University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Alubijid | Balubal | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Activity 01
Modulation and Demodulation

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO):

The students will be able to:

1. Define and explain the need for modulation.

2. Simulate modulation and demodulation.
3. Model laboratory scenarios using MATLAB application.

Course Outcome/Program Outcome (CO/PO):

CO1: Define and discuss basic electronic communication system principles (j-I).
CO2: Solve different fundamental communication parameters and circuits (b-E, e-E).

Introduction:
● Modulation is a basic electronic technique for transmitting information efficiently from one
station to another.
 Modulation. makes the information signal more compatible with the medium
 Demodulation. extracts or recovers the original information sent

Discussion
Modulation
● Requires the use of a higher frequency carrier signal, wherein, this carrier wave will be altered, or
modulated, by the information signal. The lower frequency information signal is also termed as a
baseband signal or a modulating signal.
● Modulation is a widely used method in improving the quality during signal transmission and
reception, reducing the antenna dimensions, and accommodating a greater number of message
signals at higher frequencies with less interference from other data signals.
● As shown in Figure 1.1, at the transmitter, the lower frequency baseband signal is impressed onto
the carrier sinusoidal waveform. The higher frequency carrier signal is basically a sine wave
generated by an oscillator. The baseband signal and the carrier signal are simultaneously
combined in a modulator. The intelligence signal changes the carrier in a certain way. Then the
modulated carrier signal is amplified and sent through the antenna for transmission. At the
receiver, an antenna picks up modulated signal, amplifies, and processes it in a unique way. It is
then fed to a demodulator or detector, where the original information is recovered.

Figure 1.1 Transmission and reception of information signals.

(reference: “Principles of Electronic Communications System, 4th ed.” by Frenzel, pg. 9&11, 2016).
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Balubal | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Formula
● The information signal modulates the carrier by changing either its amplitude Ec , frequency ω c,
or phase θ :
e (t )=E c sin ⁡(ω c t+θ) = Ec sin ⁡(2 πft+ θ)

where,
e (t ) = instantaneous value of the sine wave voltage as a function of time, V
Ec = peak voltage value of the sine wave, V
ω c= frequency in radians per second, Hz = 2 π f
t = time in seconds, s
θ = phase angle in radians, °

● The fundamental type of analog communications are as follows:

 Amplitude Modulation. the amplitude of the carrier signal is changed in proportion to
the message/information signal, whereas the frequency and the phase are kept constant
Formula
● The sinusoidal amplitude modulation is:
e c ( t )=E cmax sin ⁡(2 π f c t ) ; carrier signal
e m ( t ) =Em max sin ⁡(2 π f m t) ; baseband signal
e am (t )=E m max +¿ e m ( t ) sin ⁡(2 π f c t) ; modulated signal
¿ Ec max ¿ (m*sin(2 π f m t)*sin ⁡(2 π f c t)))

where,
m = modulation index = Em max / Ec max

 Frequency Modulation. the frequency of the carrier signal is altered in proportion to the
message/information signal, whereas the amplitude and the phase are kept constant

Formula
● The sinusoidal frequency modulation is:
e c ( t )=E cmax cos ⁡(2 π f c t) ; carrier signal
e m ( t ) =Em max cos ⁡(2 π f m t) ; baseband signal
e fm ( t )=¿ E c max cos ¿))) ; modulated signal

where,
β = modulation index = ∆ f / f m

Laboratory Procedure:
1. Open MATLAB application.
2. Simulate the code.
3. Run output waveform.

MATLAB Code:
AM Modulation
clc;
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Balubal | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

clear all;
close all;

fc = 5000; %carrier frequency = 5kHz

fm = 200; %modulating frequency = 200Hz
Ac = 10; %amplitude of carrier signal
Am = 5; %amplitude of modulating signal
m = Am/Ac; %modulation index = 0.5
t = linspace(0,0.02,10000);
ec = Ac * sin(2*pi*fc*t); %definition of carrier signal
em = Am * sin(2*pi*fm*t); %definition of modulating signal
y = Ac * (1 + (m*sin(2*pi*fm*t).*sin(2*pi*fc*t))); %definition of modulated signal

figure;
subplot (3,1,1);
plot (t, em); %plotting modulating/information/baseband signal
xlabel ('Time (sec)');
ylabel ('Amplitude (V)');
title ('Modulating Signal');
legend ('e_m(t)');

subplot (3,1,2);
plot (t, ec); %plotting carrier signal
xlabel ('Time (sec)');
ylabel ('Amplitude (V)');
title ('Carrier Signal');
legend ('e_c(t)');

subplot (3,1,3);
plot (t, y); %plotting amplitude modulated signal
xlabel ('Time (sec)');
ylabel ('Amplitude (V)');
title ('Amplitude Modulated Signal');
legend ('e(t)');

FM Modulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;

fc = 300; %carrier frequency = 300Hz

fm = 50; %modulating frequency = 50Hz
B = 10; %modulation index
t = 0:0.0001:0.5; %defining time period from 0 to 0.5s in 0.0001s interval
m = cos (2*pi*fm*t); %baseband signal
c = cos (2*pi*fc*t); %carrier signal
y = cos ((2*pi*fc*t) + (B.*sin(2*pi*fm*t))); %modulated signal

figure;
subplot (3,1,1);
plot (t, m); %plotting modulating/information/baseband signal
xlabel ('Time (sec)');
ylabel ('Amplitude (V)');
title ('Modulating Signal');
legend ('e_m(t)');
grid on;

subplot (3,1,2);
plot (t, c); %plotting carrier signal
xlabel ('Time (sec)');
ylabel ('Amplitude (V)');
title ('Carrier Signal');
legend ('e_c(t)');
grid on;
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Balubal | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

subplot (3,1,3);
plot (t, y); %plotting modulated signal
xlabel ('Time (sec)');
ylabel ('Amplitude (V)');
title ('Modulated Signal');
legend ('e(t)');
grid on;
AM Demodulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;

fs = 80000;
fc = 5000; %carrier frequency = 5kHz
fm = 200; %modulating frequency = 200Hz
Ac = 10; %amplitude of carrier signal
Am = 10; %amplitude of modulating signal
m = Am/Ac; %modulation index = 0.5
t = linspace (0,0.02,10000);

ec = Ac * sin(2*pi*fc*t); %definition of carrier signal

em = Am * sin(2*pi*fm*t); %definition of modulating signal
y = Ac * (1 + (m*sin(2*pi*fm*t).*sin(2*pi*fc*t))); %definition of modulated signal

[u l] = envelope(y); %Envelope Detection - upper and lower detecttion

temp = y.*ec;
dm = conv(temp, exp(-t/0.0009)); %response of a lowpass filter

figure;
subplot (3,1,1);
plot (t, em); %plotting modulating/information/baseband signal
xlabel ('Time(sec)');
ylabel ('Amplitude (V)');
title ('Modulating Signal');
legend ('e_m(t)');

subplot (3,1,2);
plot (t, y); hold on; %plotting amplitude modulated signal
plot (t, u, 'r'); %upper envelope
plot (t, l, 'g--'); %lower envelope
xlabel ('Time (sec)');
ylabel ('Amplitude (V)');
title ('Amplitude Modulated Signal');
legend ('e(t)');

subplot (3,1,3);
plot (t(1:10000), dm (1:10000)); %plotting demodulated signal
xlabel ('Time(sec)');
ylabel ('Amplitude(V)');
title ('Demodulated Signal');
legend ('d(t)');

FM Demodulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;

fs = 1000; %sampling frequency

fc = 400; %carrier frequency
fm = 30; %modulating signal frequency
t = (0:1/fs:0.5); %time period
fd = 100; %frequency deviation
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Balubal | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

m = sin (2*pi*fm*t); %definition of modulating signal

y = fmmod (m, fc, fs, fd); %freqeuncy modulation
d = fmdemod (y, fc, fs, fd); %demoulating the modulated signal

plot (t, m, 'r', t, d, 'b--');

xlabel ('Time (s)');
ylabel ('Amplitude');
legend ('Sinusoidal audio signal','Demodulated Signal');
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Balubal | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Simulation Results:
1. Amplitude Modulation (modulation and demodulation)
2. Frequency Modulation (modulation and demodulation)
 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
Alubijid | Balubal | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Experimental Observations:
1. If the information signal is analog and the amplitude (V), frequency (f), or phase ( θ ) of the
carrier is varied proportional to the information signal, what forms of modulation are
produced?

2. What is the reason why audio signals are not transmitted directly by electromagnetic waves?

3. Describe the modulation and demodulation results with the following analog signals:

a. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

b. Frequency Modulation (FM)

Conclusion: