Department of Science and Technology

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

SURVEY REPORT 2018

Institute of Statistics
College of Arts and Sciences
University of the Philippines Los Baños

May 2021
Department of Science and Technology

The Department of Science and Technology is the premiere science and technology body in the country
charged with the twin mandates of providing central direction, leadership, and coordination of all
scientific and technological activities, and of formulating policies, programs, and projects to support
national development.

Institute of Statistics

The Institute of Statistics (INSTAT) is an academic unit in the College of Arts and Sciences, University of
the Philippines Los Baños and a Commission on Higher Education’s Center of Excellence in Statistics. It is
mandated to accelerate and intensify instruction, research and extension efforts in statistics supportive
of science and technology and national development goal.

Cover Design by Prof. John Lorenzo A. Yambot

The overall design features illustrations of different people performing R&D activities. These illustrations
represent the four main sectors of R&D Personnel: HEIs, government sector, business and industry
sector, and PNPIs. The contributions and collaborative efforts of R&D personnel contribute to the
improvement of the quality of life of Filipino people. This growth is symbolized by the four colored arrows
pointing upwards. The colors of the arrows are based on the colors of the Philippine flag to symbolize the
significant contributions of R&D in nation-building.

Published in May 2021 by:

Department of Science and Technology Institute of Statistics

DOST Building, Gen. Santos Avenue 3rd Floor, Wing C, Francisco O. Santos Hall,
Bicutan, Taguig City Metro Manila 1631 Philippines Harold Cuzner Royal Palm Avenue,
University of the Philippines Los Baños,
College, Laguna 4030 Philippines

Tel: (632) 837-20-71 to 82 (632) 837-2937 Tel: (6349) 536-2381

Website: http://www.dost.gov.ph Website: http://instat.uplb.edu.ph

©DOST & UPLB INSTAT 2021

The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily
those of DOST and UPLB INSTAT and do not commit the institutions.
Contents
Acknowledgments v
Acronyms xxi

Chapter 1. Updating the Philippines’ Research and Development Indicators 1
R&D Personnel Indicators 3
R&D Expenditures Indicators 4

Chapter 2. Research and Development Sources of Funds 7

Chapter 3. Research and Development Personnel 11

R&D Personnel by Sector 12
R&D Personnel by Region 12
R&D Personnel FTE by Sector 14
R&D Personnel FTE by Region 15
R&D Personnel by Sex 16
R&D Personnel by Age Group 17
R&D Personnel by Highest Education Qualifications 18
R&D Personnel by Fields of Science and Technology 19

Chapter 4. Research and Development Expenditures 21

Total R&D Expenditure 22
Total R&D Expenditure by Sector 22
Regional R&D Expenditures 24
R&D Expenditure by Type of Research 25
R&D Expenditure by Field of Science 26
R&D Expenditures by Socioeconomic Objective 26
Regional R&D Expenditures by Type of Research: Higher Education Sector 28
Regional R&D Expenditures by Type of Research: Government Sector 28
Regional R&D Expenditures by Type of Research: Private Non-Profit Sector 29
Regional R&D Expenditures by Field of Science: Higher Education Sector 30
Regional R&D Expenditures by Field of Science: Government Sector 30
Regional R&D Expenditures by Field of Science: Private Non-Profit sector 31

Chapter 5. Research and Development Publications 33

Chapter 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 37

References 41
List of Tables 43
List of Figures 45

Appendix A. Methodological Notes 47

Appendix B. Statistical Tables 59
Appendix C. Survey Organization 79
Acknowledgements
This report summarizes the analysis that was done on the 2018 Research and Development Survey (R&D) that
was designed and conducted by the Institute of Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Banos (INSTAT) and
funded by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) under the project “Improving the Design, Conduct,
and Analysis of the Survey on Research and Development Expenditures and Personnel”. Dr. Dalisay S. Maligalig
led the INSTAT project team composed of Prof. Maurice C. Borromeo, Prof. Ramoncito G. Cambel, Prof. Ronald
R. Roldan, Jr. and Mr. Clifford B. Lesmoras in achieving the project’s objectives. Dr. Bonifacio Tamporong, Jr.
monitored the project on behalf of the National Research Council of the Philippines. We are grateful for the
technical advice on the design and conduct of the 2018 R&D Survey from Dr. Isidoro P. David and Mr. Romeo S.
Recide.

We appreciate the support of DOST Secretary Hon. Fortunato de la Peña and CHED Chairperson Hon. Prospero
E. de Vera III who endorsed the 2018 R&D Survey and encouraged the participation of the sampled institutions.
The Department of Health also enjoined their allied units to participate in the survey. The DOST Planning
and Evaluation Service of the S&T Resource Assessment and Evaluation Division (PES-STRAED) under the
leadership of Assistant Secretary Maridon O. Sahagun also provided valuable information regarding the
conduct of the previous rounds of the R&D Survey. Ms. Armela K. Razo and Ms. Maria Teresa M. Vasquez, DOST
Special Projects Division gave clear and concise guidance to the project team in dealing with project finances.
Selected personnel from the DOST regional offices that are listed in Appendix C rendered critical support to the
project team in following up respondents and in collecting and processing completed questionnaires in their
respective regions. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) provided important information on higher
education institutions (HEIs) that were utilized in designing the sample for the R&D Survey.

We extend our heartfelt thanks to the institutions listed in the next pages of this report that responded to
the2018 R&D Survey thereby, contributing to its successful completion.

Dr. Maligalig coordinated the drafting of this report. She also wrote the first and last chapters -- on updating
the R&D Indicators and on the summary and recommendations, respectively. Prof. Borromeo wrote about the
sources of research and development (R&D) funds in Chapter 2 and on R&D publications in Chapter 5. Prof.
Cambel led the analysis on R&D personnel which is presented in Chapter 3 and Prof. Roldan examined the
R&D expenditures that are discussed in Chapter 4. Mr. Lesmoras consolidated the methodological notes in
Appendix A and generated the statistical tables in Appendix B. Grant L. Leceta formatted the report and Prof.
John Lorenzo A. Yambot designed its cover.

We hope that this report will contribute to improving the monitoring of the Philippines’ research and
development indicators and encourage more methodological research to improve data quality.

Dr. Liza N. Comia

Director
Institute of Statistics

v
Institutions that Responded to the 2018 R&D Survey

1 – Ilocos Region
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Ilocos Region
National Integrated Fisheries Technology Development Center
Central Ilocandia College of Science and Technology Colleges
Colegio de Dagupan
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Ilocos Region
Department of Education Regional Office - Ilocos Region
Department of Health Regional Office - Ilocos Region
Department of Health Treatment and Rehabilitation Center - Dagupan
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Ilocos Region
Department of Social Welfare and Development - Ilocos Region
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - Open University
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University-Mid La Union
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College - Candon
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College - Cervantes
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College - College of Engineering and Technology - Santiago
Ilocos Training and Regional Medical Center
Immaculate Conception School of Theology
Luna Colleges
Lyceum Northwestern University
Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center
Mariano Marcos State University - Main
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Ilocos Region
NJ Valdez Colleges Foundation
Northwestern University
Pangasinan State University - Alaminos City
Pangasinan State University - Asingan
Pangasinan State University - Bayambang
Pangasinan State University - Binmaley
Pangasinan State University - Infanta
Pangasinan State University - Main
Pangasinan State University - Open University
Pangasinan State University - Urdaneta City
Philippine Carabao Center - Region 1
Philippine Carabao Center at Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Batac
San Carlos College
Union Christian College
University of Northern Philippines

2 – Cagayan Valley
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Cagayan Valley
Agricultural Pilot Center Fish Farm
Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Research Center - Region 2
Cagayan State University - Andrews
Cagayan State University - Carig
Cagayan State University - Lal-lo
Cagayan State University - Sanchez Mira

vi
Cagayan Valley Colleges of Quirino
Cagayan Valley Medical Center
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Cagayan Valley
Cagayan Valley Lowland and Marine Research and Outreach Station
Cagayan Valley Research Center
Department of Agriculture - Southern Cagayan Research Center - Minanga Norte, Iguig
Department of Agriculture - Southern Cagayan Research Center - Cagayan Breeding Station
Department of Agriculture - Isabela Experiment Station
Department of Agriculture - Nueva Vizcaya Experiment Station
Department of Agriculture - Northern Cagayan Experiment Station
Department of Agriculture - Quirino Experiment Station
Department of Agriculture - Batanes Experiment Station
Department of Education Regional Office - Cagayan Valley
Department of Health Regional Office - Cagayan Valley
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Cagayan Valley
Department of Social Welfare and Development - Cagayan Valley
Isabela State University - Cauayan Campus
Isabela State University - Ilagan Campus
Isabela State University - Jones Campus
Isabela State University - Roxas Campus
Isabela State University - San Mariano Campus
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Cagayan Valley
National Economic and Development Authority Regional Office - Cagayan Valley
Philippine Carabao Center at Cagayan State University
Philippine Normal University - North Luzon Campus
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Isabela
Quirino State University
Quirino State University - Cabarroguis
Saint Ferdinand College - Cabagan Campus
Saint Mary’s University of Bayombong
Saint Paul University Philippines
Southern Isabela General Hospital
St. Ferdinand College - Ilagan
University of Cagayan Valley
University of La Salette
University of Perpetual Help System

3 – Central Luzon
AMG Skilled Hands Technological College, Inc.
Aurora State College of Technology
Aurora State College of Technology - Casiguran
Bataan General Hospital and Medical Center
Bataan Peninsula State University - Abucay
Bataan Peninsula State University - Dinalupihan
Bataan Peninsula State University - Orani
Bulacan Agricultural State College
Bulacan State University - Main
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Central Luzon
Research Outreach Station for Freshwater - National Freshwater Fisheries Technology Center - Region 3
Central Luzon College of Science and Technology - Olongapo City

vii
Columban College - Olongapo City
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Central Luzon
Department of Education Regional Office - Central Luzon
Department of Health Regional Office - Central Luzon
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Central Luzon
Department of Social Welfare and Development - Central Luzon
Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University - Main
Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University - Porac
Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University - Sto.Tomas
Gordon College
Holy Cross College - Pampanga
Jose B. Lingad General Memorial Hospital
La Consolacion University Philippines
Manuel V. Gallego Foundation Colleges
Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Central Luzon
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology - Atate
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology - Gapan City Campus
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology - Main
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology - Peñaranda
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology - San Leonardo
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology - Sebani Estate Agricultural College
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology - Sumacab Campus
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology - Talavera
Our Lady of Fatima University-Pampanga
Pampanga State Agricultural University
Philippine Carabao Center
Philippine Carabao Center - Region 3
Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization
Philippine Rice Research Institute
Philippine State College of Aeronautics - Pampanga Extension
Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Ramon Magsaysay Technological University - Ramon Magsaysay Polytechnic College
Sugar Regulatory Administration - Luzon Agricultural Research and Extension Center
Tarlac State University
Wesleyan University - Philippines Cabanatuan
Wesleyan University - Philippines Aurora

4A – CALABARZON
Adventist University of the Philippines
Batangas State University - Alangilan
Batangas State University - Lemery
Batangas State University - Lipa City
Batangas State University - Lobo
Batangas State University - Main
Batangas State University - Malvar
Batangas State University - Rosario
Calayan Educational Foundation
Cavite State University - Bacoor City Campus
Cavite State University - Cavite City Campus

viii
Cavite State University - General Trias Campus
Cavite State University - Main
Colegio De San Juan De Letran - Calamba
Colegio ng Lungsod ng Batangas
Department of Health - Tagaytay City Treatment and Rehabilitation Center
Department of Health Regional Office - CALABARZON
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - CALABARZON
Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau
First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities
Forest Products Research and Development Institute
International Rice Research Institute
Laguna College of Business and Arts
Laguna State Polytechnic University - Los Baños
Laguna State Polytechnic University - Main
Laguna State Polytechnic University - San Pablo City
Laguna State Polytechnic University - Sta. Cruz
Laguna University
Los Baños National Crops Research and Development Center
Pambayang Kolehiyo ng Mauban
Philippine Carabao Center - Region 4A
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Los Banos
Philippine Society for Microbiology, Inc.
San Sebastian College - Recoletos de Cavite
Sanctuario Nature Farms Corp.
Southern Luzon State University
Southern Luzon State University - Alabat
Southern Luzon State University - Gumaca Campus
Southern Luzon State University - Lucena
Southern Luzon State University - Tagkawayan
Southern Luzon State University - Tiaong Campus
St. Joseph College - Cavite City
Trimex Colleges
University of Batangas
University of Batangas - Lipa
University of Perpetual Help System Dalta - Molino Campus
University of Rizal System - Angono
University of Rizal System - Antipolo
University of Rizal System - Binangonan
University of Rizal System - Tanay
University of Rizal System - Taytay
University of the Philippines - Open University
University of the Philippines Los Baños
University of the Philippines Los Baños Foundation, Inc.

4B – MIMAROPA
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - MIMAROPA
Divine Word College of Calapan
Kabalikat Para sa Dios at Bayan (KADBAYAN)
Marinduque State College - Main Campus

ix
Marinduque State College - Sta. Cruz Campus
Marinduque State College - Torrijos Campus
Mindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology - Bongabong Campus
Occidental Mindoro State College
Occidental Mindoro State College - Labangan Campus
Occidental Mindoro State College - Sablayan Campus
Palawan Polytechnic College
Palawan State University
Palawan State University - Balabac
Palawan State University - Coron
Palawan State University - Cuyo
Palawan State University - Narra
Palawan State University - Roxas
Palawan State University - Sofronio Española
Palawan State University - Taytay
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Mindoro Satellite Station
Romblon State University - Calatrava Campus
Romblon State University - San Andres Campus
Romblon State University - Sta. Fe Campus
Romblon State University - Sta. Maria Campus
Western Philippines University
Western Philippines University - Busuanga
Western Philippines University - Culion
Western Philippines University - El Nido
Western Philippines University - Puerto Princesa

5 – Bicol Region
Aemilianum College
Ateneo de Naga University
Bicol Regional Training and Teaching Hospital
Bicol University - Main
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Bicol Region
Regional Fisheries Research and Development Center
Regional Fisheries Training Center
Camarines Norte State College - Main
Camarines Norte State College - Mercedes Campus
Camarines Norte State College - Panganiban Campus
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture - Sipocot
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Bicol Region
Albay Research Outreach Station
Department of Education Regional Office - Bicol Region
Department of Health Regional Office - Bicol Region
Department of Social Welfare and Development - Bicol Region
Divine Word College of Legazpi
Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa, Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology
Fiber Industry Development Authority - Region 5
Mabini Colleges
Mariners’ Polytechnic Colleges Foundation of Canaman
Mines and Geosciences Bureau - Region 5
Partido State University - Caramoan Campus

x
Partido State University - Main
Partido State University-Sagñay Campus
Philippine Coconut Authority - Albay Research Center - Region 5
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Bicol
Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Ragay

6 – Western Visayas
Aklan State University - Kalibo Campus
Aklan State University - Makato
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Western Visayas
Bureau of Plant Industry - La Granja National Crop Research, Development and Production Support Center
Bureau of Plant Industry - National Mango Research and Development Center
Capiz State University - Dumarao Campus
Capiz State University - Main
Capiz State University - Poblacion Mambusao
Carlos Hilado Memorial State College - Bacolod Campus
Carlos Hilado Memorial State College - Main
Central Philippine State University - Cauayan Campus
Central Philippine State University - Hinigaran Campus
Central Philippine State University - Ilog Campus
Central Philippine State University - Main Campus
Central Philippine State University - Moises Padilla Campus
Central Philippine State University - Victorias City Campus
Central Philippine University
Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion
Corazon Locsin Montelibano Memorial Regional Hospital
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Western Visayas
Department of Education Regional Office - Western Visayas
Department of Health Regional Office - Western Visayas
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Western Visayas
Department of Social Welfare and Development - Western Visayas
Guimaras State College - Baterna Campus
Guimaras State College - Main
Iloilo City Community College
Iloilo Science and Technology University - Barotac Nuevo Campus
Iloilo Science and Technology University - Dumangas Campus
Iloilo Science and Technology University - Main
Iloilo Science and Technology University - Miagao Campus
Iloilo State College of Fisheries - San Enrique Campus
International Care Ministries Foundation, Inc.
John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation - Bacolod
John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University - Molo
Julio and Florentina Ledesma Foundation, Inc.
La Consolacion College - Bacolod
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Western Visayas
Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College - Ajuy Campus
Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College - Concepcion Campus
Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College - Estancia, Iloilo
Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College - Lemery Campus
Office of the Provincial Agriculturist - Province of Negros Occidental

xi
Office of the Provincial Agriculturist - San Jose, Antique
Philippine Carabao Center at La Carlota Stock Farm
Philippine Carabao Center at Visayas State University
Philippine Carabao Center at West Visayas State University
Philippine Normal University - Cadiz
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Negros
Philippine Sugar Research Institute Foundation Experiment Station
St. Paul University of Iloilo
STI College - Kalibo
Sugar Regulatory Administration - Bacolod
Sugar Regulatory Administration - La Carlota City
Technological University of the Philippines - Visayas
University of Antique - Tario Lim Antique School of Fisheries
University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos
University of Saint La Salle
University of San Agustin
West Visayas State University - Calinog Campus
West Visayas State University - Himamaylan Campus Extension
West Visayas State University - Lambunao Campus
West Visayas State University - Main
West Visayas State University Medical Center
Western Institute of Technology

7 – Central Visayas
Bohol Island State University - Balilihan Campus
Bohol Island State University - Calape Polytechnic College
Bohol Island State University - Candijay
Bohol Island State University - Clarin
Bohol Island State University - Tagbilaran
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Central Visayas
Bureau of Learning Resources
Cebu Institute of Technology-University
Cebu Normal University
Cebu Normal University - Balamban
Cebu Normal University - Medellin
Cebu Technological University - Barili Campus
Cebu Technological University - Moalboal Campus
Cristal e-College (Panglao Campus)
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Central Visayas
Department of Education Regional Office - Central Visayas
Department of Health Regional Office - Central Visayas
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Central Visayas
Department of Social Welfare and Development - Central Visayas
Foundation University
Mater Dei College-Bohol
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Central Visayas
Negros Oriental State University - Main Campus
Philippine Carabao Center at Ubay Stock Farm
Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority - Region 7
Siquijor State College

xii
Southwestern University PHINMA
University of Bohol
University of San Carlos
University of the Visayas - Gullas College Minglanilla Campus
University of the Visayas - Mandaue Campus
Velez College
Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center

8 – Eastern Visayas
Asian Development Foundation College
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Eastern Visayas
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Eastern Visayas
Abuyog Experiment Station
Babatngon Experiment Station
San Jorge Experiment Station
Department of Education Regional Office - Eastern Visayas
Department of Health Regional Office - Eastern Visayas
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Eastern Visayas
Department of Social Welfare and Development - Eastern Visayas
Eastern Samar State University
Eastern Samar State University - Can-Avid Campus
Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan Campus
Eastern Samar State University - Salcedo Campus
Eastern Visayas State University
Eastern Visayas State University - Burauen Campus
Eastern Visayas State University - Carigara Campus
Eastern Visayas State University - Ormoc Campus
Leyte Normal University
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Eastern Visayas
Northern Samar Colleges
Palompon Institute of Technology
Palompon Institute of Technology - Tabango Campus
Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority - Region 8
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Samar Satellite Station
Philippine Science High School - Eastern Visayas Campus
Saint Paul School of Professional Studies
Samar State University
Southern Leyte State University
University of Eastern Philippines
University of Eastern Philippines - Laoang Campus
University of the Philippines Manila (Palo Leyte)
Visayas State University - Alang-Alang Campus
Visayas State University - Tolosa Campus
Visayas State University - Villaba Campus

9 – Zamboanga Peninsula
Andres Bonifacio College
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Zamboanga Peninsula
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Zamboanga Peninsula
Department of Education Regional Office - Zamboanga Peninsula

xiii
Department of Health Regional Office - Zamboanga Peninsula
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Zamboanga Peninsula
Dipolog City Institute of Technology
Fiber Industry Development Authority - Region 9
Josefina H. Cerilles State College
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Canuto M.S. Enerio College of Arts and Trades
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Dumingag
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Guipos
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Josefina
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Kumalarang
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Margosatubig
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Molave Annex
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Ramon Magsaysay
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - San Pablo
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Sominot
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Tabina
Josefina H. Cerilles State College - Tukuran
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Zamboanga Peninsula
Philippine Carabao Center at Mindanao Livestock Production Complex
Philippine Coconut Authority - Zamboanga Research Center
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Zamboanga Satellite Station
Philippine Technological and Marine Sciences - Zamboanga del Sur
Saint Vincent’s College
Universidad de Zamboanga
Universidad de Zamboanga - Ipil
Western Mindanao State University
Western Mindanao State University - Alicia
Western Mindanao State University - Curuan
Western Mindanao State University - Imelda
Western Mindanao State University - Ipil
Western Mindanao State University - Olutanga
Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College
Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College - Kabasalan
Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College Extension Program at Ayala Technical Vocational School
Zamboanga City State Polytechnic College Extension Program at Vitali Technical Vocational School

10 – Northern Mindanao
Bukidnon State University - Kadingilan
Bukidnon State University - Libona
Bukidnon State University - Medina ESC
Bukidnon State University - Talisayan ESC
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Northern Mindanao
Capitol University
Central Mindanao University
Central Mindanao University Hospital
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Northern Mindanao
Research Center for Upland Development
Malaybalay Stock Farm
Northern Mindanao Agricultural Crops and Livestock Research Complex
Regional Crop Protection Center

xiv
Department of Health Regional Office - Northern Mindanao
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Northern Mindanao
DepEd Regional Office - Northern Mindanao
Fiber Industry Development Authority - Region 10
La Salle University
Lourdes College
Mindanao State University - Lanao Del Norte Agricultural College
Mindanao State University - Maigo School of Arts and Trades
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Northern Mindanao
Misamis University
Misamis University - Oroquieta City
Northern Mindanao Medical Center
Northwestern Mindanao State College of Science and Technology
Our Lady of Triumph Institute of Technology
Research Institute for Mindanao Culture
St. Michael’s College
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines - Claveria
Xavier Science Foundation, Inc.

11 – Davao Region
Ateneo de Davao University
Brokenshire College
Compostela Valley State College-Maragusan Branch
Compostela Valley State College-New Bataan Branch
Cor Jesu College
Crocodylus Porosus Philippines, Inc.
Davao del Norte State College
Davao National Crop Research and Development Center
Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology
Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology-Banaybanay Campus
Davao Regional Medical Center
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - Davao Region
Department of Health Regional Office - Davao Region
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Davao Region
Department of Social Welfare and Development Regional Office - Davao Region
Fiber Industry Development Authority - Region 11
Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Davao Region
People Collaborating for Environmental and Economic Management in Davao Foundation, Inc.
Philippine Coconut Authority - Davao Research Center
Philippine Eagle Conservation Program Foundation, Inc.
Southern Mindanao Analytical Laboratories Consortium c/o Davao City Water District
Southern Philippine Adventist College
Southern Philippines Agriculture, Business, Marine and Aquatic School of Technology
St. Mary’s College of Tagum
Tagum Doctors College
University of Mindanao - Panabo College
University of Mindanao - Main
University of Mindanao Peñaplata College

xv
University of Mindanao Tagum College
University of Southeastern Philippines-College of Agriculture - Tagum Mabini
University of Southeastern Philippines-Main
University of the Philippines Mindanao
Yamog Renewable Energy Foundation, Inc.

12 – SOCCSKSARGEN
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - SOCCSKSARGEN
Cotabato City State Polytechnic College
Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology - Antipas Campus
Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology - Katipunan Campus
Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology - Pikit Campus
Cotabato Regional and Medical Center
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - SOCCSKSARGEN
Balindog Research and Experiment Station
Amas Research and Experiment Station
Aroman Research and Experiment Station
Department of Education Regional Office - SOCCSKSARGEN
Department of Health Regional Office - SOCCSKSARGEN
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - SOCCSKSARGEN
Mahintana Foundation, Inc.
Mindanao State University - General Santos
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - SOCCSKSARGEN
Notre Dame Educational Association, Inc.
Notre Dame University
Philippine Carabao Center at University of Southern Mindanao
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Region 12
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial College - Marbel
STI College - Gen. Santos
Sultan Kudarat State University
Sultan Kudarat State University - Access
Sultan Kudarat State University - Bagumbayan
Sultan Kudarat State University - Glan
Sultan Kudarat State University - Lutayan
Sultan Kudarat State University - SNA
University of Southern Mindanao - Kidapawan City Campus
University of Southern Mindanao - Main

National Capital Region

Advanced Science and Technology Institute
Air Force Research and Development Center
Army Support Command Research and Development Center
Asian Institute of Maritime Studies
Ateneo de Manila University - Quezon City
Ateneo Graduate School of Business
Ateneo Law School
Ateneo School of Government
Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health
John Gokongwei School of Management
School of Humanities

xvi
School of Science and Engineering
School of Social Sciences
Biodiversity Management Bureau
Bureau of Animal Industry
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - CALABARZON
Regional Fisheries Training and Fisherfolk Coordination Division
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - NCR
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
Bureau of Local Employment
Bureau of Plant Industry
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Centro Escolar University - Makati
Centro Escolar University - Manila
Climate Change Commission
Cottage Industry Technology Center (CITC)
Culion Foundation, Inc.
Dangerous Drugs Board
De La Salle University - Manila
Demographic Research and Development Foundation, Inc.
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - MIMAROPA
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - CALABARZON
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - NCR
Department of Energy
Department of Health Regional Office - MIMAROPA
Department of Health Regional Office - NCR
Department of Public Works and Highways
Bureau of Research and Standards
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - MIMAROPA
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - NCR
Department of Science and Technology - Central Office
Department of Social Welfare and Development - NCR
Department of Trade and Industry - NCR
Department of Education Regional Office - NCR
Schools Division Office - Caloocan City
Schools Division Office - Las Piñas City
Schools Division Office - Makati City
Schools Division Office - Malabon City
Schools Division Office - Mandaluyong City
Schools Division Office - Manila City
Schools Division Office - Marikina City
Schools Division Office - Muntinlupa City
Schools Division Office - Navotas City
Schools Division Office - Parañaque City
Schools Division Office - Pasig City
Schools Division Office - Quezon City
Schools Division Office - San Juan City
Schools Division Office - Valenzuela City
Design Center of the Philippines
Electronic Industries Association of the Philippines, Inc.
Environmental Management Bureau

xvii
Far Eastern University
Food and Nutrition Research Institute
Foreign Service Institute
Forest Management Bureau
Governance Commission for GOCCs
Health Futures Foundation, Inc.
Industrial Technology Development Institute
Intramuros Administration
Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino
Las Piñas General Hospital and Satellite Trauma Center
Local Government Academy
Lung Center of the Philippines
Mapua University-Makati
Mapua University-Manila
Marie Eugenie Institute, Inc.
Marikina Polytechnic College
Metals Industry Research and Development Center
Mines and Geosciences Bureau
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - CALABARZON
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - MIMAROPA
National Book Development Board
National Dairy Authority
National Economic and Development Authority - Central office
National Food Authority
Technology Research Development Department
National Kidney and Transplant Institute
National Maritime Polytechnic
National Research Council of the Philippines
National Tobacco Administration
Nutrition Foundation of the Philippines, Inc.
Occupational Safety and Health Center
Oscar M. Lopez Center for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management Foundation, Inc.
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
Philippine Children’s Medical Center
Philippine Coconut Authority
Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development
Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority
Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority - Region 4
Philippine Heart Center
Philippine Institute for Development Studies
Philippine Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
Philippine Social Science Council Inc.
Philippine Statistical Research and Training Institute
Philippine Statistics Authority - Central Office
Philippine Textile Research Institute
Philippine Tuberculosis Society, Inc.
Polytechnic University of the Philippines

xviii
Rizal Technological University-Pasig
Saint Pedro Poveda College
Science Education Institute
St. Scholastica Research and Development Foundation, Inc.
St. Scholastica’s College
Sugar Regulatory Administration
Systems Plus Computer College - Quezon City
Technological University of the Philippines - Manila
Technological University of the Philippines - Taguig
Technology Application and Promotion Institute
The Philippine Women’s University - Manila
Tourism Promotions Board Philippines
University of Santo Tomas
University of the East Caloocan
University of the Philippines - Philippine General Hospital
University of the Philippines Diliman
Asian Center
Cesar E.A. Virata School of Business
College of Education
College of Human Kinetics
College of Music
College of Social Work and Community Development
Marine Science Institute
Office of the Vice Chancellor for Community Affairs
School of Labor and Industrial Relations
School of Library and Information Studies
University of the Philippines Foundation, Inc.
University of the Philippines Manila
University of the Philippines Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc.
Valenzuela Medical Center
WeatherPhilippines Foundation, Inc.

Cordillera Administrative Region

Abra State Institute of Science and Technology - Bangued
Abra State Institute of Science and Technology - Main
Benguet State University-Main
Benguet State University-Open University
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - CAR
Bureau of Plant Industry - Baguio National Crop Research, Development, and Production Support Center
Bureau of Plant Industry Regional Office - CAR
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - CAR
Cordillera Integrated Agricultural Research Center
Department of Education Regional Office - CAR
Department of Health Regional Office - CAR
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - CAR
Department of Social Welfare and Development - CAR
Kalinga State University-Dagupan
Kalinga State University-Main
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - CAR
Mountain Province State Polytechnic College-Main

xix
Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority - Region 1
Philippine Statistics Authority - CAR
University of the Philippines Baguio
Cordillera Studies Center

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology - Datu Montawal Campus
Department of Education Regional Office - ARMM
Ministry of Science and Technology
Mindanao State University - Main
Mindanao State University - Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography
Notre Dame of Jolo College
Sulu State College

Caraga
Agusan Colleges
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Regional Office - CARAGA Region
Cooperative Development Authority Regional Office - Caraga Region
Department of Agriculture Regional Office - CARAGA Region
Department of Health Regional Office - Caraga
Department of Science and Technology Regional Office - Caraga Region
Department of Social Welfare and Development Regional Office - Caraga Region
DepEd Regional Office - Caraga Region
Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office - Caraga
Philippine Carabao Center at Central Mindanao University
Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority - Region 13
Philippine Normal University-Mindanao Campus
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Field Office Bukidnon
Philippine Rice Research Institute - Agusan
Surigao del Norte College of Agriculture and Technology
Surigao Del Sur State University - Cagwait
Surigao Del Sur State University - Cantilan
Surigao Del Sur State University - Lianga
Surigao Del Sur State University - Main
Surigao Del Sur State University - San Miguel
Surigao Del Sur State University - Tagbina
Surigao Education Center
Surigao State College of Technology - Main
Surigao State College of Technology - Malimono
University of Southeastern Philippines - Bislig Campus

xx
Acronyms
ADB Asian Development Bank
ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
ASPBI Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry
BPI Bureau of Plant Industry
CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon
CAR Cordillera Administrative Region
CHED Commission on Higher Education
CPBI Census of Philippine Business and Industry
DA Department of Agriculture
DOH Department of Health
DOST Department of Science and Technology
FTE full-time equivalent
GDP gross domestic product
GERD gross expenditure on research and development
GRDP gross Regional Domestic Product
HC headcount
HEI higher education institution
ICT information and communications technology
INSTAT Institute of Statistics
MIMAROPA Mindoro, Masbate, Romblon, and Palawan
MOOE maintenance and other operating expenses
NCR National Capital Region
NGO non-government organization
NRCP National Research Council of the Philippines
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PCAARRD Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development
PCIEERD Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development
PCNC Philippine Council for NGO Certification
PNPI private non-profit institution
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
PSCED Philippine Standard Classification of Education
R&D research and D]development
SDG sustainable development goal
SEO socio-economic objectives
Soccsksargen South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, and General Santos
TSL Taylor series linearization
UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics
UN United Nations
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UPLB University of the Philippines Los Baños

xxi
Chapter 1

Updating the Philippines’

Research and Development
Indicators
Technological innovation has propelled the economic progress of countries that initiated and those
that further enhanced them. These technologies were usually developed through research to improve
efficiency and the quality of outputs. Research and development (R&D) results in new knowledge,
techniques, and technologies that can increase productivity and also widen the perspectives and provide
insights for the betterment of the population and environment.

As part of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Agenda 2030, countries including the Philippines, have
pledged to “build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation” (UIS, 2020). SDG Target 9.5 calls upon countries to “enhance scientific research, upgrade
technological capabilities of industrial sectors” and in particular for developing countries, to encourage
innovation and substantially increase research and development outputs. To achieve this target,
governments must craft policies, programs and projects that could bring about substantial increase
in R&D.

Good data support system is needed to formulate effective policies, programs and projects that foster
research and development. The magnitude of inputs to R&D in terms of personnel and expenditures
and their focus on various sectors, scientific fields and other categories of classifications are used as
basis for planning and monitoring. The government, as well as the private sector, would also need to
allocate their resources so that their desired R&D levels can be achieved effectively. These resources are
investments that, in the long term, are expected to result in further economic development. For these
important tasks, policy makers need data on the level of expenditure on various types of research areas
and the total number of different types of R&D personnel for evidence-based decision making.

Usually, R&D data are fragmented within an institution with in-house research. Expenditures on R&D
can be captured from the accounting system while personnel data can be collected through the human
resources office of an institution. The responsibility for compiling R&D data may not also be well-
defined within an institution and through the government hierarchy. Hence, the use of administrative
records based on the accounting system and personnel records have not been explored well until 2003
when the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) started to conduct the Survey on Research and
Development Expenditures and Personnel (R&D Surveys).

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

There are government agencies, higher education institutions (HEIs), private non-profit institutions
(PNPIs), and the business and industry sectors that conduct research. As shown in Figure 1.1, in addition
to their own funds, these institutions may obtain their respective R&D funding from various sources like
the government, private sector, foreign and other sources. The target population of the R&D Surveys are
institutions that conduct in-house research for the given reference period. There is no separate survey
for the sources of funds. DOST collects R&D data from government, HEIs and PNPIs, while the Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA), gathers R&D data from the business and industry sector through two questions
in the Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry (ASPBI). DOST, using both the results of the R&D
surveys that it conducts and those from ASPBI, provides national and sub-national estimates of total R&D
expenditure and number of personnel in R&D. These data items are used in estimating R&D indicators for
crafting and monitoring R&D policies both at the country and regional levels.

Figure 1.1. Fund Sources and Types of Institutions that Conduct In-house Research.

In recognition of the importance of good quality data support system for effective policies and programs,
DOST commissioned the Institute of Statistics (INSTAT) of the University of the Philippines Los Baños
(UPLB) to conduct the 2018 R&D Survey and in the process, develop methods that can further improve the
design and general operations of the R&D surveys in future rounds. INSTAT streamlined the questionnaire
after careful study of the survey objectives, the model questionnaires from other countries and those
recommended by international organizations. The development of the sampling frames for government
agencies, HEIs, and PNPIs, the selection of samples, field operations, data processing and validation, and
data analysis are described in detail in the Appendix A of this report.

This report presents the R&D indicators that were derived based on the 2018 R&D Survey and some data
from the 2018 Census of Philippine Business and Industry (CPBI) in lieu of the results from the 2018 ASPBI
that is yet to be published as of this writing. The use of the 2018 CPBI together with the 2018 R&D Survey
in deriving estimates for total R&D personnel and expenditures is described in Appendix A. Results from
previous survey rounds are also presented in this chapter so that relevant trends could be identified.
Since the 2018 ASPBI is still forthcoming, the R&D statistics that will be presented in the succeeding

2
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

chapters will be based only on the three sectors that were covered by the survey -- government, HEIs and
PNPIs. Statistics on inputs like sources of funds and R&D personnel are discussed in chapters 2 and 3,
respectively. Expenditures on R&D statistics are discussed in chapter 4 and the research outputs in terms
of publication statistics are examined in chapter 5. Conclusions and recommendations are presented in
the last chapter. Appendix A contains the methodological notes on the R&D Survey. All statistical tables
are in Appendix B. The organization that planned and managed this survey is described in Appendix C.

R&D Personnel Indicators

R&D personnel are measured in terms of headcount (HC) and full-time equivalent (FTE) data. HC data are
on the total number of persons who are mainly or partially employed in R&D. Headcount data are also
the most appropriate measure for collecting additional information about R&D personnel, such as age
group, gender, or highest educational attainment (UIS, 2014). On the other hand, FTE is used in counting
the number of persons engaged in R&D since the degree of involvement of people in research varies.
For some, R&D may be their primary function while for others, it could be a secondary function. For
example, graduate faculty in HEIs usually divide their time across three functions – research, instruction,
and extension. If only those with R&D as primary function are counted, the resulting statistics will be an
underestimate while if every one that does research is counted, regardless of time devoted to R&D, an
overestimate would be obtained. Hence, FTE is considered to be a better measure of R&D personnel.

Indicators on R&D personnel are usually presented in terms of per million inhabitants to allow better
comparison across areas and time, since population grows through time and differs across regions. The
indicators that are presented in this chapter in figures are also summarized in Appendix Tables B1.1 to B1.4.

Figure 1.2 presents the FTE R&D personnel and researchers (per million inhabitants) through the years
of R&D Surveys. The FTEs of all personnel and researchers increased substantially in 2013 from a fairly
constant series in 2003-2011. However, there was a sharp decline for both FTEs in 2015 while substantial
increases were achieved in 2018 for both the FTEs of R&D personnel and researchers.

Sources: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years, 2018 CBPI, 2015 ASPBI and previous years

Figure 1.2. Headcount and Full Time Equivalent of R&D Personnel and Researchers (per million inhabitants).

3
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

To examine R&D in the regions, the regional FTE total R&D personnel and researchers per million
inhabitants are presented in Figure 1.3. The National Capital Region (NCR) has the highest density of both
total R&D personnel and researchers, while SOCCSKSARGEN, Zamboanga Peninsula and ARMM have the
least numbers of R&D personnel and researchers.

Source: 2018 R&D Survey

Figure 1.3. Total R&D Personnel and Researchers by region (per million inhabitants, 2018).

R&D Expenditures Indicators

R&D Expenditure includes expenditure funded from all sources – internal and external (contracts and
grants) and undertaken by the institution (reporting unit) on its own behalf or for other parties. Gross
expenditure on R&D (GERD) is a recommended aggregate for R&D expenditure. It is the total of intramural
expenditure on R&D performed within the country during a reference period. Intramural expenditures are
all expenditures for R&D performed within an institution (reporting unit) – whatever the source of funds.
They also include expenditures made outside the institution but in support of in-house research. GERD is
the total of the R&D expenditures of the four sectors – government, higher education, private non-profit
and business and industry sectors. As previously indicated, because the 2018 ASPBI is not yet available,
GERD was completed by using data from the 2018 CPBI.

To compare our country’s performance with others the indicator used is GERD as percent of the gross
domestic product (GDP). Two other indicators used are the R&D expenditure per FTE R&D personnel and
per researcher FTE. These indicators are shown in Figure 1.4. GERD as percent of GDP has increased
steadily from 0.112 in 2011 to 0.194 in 2018. On the other hand, the R&D Expenditure per FTE personnel
fluctuated in the same period with a substantial decrease in 2018. This is because the total R&D personnel
in 2018 more than doubled from 2015 while total expenditure did not register a commensurate increase.
The R&D expenditure per FTE researcher declined in 2013, rose in 2015 and held steady in 2018.

4
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Sources: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years, 2018 CBPI, 2015 ASPBI and previous years

Figure 1.4. R&D Expenditure Indicators, 2002-2018.

To monitor the regions’ (subnational) performance, the region’s total R&D expenditure
as percent of the gross regional domestic product (GRDP) is used. As shown in Figure
1.5, ARMM followed by Central Luzon, has the highest total R&D expenditure as percent
of GRDP while MIMAROPA and SOCCSKSARGEN have the lowest. ARMM registered the
highest because its R&D expenditures are considerably large compared to its gross
regional domestic product. This implies that research activities in ARRM are well-funded
compared to other economic activities. CALABARZON garnered the third highest R&D
expenditure as percent of GRDP.

Source: 2018 R&D Survey

Figure 1.5. Total Regional R&D Expenditure as % of the Gross Regional Domestic Product.

5
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

GERD as % of GDP and Researchers in full-time equivalent per million inhabitants are two key indicators
that are used to monitor the Sustainable Development Goals Target 9.5: Enhance scientific research,
upgrade the technological capabilities and industrial sectors in all countries. The latest year values
of these two indicators together with total R&D personnel per million inhabitants are presented in
Appendix Table B1.5 for the Philippines and some of its neighboring countries, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,
Singapore, Thailand. Figures 1.6 and 1.7 show that the Philippines is almost at par with Indonesia but
lagging behind the rest of these countries on the basis of the indicators mentioned above.

Sources: UNESCO Database, 2018 R&D Survey, 2018 CPBI

Figure 1.6. GERD as Percent of GDP of Selected Asian Countries.

Sources: UNESCO Database, 2018 R&D Survey, 2018 CPBI

Figure 1.7. FTE of R&D Personnel per million inhabitants of Selected Asian Countries.

Note that the latest available estimates from other countries were either for 2017 or 2018. The Philippines
FTE researchers per million inhabitants is an underestimate because it does not yet include the business
and industry sector.
6
Chapter 2

Sources of Funds for

Research and Development
Achieving successful R&D results requires resources and infrastructure. This chapter describes the
sources of funds of institutions with R&D activities in 2018. These sources can be either internal, which
are funds that came from the institution’s budget, or external funds, which came from sources outside of
the performing institutions (OECD, 2015). Monitoring the flow of funds from different sources could give
insights on how the limited resources for R&D can be effectively managed. Areas for possible realignment
may also be identified. For example, the government, as a significant investor in R&D, will be able to
monitor and evaluate its budget appropriations and identify R&D performing sectors that need additional
support.

In the 2018 R&D survey questionnaire, the respondents were asked for information on the breakdown of
the total R&D expenditure according to the source of funds. To simplify the reporting procedure, only the
percentages of the total R&D expenditure that were spent on each of the sources of funds were provided
by the respondents. The sources listed in the survey instrument include the institution’s own funds,
other government funds, private funds, foreign funds, and other sources. Institution’s own funds were
later classified to the funding sector where the institution belongs. This resulted in the aggregation to
four major sources of funds namely government, private, foreign, and other sources. Government funds
consisted of the funds spent using the government budget and the public HEI’s own funds. Private funds
comprised those of the PNPIs and private HEIs in addition to the funds received from private sources like
business enterprises. Both the sectoral and the regional distribution of the total R&D expenditures by
sources of funds were estimated to facilitate comparison among the sectors and the regions, respectively.

To measure the flows of R&D funds in the country, from the funding sectors to the R&D performing
sectors, the amount of funds received from each source was computed as the product of its estimated
percentage with the total R&D expenditure of the sector. It should be noted that the resulting estimate
of the flows of funds is an underestimate as it lacks information on the sources of funds for the business
enterprise sector. ASPBI which is the source of the data for businesses and industries does not cover the
sources of funds in its questionnaire. Although the results of the 2018 R&D Survey estimated the amount
received by the government, HEI, and PNPI from the private funding, there is no available data on how
much the business enterprise sector received from the government and other sectors, if any. It is then an
assumption that the business enterprise sector financed their R&D and funded other sectors. In addition
to measuring the flows of funds, the survey also asked the R&D performers on whether they provided
funds to any R&D activity or project that was performed by other institutions. The distribution was then
summarized according to the sector.

7
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Figure 2.1 shows that the R&D activities of government institutions, including public HEIs were largely
dependent on government funding. In the PNPI sector, most of the funds that PNPIs spent on their R&D
came from the government and private sectors, with 60.4% and 32.6%, respectively. The largest share in
R&D expenditure among public HEIs was the government funding with 94.7%. On the other hand, private
HEIs used mostly their own funds on R&D activities.

Figure 2.1. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds.

Examining the R&D expenditure at the regional level showed that the government is the dominant funding
source for all regions (see Figure 2.2).

Figure 2.2. Regional R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds.

8
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

All regions also showed that the government sector mostly financed their R&D activities. For the PNPI
sector, however, in the five regions that have PNPIs, the private sector was the leading source of funds
for three-- NCR, Western Visayas, and Davao and the government for CALABARZON. Public HEIs in all the
regions used mostly government funds to conduct their research. On the other hand, R&D of private HEIs
was self-financed in all regions except for Western Visayas where the government share was at 69.3% (see
Figure 2.3). The details on the R&D fund sources by region are available in Appendix Tables B2.2 to B2.7

Figure 2.3. Regional R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds and Sector.

The heatmap in Figure 2.4 shows the flows of R&D funds. Each grid represents a flow from a funding
source to a sector. A darker shade of a grid indicates more heat and hence, higher flow. The government
sector provided most of the R&D investment (about Php 24.39 billion). Of which 37.2% financed R&D

Figure 2.4. Major Flows of R&D Funding in the Philippines.

9
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

activities in public HEIs, and 8.8% in PNPIs. Only about 0.03% of government funds went to private HEIs,
which spent mostly their own funds and contributions from PNPIs to support their R&D activities. Public
HEIs and PNPIs were the recipients most of the foreign funds for R&D.

Figure 2.5 shows that 22% of government institutions that undertake in-house R&D also supported other
institutions’ R&D activities. Likewise, 31% of PNPIs provided funds to other institutions. On the other
hand, only very few public and private HEIs financed the R&D activities of other institutions.

Figure 2.5. R&D-Performing Institutions that Provided R&D Funds to

Other Institutions.

10
Chapter 3

Research and Development

Personnel
Research and development (R&D) personnel include all persons engaged directly in R&D or those providing
direct services for the R&D activities. They are classified according to their actual function in R&D
activities: researchers, technicians, and other supporting staff. Researchers are professionals engaged
in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts,
theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software, or operational methods. Technicians, on the
other hand, are persons whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one or more
fields of engineering, the physical and life sciences, or the social sciences, humanities, and the arts. They
participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and
operational methods and the use of research equipment, normally under the supervision of researchers.
Lastly, the other supporting staff includes skilled and unskilled craftsmen, and administrative, secretarial,
and clerical staff participating in R&D projects or directly associated with such projects (OECD, 2015).

R&D personnel are measured in terms of headcount (HC) and full-time equivalent (FTE) data. HC data are
based on the total number of persons who are mainly or partially employed in R&D. Headcount data are
the most appropriate measure for collecting additional information about R&D personnel, such as age,
sex, age group, highest qualification, among others (UIS, 2014). On the other hand, FTE is considered the
main R&D personnel statistic for international comparisons. It is used for counting the number of R&D
personnel because of the varying degrees of their functions in R&D activities. R&D may be the primary of
some but a secondary function of others.

The 2018 R&D survey questionnaire collected Information on the number of personnel according to
sex, highest educational attainment, field of science and technology, and age group per occupation
(researchers, technicians, and other support staff). R&D personnel’s highest qualification were based on
the standard classification set in the 2017 Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED) wherein
the three education levels (early childhood, primary education and lower secondary education) were
combined into one. R&D personnel headcount according to the percent of time spent on R&D was also
collected in the survey.

A substantial growth in the country’s R&D personnel, whether measured as HC or FTE, was observed from
2015 to 2018. The country’s personnel headcount from the higher education institutions (HEI), government,
and the private non-profit institutions (PNPI) for the financial year 2018 reflects a 238.0% growth since
2015. In terms of FTE, the total R&D personnel FTE from the three institutional sectors in 2018 represents
an increase of 265.2% than that of in 2015.

11
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

R&D Personnel by Sector

Figure 3.1 shows that researchers have the largest share of R&D personnel in all sectors. Between the
public and private HEIs, the former has a higher number of researchers compared to the latter.

Figure 3.1. R&D Personnel Headcount and FTE by Sector.

Of the total R&D personnel, 65.7% are researchers, 15.9% are technicians and 18.4% are other support
staff. The estimates of R&D personnel by occupation are presented in Appendix Table B3.1.

HEIs own the largest share of R&D personnel (64.6%), with about 71% of them in public HEIs. Government
comprises 30.7% of the total R&D personnel while there are about 4.7% in PNPIs. HEIs posted almost
200% growth from 2015. The government also had a notable increase in R&D personnel in 2018 of about
340% from 2015. Likewise, PNPIs also registered a 346% growth in R&D personnel since 2015.

R&D Personnel by Region

Based on Figure 3.2, NCR has substantially higher numbers of R&D personnel. CALABARZON registered the
second highest frequencies but which are less than one third to those of NCR. Zamboanga Peninsula and
ARMM have the lowest numbers of R&D personnel.

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 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Figure 3.2. R&D Personnel and Researcher by Region.

HEIs have the most numbers of R&D personnel. Figure 3.3 shows that NCR, Eastern Visayas, and Western
Visayas are the top three regions with the highest frequencies in public HEIs. For private HEIs, NCR,
Western Visayas and Ilocos Region are the top three. There are no private HEIs that undertook in-house
research in the sampled institutions for CAR.

Figure 3.3. R&D Personnel by Region and HEI Type.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

R&D Personnel FTE by Sector

A trend similar to that of R&D personnel was observed in the FTE. HEIs own the largest share (55.9%),
followed by the government (35.3%) and PNPIs (8.8%). Moreover, all sectors posted more than 200%
growth from 2015.

Although there is a substantial increase in both the HC and FTE among HEI, government, and the PNPI
sectors, the 2018 survey data revealed that less than half of work time (44.05%) on these sectors was
spent on R&D activities (calculated as FTEs as a percentage of headcount). This was a little higher as
compared with the 2015 R&D survey results which showed that about 40.76% of work time was spent on
R&D activities for the same set of sectors.

On average, R&D personnel in government and PNPIs devote more of their time in doing R&D activities
than those in HEIs. On average, government R&D workers devote about half of their time in doing R&D
activities, while PNPI personnel allot 82% of their time to R&D tasks. On the other hand, HEI personnel
spend only about 38% of their work time on R&D activities, with researchers in public HEIs devoting 36%
and those in private HEIs, about 33% to R&D work. This is probably because academic staff are expected
to undertake three main functions -- teaching, research and service.

On average, technicians spent most of their work time (61.0%) on R&D activities. While researchers spent
only 39.2% of their work time on R&D activities.

Figure 3.4 presents the FTE R&D personnel and researchers from 2002 to 2018. The FTEs of all personnel
and researchers in public HEIs increased substantially in 2013 from a fairly constant series in 2002-2011.
However, there was a sharp decline for both FTEs in 2015. Substantial increases were achieved in 2018 for
both the FTEs of R&D personnel and researchers in all sectors.

Source: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years

Figure 3.4. R&D personnel FTE and Researcher FTE by Sector 2002-2018.

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 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

It was observed that the average percentage of work time spent by researchers in doing R&D activities
from the government and HEIs was lower from 2011 to 2018, than it was from 2002 to 2009. A report by the
ADB in 2011 states that, in Asia, teaching has been the primary focus at most institutions, but attention
to research is increasing. However, as reflected in the survey data from 2002 to 2018, it seems that it is a
different scenario in the Philippines. Between the public and private HEIs, the former had a higher median
percentage of work time spent by their R&D personnel from 2002 to 2018 on R&D activities than the latter
(see Figure 3.5).

Source: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years

Figure 3.5. Percent Time spent by Researchers on R&D by Sector 2002-2018.

R&D Personnel FTE by Region

The top three regions with the highest R&D personnel FTE for the HEI sector are NCR, CALABARZON, and
Western Visayas. Meanwhile, for the government sector, NCR has the highest frequencies followed by
Central Luzon. For the PNPIs, CALABARZON has the highest R&D personnel FTE. The regional estimates on
R&D personnel FTE are presented in Appendix Tables B3.23 to B3.26.

Figure 3.6 shows that researchers in NCR public HEIs spent more than half of their work time in R&D
activities while the rest of the researchers in other public HEIs spent less than half. For the private
HEIs, researchers in MIMAROPA and Central Luzon devote more than half of their work time in doing R&D
activities. Moreover, notable differences in the percentage of time spent by researchers were found
between those working in public and private HEIs. To cite an example, researchers from public HEIs in
NCR spent about 66% of their work time on R&D activities while those from private HEIs in NCR spent only
38.0%. Across regions, the median percentage of work time spent by researchers from public and private
HEIs, was about 28% and 35%, respectively.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Figure 3.6. Percent Time Spent by Researchers on R&D per HEI Type.

R&D Personnel by Sex

Disaggregation of the R&D personnel headcount by sex gives an indication of gender parity in the
scientific workforce. This is one of the indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals under the target
of women and girls’ empowerment should be achieved by the year 2030 (UN, 2016).

Figure 3.7 shows that most of the researchers in government, HEIs, and PNPIs are female. Of the total
researchers in the country, approximately 58% are females. This is higher than the world average of
about 30% in 2017 and the average of Eastern and South-Eastern Asian countries at 24.9% (UIS, 2020).
Meanwhile, among the technicians, 51% of them are male.

Figure 3.7. R&D Personnel by Sector and Sex.

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Figure 3.8 shows that there are more female R&D personnel in many regions except for Davao and
Zamboanga Peninsula. There are also more female researchers in all regions except for Zamboanga
Peninsula.

Figure 3.8. R&D Personnel and Researcher by Region and Sex.

R&D Personnel by Age Group

Figure 3.9 shows that a relatively younger population comprises the R&D personnel. Moreover, it shows
that researchers are generally older than technicians and other support staff.

Figure 3.9. R&D Personnel by Sector and Age Group.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Of the total researchers in the country, about 27.7% were 31 to 40 years old while only 5.0% were above
60 years old. Comparing the public and private HEIs, there were more researchers in public HEIs aged
between 20 to 40 years old (52.7%) than there were in private HEIs (41.6%).

R&D Personnel by Highest Education Qualifications

Although it is not yet well developed in most countries in Asia, the importance of graduate education is
recognized in research and development. Producing personnel with doctoral degrees strengthens the
research capacity of a country (ADB, 2011). Graduate scholarship programs such as those offered by the
Department of Science and Technology are instruments for promoting S&T areas in the country. Based
on the survey data, the percentage of researchers in the government sector who had either master level
or equivalent or doctoral level is way below their counterpart in the HEI.

As shown in Figure 3.10, most of the researchers from both the public and private HEIs have a master
level or equivalent while only a few have a bachelor certificate or lower. For the government sector,
more than half of the researchers have a bachelor level while only about 19% have a doctorate level or
equivalent. It is interesting to note that more than half of the researchers from PNPIs have a doctoral
level or equivalent. About 60% of both technicians and other support staff have a bachelor level.

Figure 3.10. R&D Personnel by Sector and Highest Education Qualifications.

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R&D Personnel by Fields of Science and Technology

Figure 3.11. Researcher Headcount by Sector and Field of S&T.

Based on Figure 3.11, researchers in the government sector are concentrated in the medical and health
sciences (22.8%) and agricultural sciences (22.2%). Also, the majority of the researchers in PNPIs were
from the field of agricultural sciences (78.2%) while those in HEIs have diverse research interests. Most
of the researchers in HEIs were from the field of social sciences (27.5%), medical and health sciences
(19.0%), engineering and technology (17.4%), and natural sciences (14.1%).

The data that were discussed here are presented in Appendix Tables B3.1 to B3.32.

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Chapter 4

Research and Development

Expenditures
Monitoring the R&D expenditure is essential in providing the status of R&D activities in the country. This
helps in crafting policies that will support in sustaining areas with good R&D indicators and in improving
areas that need further support in R&D activities.

Data regarding the R&D expenditure were gathered based on the expenses or cost incurred by the R&D
institution in the implementation of its R&D activities in 2018. The survey questionnaire was given to the
respondents who have the most knowledge in the R&D activities of their institution in the three sectors:
government, Higher education institutions (HEI), and Private non-profit institutions (PNPI). The following
estimates of the total R&D expenditures does not include the business and industry sector.

The R&D expenditures data were collected by filling the R&D expenditure section in the questionnaire
which is divided into several accounting categories: (1) personnel services which comprise of the wages,
salaries and all related labor costs including the benefits paid in cash or in kind to personnel who rendered
direct services in the R&D activity; (2) maintenance and other operating expenses (MOOE) which comprise
of all paid and payable expenses and costs of office and laboratory supplies, materials, subscriptions to
journals, books, rental of buildings, maintenance, computer service, travel, postal services, and repairs
of equipment, etc. used in the implementation of the R&D activities, (3) capital outlay which comprise
of paid and payable expenses and costs of land, building and other structures, vehicle, plant machinery,
equipment and other similar capital expenditures incurred in the implementation of the R&D activities,
and (4) imputed Rental Costs which refers to the costs of rent of land, building and other structures,
vehicle, plant, machinery, equipment and other similar capital expenditure items acquired or purchased
before January 1, 2018 if the said facilities were to be rented for the implementation of the R&D activities.
The expenditure from all the accounting categories were added to get the total R&D expenditure of the
institution.

The percentage of the total expenditure spent according to the type of research: basic research,
applied research, and experimental development were also collected. The R&D expenditure was also
classified according to its percentage distribution in the field of science: Natural Science, Engineering
and Technology, Agricultural Science, Medical Sciences, Social Sciences, and Humanities. The R&D
expenditures were also classified according to the percentage of R&D expenditure primarily devoted to the
following socio-economic objectives (SEO) such as Exploration and exploitation of the earth, Environment,
Exploration and exploitation of space, Transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures, Energy,
Industrial production and technology, Health, Agriculture, Education, Culture, recreation, religion and

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mass media, Political and social systems, structures and processes, Defense, and Information and
Communications Technology. The total R&D expenditure per region was also estimated to provide a
comparison of the R&D expenditure profile across the regions.

Note that the total R&D expenditure here refers to the total for the three sectors only -- government, HEIs
and PNPIs. Data from the 2018 ASPBI are not yet available.

Total R&D Expenditure

The total R&D expenditure of government, HEIs and PNPIs in the Philippines for fiscal year 2018 is Php
28.5 billion which is higher than Php 21.9 billion in 2015, which also included the R&D expenditure of the
business and industry sector. Expenditure on personnel services registered the highest percentage (48%)
of the country’s total R&D expenditure of about Php 13.7 billion. This was followed by MOOE of about Php
9.8 billion. The smallest share in the R&D expenditures was on imputed rental costs at about Php 337
million.

Figure 4.1. Distribution of Total R&D Expenditures According to Accounting Category.

Total R&D Expenditure by Sector

The government sector had the highest R&D expenditure of about Php 13 billion in 2018 which is higher
than the Php 5.3 billion R&D expenditure in 2015.

The higher education sector contributed the second largest share in the country’s total R&D expenditure
in 2018 with R&D spending of Php 12 billion which is higher than the Php 8 billion R&D expenditure in 2015.
Private HEIs spent Php 2 billion in R&D which is higher from its Php 2 billion R&D expenditure in 2015. R&D
Expenditure of the Public HEIs is also higher from Php 6 billion in 2015 to Php 9 billion in 2018.

The private non-profit institutions (PNPI) sector contributed the least R&D expenditure share in 2018
which amounted to Php 3.5 billion.

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Figure 4.2 shows the increasing trend in R&D expenditure for the three sectors with the highest increase
in the government sector.

Figure 4.2. Total R&D Expenditure (in million Php) Trends per Sector.

Figure 4.3 shows the trend of R&D expenditure per FTE R&D personnel. The graph indicates a decline in
R&D expenditure per FTE R&D personnel from 2015 to 2018 in the government sector, public and private
HEI. A gradual increase in R&D expenditure per FTE R&D personnel was observed in the PNPIs.

Figure 4.3. Total R&D Expenditure (in thousand Php) per FTE R&D Personnel Trends per Sector.

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Figure 4.4 indicates that the R&D expenditure of the government sector is mostly on MOOE while those in
the higher education sector spent their R&D money on personnel services. The private non-profit sector
spent a relatively equal amount for personnel services and MOOE. The complete information regarding the
R&D expenditure by accounting category per sector is tabulated in Appendix Table B4.1.

Figure 4.4. Total R&D Expenditures by Accounting Categories and Sector.

Regional R&D Expenditures

The regional total R&D expenditure in 2018 in Figure 4.5 shows that NCR had the highest share at Php
12 billion, followed by Central Luzon and CALABARZON of about Php 5 billion. MIMAROPA spent the least
among the regions with an R&D expenditure of about Php 80 million in 2018.

The regional R&D expenditure of PNPIs shows that of the only five regions with PNPIs, the CALABARZON
region has the highest expenditure of about Php 3 billion followed by Davao region of about Php 133 million
and Western Visayas of about Php 69 million.

On the other hand, NCR dominates in the government R&D expenditure, followed by Central Luzon and
CALABARZON. This reflects the higher number of government agencies with research and development
initiatives in these regions. MIMAROPA has the least government R&D expenditure.

The higher education sector R&D expenditure also shows that NCR spent the highest of about Php 6.63
billion. This was followed by the R&D expenditures of the higher education sector in the CALABARZON
and ARMM. The least R&D expenditure in the higher education sector was estimated in the Cagayan Valley
of about Php 62 million. Among the private HEIs, the regions with high R&D expenditure are NCR and
Western Visayas. In comparison with the public HEIs, the regions with high R&D expenditure are NCR and
CALABARZON. Appendix Table B4.5 shows the complete information of the R&D expenditures by region.

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Figure 4.5. Total R&D Expenditures by Region.

R&D Expenditure by Type of Research

About 62% of the total R&D expenditure in the country were spent on applied research, 25.3% on basic
research and 11.9% on experimental development.

Figure 4.6 shows that private non-profit sector and government spent most of their R&D funds on applied
research. HEIs have a more diverse expenditure pattern with 36.5% of their total R&D expenditure
allocated for basic research, 47.2% and 16.3% on applied and experimental research, respectively.

Figure 4.6. R&D Expenditures by Type of Research per Sector.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

R&D Expenditure by Field of Science

R&D in agricultural sciences received about 40% of the total R&D expenditure. Other dominant fields of
science were natural sciences and engineering and technology.

Figure 4.7 shows that the expenditure patterns of the private non-profit and government sectors are
similar with the agricultural sciences as the most dominant field. This is expected since many of the
government agencies have projects related to the development of the agricultural sector of the country.
In comparison, the higher education sector has a more diverse expenditure pattern with most of its R&D
expenditure being spent in the field of natural sciences, followed by social sciences, engineering and
technology, and agricultural sciences. A large share in R&D expenditure in the private HEIs was spent on
engineering and technology followed by social sciences. In comparison, the dominant field of science in
the public HEIs are in the field of natural sciences, social sciences, agricultural sciences, and engineering
and technology.

Figure 4.7. R&D Expenditures by Field of S&T per Sector.

R&D Expenditures by Socioeconomic Objective

The R&D expenditure was also classified according to its socioeconomic objectives which are societal
goals to which the research outputs will have the main influence and relevance. In 2018, 42.7% of the
total R&D expenditure was devoted to improving the agriculture, while 13.8% aimed at improving the
environment, 10.1% for exploration and exploitation of the earth and 7% for health.

Figure 4.8 shows that PNPIs and government agencies geared the majority of their R&D activities towards
improving the agricultural sector while HEIs have more varied socio-economic objectives like improving the
exploration and exploitation of the earth, environment, agriculture, and health. Both public and private HEIs

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are also concerned with the protection of the environment and private HEIs are also interested in improving
health while public HEIs focus on exploration and exploitation of the earth as shown in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.8: Percentage of Total R&D Expenditures by Socio-economic Objective per Sector.

Figure 4.9. Percentage of Total R&D expenditures by socio-economic objective between Public and Private HEI.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Regional R&D Expenditures by Type of Research: Higher Education Sector

Figure 4.10 shows that there are regions that have a relatively high percentage share of R&D expenditure
on basic research as compared to applied and experimental development. These regions are Ilocos region,
Cagayan Valley, MIMAROPA, Western Visayas, and SOCCSKSARGEN.
The regions with relatively higher percentage share of R&D expenditure in applied research are: Central
Luzon, CALABARZON, Eastern Visayas, Northern Mindanao, Davao Region, and ARMM.

Figure 4.10. Regional R&D Expenditures of HEIs by Type of Researcher.

Meanwhile, the regions with relatively higher percentage share of R&D expenditure in experimental
development are Zamboanga Peninsula, and CARAGA.

Regional R&D Expenditures by Type of Research: Government Sector

Figure 4.11 shows that almost all regions have a relatively higher percentage share of R&D expenditure
in the applied research. These indicate that many of the research initiatives in the regions are applied
research as compared to basic and experimental development.

However, there are also regions that have a relatively higher percentage share of R&D expenditure on
basic research as compared to applied and experimental development. These regions are MIMAROPA,
and Central Visayas. Meanwhile, only Cagayan Valley has a relatively higher percentage share of R&D
expenditure in experimental development.

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Figure 4.11. Regional R&D Expenditures of the Government by Type of Research.

Regional R&D Expenditures by Type of Research: Private Non-Profit Sector

Figure 4.12 shows that of the five regions that have PNPIs, SOCCSKSARGEN has a relatively higher
percentage share of R&D expenditure (50%) in experimental development while Western Visayas has a
higher percentage share R&D expenditure (52%) in basic research. The three other regions have higher
percentage share in applied research.

Figure 4.12. Regional R&D Expenditures of PNPIs by Type of Research.

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Regional R&D Expenditures by Field of Science: Higher Education Sector

Figure 4.13 indicates that generally there is variation in the priorities in research among the regions.
Higher percentage share of R&D expenditure for the field of natural sciences was observed in NCR,
Western Visayas, and Central Visayas. Northern Mindanao, Central Luzon and Zamboanga Peninsula
have larger percentage share of R&D expenditure in engineering and technology. The regions of
Caraga, CALABARZON, SOCCSKSARGEN, and Zamboanga Peninsula have larger percentage share of R&D
expenditure in agricultural sciences relative to other regions. The regions with large percentage share of
R&D expenditure for medical sciences are CAR, NCR and Northern Mindanao. HEIs in ARMM and MIMAROPA
spent almost half of their R&D expenses in social science. The least prioritized field of science is the
humanities among the HEIs but Ilocos region, Cagayan Valley and ARMM spent at least 10% of their total
R&D expenditure in this field.

Figure 4.13. Regional R&D Expenditures of HEIs by Field of Science.

Regional R&D Expenditures by Field of Science: Government Sector

Figure 4.14 shows that in the government sector, there are variations of priorities in research but
agricultural sciences is the dominant field of science for many of the regions except for CALABARZON in
which R&D in natural sciences has a higher percentage share and NCR where engineering and technology
is the primary field of science. Northern Mindanao and NCR are the only regions where research in the
medical sciences is more than 5% of their total R&D expenditure. Percentage share of social science
research on the total R&D expenditure is low among the many regions but CALABARZON spent about 13%
of its research fund in this field. Humanities is the least prioritized in terms of funding in many of the
regions.

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Figure 4.14. Regional R&D Expenditures of Government by Field of Science.

Regional R&D Expenditures by Field of Science: Private Non-Profit sector

Figure 4.15 indicates that of the five regions with PNPIs, agricultural science is the primary field of science
in the R&D in CALABARZON and Western Visayas. Natural science is highly prioritized in the Davao region
while PNPIs in NCR spend their R&D funds in the different fields of science.

Figure 4.15. Regional R&D Expenditures of PNPIs by Field of Science.

31
Chapter 5
Research and Development
Publications
Dissemination of completed research can be done through conferences, seminars, publication in journals,
among others. Sharing research outputs with the professional community contributes to the creation of
new knowledge and innovation as well as further improves the research through feedback and reviews.
Moreover, published research outputs strengthen the credibility of the work of the researchers and
elevate the visibility of the institutions to which the researchers belong.

The 2018 R&D survey included a question on whether the responding institutions have publications in
scientific journals and their number of publications in local and international scientific journals during
the reference period. The following discussion involves sectoral comparison based on the proportion of
institutions with research publications and the total number of local and international publications. The
regional statistics were also examined, especially on public and private HEI publications.

Publishing research outputs is practiced more in HEIs than in government and in PNPIs. As shown in
Figure 5.1, about 74.7% of HEIs have publications, while only 37% and 33.6% of PNPI and government
agencies, respectively. Higher proportion of Public HEIs have publications than those from private HEIs.
Overall, the HEIs produced 3,014 local and 5,044 international publications in 2018, which constitute 92%
of all publications.

Figure 5.1. Proportion of Institutions with Publications by Sector.

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Figure 5.2 below highlights a significant difference in the number of publications between public and
private HEIs. Public HEIs produced 50% more local and 60% more international publications than private
HEIs. Both the private non-profit sector and the government sector had a relatively small number of
publications. This situation can be explained by the fact that most HEIs require publications in refereed
journals as an important criterion for promotion and tenure. To be able to secure a tenured position in
a HEI, a faculty must be able to produce a specific number of publications. Likewise, the promotion of a
faculty also hinges on the number of publications that he/she has written.

Figure 5.2. Publication of Scientific Articles by Sector.

Examining the ratio between local and international publications across the sectors specifically for
the HEIs showed that public and private HEIs had almost the same distribution. The total number of
international publications was approximately 1.6 times higher than that of the local publications for both
HEIs. The details on the scientific publications by sector are presented in Appendix Table B5.3.

The regional total number of publications showed that NCR produced most of the government
publications at 49.5% and followed by Ilocos Region at 29.7%. Of the PNPI publications from the five
regions with PNPIs, CALABARZON’s share was the highest at 88.1%. For HEI publications, the top three
regions were NCR (33.7%), Western Visayas (9.6%), and CALABARZON (7.6%).

Figure 5.3 shows the number of publications of public and private HEIs by region. Public HEIs have more
publications than private HEIs in all the regions except for NCR, which owns 57% of all private HEIs
publications, and Bicol. Public HEIs in NCR, Western Visayas, and Central Luzon have the highest number
of publications among the regions.

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Figure 5.3. Publication of Scientific Articles by HEI Type and Region.

The complete information on the regional estimates on published scientific articles is presented in
Appendix Tables B5.4 to B5.6.

35
Chapter 6

Conclusions and
Recommendations
Encouraging results were obtained in the 2018 R&D Survey. Despite the incomplete data from the business
and industry sector, the gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) as percent of the gross domestic product rose
from 0.156 in 2015 to 0.194* in 2018. The number of R&D personnel more than doubled from 246 per million
inhabitants to 574 in the same period. If the current trends are maintained, the Philippines may be able to
catch up with its neighboring countries in terms of the R&D indicators.

Because there was no R&D Survey that was administered for the business and industry sector, the more
in-depth analysis presented in chapters 2-4 of this report covered only the three sectors – government,
HEIs and PNPIs. Hence, the following conclusions can only be drawn from these three sectors.

The government sector is the leading source of R&D funds in the country. Aside from financing
its own R&D, the government also funded 60.4% and 94.7% of PNPI and public HEIs total R&D
expenditure, respectively. The private higher education institutions, however, used mostly their
own funds for research and development.

There were 54,564 R&D personnel from government, HEIs and PNPIs. Of these, 65.7% are
researchers, 15.9% are technicians and 18.4% are other support staff. About 58% of the
researchers are females, while 51% of the technicians are males. About 69.3% of the researchers
have at least a master’s degree. Researchers in government are concentrated in agricultural,
medical and health sciences, while researchers in HEIs have more varied interests; the most
popular of them are social sciences, medical and health sciences and engineering and technology.
Researchers in PNPIs are mostly in agriculture sciences. NCR, CALABARZON and Western Visayas
are the regions with the most numbers of researchers.

The total R&D expenditure from the government, HEIs and PNPIs is Php 28.5 billion in 2018. The
expenditure on personnel services constitutes 48% of the total R&D expenditure. The government
sector has the highest R&D expenditure followed by the higher education sector. The public HEIs
total R&D expenditure is higher than that of the private HEIs. NCR had the highest share in the
total R&D expenditure followed by Central Luzon and CALABARZON. Most of the expenses were
used to fund applied research and agricultural sciences especially in the government and private
non-profit sector.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

The higher education sector had a more diverse expenditure pattern and spent most of its R&D
funds in natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering and technology. Most of the funded
research had relevant impact in agriculture, environment, exploration and exploitation of the
earth, and health.

There were 8,781 research papers that were published in refereed journals in 2018. About 61.7% of
these were international publications. The HEIs own the lion’s share of these publications at about
92%. Of the HEIs publications, 61% are from public HEIs. NCR, Western Visayas and CALABARZON
have the highest numbers of publications.

While the 2018 R&D Survey paved for some methodological innovations in terms of data collection and
analysis, there are still areas in the survey design and operations that need further improvement so that
better quality data can be achieved. Of the three sectors covered by the R&D Survey, PNPIs have the
lowest response rate at 48%. There were only 67 PNPIs that were identified and included in the sampling
frame while only 32 responded and 14 of those that responded were found to be ineligible. Despite the low
response rate, both the total number of R&D personnel and expenditures have considerably increased
compared to 2015 indicating that coverage errors may have been reduced. Still there are 12 regions that
do not have PNPIs. While it is possible that there are really no PNPIs in all these regions that undertake in-
house research, it is still worth exploring possible approaches that could improve the sampling frame for
PNPIs.

The management of research activities and financial reckoning systems differed widely across sampled
institutions. In general, large institutions with very decentralized research management systems are likely
not able to complete the R&D Survey.

Data gaps still exist because comparison across regions and across sectors is limited only on the
three sectors that were covered by the R&D Survey. Questions on the profile of establishments with
R&D activities, composition of their R&D personnel, nature and field of their R&D expenditures remain
unanswered because there are only two questions on R&D in the current ASPBI. For example, within the
business and industry sector, a sub-sector that is often neglected in the R&D Survey in many countries is
the service industry (UIS, 2014) which could be the provenance of innovation activities and may account
for significant levels of R&D.

The breakdowns of age group, highest educational attainment, field of specialization, by sex of R&D
personnel are not possible in the current survey because the questionnaire failed to include the
appropriate questions. The results of these breakdowns can guide policies and projects on gender
equality.

The following recommendations are geared towards addressing the issues that were discussed above and
consequently reducing the data gaps that were identified and improving further the quality of data:

The results of this survey should be disseminated well to raise the awareness of the target
institutions, policy makers, the public and civil society about the importance of monitoring
research and development, Research papers on the results and methodological improvements
should be published. These are activities that could further enhance the participation of

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institutions in the next survey rounds. Moreover, a high-profile champion must be identified to
promote the next survey rounds to further increase the response rate and improve the quality of
data.

The mixed survey mode that was implemented turned out to be successful. Because of this
approach, and with a streamlined questionnaire and the cooperation of the DOST regional offices
staff that played a critical role in implanting the mixed-mode approach, the data collection
for the 2018 R&D Survey was completed at about 81% response rate. Instead of starting the
data collection approach using the online mode, it may be better to send by post the sampled
institutions the questionnaire, invitation to participate and endorsement letters since the majority
of institutions have yet to consider emails and online surveys as official communication. The link
to the online survey can be given in the letter to offer the sampled institutions an alternative way
of responding to the questionnaire.

The construction of sampling frames for government, HEIs and PNPIs was one of the most
challenging activities that was undertaken to ensure that the 2018 R&D Survey is a probability
sample survey that can render robust estimates. To reduce this difficult burden for the next survey
rounds, a centralized R&D institution database that stores information on the institutions with
in-house research must be maintained. Updating of this database can be done at the point of
entry – when DOST or other government agencies or PNPIs provide a grant to a research project.
In this regard, the collaboration with other research-granting institutions such as CHED, DOH,
DepEd, Department of Agriculture, DENR should be strengthened. Following the endorsement of
DOST, CHED and DOH that were given to the 2018 R&D Survey, other government agencies can also
encourage their respective research units and grantees to cooperate and participate in the next
R&D Survey rounds.

The DOST regional offices as well as regional development councils must also be engaged in
updating the R&D institution database. And the current two-phase design with the purpose of
Phase 1 to update the R&D institution database should be retained.

DOST can develop an application software that can be used for managing research activities in
government, HEIs and PNPIs. The software should enable institutions to store and manage all
the information regarding their research studies. The software can also generate reports that
can be used by the institutions to manage their research agenda as well as, for completing the
R&D Survey. Large institutions with decentralized research management systems can use this
application software to consolidate the R&D information from different reporting units and
consequently, manage their research agenda more effectively.

To address data gaps in the business and industry, an R&D Survey should be conducted for this
sector. The design could be two-phase such that the sampling frame of establishments that
have conducted in-house research in the reference period can be constructed from the ASPBI
and a second-phase sample can be drawn from it. The results of the survey would enable a more
consistent comparison of R&D estimates across regions and across sectors and enrich the profile
analysis of establishments with R&D activities in the business and industry sector.

39
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

The R&D Survey for business and industry should be designed such that the trend in the growth
of R&D in the service industry primarily in banks, insurance, mobile telephony and ICT can be
appropriately measured. There are innovations in this subsector like the construction of unique
algorithms that are proprietary and could be deemed as intellectual property that can lead to
commercial benefits and may be considered R&D if it results in new knowledge in the field. These
are inadvertently neglected because the survey design may be focused more on manufacturing.

The survey instruments, including survey operations manuals and questionnaires can be further
enhanced to reflect the recommendations above if deemed viable for implementation. The
questionnaire can be expanded to enable aggregates by sex and personnel characteristics such
as age group, highest educational attainment, field of specialization. Moreover, the number of
graduate students, especially the number of Ph D candidates can be collected to give an indication
of where are the potential sources of future researchers. The size of the graduate class can also
be used in strengthening the estimation strategy. The inclusions of questions on other forms of
dissemination of completed research and outputs must also be explored to enable more in-depth
analysis.

More methodological research on the R&D Survey to further improve its design, conduct and
analysis. An anonymized public utility file of the R&D survey rounds data should be made available
for research purposes.

40
References
ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2011. Improving Instructional Quality: Focus on Faculty Development.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines.

DOST (Department of Science and Technology). 2015. Compendium of Science and Technology Statistics
(ISSN 2244-3614). Retrieved from DOST Philippines website: http://www.dost.gov.ph/phocadownload/
Downloads/Statistics/Compendium%20ST%20Statistics%20as%20of%20December%202015.pdf

Kalton, Graham. 2020. Introduction to Survey Sampling (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). SAGE
Publications. Kindle Edition.

Lohr, S.L. 2010. Sampling: Design and Analysis. Second edition. Boston: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

Maligalig, D.S., Borromeo, M.C., Cambel, R. G., Roldan, Jr., R. R. and Lesmoras, C. B. 2019. Challenges in
Designing and Implementing Research and Development Surveys in the Philippines. Paper presented at
the 14th National Convention on Statistics, Manila, Philippines. October 1-3, 2019.

OECD. 2015. Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental
Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing,
Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en

PSA (Philippines Statistics Authority). 2018. Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED).
Downloaded from: https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psced/

PSA. 2020. Comparative Statistics for Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities Establishments by
Industry Group: Philippines, 2018 and 2012 Census of Philippine Business and Industry.

UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2014. Guide to Conducting an R&D Survey: For countries starting to measure
research and experimental development. Downloaded from: http://dx.doi.org/10.15220/978-92-9189-151-
1-en

UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2020. New UIS Data for SDG 9.5 on Research and Development (R&D). Accessed
through http://uis.unesco.org/en/news/new-uis-data-sdg-9-5-research-and-development-rd

United Nations. 2016. Sustainable Development GOALS - 17 Goals to Transform our World. Accessed through
https://www.un.org/sustainable development/sustainable-development-goals/

41
List of Tables
Appendix Table A1 Number of Institutions that Undertake R&D by Sector 48
Appendix Table A2 Changes in the 2015 survey questionnaire that were implemented in the 2018 R&D
Survey 49
Appendix Table A3 Summary of tentative sample sizes computed for small and unknown strata 50
Appendix Table A4 Population sizes (Nreg) and sample sizes (nreg) per region for the small and unknown
strata in the higher education sector 51
Appendix Table A5 Population Sizes (Nh) and Sample Sizes (nh) per Stratum 51
Appendix Table A6 Regional Response Rates 53
Appendix Table A7 Weight Adjustments 55
Appendix Table A8 Base weights (wi) and final survey weights (wfinali) of institutions per region in the
small and unknown strata 55
Appendix Table A9 Summary of R&D data taken from the 2018 Census of Philippine Business
and Industry 57
Appendix Table A10 Combining 2018 R&D Survey and 2018 CPBI 57
Appendix Table B1.1 Research and Development Indicators 59
Appendix Table B1.2 Regional Research and Development Indicators: Total Personnel and Researchers 60
Appendix Table B1.3 Regional Research and Development Indicators: Public and Private Expenditures 60
Appendix Table B1.4 Regional Research and Development Indicators: Expenditure per Type of
Personnel 61
Appendix Table B1.5 R&D Indicators of Selected Countries, Latest Year 61
Appendix Table B2.1 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds 61
Appendix Table B2.2 Source of R&D Funds by region, Private Higher Education 62
Appendix Table B2.3 Source of R&D Funds by region, Public Higher Education 62
Appendix Table B2.4 Source of R&D Funds by region, Higher Education Overall 62
Appendix Table B2.5 Source of R&D Funds by region, Government 63
Appendix Table B2.6 Source of R&D Funds by region, Private Non-Profit 63
Appendix Table B2.7 Source of R&D Funds by region, Overall 63
Appendix Table B3.1 R&D Personnel by Occupation 64
Appendix Table B3.2 R&D personnel by Occupation and Sex, Private vs. Public Higher Education 64
Appendix Table B3.3 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex, Higher Education 64
Appendix Table B3.4 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex, Government 64
Appendix Table B3.5 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex, Private Non-Profit 64
Appendix Table B3.6 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Highest Education Qualification,
Private vs. Public Higher Education 64
Appendix Table B3.7 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Highest Education Qualification,
Higher Education 65
Appendix Table B3.8 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Highest Education Qualification, Government 65
Appendix Table B3.9 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Highest Education Qualification,
Private Non-Profit 65
Appendix Table B3.10 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Field of Science and Technology,
Private vs. Public Higher Education 65
Appendix Table B3.11 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Field of Science and Technology,
Higher Education 66
Appendix Table B3.12 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Field of Science and Technology, Government 66
Appendix Table B3.13 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Field of Science and Technology,
Private Non-Profit 66

43
Appendix Table B3.14 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Age, Private vs. Public Higher Education 66
Appendix Table B3.15 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Age, Higher Education 66
Appendix Table B3.16 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Age, Government 67
Appendix Table B3.17 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Age, Private Non-Profit 67
Appendix Table B3.18 Full-time Equivalent of R&D Personnel by Occupation 67
Appendix Table B3.19 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Private vs. Public Higher Education 67
Appendix Table B3.20 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Higher Education 68
Appendix Table B3.21 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Government 68
Appendix Table B3.22 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Private Non-Profit 68
Appendix Table B3.23 FTE R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region,
Private vs. Public Higher Education 69
Appendix Table B3.24 FTE R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Higher Education 69
Appendix Table B3.25 FTE R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Government 69
Appendix Table B3.26 FTE R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Private Non-Profit 70
Appendix Table B3.27 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex per Region, Higher Education 70
Appendix Table B3.28 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex per Region, Government 70
Appendix Table B3.29 R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex per Region, Private Non-Profit 71
Appendix Table B3.30 FTE R&D Personnel per Sector, 2002 to 2018 71
Appendix Table B3.31 FTE Researcher per Sector, 2002 to 2018 71
Appendix Table B3.32 Percentage of Time Spent on R&D per Sector, 2003 to 2018 71
Appendix Table B4.1 R&D Expenditures by Accounting Category (in thousand Php) 72
Appendix Table B4.2 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Type of Research 72
Appendix Table B4.3 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Field of Science and Technology 72
Appendix Table B4.4 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Socioeconomic Objective 72
Appendix Table B4.5 R&D Expenditures by Region (in thousand Php) 73
Appendix Table B4.6 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Type of Research per Region,
Higher Education 73
Appendix Table B4.7 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Type of Research per Region,
Government 73
Appendix Table B4.8 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Type of Research per Region,
Private Non-profit 74
Appendix Table B4.9 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Field of S&T per Region,
Higher Education 74
Appendix Table B4.10 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Field of S&T per Region,
Government 74
Appendix Table B4.11 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Field of S&T per Region,
Private Non-profit 75
Appendix Table B4.12 Total R&D Expenditure (in million Php) per Sector, 2002 to 2018 75
Appendix Table B4.13 Total R&D Expenditure (in thousand Php) per FTE R&D Personnel per Sector,
2002 to 2018 75
Appendix Table B5.1 Institutions that Provided R&D Funds to Other Institutions 75
Appendix Table B5.2 Institutions that Published Scientific Articles 75
Appendix Table B5.3 Scientific Articles Published in Local and International Journals 76
Appendix Table B5.4 Institutions that Published Scientific Articles per region 76
Appendix Table B5.5 Number of Published Scientific Articles per region, Local publication 76
Appendix Table B5.6 Number of Published Scientific Articles per region, International publication 77

44
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Fund Sources and Types of Institutions that Conduct In-house Research 2
Figure 1.2 Headcount and Full Time Equivalent of R&D Personnel and Researchers (per million
inhabitants) 3
Figure 1.3 Total R&D Personnel and Researchers by region (per million inhabitants, 2018) 4
Figure 1.4 R&D Expenditure Indicators, 2002-2018 5
Figure 1.5 Total Regional R&D Expenditure as % of the Gross Regional Domestic Product 5
Figure 1.6 GERD as Percent of GDP of Selected Asian Countries 6
Figure 1.7 FTE of R&D Personnel per million inhabitants of Selected Asian Countries 6
Figure 2.1 Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds 8
Figure 2.2 Regional R&D Expenditures by Source of Fund 8
Figure 2.3 Regional R&D Expenditures by Source of Fund per Sector 9
Figure 2.4 Major Flows of R&D Funding in the Philippines 9
Figure 2.5 R&D Performing Institutions that Provided R&D funds to Other Institutions 10
Figure 3.1 R&D Personnel Headcount and FTE by Sector 12
Figure 3.2 R&D Personnel and Researcher by Region 13
Figure 3.3 R&D Personnel by Region and HEI Type 13
Figure 3.4 R&D Personnel FTE and Researcher FTE by Sector from 2002 to 2018 14
Figure 3.5 Percent Time Spent by Researchers on R&D by Sector from 2002 to 2018 15
Figure 3.6 Percent Time Spent by Researchers on R&D per HEI Type 16
Figure 3.7 R&D Personnel by Sector and Sex 16
Figure 3.8 R&D Personnel and Researcher by Region and Sex 17
Figure 3.9 R&D Personnel by Sector and Age Group 17
Figure 3.10 R&D Personnel by Sector and Highest Education Qualifications 18
Figure 3.11 Researcher Headcount by Sector and Field of S&T 19
Figure 4.1 Distribution of Total R&D Expenditures According to Accounting Category 22
Figure 4.2 Total R&D Expenditure (in million Php) Trends per Sector 23
Figure 4.3 Total R&D Expenditure (in thousand Php) per FTE R&D Personnel Trends per Sector 23
Figure 4.4 Total R&D Expenditures by Accounting Categories and Sector 24
Figure 4.5 Total R&D Expenditures per Region 25
Figure 4.6 R&D Expenditures by Type of Research per Sector 25
Figure 4.7 R&D Expenditures by Field of S&T per Sector 26
Figure 4.8 Percentage of Total R&D Expenditures by Socio-economic Objective per Sector 27
Figure 4.9 Percentage of Total R&D expenditures by socio-economic objective between
Public and Private HEI 27
Figure 4.10 Regional R&D Expenditures of HEIs by Type of Researcher 28
Figure 4.11 Regional R&D Expenditures of the Government by Type of Research 29
Figure 4.12 Regional R&D Expenditures of PNPIs by Type of Research 29
Figure 4.13 Regional R&D Expenditures of HEIs by Field of Science 30
Figure 4.14 Regional R&D Expenditures of Government by Field of Science 31
Figure 4.15 Regional R&D Expenditures of PNPIs by Field of Science 31
Figure 5.1 Proportion of institutions with publications by sector 33
Figure 5.2 Publication of scientific articles by sector 34
Figure 5.3 Publication of scientific articles by HEI type and region 35
Appendix Figure C1 Organization of the R&D Survey 79

45
appendix A

Methodological Notes
This section contains brief discussions on the technical components of the planning and implementation
of the 2018 R&D Survey – survey design, questionnaire design, strategies employed for data collection,
data processing, estimation procedure and analysis, and dissemination. Although contents herein are
mostly taken from the Survey Operations Manual and the paper of Maligalig et. al. (2019), some details
were updated to correctly describe the actual operations. Additional notes that were not covered in the
mentioned references are also included.

Target Population

The target population for the R&D Survey consist of all institutions in the government, higher education,
and private non-profit sectors in the country that perform in-house R&D activities in 2018. Data on
the R&D undertakings in the private business sector, on the other hand, are gathered by the Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA) through the Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry (ASPBI). Results of
the R&D Surveys conducted by DOST are combined with the ASPBI to derive national R&D indicators.

Construction of the Sampling Frames

Since there was no comprehensive list of institutions that undertook in-house research in 2018 for each
of these sectors, construction of the sampling frames was not straightforward. Separate sampling frame
for each sector was initially constructed as the organizational structure and processes of institutions
vary across sectors. Web scraping and data sets from various agencies were leveraged to complement
the previous sampling frames and produce a draft list of institutions for each sector. The initial sampling
frames that were used were the lists of respondents of the previous R&D surveys that were provided by
DOST. These sampling frames for the sectors were then improved as follows:

i. Government -- Through online search and visits on the websites of various government agencies and
offices, a list of government institutions was constructed with information about their head agency, head
of the office, address, telephone number, and email address;

ii. Higher Education -- A list of HEIs for the academic year 2017-2018 was obtained from the Commission
on Higher Education (CHED). The list, however, needed updating as some contact information like the head
of the institution and email address were outdated or missing for some HEIs especially for the satellite
campuses of university and college systems. Moreover, new HEIs that were identified from online searches
which were not found in the list were added and HEIs found to have ceased their operations were removed
from the list. Updating of the list was done by examining every HEI’s website and contacting them through
emails and telephone calls;

47
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

iii. Private Non-profit -- List of NGOs found in the Philippine Council for NGO Certification (PCNC) website
together with the list of PNPIs who responded in the previous survey round was used to construct an initial
list of PNPIs. Institutions known to conduct R&D but are not part of the initial list, e.g., International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI) and Quantitative Aquatics, Inc. (Q-quatics) were also added in the list.

These constructed lists were not yet the desired sampling frames for the R&D survey since not all
listed institutions are known to perform R&D. It is for this reason that a two-phase survey design was
implemented such that institutions that do not belong in the target population were screened out in Phase
1. The initial list constructed for each sector was used to launch Phase 1 survey, which aimed to identify
the institutions that performed in-house R&D in 2018. Information on whether institutions implement
centralized or decentralized reckoning systems to monitor their R&D activities was gathered in this phase.
Administrative units of institutions that independently conducted R&D and the incumbent heads of these
units were also obtained for some responding institutions.

Unfortunately, the Phase 1 survey resulted in lower than desired response rates. This called for exploiting
ancillary data sources to impute information on the R&D activities of institutions: list of R&D performing
institutions prepared by DOST, list of HEIs with approved R&D projects from CHED and DOST, and the
individual websites of the institutions who have not responded. In the case of HEI, additional data on
graduate enrolment size for the academic year 2017-2018 of HEIs was obtained from CHED to impute the
data on graduate student size of those HEIs who failed to respond to the Phase 1 survey. This made a huge
improvement in the sampling frame used for the HEI sector.

Midway through the survey operations, the sampling frames for the government and private non-profit sectors
needed to be updated due to some institutions suspected to perform R&D based on the responses collected in
the middle of the survey operations. Several institutions that reported to only fund R&D, mostly agencies under
DOST like NRCP, PCAARRD, PCIEERD, etc., listed institutions to which they provided R&D funds in the year 2018.
These listed institutions were then checked to see if they were already in the sampling frame; otherwise, they
were added. Additionally, the survey team realized that the regional offices of government institutions with
R&D mandates were not completely listed in the sampling frames. Examples of these government agencies
are PhilRice, BPI, DA, DOH Centers for Health Development, etc. The sampling frames were then updated
based on these considerations. Table below illustrates the obtained results in identifying the R&D performing
institutions through Phase 1 and the imputations that were done by exploiting external data sources.

Appendix Table A1. Number of institutions that undertake R&D by sector.

Phase 1 results Imputations*
With R&D at the With R&D at the
Sector Initial list With DOST R&D CHED/ DOST Web
Responded end of Phase 1 end of Phase 2
R&D List Projects search

88 21 14 263
GOV 670 73 32 155
(88) (31) (15)
269 43 487 865
HEI 2,354 100 66 865
(298) (171) (530)
29 0 24 67
PNPI 354 21 9 62
(32) (0) (24)
* The numbers enclosed in parentheses indicate the number of institutions found in the external data source, whereas the number above is the number
of institutions in the external source that were captured in addition to the ones identified in the Phase 1 or using the previously used external source,
e.g., data sources from CHED and DOST listed 171 HEIs that were granted research projects, of which 43 HEIs were found to perform R&D but were not
captured in Phase 1 and the DOST R&D list.
Sources: Challenges in Designing and Implementing Research and Development Surveys in the Philippines (Maligalig et al., 2019), R&D Survey 2018

48
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Questionnaire Design

The questionnaire design of the current round of the R&D Survey in the country was based on the
recommended practices in the Frascati Manual for implementing R&D Surveys and review of the R&D
Survey questionnaires of other countries. Since the survey was conducted using two-phase sampling,
questionnaires for each sector were developed in both phases. The questionnaires for all three sectors
in Phase 1 collected information on whether the institution performed in-house R&D during the reference
year, personnel who are most knowledgeable about their R&D activities, and administrative units that
independently perform in-house R&D. For the higher education sector, additional questions about the
total number of graduate faculty and students were added in the Phase 1 questionnaire. This information
was used in the stratification scheme in the sampling design of the higher education sector. For the
government and private non-profit sectors, the Phase 1 survey collected information if the institution
provided R&D funds to other institutions in 2018. In general, the information derived from Phase 1 and the
records of the previous survey rounds served as basis for identifying the target institutions in Phase 2.

The Phase 2 questionnaires were designed to collect the information needed to measure the R&D
indicators. Major changes applied in the design were motivated by the objective to reduce nonresponses
and respondent’s burden in accomplishing the questionnaire while maintaining the granularity of the
R&D indicators generated in the survey. Instead of requiring the respondents to enumerate the research
projects and personnel involved of institutions, summary data at the institution level became the data
requirements in the survey. Although there were changes in the questions, the data collected could still
measure the R&D indicators generated in the past surveys. The proposed changes of the questionnaire
design from the 2015 to 2018 are summarized in the table below.

Appendix Table A2. Changes in the 2015 survey questionnaire that were implemented in the 2018 R&D Survey.
2015 Questionnaire 2018 Questionnaire
Headcount of personnel according to type of personnel, sex, age group, highest qualification
Enumeration or listing of all Personnel and and field of science
profile
Number of personnel by percent of time spent in R&D by occupation
Total expenditures and their subcategories
Enumeration or listing of all research
Percentage of R&D expenditure according to sources categories
projects with their expenditure and source
of funds Percentage of R&D expenditure according to type of research, field of science and technology,
and socio-economic objectives
Enumeration of name of agency with R&D Name of institution and total amount of funds provided to other institution for R&D
funded by the institution
Enumeration of published journals Total number of journals published (local and international)
Source: Challenges in Designing and Implementing Research and Development Surveys in the Philippines (Maligalig et al., 2019).

Sample Selection

Since no sufficient auxiliary data was available to identify the target population, a two-phase sampling
design was employed following the recommended survey. Under this design, a census of all institutions
in the initial sampling frames was conducted in Phase 1 to identify which institutions undertook in-house
R&D in the year 2018. At the end of Phase 1 and some supplementary imputations using various external
sources, comprehensive lists of R&D performing institutions were attained, which served as the sampling
frames for the probability surveys that were carried out in the next phase.

49
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

In Phase 2, a complete enumeration of all institutions was again conducted for the government and private
non-profit sectors since the total number of R&D performing institutions in these sectors are small. On
the other hand, a stratified random sampling design was employed for the higher education sector due
to its large population size and the notion that R&D undertakings correlate to the graduate capacity of
universities and colleges. In this sector, institutions were stratified according to the size of their graduate
enrolment. Three strata were formed, namely, small (with less than 1,000 graduate enrolment), large
(with at least 1,000 graduate enrolment), and unknown (with no information of graduate size based on the
sampling frame).

Institutions in the large stratum were selected with certainty, i.e., all institutions in this stratum were
included in the sample, whereas simple random samples were gathered in the small and unknown strata.
In both strata, the sample sizes were determined as

(z PQ )
2
 2
nSRS =
(z  2 PQ )
2

d2 +
N
wherezZa/2
where 2 isis
the
theabscissa
abscissaofofthethestandard
standard normal distributiongiven
normal distribution (1 − 100%
given(1–a) ) 100% confidence
confidence level;
level; N isN is
thethe populationsize;
population size;PP isisthe
the proportion
proportion of
ofaamajor
majorcharacteristic
characteristicofofinterest;
interest; Q=1-Pand
Q=1-P; d isdthe
; and margin
is the margin
of error. Since that the survey team did not have full access to the previous survey rounds data, the most
of error. Since that the survey team did not have full access to the previous survey rounds data, the
conservative estimate of the population variability was imposed such that P=0.5. Appendix Table A3
most conservative estimate of the population variability was imposed such that P=0.5. Appendix Table
presents the tentative sample sizes for the small and unknown strata under varying confidence levels and
A3 presents the tentative sample sizes for the small and unknown strata under varying confidence levels
values of margin error.
and values of margin error.

Appendix Table A3. Summary of tentative sample sizes computed for small and
unknown strata.
Level of Margin of Error, d
Stratum Confidence,
1–∝ 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.01
0.950 77 128 187 272 350
Small 0.975 94 151 211 289 353
0.990 115 176 235 304 356
0.950 80 137 207 316 428
Unknown 0.975 99 164 237 339 432
0.990 122 193 268 360 436

It was then decided to consider the sample size computed with a margin of error of 0.05 and a level of
confidence of 0.95 as it would give greater balance between the resources and the precision of estimates
to be obtained in this survey. After sample sizes were determined for the small and unknown strata, these
were then proportionally allocated to all regions to ensure that all regions were represented in the sample.
Simple random samples (SRS) are then gathered for each region per stratum. The final regional sample
sizes for the small and unknown strata are shown in Appendix Table A4. This is followed by Appendix Table
A5 which shows the population and sample sizes at the stratum level.

50
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Appendix Table A4. Population sizes (Nreg) and sample sizes (nreg)
per region for the small and unknown strata in the higher education sector.
Small Unknown
Region
Nreg nreg Nreg nreg
01 - Ilocos Region 19 10 19 9
02 - Cagayan Valley 19 10 16 8
03 - Central Luzon 26 14 31 15
04A - CALABARZON 34 18 70 33
04B - MIMAROPA 12 7 40 19
05 - Bicol Region 21 12 29 13
06 - Western Visayas 37 21 49 22
07 - Central Visayas 26 14 27 13
08 - Eastern Visayas 18 10 23 11
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 12 7 46 21
10 - Northern Mindanao 19 11 16 7
11 - Davao Region 16 9 16 8
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 13 8 24 11
National Capital Region 52 27 22 11
CAR 13 7 7 4
BARMM 7 4 8 4
Caraga 11 7 12 6
Total 363 196 447 215
Sources: INSTAT (2019) Survey Operations Manual of the 2018 Research and
Development Survey; 2018 Research and Development Survey

Appendix Table A5. Population sizes (Nh) and sample

sizes (nh) per stratum.
Sector Nh nh
Government 262 262
Private non-profit 67 67
Higher education 865 466
Large 55 55
Small 355 193
Unknown 455 218
Source: Survey Operations Manual of the 2018 Research
and Development Survey. Institute of Statistics (2019).

Survey Operations

Various modes of data collection were employed to improve the response rates in both Phase 1 and
Phase 2 of the R&D survey. When the initial sampling frames were constructed for the government,
higher education, and private non-profit sectors in Phase 1, online mode through the survey platform
SurveyMonkey1 was initially rolled out in the last week of May 2019 for all institutions with available email
addresses in the sampling frames. Telephone follow-ups were then conducted shortly after the launching
of the online survey to improve the coverage of the online survey and to update the contact information of
1
SurveyMonkey is a cloud-based survey platform that allows its users to design, implement, and analyze surveys through various online data
collection modes.

51
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

the sampled institutions. Several rounds of telephone follow-ups were carried out to improve the collected
data from Phase 1 and to generate quality sampling frames for the next phase.

Using the constructed sampling frames at the end of Phase 1, the same standards for gathering data were
implemented in Phase 2. The questionnaires were also initially rolled out through SurveyMonkey in the
first week of September 2019 supplemented with telephone follow-ups. In January 2020, formal letters
enclosed with the hard copies of the questionnaires were sent to the institutions through post. Just as
more responses were beginning to come in, the COVID-19 pandemic struck which slowed down not only the
operations of the survey, but also of the sampled institutions.

The field operations began on the second week of March 2020 when select personnel from the DOST
regional offices were engaged as data collectors of their respective regions. Prior to the field follow-
ups, training was first conducted to orient the data collectors of some information about the current
survey round, their responsibilities, and the role of INSTAT as technical support to facilitate efficient
collaboration. In the training, quality practices in collecting, validating, and encoding responses in the R&D
survey were outlined. Some pointers on the follow-ups that INSTAT had already made with the institutions
were forwarded to the assigned data collectors so as not to disrupt the flow of communication.
Illustrations of common errors and inconsistencies in the accomplished questionnaires were also given
to guide them in validating the collected responses. Because of the implementation of the community
quarantine restrictions in almost all the regions beginning 16 March 2020, in-person training was
conducted only for CALABARZON and Zamboanga Peninsula, while virtual training was organized for the
other regions.

During the field operations, a survey supervisor was designated for each region to oversee the data
collectors. These survey supervisors, in close collaboration with the lead data collectors of each region,
served as the focal persons in providing updates to the INSTAT survey team. Regular team meetings within
the core survey team were held to discuss and address some blockers that were encountered in the field
operations.

A system for monitoring the responses of the institutions was also developed to observe the number
of questionnaires collected in the survey operations over time. In the monitoring form, the sampled
institutions were assigned a response status to indicate if they responded to the survey or otherwise.
Once an institution responded, they were then categorized as either eligible or ineligible based on their
communication with the project team. Ineligible institutions are those that did not conduct any in-house
research activity for the reference year. Eligible institutions submit completed questionnaire forms,
whereas ineligible institutions usually submit written documents to inform the survey team of their
ineligibility to the survey. During the field operations, regular updates on the status of the survey were
communicated to the data collectors to ensure that all responses were accounted for in the survey.
The field follow-ups closed in November 2020 but a grace period on the submission of accomplished
questionnaires was set until January 2021. By then, higher than targeted response rates were achieved per
region and at the national level. Appendix Table A6 below summarizes the results of the survey operations.

52
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Appendix Table A6. Regional response rates.

Number of Respondents
Region Response
Sample Size
Eligible Ineligible Rate*

Philippines (national) 795 417 228 81%

01 - Ilocos Region 38 30 7 97%
02 - Cagayan Valley 33 23 9 97%
03 - Central Luzon 49 35 13 98%
04A - CALABARZON 75 33 22 73%
04B - MIMAROPA 30 12 17 97%
05 - Bicol Region 38 15 10 66%
06 - Western Visayas 67 46 18 96%
07 - Central Visayas 44 24 9 75%
08 - Eastern Visayas 34 27 5 94%
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 41 13 26 95%
10 - Northern Mindanao 28 18 10 100%
11 - Davao Region 37 21 13 92%
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 35 13 14 77%
National Capital Region 181 71 39 61%
CAR 25 14 5 76%
BARMM 14 5 3 57%
Caraga 26 17 8 96%
*Response rates were computed as the non-weighted percentages of institutions that
responded either as eligible or ineligible over the sample size.
Source: 2018 R&D Survey

Data Processing

Due to the lack of comprehensive sampling frames with updated contact information of the target
institutions in Phase 1, updating the sampling frames together with identifying whether the institutions
perform in-house R&D were simultaneously the main undertakings in Phase 1. Institutions identified to
have invalid email addresses in the initial sampling frames were easily identified when the online survey
in Phase 1 was rolled out. These institutions, together with the ones that lacked contact details in the
sampling frame, were targeted in the telephone follow-ups so that a more updated sampling frame is
prepared for the next phase. Contact information of institutions were continuously updated in Phase 2
every time more reliable information was collected in the survey operations.

Accomplished questionnaires were immediately validated as soon as they were received by the survey
team. Responding institutions were first checked if they performed in-house R&D activities during the
reference period. Once identified to be eligible in the survey, their accomplished questionnaires were then
reviewed for errors and inconsistencies in their overall response. Counts of R&D personnel were checked
if they were consistent across various categories. Percentages in the accomplished questionnaires were
checked if they correctly totaled to 100%. Logic in both Part 5 (Provided R&D Funds to Other Institutions)
and Part 6 (Published Scientific Articles) of the questionnaire forms were also reviewed for consistency.
Issues found in the questionnaires were clarified with the respondents to improve the quality of the
collected data. The survey team was fortunate to still be accommodated by the respondents in the

53
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

clarifications. For cases, however, when the institution was no longer responsive in the clarifications, the
survey supervisors then had the discretion to apply corrections that were deemed logical based on the
available information. Otherwise, data on the questionnaires were left as they were.

As the online survey was the first mode implemented, the database generated in SurveyMonkey served as the
main repository of all the responses received in the survey regardless of mode of data collection. Responses
collected through the online survey were already found in the SurveyMonkey database. For accomplished
questionnaires received via email or formal letter, the assigned supervisor of the region in which the
institution belongs was responsible for encoding the accomplished questionnaire in SurveyMonkey. This
system of encoding the responses was also implemented when the follow-ups were turned over to the data
collectors. Web links of the online version of the questionnaires were given to them for encoding. Moreover,
guidelines for encoding completed questionnaires were set for compliance to minimize coding errors.

Regular data cleaning was conducted whenever preliminary analysis of the survey was performed. With
each round of data processing, gaps between the identified eligible institutions in the monitoring form
and the encoded responses in the database were flagged for the appropriate action of the designated
supervisors. Institutions found to have submitted their accomplished questionnaires but were still not
encoded in the database were identified. Responses recorded in the database with suspicious response
status in the monitoring form were clarified. Multiple responses of institutions in the database were
individually cross-checked with the completed questionnaires to identify the correct entry. When all
collected responses were accounted for in the database and data cleaning was completed, responses of
some higher education institutions and government agencies were consolidated with their corresponding
administrative units that also responded to the survey. At the end of the data cleaning process,
institution-level responses were produced. Finally, design variables, like region, stratum, stratum sizes for
finite population correction, and survey weights, were incorporated into the data to perform the analysis.

Determination of Survey Weights

The base weight for an institution is the inverse of its selection probability. Since all institutions in the
government sector, private non-profit sector, and large stratum of the higher education sector were
selected with certainty, all these institutions have base weights of 1. For the small and unknown strata
in which samples were taken using SRS, the base weights wi computed as wi = Nregi /nregi where Nregi
and nregi are respectively the population and sample sizes of the region and stratum to which institution
belongs. Due to non-response and the high number of ineligible institutions that were included in the
sampled population, weighting adjustment wadj due to nonresponse, which is defined as the inverse of the
base weighted response rates, needed to be applied to the base weights to derive the final survey weights.
That is, wfinali = wi ×wadj.

To adjust for the nonresponse, the response rates, defined as the proportion of eligible institutions that
responded among the eligible institutions that were sampled, were determined at the stratum level as
shown in Appendix Table A7. Then the response rate Rh for stratum h is computed as Rh = mh/nhe , where
mh is the number of eligible institutions that responded to the survey and is the number of sampled
institutions that are eligible. Eligibility of institutions in the survey was determined, however, at the stage
‹

of data collection where the R&D activities of respondent institutions were closely investigated. As several
institutions in the sample were left to have unknown eligibility due to nonresponse, the exact value of
nhe could not be determined. However, since nhe = phe × nh, where phe is the eligibility rate (proportion of

54
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

eligible institutions) in stratum h, nhe was then estimated using the observed eligibility rate
ph* = mh/ nrh where nrh is the number of sampled institutions in stratum that responded to the survey,
regardless of eligibility. Accordingly, the number of eligible samples was estimated by nh = ph* × nh.
Therefore, the weighting adjustments wadj for each sector is given by

N regi nh
which
which follows
follows that
that w=
finali  .
nregi nrh

Appendix Table A7. Weight Adjustments

Stratum Stratum size Sample size Total respons- Eligible respons- Weight adjustment
es es
Government
wadjh = ( nh − 1)
Private non-profit
(
nrh − 1 263 ) 67
31 = 2.129
= 66 262
67
230 145
18
1.139
32 2.129
Higher education
Large 55 55 48 N regi n45 1.146
that w152
=  124.
h
Small 355 which follows
193 finali 1.270
nregi nrh
Unknown 455 218 183 85 1.191
Source: 2018 R&D Survey

Because a PNPI has significantly higher inputs and outputs compared to the rest of eligible PNPIs, the
outlier PNPI was assigned the final survey weight of 1. The weighting adjustment applied to the other
PNPIs was then computed as
wadjh = ( nh − 1) nrh − 1 = 66
31 (
= 2.129 )
. All regions in the government, PNPI,
and large HEI have uniform final survey weights except for the outlier PNPI. The following table shows the
weight of institutions in the small and unknown strata.

Appendix Table A8. Base weights (wi) and final survey weights (wfinali) of
institutions per region in the small and unknown strata.
Small Unknown
Region
wi wfinali wi wfinali
01 - Ilocos Region 1.900 2.413 2.111 2.515
02 - Cagayan Valley 1.900 2.413 2.000 2.383
03 - Central Luzon 1.857 2.358 2.067 2.462
04A - CALABARZON 1.889 2.398 2.121 2.527
04B - MIMAROPA 1.714 2.177 2.105 2.508
05 - Bicol Region 1.833 2.328 2.154 2.566
06 - Western Visayas 1.857 2.358 2.136 2.545
07 - Central Visayas 1.857 2.358 2.077 2.474
08 - Eastern Visayas 1.800 2.286 2.091 2.491
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 1.857 2.358 2.143 2.553
10 - Northern Mindanao 1.818 2.309 2.143 2.553
11 - Davao Region 1.778 2.257 2.000 2.383
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 1.875 2.381 2.000 2.383
National Capital Region 1.926 2.445 2.000 2.383
CAR 1.857 2.358 1.750 2.085
BARMM 1.750 2.222 2.000 2.383
Caraga 1.714 2.177 1.833 2.184
Source: 2018 R&D Survey

55
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Estimation Procedure and Analysis

The estimators required to achieve the target indicators in the R&D survey were mostly in the form
of totals and proportions. To provide a measure of the precision of the estimates, the corresponding
standard errors were also computed using Taylor Series Linearization (TSL), which is a variance estimation
method that renders robust results even for nonlinear estimators, like subpopulation means and totals.
TSL is the default variance estimation procedure in many reputable statistics software like R, Stata, and
SAS. All computations in this survey report were executed using the ‘survey’ package in R.

Estimating totals
Let yysisibebethe
thevalue
valueofofthe
thecharacteristic
characteristicofofinterest
interesty yobserved
observedfor
forinstitution
institutioni iininsector
sectors sand
andwsiwbe
si be
itsits
corresponding survey weight. The population total for sector ss was was estimated
estimated by by the
the weighted
weighted sumsum
Ŷˆ ∑
Yss == Si wsiwysisiy.si.Since
Sinceall
allsectors
sectorscan
canbebepresumed
presumedtotobe beindependent
independentofofeach
eachother,
other,the
thetotal
totalfor
forall
allthree
three
sectors i was estimated by Ŷ = Si Ŷs with corresponding variance computed as the direct sum of the

sectors
variancewas estimated
estimates of the Yˆ = totals.
by sector Yˆs withThat
∑ corresponding
is, var (Ŷ) =variance
Ss varcomputed
(Ŷs). as the direct sum of the
s

variance
Estimating estimates
proportions ( )
of the sector totals. That is, var Yˆ = ∑ var Yˆs . ( )
The percentage of expenditures attributed to the categoriess of various classifications of R&D – sources
of R&D funds,
Estimating types of research, field of science and technology, and socio-economic objectives – are
proportions
examples
The percentageof estimates of proportion.
of expenditures To estimate
attributed the % shares,
to the categories two additional
of various variables
classifications of were
R&D –first derived
sources
for each institution:
of R&D funds, types of research, field of science and technology, and socio-economic objectives – are
examples of estimates of proportion. To estimate the % shares, two additional variables were first
derived
• R&D forexpenditures
each institution:that correspond to category of classification ; and
• R&D expenditures that correspond to classification as a whole. This is due to the item nonresponse
i. R&D andexpenditures
measurementykerror . si that correspond
incurred in thetosurvey,
category k of classification
wherein the total of the c; and
percentages for each
ii. R&D expenditures
classification did not x that correspond to classification
c . si necessarily total to 100% for all institutions. c as a whole. This is due to the item
nonresponse and measurement error incurred in the survey, wherein the total of the percentages for
Then,each
using classification did not
the estimation necessarily
procedure total to
for totals 100% for
outlined all institutions.
above, the desired percentage for a category k at
the sector level was estimated by pk.s = Ŷk.s/Xc.s, where Ŷk.s and Xc.s are the sector totals for yk.si and xk.si,
‹

‹
‹

Then, using the estimation procedure for totals outlined above, the desired percentage for a category k
respectively.
at the sector levelTo compute
was estimatedfor the overall
by pˆ k .s%=share
Yˆk .s Xpˆ kc.sof, where
a category k forXˆall sectors,
Yˆk .s and pk was directly derived
c . s are the sector totals for yk . si
fromxthe, sector-level estimates of the percentages pk.s and total R&D expenditures Ŷs. This is given by
‹

and c . si respectively. To compute for the overall % share pk of a category k for all sectors, pk was
directly derived from the sector-level estimates of the percentages pk .s and total R&D expenditures Yˆs .
This is given by
∑s pˆ k .sYˆs Yˆ
= pˆ k = ∑ s 2pˆ k .s
Correspondingly, its variance estimator is var (p ∑sk)Yˆ=s Ss ,s Yˆ var (pk.s), where var (pk.s) are the TSL-
‹

computed variance estimates for each sector.

2
 Yˆs 
Correspondingly, its variance
Estimating the proportion estimator isthat
of institutions ( pˆ k ) = ∑R&D
varprovided  varto
 ˆfunds ( pˆother
k . s ) , where var ( pand
institutions ˆ k .s )published
are the TSL-
s  Y 
scientific articles
computed varianceisestimates
a special case of estimating
for each sector. pk.s such that the categories are either yes or no. When
‹

estimating the overall proportion for all sectors in this case, however, the proportions are weighted by the
Estimating the proportion
number of eligible institutions of institutions
instead of that provided
the total R&D R&D funds to other institutions and published
expenditures.
scientific articles is a special case of estimating pk .s such that the categories are either yes or no. When
estimating the overall proportion for all sectors in this case, however, the proportions are weighted by
the number of eligible institutions instead of the total R&D expenditures.

56
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Estimating the total R&D expenditure and total R&D personnel

The total R&D expenditure and total R&D personnel should include the share from all sectors –
government, higher education, private non-profit, and the private business. Since there is no R&D survey
conducted for the private business sector for this specific purpose, the PSA included two questions about
the R&D activities in the ASPBI. These questions were about the total R&D expenditure and total R&D
personnel of sampled businesses and hence, results from ASPBI would have completed the compilation of
total R&D expenditure. However, as of this writing, the results of the 2018 ASPBI are not yet available.

To provide an estimate of the contribution of the private business sector to the total R&D expenditure
and R&D personnel, the 2018 Census of Philippine Business and Industry (CPBI) was instead utilized. While
all establishments in the Philippines were enumerated in the CPBI, only the main economic activity of
establishments was considered in classifying them. Hence, the in-house R&D activities that establishments
performed as secondary economic activity were not accounted for in the CPBI. In this regard, the estimates
derived from CPBI likely underestimate the total R&D expenditure and the total R&D personnel of the private
sector, nevertheless these could be taken as preliminary estimates in lieu of the still forthcoming ASPBI
results. The R&D data that were taken from CPBI are presented in Appendix Table A9.

Appendix Table A9. Summary of R&D data taken from the 2018 Census of Philippine Business and Industry

Philippine Standard Number of Total Expenditure

Industry Description Total Employed
Industry Code Establishments (‘000 Pesos)

Research and experimental

M721 development on natural sciences and 37 1,618 1,875,740
engineering
Research and experimental
M722 development on social sciences and 13 945 767,380
humanities

Research and experimental

M723 development in information 16 4,007 4,152,106
technology

Research and experimental

M724 development services, not elsewhere 5 70 68,133
covered.
Total 71 6,640 6,863,359
Source: Comparative Statistics for Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities Establishments by Industry Group:
Philippines, 2018 and 2012 Census of Philippine Business and Industry, Philippine Statistics Authority.

Appendix Table A10 shows how the data derived from the 2018 CPBI were combined with the results of
the 2018 R&D Survey. Since only establishments with research as their main function were considered,
the employees were assumed to be full-time in the R&D activities. Moreover, there was no available
classification of employees into researchers, technicians, and other support staff.

Appendix Table A10. Combining 2018 R&D Survey and 2018 CPBI
2018 R&D Survey 2018 CPBI
Data field Total
(HEI + Government + PNPI) (Private Business)
R&D Expenditure (‘000 Php) 28,546,815 6,863,359 35,410,174
Public 22,838,792 - 22,838,792
Private 5,708,023 6,863,359 12,571,382
Personnel (headcount) 54,564 6,640 61,204
Personnel FTE 24,034 6,640 30,674
Sources: 2018 CPBI and 2018 R&D Survey.

57
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Subpopulation estimates
When estimating over subpopulations such as regions, college or university systems, government
departments, etc., the observed characteristic is simply redefined such that it takes the same value
for units that belong in the subpopulation of interest and zero, otherwise. For example, in the higher
education sector, if the objective is to estimate the total R&D expenditure of public HEIs, then a new
variable is created where the R&D expenditures of public HEIs are kept as they are, while the expenditures
of private HEIs are set to zero. This new variable is then utilized for estimation that follows the discussion
above. This type of analysis can be easily performed using the ‘svyby’ function of the ‘survey’ package.

Generally, the regional designation of institutions in the survey, particularly in the government sector,
follows their respective physical addresses. Hence, the R&D undertakings of DA-CALABARZON and DOH-
MIMAROPA, among others, were attributed to the National Capital Region as it is where these are located
despite representing other regions. In the case of the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau
(ERDB), which has six research centers2 in different regions across the country, the R&D undertakings of
the whole bureau was attributed to CALABARZON since ERDB has a centralized R&D reckoning system.

Dissemination of Survey Results

This survey report is the final and major output of the 2018 R&D Survey and serves as the primary tool in
disseminating the survey results and findings. As policymakers in the country are among the target users
of R&D data, major indicators – R&D expenditure and number of personnel involved in R&D – as well as
disaggregation according to various categories were reported at the regional and sector levels. These
data will further guide the decision-makers on how resources need to be allocated and which sectors
need substantial interventions. By producing statistics that can describe the status of S&T in the country,
policymakers are better informed on what programs need to be implemented to drive technological
innovation.

To disseminate the results and encourage better participation in this initiative, all institutions that
responded in the survey will be emailed online copies of the report along with hard copies that will be sent
to them through posts. Moreover, this document will also be uploaded to the official websites of INSTAT
and DOST. Supplementary to this report, dissemination workshops shall be conducted through webinars
where major stakeholders of the survey will be invited. Online workshops to present the national R&D
indicators will first be arranged, followed by dissemination workshops at the individual regions where
regional survey results will be given emphasis.

The research centers ERDB are (i) Watershed & Water Resources Research, Development and Extension Center in Ilocos; (ii) Urban and Biodiversity
2

Research, Development and Extension Center in Bicol; (iii) Coastal Resources and Ecotourism Research, Development and Extension Center in Cen-
tral Visayas; (iv) Agroforestry Research, Development and Extension Center in SOCCSKSARGEN; (v) Forest and Wetland Research, Development and
Extension Center in Caraga; and (vi) Toxic and Hazardous Wastes Research, Development and Extension Center in NCR.

58
appendix B

Statistical Tables
This appendix presents the tables of computed indicators in the 2018 R&D Survey and other relevant
statistics. The first digit of the table number indicates the chapter for which the table belongs.
Appendix B. Statistical Tables
This appendix presents the tables of computed indicators in the 2018 R&D Survey and other relevant statistics. The first digit of the table number indicates the
chapter for which the table belongs.

Appendix Table B1.1 Research and Development Indicators

Indicator 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2018*
R&D Personnel per million
116 165 165 165 181 191 233 246 574
inhabitants
R&D Personnel full time equivalent
72 115 110 108 112 117 196 138 288
per million inhabitants
Researchers per million inhabitants 90 106 125 130 142 149 184 199 336 **
Researchers full time equivalent per
55 72 81 79 83 85 114 104 132 **
million inhabitants
R&D expenditures as % of GDP 0.133 0.125 0.108 0.105 0.105 0.112 0.132 0.157 0.194
Private R&D Expenditures as % of
0.095 0.092 0.069 0.068 0.067 0.061 0.052 0.078 0.069
GDP
Public R&D Expenditures as % of GDP 0.037 0.034 0.039 0.037 0.037 0.051 0.080 0.083 0.125
Share of Public R&D Expenditure (%) 28.00 26.82 36.21 35.21 35.74 45.27 60.81 52.80 64.50
R&D Expenditures to Personnel 619 438 452 516 527 629 697 874 579
R&D Expenditures to Personnel full
993 629 676 808 847 1028 827 1558 1,154
time equivalent
R&D expenditures to Researcher 801 667 595 658 671 803 833 1081 1,188 **
R&D expenditures to Researcher full
1,319 1,008 923 1,086 1,154 1,408 1,426 2,071 2,029 **
time equivalent
Memo Items:
Population (million) 80.16 81.88 85.26 88.57 92.2 94.82 98.20 101.56 106.60
Gross Domestic Product (million Php) 4,350,560 4,717,809 5,917,282 7,198,245 8,390,421 10,144,661 12,050,592 13,944,157 18,265,190
Total R&D Personnel 9,325 13,488 14,087 14,649 16,673 18,110 36,517 25,021 61,204
Total R&D full time equivalent 5,811 9,390 9,407 9,357 10,370 11,079 26,333 14,037 30,674
Number of Researchers 7,203 8,866 10,690 11,490 13,091 14,169 26,495 20,239 35,848 **
Number of Researchers full time
4,373 5,860 6,896 6,957 7,608 8,083 18,257 10,557 14,067 **
equivalent
Total R&D Expenditures ('000 Php) 5,770 5,910 6,362 7,556 8,779 11,384 15,915 21,869 35,410
Private R&D Expenditures 4,154 4,325 4,059 4,896 5,641 6,231 6,237 10,862 12,571
Public R&D Expenditures 1,616 1,585 2,304 2,660 3,138 5,153 9,678 11,546 22,839
*2018 data and indicators include R&D data from the 2018 Census of Philippine Business and Industry.
**2018 data does not include any R&D data from business and industry.
Sources: 2015 Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry and previous years, Philippine Statistics Authority
2018 Research and Development Surveys and previous years, Department of Science and Technology
Philippine Statistics Authority website

Appendix Table B1.2 Regional Research and Development Indicators: Total Personnel and Researchers
Indicators (per million population) Total R&D
Total R&D Researchers
Region Researchers Population Personnel
Personnel
Total FTE Total FTE Total FTE Total FTE
I ‐ Ilocos 551 206 354 119 5.14 2,833 1,057 1,818 611
II ‐ Cagayan 749 225 481 107 3.54 2,652 797 1,704 377
III ‐ Central Luzon 357 186 215 100 11.56 4,130 2,146 2,487 1,161
IVA ‐ CALABARZON 393 212 216 105 14.99 5,897 3,170 3,237 1,569
IVB ‐ MIMAROPA 315 114 233 54 3.11 979 354 725 169
V ‐ Bicol 247 96 168 55 6.09 1,505 584 1,026 336
VI ‐ Western Visayas 1,094 426 753 202 4.62 5,055 1,971 3,481 936
VII ‐ Central Visayas 449 154 307 96 6.26 2,814 965 1,922 603
VIII ‐ Eastern Visayas 625 211 397 135 4.65 2,904 981 1,845 629 59
IX ‐ Zamboanga
Peninsula 201 91 73 22 3.78 758 343 274 84
Sources: 2015 Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry and previous years, Philippine Statistics Authority
2018
RESEARCH ANDResearch and Development
DEVELOPMENT SURVEYSurveys
REPORTand 2018
previous years, Department of Science and Technology
Philippine Statistics Authority website

Appendix Table B1.2 Regional Research and Development Indicators: Total Personnel and Researchers
Indicators (per million population) Total R&D
Total R&D Researchers
Region Researchers Population Personnel
Personnel
Total FTE Total FTE Total FTE Total FTE
I ‐ Ilocos 551 206 354 119 5.14 2,833 1,057 1,818 611
II ‐ Cagayan 749 225 481 107 3.54 2,652 797 1,704 377
III ‐ Central Luzon 357 186 215 100 11.56 4,130 2,146 2,487 1,161
IVA ‐ CALABARZON 393 212 216 105 14.99 5,897 3,170 3,237 1,569
IVB ‐ MIMAROPA 315 114 233 54 3.11 979 354 725 169
V ‐ Bicol 247 96 168 55 6.09 1,505 584 1,026 336
VI ‐ Western Visayas 1,094 426 753 202 4.62 5,055 1,971 3,481 936
VII ‐ Central Visayas 449 154 307 96 6.26 2,814 965 1,922 603
VIII ‐ Eastern Visayas 625 211 397 135 4.65 2,904 981 1,845 629
IX ‐ Zamboanga
Peninsula 201 91 73 22 3.78 758 343 274 84
X ‐ Northern Mindanao 474 203 309 112 4.84 2,296 985 1,497 542
XI ‐ Davao 418 234 231 86 5.10 2,134 1,193 1,177 441
XII ‐ SOCCSKSARGEN 165 73 90 25 4.75 783 346 426 117
National Capital Region 1,258 595 935 444 13.10 16,477 7,789 12,243 5,819
CAR 1,074 362 562 157 1.79 1,925 648 1,008 281
BARM 126 80 79 37 4.03 506 323 317 150
Caraga 335 140 242 88 2.73 915 384 661 242
Sources: 2018 Research and Development Surveys and previous years, Department of Science and Technology
Population projections were computed using the 2015 population and the average annual population growth rate
from the 2015 Census of Population and Housing. Philippine Statistics Authority website

Appendix Table B1.3 Regional Research and Development Indicators: Public and Private Expenditures
R&D Expenditures as % of GRDP GRDP R& D Expenditures (Thousand Php)
Region
(million Php)
Total Public Private Total Public Private
I ‐ Ilocos 0.051 0.038 0.012 547,523 277,751 209,387 68,364
II ‐ Cagayan 0.108 0.097 0.010 303,001 325,818 294,415 31,403
III ‐ Central Luzon 0.349 0.346 0.004 1,620,342 5,663,078 5,603,840 59,237
IVA ‐ CALABARZON 0.198 0.068 0.130 2,571,284 5,085,584 1,737,773 3,347,811
IVB ‐ MIMAROPA 0.029 0.029 0.000 274,305 80,063 79,748 316
V ‐ Bicol 0.120 0.117 0.003 374,318 449,327 436,965 12,362
VI ‐ Western Visayas 0.112 0.076 0.037 739,011 829,650 558,996 270,655
VII ‐ Central Visayas 0.069 0.058 0.011 1,156,592 795,564 669,137 126,427
VIII ‐ Eastern Visayas 0.082 0.080 0.001 354,551 289,844 284,788 5,056
IX ‐ Zamboanga 0.098 0.072 0.026 342,260 333,918 245,408 88,510
X ‐ Northern
Mindanao 0.056 0.053 0.002 691,656 384,666 369,862 14,804
XI ‐ Davao 0.057 0.036 0.021 816,874 465,082 295,520 169,563
XII ‐ SOCCSKSARGEN 0.033 0.028 0.004 472,663 154,638 134,589 20,049
NCR 0.186 0.163 0.023 6,534,797 12,153,634 10,660,455 1,493,180
CAR 0.067 0.067 0.000 304,301 204,156 204,156 ‐
ARMM 0.698 0.698 0.000 128,711 898,555 898,444 111
Caraga 0.080 0.080 0.000 194014 155,485 155,309 176
Data and indicators do not include R&D data from the business and industry.
Sources: 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018 Research and Development Surveys, Department of Science and Technology
Philippine Statistics Authority Website for the Gross Regional Domestic Product

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 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Appendix Table B1.4 Regional Research and Development Indicators: Expenditure per Type of Personnel
R&D expenditure per type of personnel Total R&D R & D Personnel Researchers
Region Total R&D Researcher Expenditure Total Total
Total R&D Researcher FTE FTE
FTE FTE (‘000 Php) (Headcount) (Headcount)
I ‐ Ilocos 98 263 153 455 277,751 2,833 1,057 1,818 611
II ‐ Cagayan 123 409 191 863 325,818 2,652 797 1,704 377
III ‐ Central Luzon 1,371 2,639 2,277 4,878 5,663,078 4,130 2,146 2,487 1,161
IVA ‐ CALABARZON 862 1,604 1,571 3,241 5,085,584 5,897 3,170 3,237 1,569
IVB ‐ MIMAROPA 82 226 110 475 80,063 979 354 725 169
V ‐ Bicol 299 770 438 1,337 449,327 1,505 584 1,026 336
VI ‐ Western 164 421 238 887 829,650 5,055 1,971 3,481 936
VII ‐ Central 283 824 414 1,320 795,564 2,814 965 1,922 603
VIII ‐ Eastern 100 295 157 461 289,844 2,904 981 1,845 629
IX ‐ Zamboanga 440 973 1,217 3,954 333,918 758 343 274 84
X ‐ Northern 168 391 257 710 384,666 2,296 985 1,497 542
XI ‐ Davao 218 390 395 1,055 465,082 2,134 1,193 1,177 441
XII ‐ SOCCSKSARGEN 197 447 363 1,318 154,638 783 346 426 117
NCR 738 1,560 993 2,088 12,153,634 16,477 7,789 12,243 5,819
CAR 106 315 203 725 204,156 1,925 648 1,008 281
ARMM 1,776 2,786 2,836 5,990 898,555 506 323 317 150
Caraga 170 405 235 643 155,485 915 384 661 242
Sources: 2018 R&D Survey, Department of Science and Technology, PSA Website

Appendix Table B1.5 R&D Indicators of Selected Countries, Latest Year

Total R&D personnel per Researchers per
Latest GERD (%
Country million inhabitants million inhabitants
Year of GDP)
FTE Headcount FTE Headcount
Indonesia 2018 280 727 216 623 0.226
Japan 2018 7,051 9,508 5331 7,356 3.275
Malaysia 2018 2657 3913 2397 2857 1.041
Philippines 2018 288 574 132 336 0.194
Singapore 2017 7799 8636 6803 7493 1.925
Thailand 2017 2003 3139 1350 2170 1.002
Vietnam 2017 896 1825 708 1438 0.527
Sources: 2018 Census of Philippine Business and Industry
2018 R&D Survey, Department of Science and Technology
UNESCO Information System (UIS) Database, downloaded 6 March 2021

All succeeding tables are computed from the 2018 R&D Survey unless otherwise stated. The estimates are
presented with their corresponding standard errors (se), which measure the precision of the estimates.
All succeeding tables are computed from the 2018 R&D Survey unless otherwise stated. The estimates are presented with their corresponding standard errors
(se), which measure the precision of the estimates.

Appendix Table B2.1. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Source of Funds

HEI
PNPI GOV Overall
Source of Funds Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
% se % se % se % se % se % se
Institution's own funds 6.0 2.7 73.7 3.5 99.5 0.2 17.0 3.7 95.9 1.9 74.4 1.8
Other government funds 60.4 3.2 25.6 3.6 0.3 0.1 77.8 4.9 3.7 1.8 20.9 1.9
Private funds 26.6 2.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.3
Foreign funds 5.5 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 2.4 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.2
Other sources 1.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; GOV refers to the government sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers
to all three sectors combined.
0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B2.2. Source of R&D Funds by region, Private Higher Education
Sources of Funds 61
Region Institution's Own Government Private Foreign Other Sources
% se % se % se % se % se
 Other sources 1.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; GOV refers to the government sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers
to all three sectors combined.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
0.0 means magnitude SURVEY REPORT 2018
is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B2.2. Source of R&D Funds by region, Private Higher Education
Sources of Funds
Region Institution's Own Government Private Foreign Other Sources
% se % se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region 85.9 7.7 0.4 0.2 13.7 7.7 - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley 98.8 0.7 - - - - - - 1.2 0.7
03 - Central Luzon 85.2 3.5 3.6 0.9 11.2 2.6 - - - -
04A - CALABARZON 92.6 3.7 3.3 1.9 3.1 1.9 - - 1.0 0.7
04B - MIMAROPA 80.0 - 20.0 - - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
06 - Western Visayas 28.6 5.8 69.3 7.1 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.6 - -
07 - Central Visayas 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - - -
08 - Eastern Visayas 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 89.6 3.3 10.4 3.3 - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao 76.0 10.5 13.3 3.3 10.7 8.1 - - 0.0 0.0
11 - Davao Region 75.7 2.8 20.8 2.4 3.5 0.4 - - - -
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
National Capital Region 47.5 6.6 27.7 3.3 2.3 0.2 16.1 3.5 6.5 3.0
CAR - - - - - - - - - -
ARMM 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
Caraga 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B2.3. Source of R&D Funds by region, Public Higher Education
Sources of Funds
Region Institution's Own Government Private Foreign Other Sources
% se % se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region 94.5 2.2 4.3 2.2 1.3 0.6 - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley 57.1 5.9 42.9 5.9 - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon 79.4 5.4 19.7 5.2 0.1 0.0 - - 0.9 0.8
04A - CALABARZON 8.9 3.0 90.3 2.9 0.6 0.2 - - 0.2 0.2
04B - MIMAROPA 57.2 13.3 42.8 13.3 - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region 30.1 9.0 58.7 10.9 0.8 0.4 - - 10.3 6.6
06 - Western Visayas 77.0 12.1 17.1 10.9 0.9 0.7 - - 5.0 2.2
07 - Central Visayas 36.3 4.4 45.3 13.5 - - - - 18.4 10.6
08 - Eastern Visayas 55.1 14.0 37.4 15.1 0.9 0.5 6.3 3.3 0.3 0.3
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 69.3 3.8 30.7 3.8 - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao 12.7 2.5 86.2 3.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.9
11 - Davao Region 14.7 5.0 79.9 5.0 1.8 0.5 3.1 0.8 0.5 0.6
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 25.9 9.4 73.5 9.4 0.7 0.6 - - - -
National Capital Region 4.4 1.0 95.3 1.1 0.1 0.0 - - 0.2 0.1
CAR 54.4 6.1 29.0 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 15.9 11.1
ARMM 5.8 0.9 59.6 0.5 - - 34.6 0.4 - -
Caraga 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B2.4. Source of R&D Funds by region, Higher Education Overall
Sources of Funds
Region Institution's Own Government Private Foreign Other Sources
% se % se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region 89.8 4.7 2.2 1.2 8.1 4.9 - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley 76.1 7.9 23.4 8.0 - - - - 0.5 0.3
03 - Central Luzon 80.1 4.6 17.6 4.4 1.5 1.1 - - 0.7 0.7
04A - CALABARZON 13.4 4.0 85.6 4.0 0.7 0.2 - - 0.2 0.2
04B - MIMAROPA 57.3 13.2 42.7 13.2 - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region 43.1 10.1 47.8 11.2 0.7 0.3 - - 8.4 5.3
06 - Western Visayas 57.3 12.5 38.4 12.7 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 2.9 1.3
07 - Central Visayas 99.8 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 - - 0.0 0.0
08 - Eastern Visayas 56.0 13.8 36.6 14.9 0.9 0.5 6.2 3.2 0.3 0.3
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 85.0 5.0 15.0 5.0 - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao 16.2 5.0 82.1 6.2 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.8
11 - Davao Region 23.4 8.7 71.5 8.5 2.0 0.4 2.6 0.9 0.5 0.5
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 28.9 9.2 70.4 9.2 0.7 0.5 - - - -
National Capital Region 13.9 4.6 80.4 6.4 0.6 0.2 3.5 1.6 1.6 0.8
CAR 54.4 6.1 29.0 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 15.9 11.1
ARMM 5.8 0.9 59.6 0.5 - - 34.6 0.4 - -
Caraga 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

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Appendix Table B2.5. Source of R&D Funds by region, Government

Sources of Funds
Region Institution's Own Government Private Foreign Other Sources
% se % se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region 76.6 13.5 23.4 13.5 - - - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley 92.6 4.1 7.4 4.1 - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon 67.3 1.6 32.0 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2
04A - CALABARZON 89.3 4.0 9.7 3.8 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4 - -
04B - MIMAROPA 80.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region 37.9 7.7 61.9 7.6 - - - - 0.2 0.0
06 - Western Visayas 89.6 4.9 9.7 4.8 - - 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0
07 - Central Visayas 93.6 0.3 5.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 - -
08 - Eastern Visayas 92.5 1.3 - - - - - - 7.5 1.3
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 95.7 2.4 4.3 2.4 - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao 95.6 2.0 0.6 0.1 1.9 1.3 - - 1.9 1.5
11 - Davao Region 75.0 11.9 22.1 11.4 - - 2.8 2.1 - -
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
National Capital Region 76.6 7.1 22.6 7.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0
CAR 92.5 1.2 7.5 1.2 - - - - - -
ARMM 14.0 - 86.0 0.0 - - - - - -
Caraga 70.4 5.8 29.6 5.8 - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B2.6. Source of R&D Funds by region, Private Non-Profit

Sources of Funds
Region Institution's Own Government Private Foreign Other Sources
% se % se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region - - - - - - - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley - - - - - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon - - - - - - - - - -
04A - CALABARZON 2.4 0.6 64.5 0.6 26.0 1.9 5.5 1.5 1.6 0.4
04B - MIMAROPA - - - - - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region - - - - - - - - - -
06 - Western Visayas 78.9 18.1 - - 6.4 6.6 14.7 12.6 - -
07 - Central Visayas - - - - - - - - - -
08 - Eastern Visayas - - - - - - - - - -
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao - - - - - - - - - -
11 - Davao Region 34.5 2.6 5.6 0.4 56.8 4.2 3.2 3.6 - -
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 20.0 - - - 30.0 - 50.0 - - -
National Capital Region 61.2 18.7 25.2 18.1 12.4 11.0 1.3 0.7 - -
CAR - - - - - - - - - -
ARMM - - - - - - - - - -
Caraga - - - - - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B2.7. Source of R&D Funds by region, Overall

Sources of Funds
Region Government Private Foreign Other Sources
% se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region 75.2 10.5 24.8 2.7 - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley 90.4 4.8 9.5 0.1 - - 0.1 0.1
03 - Central Luzon 98.3 2.3 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2
04A - CALABARZON 75.6 1.2 19.7 1.3 3.6 1.0 1.1 0.3
04B - MIMAROPA 99.7 16.0 0.3 - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region 95.7 9.4 2.9 0.1 - - 1.4 0.8
06 - Western Visayas 81.9 6.4 14.8 2.2 1.6 1.1 1.8 0.8
07 - Central Visayas 72.0 9.3 15.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 12.0 6.9
08 - Eastern Visayas 90.8 17.3 2.5 0.5 5.3 2.8 1.3 0.3
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 76.3 2.4 23.7 0.9 - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao 94.7 2.8 4.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.7
11 - Davao Region 63.8 4.3 33.2 1.5 2.8 1.1 0.3 0.3
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 86.6 8.4 8.4 0.4 5.0 - - -
National Capital Region 90.6 4.6 6.4 0.8 2.2 0.4 0.8 0.4
CAR 90.8 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 8.8 6.1
ARMM 66.5 1.0 0.0 - 33.5 0.4 - -
Caraga 99.9 3.6 0.1 - - - - -
Overall refers to the government, higher education, and private non-profit sectors combined.
- means no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Appendix Table B3.1. R&D Personnel by Occupation

HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Occupation Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Researcher 1,073 469 9,337 2,547 6,382 851 19,056 2,016 25,438 2,459 35,848 3,571
Technicians 576 238 3,528 415 1,734 289 2,846 249 4,580 398 8,684 622
Other support staff 931 345 3,879 487 2,092 373 3,130 231 5,221 437 10,032 740
Total R&D personnel 2,580 973 16,744 2,785 10,208 1,294 25,031 2,202 35,239 2,757 54,564 4,038
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.

Appendix Table B3.2. R&D personnel by Occupation and Sex, Private vs. Public Higher Education
Private HEI Public HEI
Sex Researcher Technician Support staff Researcher Technician Support staff
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Male 2,660 354 789 132 625 135 7,856 859 1,313 111 1,357 114
Female 3,762 532 813 166 1,042 208 10,817 1,153 1,421 153 1,451 111

Appendix Table B3.3. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex, Higher Education
Researcher Technician Support staff
Sex
Total se Total se Total se
Male 10,516 1,048 2,102 179 1,982 185
Female 14,579 1,420 2,233 242 2,493 234

Appendix Table B3.4. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex, Government

Researcher Technician Support staff
Sex
Total se Total se Total se
Male 2,597 301 1,766 174 2,064 245
Female 3,391 409 1,651 251 1,429 192

Appendix Table B3.5. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex, Private Non-Profit
Researcher Technician Support staff
Sex
Total se Total se Total se
Male 500 210 371 168 533 229
Female 592 259 205 76 379 124

Appendix Table B3.6. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Highest Education Qualification, Private vs. Public Higher Education
Private HEI Public HEI
Highest Educational Attainment* Researcher Technician Support staff Researcher Technician Support staff
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Doctoral level or equivalent 2,012 231 34 11 91 30 5,379 343 341 65 91 14
Master level or equivalent 2,919 406 445 139 380 88 8,247 504 840 97 478 53
Bachelor level or equivalent 934 253 1,126 224 940 158 4,763 1,756 1,430 179 1,678 133
Short-cycle tertiary education (2 to 3 years) - - - - 17 7 211 76 93 56 316 60
Post-secondary non-tertiary education (6 - - 3 2 44 30 - - 9 6 54 9
months to 2 years)
Upper secondary education (Grade 11 to 12) 434 350 - - 147 117 - - 2 1 100 20
Lower secondary education (Grade 7 to 10) 97 78 1 0 72 58 - - 5 2 95 28
and below
Primary education (Grade 1 to 6) - - - - - - - - - - - -
Early childhood education - - - - - - - - - - - -
* Based on the Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED), Philippine Statistics Authority.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

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Appendix Table B3.7. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Highest Education Qualification,
Higher Education
Researcher Technician Support staff
Highest Educational Attainment*
Total se Total se Total se
Doctoral level or equivalent 7,391 433 376 80 181 34
Master level or equivalent 11,166 659 1,286 179 859 106
Bachelor level or equivalent 5,697 2,104 2,556 307 2,617 211
Short-cycle tertiary education (2 to 3 years) 211 87 93 67 333 75
Post-secondary non-tertiary education (6 - - 12 8 98 31
months to 2 years)
Upper secondary education (Grade 11 to 12) 434 350 2 2 247 119
Lower secondary education (Grade 7 to 10) 97 78 6 2 168 68
and below
Primary education (Grade 1 to 6) - - - - - -
Early childhood education - - - - - -
* Based on the Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED), Philippine Statistics Authority.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

Appendix Table B3.8. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Highest Education Qualification,
Government
Researcher Technician Support staff
Highest Educational Attainment*
Total se Total se Total se
Doctoral level or equivalent 1,207 244 73 26 83 38
Master level or equivalent 1,805 270 230 37 244 47
Bachelor level or equivalent 3,139 397 2,852 368 1,879 212
Short-cycle tertiary education (2 to 3 years) 39 10 178 28 345 46
Post-secondary non-tertiary education (6 18 9 98 22 342 67
months to 2 years)
Upper secondary education (Grade 11 to 12) - - 47 12 376 76
Lower secondary education (Grade 7 to 10) 7 4 26 7 570 132
and below
Primary education (Grade 1 to 6) - - - - - -
Early childhood education - - - - - -
* Based on the Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED), Philippine Statistics Authority.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

Appendix Table B3.9. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Highest Education Qualification,
Private Non-Profit
Researcher Technician Support staff
Highest Educational Attainment*
Total se Total se Total se
Doctoral level or equivalent 627 368 9 7 15 6
Master level or equivalent 187 86 66 31 41 19
Bachelor level or equivalent 249 116 276 115 576 290
Short-cycle tertiary education (2 to 3 years) 1 1 39 18 14 6
Post-secondary non-tertiary education (6 3 2 61 36 21 9
months to 2 years)
Upper secondary education (Grade 11 to 12) - - 114 92 23 12
Lower secondary education (Grade 7 to 10) - - - - 245 192
and below
Primary education (Grade 1 to 6) - - - - - -
Early childhood education - - - - - -
* Based on the Philippine Standard Classification of Education (PSCED), Philippine Statistics Authority.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

Appendix Table B3.10. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Field of Science and Technology, Private vs.
Public Higher Education
Private HEI Public HEI
Field of Science and Technology Researcher Technician Support staff Researcher Technician Support staff
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Natural Sciences 1,042 277 258 51 135 32 2,513 187 576 103 282 37
Engineering and Technology 1,294 268 640 148 151 30 3,074 237 772 97 463 62
Medical and Health Sciences 904 183 139 46 251 86 3,872 1,808 169 74 97 19
Agricultural Sciences 63 14 29 10 13 5 2,154 180 571 66 588 82
Social Sciences 2,059 392 316 95 510 98 4,870 329 379 48 777 72
Humanities 940 206 82 24 147 62 1,089 152 124 26 91 16
Others 122 62 16 10 392 183 1,184 214 56 12 275 41

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Appendix Table B3.11. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Field of Science

and Technology, Higher Education
Researcher Technician Support staff
Field of Science and Technology
Total se Total se Total se
Natural Sciences 3,555 343 834 138 417 55
Engineering and Technology 4,368 373 1,412 184 614 81
Medical and Health Sciences 4,776 2,158 308 99 348 89
Agricultural Sciences 2,217 219 599 82 601 101
Social Sciences 6,929 522 695 110 1,287 125
Humanities 2,030 272 206 40 238 64
Others 1,306 264 72 17 668 189

Appendix Table B3.12. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Field of Science

and Technology, Government
Researcher Technician Support staff
Field of Science and Technology
Total se Total se Total se
Natural Sciences 862 151 523 129 223 46
Engineering and Technology 938 187 449 92 337 77
Medical and Health Sciences 1,364 298 296 151 142 48
Agricultural Sciences 1,328 143 1,362 164 731 118
Social Sciences 734 186 457 92 666 166
Humanities 321 176 22 7 60 31
Others 435 143 166 33 790 130

Appendix Table B3.13. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Field of Science and
Technology, Private Non-Profit
Researcher Technician Support staff
Field of Science and Technology
Total se Total se Total se
Natural Sciences 106 38 30 17 28 17
Engineering and Technology 43 12 34 13 23 9
Medical and Health Sciences 15 13 28 19 6 5
Agricultural Sciences 839 454 435 246 476 300
Social Sciences 64 20 28 9 119 63
Humanities 6 4 2 2 21 18
Others - - 17 15 247 202
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

Appendix Table B3.14. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Age, Private vs. Public Higher Education
Private HEI Public HEI
Age Group Researcher Technician Support staff Researcher Technician Support staff
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Below 20 years old 546 428 17 7 128 97 204 76 12 6 38 23
20-30 years old 1,062 221 766 189 421 74 4,289 1,003 1,117 141 855 67
31-40 years old 1,513 200 394 105 513 109 5,387 660 599 66 865 83
41-50 years old 1,626 217 241 66 382 80 4,366 267 351 49 497 56
51-60 years old 1,119 179 130 56 210 47 3,246 226 228 39 364 42
Above 60 years old 327 63 39 12 48 16 862 82 90 22 86 13

Appendix Table B3.15. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Age,

Higher Education
Researcher Technician Support staff
Age Group
Total se Total se Total se
Below 20 years old 750 437 30 10 166 101
20-30 years old 5,351 1,208 1,883 252 1,276 104
31-40 years old 6,899 794 993 128 1,378 142
41-50 years old 5,992 349 592 87 879 101
51-60 years old 4,365 304 358 73 574 67
Above 60 years old 1,189 112 129 29 135 22

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Appendix Table B3.16. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Age, Government

Researcher Technician Support staff
Age Group
Total se Total se Total se
Below 20 years old 8 5 2 1 1 1
20-30 years old 2,185 290 1,632 289 930 116
31-40 years old 1,576 263 755 85 996 142
41-50 years old 955 127 484 56 742 116
51-60 years old 1,110 132 476 97 835 115
Above 60 years old 359 44 104 18 211 33

Appendix Table B3.17. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Age, Private Non-Profit
Researcher Technician Support staff
Age Group
Total se Total se Total se
Below 20 years old - - - - 2 2
20-30 years old 283 127 73 20 196 70
31-40 years old 350 170 216 87 328 146
41-50 years old 310 158 185 102 262 107
51-60 years old 94 43 92 55 133 55
Above 60 years old 36 13 6 4 11 4
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

Appendix Table B3.18. Full-time Equivalent of R&D Personnel by Occupation

HEI
Type of R&D PNPI GOV Overall
Private HEI Public HEI HEI overall
Personnel
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Researcher 923 414 4,195 542 2,097 306 6,852 1,722 8,949 2,063 14,067 2,172
Technicians 464 223 2,453 376 587 105 1,796 197 2,383 259 5,300 508
Other support staff 732 251 1,826 249 548 104 1,562 120 2,110 169 4,667 392
Total R&D personnel 2,119 809 8,474 922 3,232 441 10,209 1,827 13,442 2,197 24,034 2,516
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.

Appendix Table B3.19. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Private vs. Public Higher Education
Private HEI Public HEI
Total R&D Support Total R&D
Region Researcher Technician Support staff Researcher Technician
Personnel staff Personnel
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region 821 493 69 36 399 249 1,288 746 745 210 145 48 182 41 1,071 260
02 - Cagayan Valley 624 305 46 17 232 173 903 487 983 329 106 39 127 46 1,216 387
03 - Central Luzon 182 68 57 23 48 19 287 107 1,609 475 182 100 263 95 2,054 619
04A - CALABARZON 655 304 212 134 112 49 979 413 1,378 374 305 98 425 114 2,109 554
04B - MIMAROPA 20 16 9 7 13 11 41 33 697 248 94 43 97 35 889 289
05 - Bicol Region 74 43 39 19 48 24 161 76 819 313 127 80 60 22 1,005 345
06 - Western Visayas 1,069 365 150 58 166 81 1,386 457 2,176 553 247 81 203 56 2,627 624
07 - Central Visayas 605 209 153 50 238 120 996 318 927 257 122 39 137 56 1,186 335
08 - Eastern Visayas 59 47 10 7 7 3 76 56 1,724 430 369 112 585 205 2,678 692
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 38 21 33 16 29 14 99 49 184 76 48 29 58 23 290 126
10 - Northern Mindanao 363 147 107 59 236 102 706 226 863 406 183 105 95 44 1,141 549
11 - Davao Region 185 128 5 2 5 2 194 130 852 274 312 176 111 41 1,274 467
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 60 41 14 7 14 11 88 49 339 90 101 37 105 33 544 149
National Capital Region 1,616 409 827 241 545 147 2,988 733 3,917 2,186 133 73 282 80 4,332 2,263
CAR - - - - - - - - 950 364 245 97 279 99 1,474 543
ARMM 2 2 2 2 - - 4 4 304 206 87 53 51 32 442 265
Caraga 9 7 2 2 - - 11 9 589 244 42 16 68 20 699 261
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

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Appendix Table B3.20. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Higher Education
Total R&D
Researcher Technician Support staff
Region Personnel
Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region 1,565 534 213 60 580 252 2,359 787
02 - Cagayan Valley 1,608 445 152 43 360 179 2,119 617
03 - Central Luzon 1,791 478 239 102 312 97 2,342 625
04A - CALABARZON 2,034 480 517 165 537 123 3,088 686
04B - MIMAROPA 717 248 103 44 110 37 930 291
05 - Bicol Region 892 316 166 82 108 33 1,166 352
06 - Western Visayas 3,245 654 397 99 370 98 4,012 762
07 - Central Visayas 1,532 328 275 62 375 131 2,183 456
08 - Eastern Visayas 1,783 432 379 112 592 205 2,754 693
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 222 78 81 33 87 27 390 135
10 - Northern Mindanao 1,226 429 290 120 331 110 1,846 588
11 - Davao Region 1,037 301 316 176 115 41 1,468 483
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 398 98 115 38 119 34 632 156
National Capital Region 5,533 2,221 960 251 827 166 7,319 2,373
CAR 950 364 245 97 279 99 1,474 543
ARMM 307 206 89 53 51 32 447 265
Caraga 597 244 44 16 68 20 710 261

Appendix Table B3.21. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Government

Total R&D
Researcher Technician Support staff
Region Personnel
Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region 253 72 165 61 56 17 474 132
02 - Cagayan Valley 97 42 285 133 151 72 533 229
03 - Central Luzon 696 267 370 109 723 332 1,789 685
04A - CALABARZON 381 164 203 93 528 272 1,112 524
04B - MIMAROPA 8 5 40 27 1 1 49 33
05 - Bicol Region 133 51 72 29 134 60 339 127
06 - Western Visayas 172 49 219 81 182 75 573 177
07 - Central Visayas 389 158 140 62 102 51 632 210
08 - Eastern Visayas 61 24 38 19 51 26 150 69
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 52 27 118 44 198 92 369 146
10 - Northern Mindanao 271 127 85 33 93 54 450 168
11 - Davao Region 59 25 65 35 367 144 491 199
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 26 15 59 29 25 17 110 53
National Capital Region 6,606 2,543 1,247 356 1,107 201 8,959 2,707
CAR 58 25 309 128 84 29 451 141
ARMM 10 7 27 18 22 14 59 40
Caraga 64 24 88 38 54 23 205 68

Appendix Table B3.22. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Private Non-Profit
Total R&D
Researcher Technician Support staff
Region Personnel
Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region - - - - - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley - - - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon - - - - - - - -
04A - CALABARZON 822 483 416 247 459 301 1696 999
04B - MIMAROPA - - - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region - - - - - - - -
06 - Western Visayas 64 43 51 30 356 223 471 288
07 - Central Visayas - - - - - - - -
08 - Eastern Visayas - - - - - - - -
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao - - - - - - - -
11 - Davao Region 81 48 36 21 57 35 175 103
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 2 2 17 15 21 16 40 24
National Capital Region 104 42 55 23 38 15 198 67
CAR - - - - - - - -
ARMM - - - - - - - -
Caraga - - - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

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 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Appendix Table B3.23. FTE R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Private vs. Public Higher Education
Private HEI Public HEI
Total R&D Support Total R&D
Region Researcher Technician Support staff Researcher Technician
Personnel staff Personnel
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region 303 195 15 12 126 85 444 281 207 49 70 20 75 23 352 78
02 - Cagayan Valley 78 31 10 3 30 18 117 50 229 69 64 28 50 18 343 106
03 - Central Luzon 94 38 31 15 21 9 146 60 480 165 58 29 118 49 655 215
04A - CALABARZON 213 95 96 66 51 24 360 156 512 140 292 96 354 100 1,158 305
04B - MIMAROPA 14 11 4 4 7 5 25 20 147 47 83 42 51 23 280 100
05 - Bicol Region 31 16 23 10 16 7 70 31 196 69 37 25 17 5 249 79
06 - Western Visayas 315 133 82 40 65 25 462 176 444 109 97 30 97 33 638 160
07 - Central Visayas 187 67 68 25 50 19 305 109 262 71 101 34 72 22 434 118
08 - Eastern Visayas 23 17 3 2 3 1 29 19 570 162 146 53 167 61 883 264
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 11 5 9 4 8 4 28 14 37 20 19 10 21 8 77 36
10 - Northern Mindanao 138 57 27 18 51 32 216 84 285 129 171 105 82 41 538 256
11 - Davao Region 48 30 3 1 3 2 54 31 267 97 272 170 78 30 617 290
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 27 17 11 6 12 11 50 28 69 18 48 14 56 15 173 43
National Capital Region 614 160 204 65 105 35 924 233 2,581 2,034 117 70 95 21 2,793 2,110
CAR - - - - - - - - 234 90 132 45 152 51 518 156
ARMM 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 139 100 76 45 47 30 262 157
Caraga 1 1 0 0 - - 1 1 192 76 13 4 33 10 239 87
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B3.24. FTE R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Higher Education
Total R&D
Researcher Technician Support staff
Region Personnel
Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region 510 201 85 23 201 88 795 291
02 - Cagayan Valley 307 75 74 28 80 25 461 117
03 - Central Luzon 574 169 89 33 139 49 802 222
04A - CALABARZON 725 169 388 116 405 102 1,518 340
04B - MIMAROPA 161 48 87 42 57 24 305 101
05 - Bicol Region 227 70 60 27 32 9 319 85
06 - Western Visayas 760 171 179 49 161 41 1,100 235
07 - Central Visayas 449 97 169 42 122 29 739 159
08 - Eastern Visayas 593 163 149 53 169 61 912 264
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 48 21 28 11 29 9 105 39
10 - Northern Mindanao 423 140 198 106 133 52 754 268
11 - Davao Region 315 101 275 170 81 30 671 291
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 96 25 59 15 68 19 223 51
National Capital Region 3,195 2,039 322 95 200 40 3,717 2,122
CAR 234 90 132 45 152 51 518 156
ARMM 140 100 76 45 47 30 263 157
Caraga 193 76 14 4 33 10 240 87

Appendix Table B3.25. FTE R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Government
Total R&D
Researcher Technician Support staff
Region Personnel
Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region 101 28 127 55 35 12 262 85
02 - Cagayan Valley 71 35 215 100 50 24 336 152
03 - Central Luzon 587 263 328 100 429 181 1,344 529
04A - CALABARZON 116 61 49 19 71 34 237 113
04B - MIMAROPA 8 5 40 27 1 1 49 33
05 - Bicol Region 109 46 61 24 94 41 265 100
06 - Western Visayas 122 40 202 81 147 73 470 165
07 - Central Visayas 154 73 53 24 19 8 226 86
08 - Eastern Visayas 36 14 20 11 13 5 69 29
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 36 17 94 39 108 64 238 94
10 - Northern Mindanao 119 46 72 29 39 22 231 82
11 - Davao Region 52 23 63 35 254 127 369 184
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 20 12 59 29 17 12 97 46
National Capital Region 2,557 489 933 344 457 86 3,947 768
CAR 48 21 33 10 50 21 130 41
ARMM 10 7 27 18 22 14 59 40
Caraga 49 20 76 37 19 8 144 51

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Appendix Table B3.26. FTE R&D Personnel by Occupation and Region, Private Non-Profit
Total R&D
Researcher Technician Support staff
Region Personnel
Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region - - - - - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley - - - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon - - - - - - - -
04A - CALABARZON 727 423 367 228 321 196 1416 824
04B - MIMAROPA - - - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region - - - - - - - -
06 - Western Visayas 54 39 32 19 314 19 400 246
07 - Central Visayas - - - - - - - -
08 - Eastern Visayas - - - - - - - -
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao - - - - - - - -
11 - Davao Region 74 48 30 20 49 35 153 102
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 1 1 5 4 20 16 26 17
National Capital Region 67 35 30 14 27 13 124 49
CAR - - - - - - - -
ARMM - - - - - - - -
Caraga - - - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

Appendix Table B3.27. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex per Region, Higher Education
Researcher Technician Support Staff Total R&D Personnel
Region Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region 620 204 945 331 106 32 73 26 257 102 313 151 984 230 1,332 364
02 - Cagayan Valley 511 143 933 247 74 24 78 22 143 67 217 112 728 160 1,227 272
03 - Central Luzon 809 202 982 279 131 41 108 67 155 47 156 53 1,096 211 1,246 291
04A - CALABARZON 687 159 1,129 283 192 75 232 88 161 56 156 42 1,040 185 1,517 300
04B - MIMAROPA 277 92 440 158 55 27 47 19 55 20 55 19 388 98 543 160
05 - Bicol Region 403 143 490 173 78 34 88 50 37 16 70 19 518 148 648 181
06 - Western Visayas 1,191 249 2,067 426 218 56 177 54 145 48 225 53 1,554 260 2,469 432
07 - Central Visayas 642 135 895 197 140 29 132 41 135 41 191 59 917 143 1,218 210
08 - Eastern Visayas 782 202 973 232 207 64 158 50 236 97 256 98 1,225 233 1,387 257
09 - Zamboanga 120 39 102 39 32 12 48 23 46 13 41 15 198 43 191 48
Peninsula
10 - Northern Mindanao 533 186 690 244 118 56 159 74 78 31 125 40 730 197 974 258
11 - Davao Region 499 141 538 162 137 61 179 117 54 21 62 23 690 155 779 201
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 164 42 234 62 64 28 84 38 39 12 68 22 266 52 386 76
National Capital Region 2,518 963 3,077 1,265 389 110 492 147 239 58 359 83 3,146 971 3,928 1,276
CAR 383 151 567 215 92 41 113 53 154 55 127 47 629 166 808 226
ARMM 118 78 178 120 42 24 47 30 18 10 33 22 178 82 258 125
Caraga 259 122 338 125 26 10 18 7 30 10 38 12 315 122 395 126

Appendix Table B3.28. R&D Personnel by Occupation and Sex per Region, Government
Researcher Technician Support Staff Total R&D Personnel
Region Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region 101 28 151 46 83 32 82 30 30 10 24 9 214 44 257 55
02 - Cagayan Valley 59 25 38 18 140 66 145 67 97 45 55 29 296 83 237 75
03 - Central Luzon 312 123 384 145 235 71 135 42 428 182 295 151 975 231 814 214
04A - CALABARZON 67 38 97 40 35 14 33 11 76 29 51 21 179 50 181 47
04B - MIMAROPA 2 2 6 4 26 18 14 9 - - 1 1 28 18 20 10
05 - Bicol Region 55 26 80 30 32 15 40 19 90 41 44 21 176 50 164 41
06 - Western Visayas 79 25 92 25 114 42 105 40 134 56 55 20 327 75 252 51
07 - Central Visayas 162 66 228 92 94 41 46 22 61 35 41 17 318 85 314 96
08 - Eastern Visayas 19 8 42 17 17 8 20 12 38 20 18 9 74 23 81 23
09 - Zamboanga 26 13 26 14 64 24 57 21 142 67 56 26 232 73 139 36
Peninsula
10 - Northern Mindanao 102 47 167 80 38 15 48 19 64 39 30 15 204 63 245 84
11 - Davao Region 27 10 31 14 31 19 32 16 295 119 72 27 353 121 134 34
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 17 9 9 5 28 14 31 15 17 11 8 5 63 21 48 16
National Capital Region 1,506 278 1,970 384 639 140 631 226 498 89 615 118 2,643 323 3,215 461
CAR 18 9 40 16 112 42 197 87 41 18 43 17 171 46 280 90
ARMM 8 5 2 2 24 16 3 2 13 8 9 6 44 19 15 7
Caraga 35 14 28 10 55 22 33 17 41 19 13 6 131 32 74 21
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

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Appendix
Appendix Table
Table B3.29.
B3.29. R&D
R&D Personnel
Personnel by
by Occupation
Occupation and
and Sex
Sex per
per Region,
Region, Private
Private Non-Profit
Non-Profit
Researcher Technician Support Staff Total R&D Personnel
Researcher Technician Support Staff Total R&D Personnel
Region Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Region Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
01 - Ilocos Region - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
04A - CALABARZON 370 217 452 267 280 173 137 79 269 190 189 114 919 336 778 301
04A - CALABARZON 370 217 452 267 280 173 137 79 269 190 189 114 919 336 778 301
04B - MIMAROPA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
04B - MIMAROPA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
06 - Western Visayas 23 14 13 29 19 15 32 19 230 152 126 75 273 153 170 82
06 - Western Visayas 23 14 13 29 19 15 32 19 230 152 126 75 273 153 170 82
07 - Central Visayas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
07 - Central Visayas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
08 - Eastern Visayas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
08 - Eastern Visayas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11 - Davao Region 43 24 38 24 34 19 2 2 19 15 38 21 96 34 79 32
11 - Davao Region 43 24 38 24 34 19 2 2 19 15 38 21 96 34 79 32
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 9 7 13 9 13 11 4 4 - - 2 2 21 13 19 10
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 9 7 13 9 13 11 4 4 - - 2 2 21 13 19 10
National Capital Region 55 30 49 17 26 11 30 13 15 7 23 9 96 33 102 23
National Capital Region 55 30 49 17 26 11 30 13 15 7 23 9 96 33 102 23
CAR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CAR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ARMM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ARMM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Caraga - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Caraga - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

Appendix Table
Appendix Table B3.30.
B3.30. FTE
FTE R&D
R&D Personnel
Personnel per
per Sector,
Sector, 2002
2002 to
to 2018
2018
Year
Sector Year
Sector 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2018
2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2018
Government 2,225 2,594 2,775 2,544 2,356 2,391 2,713 2,681 8,474
Government 2,225 2,594 2,775 2,544 2,356 2,391 2,713 2,681 8,474
Public HEI 115 161 64 64 153 65 125 296 2,119
Public HEI 115 161 64 64 153 65 125 296 2,119
Private HEI 250 308 622 756 492 714 642 647 3,232
Private HEI 250 308 622 756 492 714 642 647 3,232
Private Non-Profit 1,587 1,815 1,638 1,647 2,273 2,324 4,012 2,957 10,209
Private Non-Profit 1,587 1,815 1,638 1,647 2,273 2,324 4,012 2,957 10,209
Total 4,177 4,878 5,099 5,011 5,274 5,494 7,492 6,581 24,034
Total 4,177 4,878 5,099 5,011 5,274 5,494 7,492 6,581 24,034
Sources: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years
Sources: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years

Appendix Table B3.31. FTE Researcher per Sector, 2002 to 2018

Year
Sector
2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2018
Government 1,704 1,937 2,193 1,973 1,745 1,829 2,131 1,814 4,195
Public HEI 1,364 1,525 1,436 1,479 2,027 2,021 3,748 2,377 6,852
Private HEI 214 257 536 733 440 694 597 557 2,097
Private Non-Profit 62 93 40 55 111 50 99 217 923
Total 3,344 3,812 4,205 4,240 4,323 4,594 6,575 4,965 14,067
Sources: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years

Appendix Table B3.32. Percentage of Time Spend on R&D per Sector, 2002 to 2018
Year
Sector
2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2018
Government 75.75 78.41 79.56 75.28 76.50 71.87 69.10 44.93
Public HEI 53.40 45.09 40.07 39.66 35.61 52.46 32.19 35.96
Private HEI 30.02 38.12 37.96 28.12 36.84 25.25 17.46 32.86
Private Non-Profit 55.03 35.71 32.16 34.15 58.82 55.31 56.66 86.02
Sources: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years

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Appendix Table B4.1. R&D Expenditures by Accounting Category (in million Php)
HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Accounting Category Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Personnel services 1,503 997 4,809 1,128 697 113 6,732 1,836 7,429 2,121 13,741 2,601
MOOE 1,909 1,170 5,340 1,068 1,017 237 1,621 206 2,638 337 9,887 1,619
Capital outlay 115 78 2,919 697 337 95 1,209 191 1,547 251 4,581 745
Imputed rental cost 30 18 194 53 100 29 14 6 114 30 337 64
Total expenditures 3,557 2,232 13,262 2,765 2,151 390 9,576 1,926 11,727 2,246 28,547 4,203
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.

Appendix Table B4.2. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Type of Research

HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Type of Research Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
% se % se % se % se % Se % se
Basic research 17.1 15.3 17.7 2.4 35.2 4.1 36.9 3.0 36.5 2.6 25.3 2.5
Applied research 81.1 16.7 71.5 3.3 44.3 3.6 47.9 2.8 47.2 2.3 62.7 2.8
Experimental development 1.8 1.4 10.8 1.4 20.6 1.9 15.3 2.1 16.3 1.9 11.9 1.0
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.

Appendix Table B4.3. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Field of Science and Technology
HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Field of Science and Technology Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
% se % se % se % se % se % se
Natural sciences 8.4 6.6 17.4 5.3 21.5 4.2 38.9 6.4 35.7 5.7 23.8 3.5
Engineering and technology 4.5 4.0 21.5 6.2 28.2 2.7 15.3 1.3 17.7 1.6 17.8 3.0
Agricultural sciences 80.4 15.5 50.2 10.7 7.4 1.1 16.7 3.1 15.0 2.4 39.5 5.4
Medical sciences 0.3 0.3 2.9 1.2 9.6 0.9 8.6 1.3 8.8 1.1 5.0 0.7
Social sciences 4.6 4.0 4.5 1.4 24.8 2.4 17.0 3.4 18.5 2.9 10.3 1.5
Humanities 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.6 7.7 0.9 2.6 0.9 3.5 0.9 2.1 0.5
Others 0.7 0.8 2.3 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.4 1.5 0.7
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.

Appendix Table B4.4. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Socioeconomic Objective

HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Socioeconomic Objective Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
% se % se % % se % se se % se
Exploration and exploitation of the earth 0.0 0.0 2.8 1.5 0.9 0.2 26.0 5.5 21.3 5.2 10.1 2.2
Environment 8.6 6.6 9.5 4.2 15.9 1.5 21.1 2.2 20.2 1.9 13.8 2.3
Exploration and exploitation of space - - 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Transport, telecommunication and other 4.5 4.0 1.0 0.5 10.5 1.3 4.0 1.6 5.2 1.5 3.2 0.8
infrastructures
Energy 0.0 0.0 4.2 2.6 7.5 1.7 2.2 0.2 3.2 0.5 3.3 1.2
Industrial production and technology 0.0 0.0 9.9 2.3 7.8 1.1 3.5 1.0 4.3 1.0 6.4 1.2
Health 0.4 0.4 5.1 1.7 18.7 4.4 9.5 1.2 11.2 1.2 7.0 0.9
Agriculture 80.5 15.5 58.2 7.9 4.3 1.2 15.7 3.8 13.6 2.9 42.7 4.3
Education 4.4 3.9 1.4 0.5 8.6 1.3 4.7 1.4 5.4 1.3 3.4 0.8
Culture, recreation, religion and mass 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.2 9.2 1.4 2.7 0.9 4.0 0.9 2.1 0.4
media
Political and social systems, structures 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.5 8.0 1.1 8.6 2.7 8.5 2.2 4.2 0.9
and processes
Defense 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 1.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1
Information Communications Technology 0.1 0.1 5.2 3.3 6.2 0.9 1.7 0.5 2.6 0.6 3.5 1.5
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

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Appendix Table B4.5. R&D Expenditures by Region (in million Php)

HEI
Region PNPI Government Overall
Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
% se % se % % se % se se % se
01 - Ilocos Region - - 153 64 68 35 56 23 125 41 278 76
02 - Cagayan Valley - - 264 122 31 12 31 12 62 17 326 123
03 - Central Luzon - - 5,231 2,616 59 33 373 130 432 134 5,663 2,620
04A - CALABARZON 3,285 2,246 651 265 62 22 1,087 380 1,149 380 5,086 2,293
04B - MIMAROPA - - 11 8 0 0 68 27 69 27 80 28
05 - Bicol Region - - 383 208 12 5 54 23 67 23 449 210
06 - Western Visayas 69 47 267 94 201 114 292 99 493 150 830 183
07 - Central Visayas - - 150 96 126 46 519 175 645 180 796 204
08 - Eastern Visayas - - 42 21 5 5 243 88 248 88 290 90
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - 220 103 89 66 26 9 114 66 334 122
10 - Northern Mindanao - - 121 52 15 7 249 190 264 190 385 197
11 - Davao Region 133 106 76 29 36 14 219 129 255 129 465 170
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 15 13 36 19 5 4 98 26 103 26 155 35
National Capital Region 53 26 5,469 999 1,440 365 5,191 2,081 6,631 2,100 12,154 2,325
CAR - - 91 30 - - 113 40 113 40 204 50
ARMM - - 30 20 0 0 868 693 868 693 899 693
Caraga - - 67 26 0 0 88 45 88 45 155 52
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B4.6. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by

Type of Research per Region, Higher Education
Applied Experimental
Basic Research
Region Research Development
% se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region 51.0 10.7 36.8 9.1 12.1 2.6
02 - Cagayan Valley 54.5 5.2 24.5 4.1 21.0 3.3
03 - Central Luzon 18.4 3.7 59.9 4.7 21.7 3.4
04A - CALABARZON 13.6 2.5 58.7 5.7 27.7 6.1
04B - MIMAROPA 55.0 3.0 31.8 2.9 13.2 1.1
05 - Bicol Region 36.0 7.9 41.3 5.9 22.8 4.5
06 - Western Visayas 56.0 11.4 23.2 7.5 20.8 5.0
07 - Central Visayas 35.3 4.5 43.1 6.1 21.6 10.5
08 - Eastern Visayas 31.8 9.3 54.1 13.2 14.1 4.9
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 10.6 6.6 32.2 1.4 57.2 6.3
10 - Northern Mindanao 7.5 2.2 68.2 1.8 24.3 0.7
11 - Davao Region 23.2 3.5 59.0 7.3 17.8 7.9
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 62.4 3.0 26.2 3.9 11.4 2.6
National Capital Region 43.4 1.9 43.1 1.1 13.4 1.1
CAR 48.1 7.0 32.7 5.2 19.1 3.1
ARMM 25.6 0.7 74.3 0.8 0.1 0.1
Caraga 10.2 6.1 19.0 10.8 70.7 15.0

Appendix Table B4.7. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by

Type of Research per Region, Government
Applied Experimental
Basic Research
Region Research Development
% se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region 2.7 1.2 79.4 11.5 18.0 10.7
02 - Cagayan Valley 3.5 2.1 44.0 7.7 52.5 9.7
03 - Central Luzon 13.4 1.9 77.3 3.0 9.3 1.2
04A - CALABARZON 20.9 9.3 71.0 11.3 8.1 2.8
04B - MIMAROPA 100.0 - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region 9.2 5.5 82.0 10.8 8.7 5.3
06 - Western Visayas 11.3 5.2 85.0 5.5 3.6 1.1
07 - Central Visayas 80.6 1.3 15.1 0.3 4.3 1.6
08 - Eastern Visayas 13.2 8.0 83.8 10.0 3.0 2.4
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 21.0 3.2 53.5 6.6 25.5 5.1
10 - Northern Mindanao 9.3 5.5 81.2 9.0 9.5 6.5
11 - Davao Region 7.8 2.3 73.6 6.4 18.6 4.9
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 21.1 15.7 72.8 14.5 6.1 1.2
National Capital Region 21.9 4.9 67.4 6.8 10.8 2.8
CAR 23.8 6.7 68.6 4.7 7.6 2.6
ARMM 11.0 - 89.0 0.0 - -
Caraga - - 95.8 2.0 4.2 2.0
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is
less than half a unit.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Appendix Table B4.8. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by

Type of Research per Region, Private Non-profit
Applied Experimental
Basic Research
Region Research Development
% se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region - - - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon - - - - - -
04A - CALABARZON 16.8 16.4 81.7 17.8 1.5 1.4
04B - MIMAROPA - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region - - - - - -
06 - Western Visayas 52.2 6.8 39.4 9.0 8.3 8.9
07 - Central Visayas - - - - - -
08 - Eastern Visayas - - - - - -
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao - - - - - -
11 - Davao Region 4.1 4.2 95.9 4.2 - -
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 30.0 - 20.0 - 50.0 -
National Capital Region 21.0 14.6 65.9 21.6 13.1 7.4
CAR - - - - - -
ARMM - - - - - -
Caraga - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

Appendix Table B4.9. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Field of S&T per Region, Higher Education
Engineering
Natural Agricultural Medical Social
and Humanities Others
Region Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences
Technology
% se % se % se % se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region 8.0 2.7 19.9 5.4 6.6 4.1 11.4 2.5 36.5 7.7 17.0 5.3 0.5 0.3
02 - Cagayan Valley 18.9 3.1 11.2 2.6 22.9 10.5 5.2 2.1 26.3 5.0 13.0 4.3 2.6 1.2
03 - Central Luzon 7.9 2.0 33.7 6.2 29.0 8.9 10.2 3.3 13.7 2.5 4.9 1.2 0.5 0.2
04A - CALABARZON 5.5 1.3 16.1 2.2 51.1 4.4 1.4 0.7 25.0 7.6 0.8 0.4 - -
04B - MIMAROPA 19.4 6.0 13.8 2.1 19.1 3.6 1.2 0.9 43.6 6.8 2.9 1.3 - -
05 - Bicol Region 17.8 2.6 11.9 1.5 29.6 7.1 2.4 1.1 25.0 4.7 4.0 1.2 9.3 5.2
06 - Western Visayas 39.7 14.8 14.8 5.7 6.7 2.8 2.1 1.0 29.9 12.9 2.9 1.2 3.9 1.5
07 - Central Visayas 31.0 4.4 20.4 5.6 8.7 2.7 9.5 0.8 21.6 3.7 8.8 1.0 - -
08 - Eastern Visayas 16.2 3.0 28.1 6.0 9.8 4.1 1.6 0.7 21.8 2.4 2.9 0.9 19.5 11.4
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula 3.9 2.6 33.1 1.3 30.0 2.6 4.2 3.3 27.9 3.3 1.0 0.7 - -
10 - Northern Mindanao 17.8 0.4 39.1 1.1 14.2 0.7 11.9 0.9 16.0 1.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3
11 - Davao Region 27.7 2.6 27.7 2.5 23.8 3.6 0.3 0.3 18.3 2.6 1.9 0.9 0.4 0.3
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN 22.2 7.2 3.9 1.2 31.9 2.6 4.9 2.7 35.5 5.0 1.5 0.7 - -
National Capital Region 52.5 4.2 15.8 2.1 5.9 0.3 12.4 0.4 11.2 1.6 2.1 0.8 0.1 0.1
CAR 9.9 1.3 13.1 2.8 20.8 2.5 17.9 8.1 27.4 7.5 2.0 1.0 9.0 4.5
ARMM 3.5 0.8 15.3 0.2 24.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 45.1 0.4 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
Caraga 7.3 4.3 5.6 3.5 65.7 18.0 0.2 0.1 14.3 8.8 6.9 5.2 - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B4.10. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Field of S&T per Region, Government
Engineering
Natural Agricultural Medical Social
and Humanities Others
Region Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences
Technology
% se % se % se % se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region 25.6 14.8 3.7 2.2 68.6 17.4 0.3 0.2 1.9 1.2 - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley 19.1 6.2 7.3 1.9 73.3 8.0 0.3 0.3 - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon 10.4 7.0 2.4 1.7 78.2 13.8 0.2 0.1 1.7 1.1 1.8 1.3 5.3 3.9
04A - CALABARZON 54.1 15.7 10.4 3.8 21.6 7.1 0.3 0.2 13.6 5.8 - - - -
04B - MIMAROPA - - - - 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region 4.7 3.7 1.2 0.9 94.1 4.6 - - - - - - - -
06 - Western Visayas 7.8 5.6 3.5 1.4 83.1 7.1 3.5 2.6 2.1 1.1 - - - -
07 - Central Visayas - - 0.4 0.3 96.4 2.7 - - 1.7 1.6 - - 1.5 1.4
08 - Eastern Visayas - - - - 97.1 2.4 0.9 0.7 2.0 1.7 - - - -
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - 44.6 14.0 52.8 13.6 2.6 1.7 - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao 1.9 1.3 5.7 3.9 77.0 11.1 12.8 9.2 1.0 0.3 - - 1.6 1.2
11 - Davao Region - - 57.2 17.7 35.7 16.5 3.4 2.6 1.1 0.9 - - 2.5 1.9
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN - - - - 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
National Capital Region 23.3 8.2 44.8 9.2 16.8 6.1 6.1 2.6 7.4 2.5 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.2
CAR 0.9 0.6 7.9 5.8 81.9 6.5 - - 9.3 4.0 - - - -
ARMM - - - - 100.0 - - - - - - - - -
Caraga - - 4.3 3.2 91.5 3.5 - - 4.2 2.0 - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

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Appendix Table B4.11. Percent Distribution of R&D Expenditures by Field of S&T per Region, Private Non-profit
Engineering
Natural Agricultural Medical Social
and Humanities Others
Region Sciences Sciences Sciences Sciences
Technology
% se % se % se % se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
02 - Cagayan Valley - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
03 - Central Luzon - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
04A - CALABARZON 5.4 5.3 4.4 4.2 84.8 14.7 0.0 0.0 4.3 4.2 1.1 1.1 - -
04B - MIMAROPA - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
05 - Bicol Region - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
06 - Western Visayas 2.0 0.5 6.7 7.1 77.9 14.8 3.8 4.0 8.4 6.2 1.3 1.3 - -
07 - Central Visayas - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
08 - Eastern Visayas - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10 - Northern Mindanao - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11 - Davao Region 88.6 2.2 0.9 0.9 4.0 0.7 - - 6.5 0.6 - - - -
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN - - 70.0 - 30.0 - - - - - - - - -
National Capital Region 3.4 3.0 19.5 14.5 - - 16.2 12.7 13.2 9.7 - - 47.7 26.8
CAR - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ARMM - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Caraga - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell; 0.0 means magnitude is less than half a unit.

Appendix Table B4.12. Total R&D Expenditure (in million Php) per Sector, 2002 to 2018
Year
Sector
2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2018
Government 976 1,130 1,175 1,334 1,393 1,749 4,732 5,303 13,262
Public HEI 640 455 1,093 1,326 1,745 3,403 4,811 6,243 9,576
Private HEI 122 202 257 430 367 655 555 1,791 2,151
Private Non-Profit 122 105 96 162 228 46 131 465 3,557
Total 1,860 1,892 2,622 3,253 3,734 5,854 10,229 13,803 28,547
Sources: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years

Appendix Table B4.13. Total R&D Expenditure (in thousand Php) per FTE R&D Personnel per Sector, 2002 to 2018
Year
Sector
2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2018
Government 438 435 424 524 591 732 1,744 1,978 1,565
Public HEI 403 251 667 805 768 1,464 1,199 2,111 938
Private HEI 490 657 414 569 747 917 865 2,769 665
Private Non-Profit 1,058 650 1,503 2,534 1,493 709 1,048 1,572 1,679
Sources: 2018 R&D Survey and previous years

Appendix Table B5.1. Institutions that Provided R&D Funds to Other Institutions
HEI
Provided R&D funds PNPI Government Overall
Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
to other institutions
% se % se % se % se % se % se
Yes 31.3 9.6 22.2 2.3 3.9 1.5 3.2 1.1 3.4 0.9 8.7 0.9
No 68.7 9.6 77.8 2.3 96.1 1.5 96.8 1.1 96.6 0.9 91.3 0.9
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.

Appendix Table B5.2. Institutions that Published Scientific Articles

HEI
Published scientific PNPI Government Overall
Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
articles
% se % se % se % se % se % se
Yes 37.0 10.0 33.6 2.7 70.2 4.2 76.9 2.9 74.7 2.4 64.2 1.9
No 63.0 10.0 66.4 2.7 29.8 4.2 23.1 2.9 25.3 2.4 35.8 1.9
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.

Appendix Table B5.3. Scientific Articles Published in Local and International Journals
HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Publication Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Local 20 7 326 98 1,209 304 1,805 236 3,014 371 3,360 383
75
International 232 187 146 29 1,934 370 3,110 381 5,044 508 5,421 542
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.
 Yes 37.0 10.0 33.6 2.7 70.2 4.2 76.9 2.9 74.7 2.4 64.2 1.9
No 63.0 10.0 66.4 2.7 29.8 4.2 23.1 2.9 25.3 2.4 35.8 1.9
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Appendix Table B5.3. Scientific Articles Published in Local and International Journals
HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Publication Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
Local 20 7 326 98 1,209 304 1,805 236 3,014 371 3,360 383
International 232 187 146 29 1,934 370 3,110 381 5,044 508 5,421 542
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.

Appendix Table B5.4. Institutions that Published Scientific Articles per Region
HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Region Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
% se % se % se % se % se % se
01 - Ilocos Region - - 55.6 11.1 74.7 13.8 76.2 10.1 75.7 8.2 69.8 6.7
02 - Cagayan Valley - - 14.3 8.9 62.7 17.2 91.0 7.7 83.5 7.6 63.3 6.0
03 - Central Luzon - - 54.5 10.1 45.8 14.8 85.8 7.5 71.8 8.2 66.5 6.5
04A - CALABARZON 19.0 16.6 25.0 10.3 70.3 12.3 38.2 11.2 53.1 9.1 42.8 6.7
04B - MIMAROPA - - 100.0 - 100.0 - 78.6 11.9 80.4 11.0 83.4 9.3
05 - Bicol Region - - 25.0 14.6 100.0 - 51.4 16.3 69.7 12.5 60.7 10.4
06 - Western Visayas 33.3 24.0 23.1 7.9 100.0 - 81.4 8.4 88.4 5.5 65.0 4.5
07 - Central Visayas - - 33.3 12.9 49.4 15.7 77.0 12.4 66.0 10.2 58.3 8.4
08 - Eastern Visayas - - 33.3 12.9 68.5 21.5 81.6 8.5 80.5 7.9 70.7 6.8
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - 28.0 19.2 100.0 - 57.6 15.7 30.7 8.4
10 - Northern Mindanao - - 40.0 14.7 83.3 12.3 83.6 12.2 83.5 8.7 71.4 7.5
11 - Davao Region 50.0 22.0 66.7 12.9 50.0 19.7 68.1 15.8 62.4 12.5 61.7 8.4
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN - - - - 50.0 30.2 71.0 18.2 63.3 16.2 40.9 10.5
National Capital Region 50.0 18.0 40.9 5.0 88.7 8.5 100.0 - 93.4 5.1 60.7 4.2
CAR - - 14.3 8.9 - - 100.0 - 100.0 - 58.6 3.7
ARMM - - - - - - 100.0 - 75.0 17.5 58.3 13.6
Caraga - - - - - - 58.0 13.8 52.5 13.1 35.0 8.7
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

Appendix Table B5.5. Number of Published Scientific Articles per Region, Local Publication
HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Region Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region - - 137 87 17 10 95 33 112 35 248 94
02 - Cagayan Valley - - 2 2 55 21 64 54 120 58 122 58
03 - Central Luzon - - 24 9 12 8 197 79 209 80 233 80
04A - CALABARZON 3 3 2 1 143 69 114 48 257 83 262 83
04B - MIMAROPA - - 2 2 15 12 42 21 58 24 60 24
05 - Bicol Region - - - - 27 16 21 7 47 18 47 18
06 - Western Visayas 6 5 8 3 257 118 251 90 508 147 522 147
07 - Central Visayas - - 2 1 21 10 73 33 94 34 96 34
08 - Eastern Visayas - - 3 2 2 2 182 81 185 81 188 81
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - 38 30 56 32 94 44 94 44
10 - Northern Mindanao - - 3 2 81 35 83 34 164 48 168 48
11 - Davao Region 4 2 2 1 73 32 40 26 112 41 119 41
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN - - - - - - 19 10 19 10 19 10
National Capital Region 6 4 139 45 468 268 203 89 671 283 816 286
CAR - - - - - - 267 146 267 146 267 146
ARMM - - - - - - 62 38 62 38 62 38
Caraga - - - - - - 35 15 35 15 35 15
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

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Appendix Table B5.6. Number of Published Scientific Articles per Region, International Publication
HEI
PNPI Government Overall
Region Private HEI Public HEI HEI Overall
Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se Total se
01 - Ilocos Region - - 3 2 46 24 307 163 353 165 357 165
02 - Cagayan Valley - - - - 51 28 168 55 220 61 220 61
03 - Central Luzon - - 38 19 57 25 220 58 278 62 315 65
04A - CALABARZON 219 187 - - 126 51 229 114 355 125 574 225
04B - MIMAROPA - - - - - - 112 43 112 43 112 43
05 - Bicol Region - - 2 2 16 10 14 5 30 11 32 11
06 - Western Visayas - - 3 2 98 37 171 47 270 60 273 60
07 - Central Visayas - - - - 94 34 183 56 278 65 278 65
08 - Eastern Visayas - - 1 1 2 2 228 87 230 88 231 88
09 - Zamboanga Peninsula - - - - 5 4 67 29 71 30 71 30
10 - Northern Mindanao - - 1 1 53 22 240 123 293 124 295 124
11 - Davao Region 4 2 1 1 56 21 125 76 181 79 187 79
12 - SOCCSKSARGEN - - - - 7 6 43 14 50 15 50 15
National Capital Region 9 7 94 23 1,322 363 721 268 2,043 448 2,146 449
CAR - - 1 1 - - 97 40 97 40 98 40
ARMM - - - - - - 102 74 102 74 102 74
Caraga - - - - - - 81 37 81 37 81 37
PNPI refers to the private non-profit sector; HEI refers to the higher education sector; and Overall refers to all three sectors combined.
- means not applicable or no data was observed for the cell.

77
appendix C

Survey Organization
Appendix Figure C1 shows the survey organization that designed, conducted, and analyzed the 2018 R&D
Surveys. The project leader, Dalisay S. Maligalig, spearheaded the planning and implementation of the
R&D Surveys and supervised a team of three INSTAT faculty and a research associate. Each of the INSTAT
faculty was assigned to lead major components in the survey. Maurice C. Borromeo led the sampling
design and analysis, Roldan R. Roldan, Jr. led the questionnaire design and data process, and Ramoncito
G. Cambel led the survey operations as the survey operations manager. The research associate, Clifford
B. Lesmoras, was engaged to provide technical and administrative support to all project activities.
Two consultants assisted the project: Dr. Isidoro P. David and Mr. Romeo S. Recide reviewed the survey
designs and operations strategies developed by the survey team. Mr. Recide also acted as conduit with the
Philippine Statistics Authority.

Project Leader

D.S. Maligalig

Consultants

I.P. David and R.S. Recide

Sampling Design/ Analysis Questionnaire Design/Data Survey Manager

Processing
M.C. Borromeo R.R. Roldan, Jr. R.G. Cambel

Supervisors
Admin and Technical
Support
Project Staff
C.B. Lesmoras

Telephone Enumerator Data Collectors

Y.M. Linis DOST Personnel

Appendix Figure C1. Organization of the R&D Survey

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SURVEY REPORT 2018

Telephone correspondence was essential throughout the survey operations due to the lack of complete
and updated contact information of the respondents. As such, Yonie M. Linis was employed as telephone
enumerator to conduct telephone follow-ups on the institutions that had not yet responded to the survey
and to assist the survey team in completing the sampling frames. During the Phase 2 field operations,
personnel from the regional offices of DOST helped the survey team in following up the respondents in
their respective regions. To assist them and to closely monitor the status of the regional operations, one
INSTAT project staff was designated as survey supervisor for each region.

Region 1 – Ilocos Region 4B – MIMAROPA

Supervisor: R.G. Cambel Supervisor: R.R. Roldan, Jr.
Data Collectors: Data Collectors:
Princess P. Abuan Phyllicia Anne M. Baguyo
Edison M. Acosta (Lead) Keith Paolo A. Buenaventura
Arthur Aubrey R. Alviar Mae Angelica F. Famini
Jennifer C. Fernandez Vincent S. Labindao
Benjamin S. Mercado, Jr. Rachel B. Montero (Lead)
Edward E. Ugale
Region 5 – Bicol
Region 2 – Cagayan Valley Supervisor: M.C. Borromeo
Supervisor: M.C. Borromeo Data Collectors:
Data Collectors: Jacinto Alexis B. Elegado
Virginia G. Bilgera (Lead) Patrocinio N. Felizmenio (Lead)
Raquel B. Santos Jorge Pedro V. Villanea
Lydia B. Turingan
Region 6 – Western Visayas
Region 3 – Central Luzon Supervisor: R.G. Cambel
Supervisor: R.G. Cambel Data Collectors:
Data Collector: Juafe M. Abareles
Maria Gemma B. Arante Keithlyn Sarah B. Bernardino (Lead)
Allan Francis P. Dara-ug
Region 4A – CALABARZON Antonette U. Donato
Supervisor: D.S. Maligalig
Data Collectors: Region 7 – Central Luzon
Jan Kimwell G. Alpay Supervisor: M.C. Borromeo
Matthew Henry G. Camitan Data Collectors:
Niña Sherylle S. Giron (Lead) Marichu D. Baclay
John Maico Hernandez Vivian S. Cabando
Charles Andrew M. Reyes Samuel A. Parcon (Lead)

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Region 8 – Eastern Visayas Region 12 – SOCCSKSARGEN and

Supervisor: R.R. Roldan, Jr. ARMM
Data Collectors: Supervisor: C.B. Lesmoras
Arnaldo T. Amosco, Jr. Data Collectors:
Rosella L. Gopo Engr. Mahdali R. Alonto (Lead)
Veronica A. Laguitan Nasiba B. Daguit
John Glenn D. Ocaña (Lead) Crisostomo C. Ibarra
Florita M. Santiago Engr. Normina P. Pahm

Region 9 – Zamboanga Peninsula National Capital Region

Supervisor: C.B. Lesmoras Supervisor: C.B. Lesmoras
Data Collectors: Data Collectors:
Jeyzel P. Aparri Deuvyn C. Bautista
Ricardo J. Apolinario III (Lead) Raniza A. Camid
Merilyn M. Cadag Kristan Diane B. Canta
Gerardo F. Parot Kevin R. De Ramos
Angelica Joi E. del Mindo (Lead)
Region 10 – Northern Mindanao Rose Ann C. Fernandez
Supervisor: C.B. Lesmoras Julius A. Ferrando
Data Collectors: Camille Rose A. Nacar
Aidel Melissa M. Bajao Andrea A. Palima
Rubie Mae D. Fernandez Ramon R. Pio Roda
Hadassah Lois G. Matito Charlene Joyce F. Pon-an
Ella B. Nadela Anna Liza A. Predo
Gerrylou Sweet M. Pia Jaime M. Sebastian Jr.
Junelyn Louvena B. Ruiz (Lead)
Eufresnie Anne D. Simbajon Cordillera Administrative Region
Supervisor: R.R. Roldan, Jr.
Region 11 – Davao Data Collectors:
Supervisor: C.B. Lesmoras Melecio F. Balangen
Data Collectors: Dexy M. Catacutan
Laarnie D. Albacite Max Bernardo M. Codamon
Sharon M. Alegado Aileen Myrna P. Malangen
Leslie Pearl M. Cancio Daisy Lou S. Quinio (Lead)
Nema Freya D. Cebritas Minirva D. Songaben
Maria Victoria I. Dado (Lead)
Vicente S. Dagangon Caraga
Mayan Jane J. Inni Supervisor: C.B. Lesmoras
Just D. Magallanes Data Collectors:
Judy Donna D. Nueva Ecija Kris Kimberly A. Baliña
Meriam B. Bouquia
Marie Kris P. Delarmente
Caressa Leanne V. Lim
Ricardo N. Varela (Lead)
Gladys Mae B. Yeke

81