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Lab Equipment PDF

The document describes several types of analytical laboratory equipment and their uses, including microscopes, fume hoods, spectroscopy devices, and chromatography methods. Microscopes like stereo, compound, inverted, and metallurgical microscopes are used to observe samples at various magnifications. Fume hoods including chemical, demonstration, and floor-mounted hoods protect users from hazardous fumes during experiments. Spectroscopy techniques such as infrared, UV-Vis, NMR, Raman, and X-ray spectroscopy are used to study molecular structures. Chromatography separates mixtures using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography methods.

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Djoanna Joyce Leano
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96 views

Lab Equipment PDF

The document describes several types of analytical laboratory equipment and their uses, including microscopes, fume hoods, spectroscopy devices, and chromatography methods. Microscopes like stereo, compound, inverted, and metallurgical microscopes are used to observe samples at various magnifications. Fume hoods including chemical, demonstration, and floor-mounted hoods protect users from hazardous fumes during experiments. Spectroscopy techniques such as infrared, UV-Vis, NMR, Raman, and X-ray spectroscopy are used to study molecular structures. Chromatography separates mixtures using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography methods.

Uploaded by

Djoanna Joyce Leano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline

BSE – General Science 2A

“Common Equipment in Analytical Laboratory and its uses”

What is Analytical laboratory equipment?

-Science laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment that are used by
professionals or students working in a laboratory. 

Microscope
A microscope is a popular piece of lab apparatus used to observe things that are too tiny to be
observed by the naked human eye.

A.) Stereo Microscope


- It is used to look at a variety of samples that you would be able to hold in your
hand.
- Typically will provide magnification between 10x - 40x.
- A stereo microscope typically provides both transmitted and reflected
illumination and can be used to view a sample that will not allow light to pass
through it.
- The following are samples often viewed under a stereo microscope:
o Coins, flowers, insects, plastic or metal parts, printed circuit boards,
fabric weaves, frog anatomy, and wires.

B.) Compound Microscopes


- A compound microscope may also be referred to as a biological microscope.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

- Compound microscopes are used in laboratories, schools, wastewater treatment


plants, veterinary offices, and for histology and pathology. 
- The samples viewed under a compound microscope must be prepared on a
microscope slide using a cover slip to flatten the sample.
- Compound microscopes are used to view samples that cannot be seen with the
naked eye. 
- The magnification of a compound microscope is most commonly 40x, 100x,
400x, and sometimes 1000x.

C.) Inverted Microscopes


- Inverted microscopes are available as biological inverted microscopes or
metallurgical inverted microscopes.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

- Biological inverted microscopes provide magnification of 40x, 100x and


sometimes 200x and 400x.
- These biological inverted microscopes are used to view living samples that are in
a petri dish.

D.) Metallurgical Microscopes


- Metallurgical Microscopes are high power microscopes designed to view samples
that do not allow light to pass through them.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

- Reflected light shines down through the objective lenses providing magnification
of 50x, 100x, 200x, and sometimes 500x.
- Metallurgical microscopes are utilized in the aerospace industry, the automobile
manufacturing industry, and by companies analyzing metallic structures,
composites, glass, wood, ceramics, polymers, and liquid crystals.

E.) Polarizing Microscopes


- Polarizing Microscopes are used polarized light along with transmitted and, or
reflected illumination to examine chemicals, rocks, and minerals .
- Polarizing microscopes are utilized by geologists, petrologists, chemists, and the
pharmaceutical industry on a daily basis.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

- All polarizing microscopes have both a polarizer and an analyzer. The polarizer
will only allow certain light waves to pass through it. The analyzer determines
the amount of light and direction of light that will illuminate the sample.

Fume Hood
A fume hood is used to all but eliminate the risks associated with working with chemicals and
viral compounds by drawing airborne droplets and fumes away from the lab environment and into a
filtration system. Using suction, fume hoods collect potentially toxic vapors, directing them through a
series of filtration systems before recirculating the air.

A. Chemical Fume Hood


Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

- General chemistry and chemical fume hood is a mainstay of virtually every


research and education lab and are used to reduce the risks associated with
working with common chemicals and solvents.
- Toxic fumes, spills, chemical reactions, and airborne droplets can be harmful to
human health if inhaled or ingested, and over time, prolonged exposure can have
drastic consequences. As such, lab techs always perform experiments under a
chemical fume hood, which pulls fumes away from technicians and filters it,
removing toxicity from the air.

B. Demonstration Hood
- Demonstration hoods (sometimes called educational hoods) are hoods designed
to optimize sightlines for easy teaching demos.
- Demonstration hoods typically have four transparent sides to allow students to
see from every angle, no matter where the teacher may be standing.
- Used for the same purpose as typical chemistry fume hoods, demonstration hoods
differ only in their visual appearance but provide the same enhanced protection
from respiratory toxin exposure.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

C. Floor-Mounted Fume Hood / Walk-in Fume Hood


- Large and freestanding, floor-mounted fume hoods are ideal for labs handling
large volumes of chemical substances, or those with large equipment. While
conventional fume hoods are ideal for small, handheld experiments, floor-
mounted fume hoods allow for more extensive, large-scale testing, and can
accommodate more materials and tools,  more extensive, large-scale testing, and
can accommodate more materials and tools. 
- This type of fume hood allows the chemist to work inside to avoid dangerous
airborne chemicals and to securely work without the risk of exposing the rest of
the facility to toxins.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by matter. It
involves the splitting of light (or more precisely electromagnetic radiation) into its constituent
wavelengths (a spectrum), which is done in much the same way as a prism splits light into a rainbow
of colours.

A. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy


Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) is the measurement of the
interaction of infrared radiation with matter by absorption, emission, or reflection. It is used to study
and identify chemical substances or functional groups in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

B. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV/Vis) Spectroscopy


Ultraviolet/Vis spectroscopy can be used to probe the electronic structure of molecules in a sample,
enabling identification of the compounds present. It is particularly useful for identifying peptide
bonds, certain amino acid side chains, and certain prosthetic groups and coenzymes.

C. Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (NMR)

Spectroscopy
NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves to excite atomic nuclei in a sample. When nuclei start to
resonate, this is detected by sensitive radio receivers.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

D. Raman Spectroscopy
It provides similar yet complementary data to IR spectroscopy, and can provide insights into
how molecules interact with each other.

E. X-Ray Spectroscopy
Two other X-ray spectroscopy techniques are commonly used today: wavelength-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (WDXS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Both techniques enable
elemental analysis by measuring characteristic X-rays within a narrow region of the spectrum.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

Chromatography
This describes the process of separating and identifying compounds from a mixture of substances.
There are several different chromatography methods, such as high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC).

A. Gas chromatography (GC): 


A type of automated chromatography (a technique used to separate mixtures of substances)  in which
the mixture to be analysed is vaporized and carried by an inert gas through a special column and
thence to a detection device.

B. Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)


This method identifies the substances by measuring how long it takes for the sample to move through
the stationary phase. A detector is used at the end to identify the unique components and indicates
each substance’s retention time and concentration on a chromatograph.
Guillen, Djoanna Joyce & Layaoen, Mayline
BSE – General Science 2A

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