizona Daily Sun. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0110319041928/http://www.azdailysun.com/lifestyles/pets/article_46a97775-232d-5e56-b0ea-d
d1c8782b062.html) from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
147. Leyhausen, P. (1978). Cat Behavior: The predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild
cats. New York: Garland STPM Press. ISBN 978-0-8240-7017-5.
148. Desmond, M. (2002). "Why does a cat play with its prey before killing it?" (https://books.google.
com/books?id=Q3ysT6xTJu4C&pg=PA51). Catwatching: Why cats purr and everything else
you ever wanted to know (2nd ed.). London: Ebury Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 9781409022213.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062240/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q
3ysT6xTJu4C&pg=PA51) from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
149. Poirier, F. E.; Hussey, L. K. (1982). "Nonhuman Primate Learning: The Importance of Learning
from an Evolutionary Perspective" (https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faeq.1982.13.2.05x1830j).
Anthropology and Education Quarterly. 13 (2): 133–148. doi:10.1525/aeq.1982.13.2.05x1830j (
https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faeq.1982.13.2.05x1830j). JSTOR 3216627 (https://www.jstor.org/st
able/3216627).
150. Hall, S. L. (1998). "Object play by adult animals" (https://books.google.com/books?id=jkiTQ8dII
HsC&pg=PA45). In Byers, J. A.; Bekoff, M. (eds.). Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and
Ecological Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–60. ISBN 978-0-521-58656-6.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210126043154/https://books.google.com/books?id=jki
TQ8dIIHsC&pg=PA45) from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
151. Hall, S. L. (1998). "The Influence of Hunger on Object Play by Adult Domestic Cats". Applied
Animal Behaviour Science. 58 (1–2): 143–150. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00136-6 (https://do
i.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1591%2897%2900136-6).
152. Hall, S. L. (2002). "Object Play in Adult Domestic Cats: The Roles of Habituation and
Disinhibition". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 79 (3): 263–271. doi:10.1016/S0168-
1591(02)00153-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1591%2802%2900153-3).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 35 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

1591(02)00153-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1591%2802%2900153-3).
153. MacPhail, C. (2002). "Gastrointestinal obstruction". Clinical Techniques in Small Animal
Practice. 17 (4): 178–183. doi:10.1053/svms.2002.36606 (https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fsvms.200
2.36606). PMID 12587284 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12587284). S2CID 24977450 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24977450).
154. "Fat Indoor Cats Need Exercise" (http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/200
61210/NEWS01/612100320/-1/NEWS). Pocono Record. 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20090714065943/http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F2006121
0%2FNEWS01%2F612100320%2F-1%2FNEWS) from the original on 14 July 2009. This tertiary
source reuses information from other sources but does not name them.
155. Jemmett, J. E.; Evans, J. M. (1977). "A survey of sexual behaviour and reproduction of female
cats". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 18 (1): 31–37. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05821.x
(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-5827.1977.tb05821.x). PMID 853730 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/853730).
156. Aronson, L. R.; Cooper, M. L. (1967). "Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-
behavior Relations" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150319031546/http://www.catcollection.org
/files/PenileSpines.pdf) (PDF). The Anatomical Record. 157 (1): 71–78.
doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.1091570111). PMID 6030760 (https:/
/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6030760). S2CID 13070242 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusI
D:13070242). Archived from the original (http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf)
(PDF) on 19 March 2015.
157. "Prolific Cats: The Estrous Cycle" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161209220101/http://vlsstore.
com/Media/PublicationsArticle/PV_23_12_1049.pdf) (PDF). Veterinary Learning Systems.
Archived from the original (http://vlsstore.com/Media/PublicationsArticle/PV_23_12_1049.pdf)
(PDF) on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
158. Wildt, D. E.; Seager, S. W.; Chakraborty, P. K. (1980). "Effect of Copulatory Stimuli on
Incidence of Ovulation and on Serum Luteinizing Hormone in the Cat". Endocrinology. 107 (4):
1212–1217. doi:10.1210/endo-107-4-1212 (https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-107-4-1212).
PMID 7190893 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7190893).
159. Swanson, W. F.; Roth, T. L.; Wilt, D. E. (1994). "In Vivo Embryogenesis, Embryo Migration and
Embryonic Mortality in the Domestic Cat" (https://doi.org/10.1095%2Fbiolreprod51.3.452).
Biology of Reproduction. 51 (3): 452–464. doi:10.1095/biolreprod51.3.452 (https://doi.org/10.10
95%2Fbiolreprod51.3.452). PMID 7803616 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7803616).
160. Tsutsui, T.; Stabenfeldt, G. H. (1993). "Biology of Ovarian Cycles, Pregnancy and
pseudopregnancy in the Domestic Cat". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement 47:
29–35. PMID 8229938 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8229938).
161. Behrend, K.; Wegler, M. (1991). "Living with a Cat" (https://archive.org/details/completebookofc
a00behr/page/28). The Complete Book of Cat Care: How to Raise a Happy and Healthy Cat.
Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series. pp. 28–29 (https://archive.org/details/com
pletebookofca00behr/page/28). ISBN 978-0-8120-4613-7.
162. Olson, P. N.; Kustritz, M. V.; Johnston, S. D. (2001). "Early-age Neutering of Dogs and Cats in
the United States (A Review)". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement 57: 223–232.
PMID 11787153 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11787153).
163. Root Kustritz, M. V. (2007). "Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats" (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20100713133619/http://www.imom.org/spay-neuter/pdf/kustritz.pdf)
(PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231 (11): 1665–1675.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 36 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

(PDF). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231 (11): 1665–1675.
doi:10.2460/javma.231.11.1665 (https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.231.11.1665).
PMID 18052800 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18052800). S2CID 4651194 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:4651194). Archived from the original (http://www.imom.org/spay-neu
ter/pdf/kustritz.pdf) (PDF) on 13 July 2010.
164. Chu, K.; Anderson, W. M.; Rieser, M. Y. (2009). "Population characteristics and neuter status of
cats living in households in the United States". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association. 234 (8): 1023–1030. doi:10.2460/javma.234.8.1023 (https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fja
vma.234.8.1023). PMID 19366332 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19366332).
S2CID 39208758 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39208758).
165. Kraft, W. (1998). "Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine". European Journal of
Medical Research. 3 (1–2): 31–41. PMID 9512965 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9512965).
166. Nassar R, Mosier JE, Williams LW (1984). "Study of the feline and canine populations in the
greater Las Vegas area". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 45 (2): 282–287.
PMID 6711951 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6711951).
167. Example: "Me-wow! Texas Woman Says Cat is 30 Years Old – Although She Can't Hear or See
Very Well, Caterack the Cat Is Still Purring" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091002231250/http:
//today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33094898/ns/today-today_pets_and_animals?GT1=43001).
MSNBC.MSN.com. New York: Microsoft. 30 September 2009. Archived from the original (https:
//today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33094898/ns/today-today_pets_and_animals?GT1=43001) on 2
October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
168. Guinness World Records (https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00vari) (reprint ed.).
Bantam Books. 2010. p. 320 (https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00vari/page/320).
ISBN 978-0-553-59337-2. "The oldest cat ever was Creme Puff, who was born on August 3,
1967 and lived until August 6, 2005 – 38 years and 3 days in total."
169. "Cat Care: Spay–Neuter" (http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/cat-care/spay-neuter.html).
ASPCA.org. New York: American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. 2011.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120415132426/http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/cat-care
/spay-neuter.aspx) from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2011. This tertiary
source reuses information from other sources but does not name them.
170. O'Brien, S. J.; Johnson, W.; Driscoll, C.; Pontius, J.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Menotti-Raymond, M.
(2008). "State of Cat Genomics" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126825).
Trends in Genetics. 24 (6): 268–279. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.03.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F
j.tig.2008.03.004). PMC 7126825 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126825).
PMID 18471926 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18471926).
171. Sewell, A. C.; Haskins, M. E.; Giger, U. (2007). "Inherited Metabolic Disease in Companion
Animals: Searching for Nature's Mistakes" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC313
2193). Veterinary Journal. 174 (2): 252–259. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.08.017 (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2Fj.tvjl.2006.08.017). PMC 3132193 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132
193). PMID 17085062 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17085062).
172. O'Brien, Stephen J.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Murphy, W. J.; Yuhki, N. (2002). "The Feline
Genome Project" (https://zenodo.org/record/1234973). Annual Review of Genetics. 36: 657–
686. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.36.060602.145553 (https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genet.
36.060602.145553). PMID 12359739 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12359739). Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20191005230324/https://zenodo.org/record/1234973) from the
original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
173. Huston, Lorie (2012). "Veterinary Care for Your New Cat" (http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedaily
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 37 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

173. Huston, Lorie (2012). "Veterinary Care for Your New Cat" (http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedaily
vet/lhuston/2012/dec/veterinary-care-for-your-new-cat-29565). PetMD. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20170508122739/http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/lhuston/2012/dec/vete
rinary-care-for-your-new-cat-29565) from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 31 January
2017.
174. Say, L. (2002). "Spatio-temporal variation in cat population density in a sub-Antarctic
environment". Polar Biology. 25 (2): 90–95. doi:10.1007/s003000100316 (https://doi.org/10.100
7%2Fs003000100316). S2CID 22448763
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22448763).
175. Frenot, Y.; Chown, S. L.; Whinam, J.; Selkirk, P. M.; Convey, P.; Skotnicki, M.; Bergstrom, D. M.
(2005). "Biological Invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, Impacts and Implications" (https://doi.org/
10.1017%2FS1464793104006542). Biological Reviews. 80 (1): 45–72.
doi:10.1017/S1464793104006542 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1464793104006542).
PMID 15727038 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15727038). S2CID 5574897 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:5574897).
176. Medina, F. M.; Bonnaud, E.; Vidal, E.; Tershy, B. R.; Zavaleta, E.; Josh Donlan, C.; Keitt, B. S.;
Le Corre, M.; Horwath, S. V.; Nogales, M. (2011). "A global review of the impacts of invasive
cats on island endangered vertebrates". Global Change Biology. 17 (11): 3503–3510.
Bibcode:2011GCBio..17.3503M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GCBio..17.3503M).
CiteSeerX 10.1.1.701.4082 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.701.40
82). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2011.02464
.x). S2CID 323316 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:323316).
177. Nogales, M.; Martin, A.; Tershy, B. R.; Donlan, C. J.; Veitch, D.; Uerta, N.; Wood, B.; Alonso, J.
(2004). "A Review of Feral Cat Eradication on Islands" (https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2
2249/1/CBL-2004-18-310.pdf) (PDF). Conservation Biology. 18 (2): 310–319.
doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2004.00442.x).
hdl:10261/22249 (https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F22249). S2CID 11594286 (https://api.seman
ticscholar.org/CorpusID:11594286). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191206034647/htt
ps://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/22249/1/CBL-2004-18-310.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 6
December 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
178. Invasive Species Specialist Group (2006). "Ecology of Felis catus" (http://www.issg.org/databas
e/species/ecology.asp?si=24&fr=1&sts=sss). Global Invasive Species Database. Species
Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20091027123405/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&fr=1&
sts=sss) from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
179. Le Roux, Johannes J.; Foxcraft, Llewellyn C.; Herbst, Marna; Macfadyen, Sandra (19 August
2014). "Genetic analysis shows low levels of hybridization between African wildcats (Felis
silvestris lybica) and domestic cats (F. s. catus) in South Africa" (https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/270912183). Ecology and Evolution. 5 (2): 288–299. doi:10.1002/ece3.1275 (https:/
/doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.1275). PMC 4314262 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C4314262). PMID 25691958 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25691958). Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220307214831/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270912183_Gen
etic_analysis_shows_low_levels_of_hybridization_between_African_wildcats_Felis_silvestris_l
ybica_and_domestic_cats_F_s_catus_in_South_Africa) from the original on 7 March 2022.
Retrieved 14 November 2021.
180. Doherty, T. S.; Glen, A. S.; Nimmo, D. G.; Ritchie, E. G. & Dickman, C. R. (2016). "Invasive
predators and global biodiversity loss" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5056110
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 38 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

predators and global biodiversity loss" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5056110

). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (40): 11261–11265.
Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311261D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..11311261D).
doi:10.1073/pnas.1602480113 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1602480113). PMC 5056110 (
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5056110). PMID 27638204 (https://pubmed.ncbi
.nlm.nih.gov/27638204).
181. "What is the difference between a stray cat and a feral cat?" (https://web.archive.org/web/2008
0501093143/http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/feral_cats/feral_cats_frequent
ly_asked_questions.html#1_What_is_a_feral_cat). HSUS.org. Humane Society of the United
States. 2 January 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_
our_pets/feral_cats/feral_cats_frequently_asked_questions.html#1_What_is_a_feral_cat) on 1
May 2008.
182. "Torre Argentina cat shelter" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090122203413/http://www.romanc
ats.com/index_eng.php). Archived from the original (http://www.romancats.com/index_eng.php)
on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
183. Rowan, Andrew N.; Salem, Deborah J. (November 2003). "4" (https://web.archive.org/web/200
61110230426/http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/SOA_3-2005_Chap4.pdf) (PDF). The
State of the Animals II: 2003. Humane Society of the United States. ISBN 978-0-9658942-7-2.
Archived from the original (http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/SOA_3-2005_Chap4.pdf)
(PDF) on 10 November 2006.
184. "Socialising Feral Kittens -" (http://www.animaladvocacy.ie/irish-animals/the-socialised-cat/kitte
ns-guide/socializing-feral-kittens/). www.animaladvocacy.ie. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20201012112740/http://www.animaladvocacy.ie/irish-animals/the-socialised-cat/kittens-guid
e/socializing-feral-kittens//) from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
185. Fitzgerald, M. B. & Turner, D. C. "Hunting Behaviour of Domestic Cats and Their Impact on
Prey Populations". In Turner & Bateson (ed.). The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behaviour.
pp. 151–175.
186. Courchamp, F.; Langlais, M. & Sugihara, G. (1999). "Cats protecting birds: modelling the
mesopredator release effect" (https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2656.1999.00285.x). Journal
of Animal Ecology. 68 (2): 282–292. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00285.x (https://doi.org/10.
1046%2Fj.1365-2656.1999.00285.x). S2CID 31313856 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus
ID:31313856).
187. Stattersfield, A. J.; Crosby, M. J.; Long, A. J. & Wege, D. C. (1998). Endemic Bird Areas of the
World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. "BirdLife Conservation Series" No. 7.
Cambridge, England: Burlington Press. ISBN 978-0-946888-33-7.
188. Falla, R. A. (1955). New Zealand Bird Life Past and Present. Cawthron Institute.
189. Galbreath, R. & Brown, D. (2004). "The Tale of the Lighthouse-keeper's Cat: Discovery and
Extinction of the Stephens Island Wren (Traversia lyalli)" (https://web.archive.org/web/2008101
7221501/http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_51-2004/Notornis_51_4_193.pdf)
(PDF). Notornis. 51: 193–200. Archived from the original (http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issue
s/Notornis_51-2004/Notornis_51_4_193.pdf) (PDF) on 17 October 2008.
190. Scrimgeour, J.; Beath, A. & Swanney, M. (2012). "Cat predation of short-tailed bats (Mystacina
tuberculata rhyocobia) in Rangataua Forest, Mount Ruapehu, Central North Island, New
Zealand" (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.2011.649770). New Zealand Journal of
Zoology. 39 (3): 257–260. doi:10.1080/03014223.2011.649770 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F030
14223.2011.649770).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 39 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

14223.2011.649770).
191. Murphy, B. P.; Woolley, L.-A.; Geyle, H. M.; Legge, S. M.; Palmer, R.; Dickman, C. R.;
Augusteyn, J.; Brown, S. C.; Comer, S.; Doherty, T. S. & Eager, C. (2019). "Introduced cats
(Felis catus) eating a continental fauna: The number of mammals killed in Australia". Biological
Conservation. 237: 28–40. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.06.013 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bioc
on.2019.06.013). S2CID 196649508 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196649508).
192. Daley, J. (2018). "Australian Feral Cats Eat More Than a Million Reptiles Per Day" (https://www
.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/feral-cats-eat-million-australian-reptiles-day-180969447/).
Smithsonian Magazine. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190321064840/https://www.s
mithsonianmag.com/smart-news/feral-cats-eat-million-australian-reptiles-day-180969447/) from
the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
193. Wade, N. (2007). "Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
090418082840/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html). The New York Times.
Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html) on 18
April 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
194. Beadle, Muriel (1979). Cat. Simon and Schuster. pp. 93–96. ISBN 9780671251901.
195. Mayers, Barbara (2007). Toolbox: Ship's Cat on the Kalmar Nyckel (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=q3LvHwAACAAJ). Bay Oak Publishers, Limited. ISBN 978-0-9741713-9-5. Archived (
https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062435/https://books.google.com/books?id=q3LvHwAA
CAAJ) from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
196. "What Is That They're Wearing?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061201153853/http://www.hsu
s.org/web-files/PDF/What-is-that-they-re-wearing_FurBooklet.pdf) (PDF). Humane Society of
the United States. Archived from the original (http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/What-is-that-t
hey-re-wearing_FurBooklet.pdf) (PDF) on 1 December 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
197. Stallwood, K. W., ed. (2002). A Primer on Animal Rights: Leading Experts Write about Animal
Cruelty and Exploitation. Lantern Books.
198. "Japan: Finale for the world's most elegant use of a dead cat" (https://www.independent.co.uk/n
ews/japan-finale-for-the-worlds-most-elegant-use-of-a-dead-cat-1294096.html). The
Independent. 15 November 1997. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170621114633/http:
//www.independent.co.uk/news/japan-finale-for-the-worlds-most-elegant-use-of-a-dead-cat-129
4096.html) from the original on 21 June 2017.
199. "EU proposes cat and dog fur ban" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6165786.stm). BBC
News. 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090102231651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi
/europe/6165786.stm) from the original on 2 January 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
200. Ikuma, C. (2007). "EU Announces Strict Ban on Dog and Cat Fur Imports and Exports" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20090217153420/http://www.hsus.org/about_us/humane_society_internat
ional_hsi/hsi_europe/dog_cat_fur/). Humane Society International. Archived from the original (h
ttp://www.hsus.org/about_us/humane_society_international_hsi/hsi_europe/dog_cat_fur/) on 17
February 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
201. Jolly, K. L.; Raudvere, C.; Peters, E. (2002). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe. Vol. 3: The Middle
Ages. London: Athlone. ISBN 978-0-567-57446-6. OCLC 747103210 (https://www.worldcat.org
/oclc/747103210).
202. Paterson, T. (2008). "Switzerland Finds a Way to Skin a Cat for the Fur Trade and High
Fashion" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-finds-a-way-to-skin-a-
cat-for-the-fur-trade-and-high-fashion-815426.html). The Independent. London. Archived (https:
//web.archive.org/web/20090707080420/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/swit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 40 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

//web.archive.org/web/20090707080420/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/swit
zerland-finds-a-way-to-skin-a-cat-for-the-fur-trade-and-high-fashion-815426.html) from the
original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
203. "Humane society launches national cat census" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswic
k/story/2012/07/17/nb-cat-census-1000.html). CBC News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20121024184326/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2012/07/17/nb-cat-ce
nsus-1000.html) from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
204. "Cats Be" (http://www.catsbe.com). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120922235823/htt
p://www.catsbe.com/) from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
205. "The Supreme Cat Census" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120316024409/http://www.suprem
ecatcensus.co.za/). Archived from the original (http://www.supremecatcensus.co.za/) on 16
March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
206. "About Pets" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074439/http://www.ifaheurope.org/compani
on-animals/about-pets.html). IFAHEurope.org. Animal Health Europe. Archived from the
original (http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html) on 6 October 2014.
Retrieved 3 October 2014.
207. Legay, J. M. (1986). "Sur une tentative d'estimation du nombre total de chats domestiques
dans le monde" [Tentative estimation of the total number of domestic cats in the world].
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III (in French). 303 (17): 709–712.
PMID 3101986 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3101986). INIST:7950138 (https://pascal-fran
cis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=7950138).
208. Gehrt, S. D.; Riley, S. P. D.; Cypher, B. L. (2010). Urban Carnivores: Ecology, Conflict, and
Conservation (https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&q=million%20cats%20worl
dwide&pg=PA157). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801893896. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20151231224128/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&lpg
=PA157&pg=PA157&q=million%20cats%20worldwide) from the original on 31 December 2015.
Retrieved 3 October 2014.
209. Rochlitz, I. (2007). The Welfare of Cats (https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmB3ix5IQ8C&q
=million%20cats%20worldwide&pg=PA47). Springer Science & Business Media.
ISBN 9781402032271. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151231224128/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=0HmB3ix5IQ8C&lpg=PA47&pg=PA47&q=million%20cats%20worldwide)
from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
210. "Cats: Most interesting facts about common domestic pets" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141
006105806/http://english.pravda.ru/society/family/09-01-2006/9478-cats-0/). Pravda. 9 January
2006. Archived from the original (http://english.pravda.ru/society/family/09-01-2006/9478-cats-0
/) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
211. Sandomir, R. (18 January 2019). "Walter Chandoha, Photographer Whose Specialty Was Cats,
Dies at 98" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190119231032/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/1
8/obituaries/walter-chandoha-dead.html?emc=edit_th_190119&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=6863
41800119%2FWalter). The New York Times. Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.co
m/2019/01/18/obituaries/walter-chandoha-dead.html?emc=edit_th_190119&nl=todaysheadline
s&nlid=686341800119/) on 19 January 2019.
212. "All About Cat Shows" (https://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/cat-show1.htm). How Stuff
Works. 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143813/https://animals.howstuff
works.com/pets/cat-show1.htm) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
213. Chomel, B. (2014). "Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses of Dogs and Cats" (https://www.ncb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 41 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

213. Chomel, B. (2014). "Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses of Dogs and Cats" (https://www.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494318). Animals. 4 (3): 434–445. doi:10.3390/ani4030434 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.3390%2Fani4030434). ISSN 2076-2615 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2076-26
15). PMC 4494318 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494318). PMID 26480316
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26480316).
214. "Cats" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023823/https://www.odh.ohio.gov/en/odhprogram
s/bid/zdp/animals/cats). Ohio Department of Health. 21 January 2015. Archived from the
original (http://www.odh.ohio.gov/en/odhprograms/bid/zdp/animals/cats) on 27 November 2016.
Retrieved 26 November 2016.
215. Stull, J. W.; Brophy, J.; Weese, J. S. (2015). "Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic
infections" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500695). Canadian Medical
Association Journal. 187 (10): 736–743. doi:10.1503/cmaj.141020 (https://doi.org/10.1503%2F
cmaj.141020). ISSN 0820-3946 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0820-3946). PMC 4500695 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500695). PMID 25897046 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/25897046).
216. Malek, J. (1997). The Cat in Ancient Egypt (Revised ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN 9780812216325.
217. Engels, D. W. (2001) [1999]. "Greece" (https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkeCwAAQBAJ&
pg=PA68). Classical Cats: The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat (https://archive.org/details/class
icalcats00dona/page/48). London: Routledge. pp. 48–87 (https://archive.org/details/classicalcat
s00dona/page/48). ISBN 978-0-415-26162-3.
218. Rogers, K. M. (2006). "Wildcat to Domestic Mousecatcher" (https://books.google.com/books?id
=16ZsW4QLKlUC&pg=PA19). Cat. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 7–48. ISBN 978-1-86189-
292-8. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200727182342/https://books.google.com/book
s?id=16ZsW4QLKlUC&pg=PA19) from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
219. Beadle, M. (1977). "Ups and Downs" (https://books.google.com/books?id=tnjgqpNKYksC&pg=
PA75). Cat (https://archive.org/details/cathistorybiolog00bead/page/75). New York: Simon &
Schuster. pp. 75–88 (https://archive.org/details/cathistorybiolog00bead/page/75). ISBN 978-
0671224516.
220. Pate, A. (2008). "Maneki Neko: Feline Fact & Fiction" (https://web.archive.org/web/2013031419
1210/http://www.darumamagazine.com/new/articles-excerpts/maneki-neko-feline-fact-fiction/).
Daruma Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.darumamagazine.com/new/articles-e
xcerpts/maneki-neko-feline-fact-fiction/) on 14 March 2013.
221. Faulkes, A. (1995). Edda. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-460-87616-2.
222. Ginzberg, L. (1909). The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Sixth Day (http://www.swartzentrover
.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf) (PDF). Translated by
Szold, H. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018
0516120617/http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20th
e%20Jews.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
223. Geyer, G. A. (2004). When Cats Reigned Like Kings: On the Trail of the Sacred Cats (https://ar
chive.org/details/whencatsreignedl00geor). Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-4697-0.
224. Reeves, M. (2000). Muhammad in Europe (https://archive.org/details/muhammadineurope0000
reev/page/52). New York University Press. p. 52 (https://archive.org/details/muhammadineurop
e0000reev/page/52). ISBN 978-0-8147-7533-2.
225. Al-Thahabi, S. "Biography of al-Rifai" (http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?i
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 42 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

225. Al-Thahabi, S. "Biography of al-Rifai" (http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?i

dfrom=5401&idto=5401&bk_no=60&ID=5263). ‫( سير أع'م النب'ء‬in Arabic). Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20141025030332/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfro
m=5401&idto=5401&bk_no=60&ID=5263) from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved
11 November 2014.
226. "Abu Hurairah and Cats" (http://pictures-of-cats.org/abu-hurairah-and-cats.html). Pictures-of-
Cats.org. 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180305203105/http://pictures-of-cats.
org/abu-hurairah-and-cats.html) from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
227. "Are Black Cats Really Bad Luck? [Hoax]" (http://socialnewsdaily.com/58901/are-black-cats-rea
lly-bad-luck-hoax/). SocialNewsDaily.com. 29 October 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20151222141607/http://socialnewsdaily.com/58901/are-black-cats-really-bad-luck-hoax/)
from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
228. Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History (https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/p
age/543). Oxford University Press. p. 543 (https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/pa
ge/543). ISBN 978-0-198-20171-7.
229. Frazer, James G. (2002) [1922]. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (http://www
.bartleby.com/196/164.html) (Abridged ed.). Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-
486-42492-8. OCLC 49942157 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49942157). Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20061208190208/http://www.bartleby.com/196/164.html) from the original on
8 December 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
230. Sugobono, Nora (7 March 2010). "Las vidas del gato" (https://web.archive.org/web/201201270
52854/http://elcomercio.pe/impresa/notas/vidas-gato/20100307/423959). El Comercio (in
Spanish). Lima, Peru. Archived from the original (http://elcomercio.pe/impresa/notas/vidas-gato
/20100307/423959) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
231. "Qual é a origem da lenda de que os gatos teriam sete vidas?" (http://mundoestranho.abril.com
.br/materia/qual-e-a-origem-da-lenda-de-que-os-gatos-teriam-sete-vidas). Mundo Estranho (in
Brazilian Portuguese). São Paulo, Brazil: Abril Media. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
151117031757/http://mundoestranho.abril.com.br/materia/qual-e-a-origem-da-lenda-de-que-os-
gatos-teriam-sete-vidas) from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November
2015.
232. Dowling, Tim (19 March 2010). "Tall tails: Pet myths busted" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifea
ndstyle/gallery/2010/mar/18/guide-to-pets-pet-myths?picture=360591960). The Guardian.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130909160834/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyl
e/gallery/2010/mar/18/guide-to-pets-pet-myths?picture=360591960) from the original on 9
September 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
233. "The ASPCA Warns About High-Rise Falls by Cats: High-Rise Apartments, Windows, Terraces
and Fire Escapes Pose Risk to Urban Cats" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120522014805/htt
p://cats.about.com/od/catsafety/a/highrisefalls.htm). New York: American Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. 30 June 2005. Archived from the original (http://cats.about.co
m/od/catsafety/a/highrisefalls.htm) on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2018 – via About.com.
(Press release.)

External links
The dictionary definition of cat at Wiktionary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 43 of 44
Cat - Wikipedia 14/05/23 19:50

Data related to Cat at Wikispecies

Media related to Cat at Wikimedia Commons
Animal Care at Wikibooks
Quotations related to Cat at Wikiquote
"Cat, Domestic, The" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Cat
,_Domestic,_The). Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
High-Resolution Images of the Cat Brain (https://web.archive.org/web/20190520030950/http://b
rainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&species=felis-catus)
Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Felis_catus)
for Felis catus
Catpert. The Cat Expert (https://web.archive.org/web/20081211071153/http://www.catpert.com/
) – Cat articles
View the cat genome (http://www.ensembl.org/Felis_catus/Info/Index/) in Ensembl
Scientific American, "The Origin of the Cat (https://books.google.com/books?id=YIE9AQAAIAA
J&q=carbonic+oxide)", 20 August 1881, pp. 120

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat&oldid=1153498499"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Page 44 of 44