nd

AOB Group Conference at Casablanca (Morocco) - February 2 , 2016

Electrical Energetic Efficiency :

the point-of-view of the networks engineer1
Jean-Pierre FANTON
Lecturer at ECAM-EPMI - 13 boulevard de l'Hautil, 95000 Cergy (France)

Summary : This paper addresses the issue of energy efficiency in the particular aspect of electrical networks. The three
steps of the "life" of the product electricity are concerned : about generation, we first examine the reasons for the
existence of a large number of processes, all having their specific interest. Then in terms of transmission, we explain
why the management of large electrical systems remains an optimal approach at the community level. Finally, in terms
of consumption, if multiple new uses are emerging, new technical problems also appear in the meantime which need
to be fixed. Some economic aspects of the problem are addressed, such as the impact of government intervention.
Finally in conclusion, we mention the many opportunities of expected improvements in the field, those especially that
are related to storage solutions might have a major impact.

Résumé : cette communication aborde la question de l'efficacité énergétique sous l'aspect particulier des réseaux
électriques. Les trois étapes de la "vie" du produit électricité sont concernées : à propos de la production, on examine
d'abord les raisons de l'existence d'un grand nombre de procédés, ayant tous leur intérêt spécifique. Ensuite sous
l'angle du transport, on détaille les raisons pour lesquelles la gestion de grands systèmes électriques reste l'approche
optimale au niveau de la collectivité. Enfin au plan de la consommation on note que, si de multiples ouvertures voient
le jour, de nouveaux problèmes techniques apparaissent aussi au passage et doivent être traités. Certains aspects
économiques de la problématique sont abordés, tels que l'incidence de l'intervention des pouvoirs publics. Enfin, en
conclusion sont évoquées les nombreuses perspectives de progrès à attendre dans le domaine, celles qui sont liées aux
solutions de stockage en particulier pouvant avoir des répercussions majeures.

1. Introduction
The need to struggle against climate change has already been the subject of considerable communication
efforts in all countries, and it is unlikely to be worth revisiting it at length.
An immediate consequence of this imperative struggle is that, whenever possible, efforts should be made
to improve the energy efficiency of the processes we implement in our industrial activities, as well as in our
everyday life.

Today, the objective of research can be described as aiming at a better consensual energy efficiency. The
sensitivities expressed, whether they focus on the issue of preserving the planet, or on the economic
consequences of the increase in energy consumption, are in fact converging here.
In this context, an increasing number of publications, such as [1], [2], is devoted to the description of the
stakes and the methods used to evaluate potential energy savings in all areas.

This paper examines the issues raised by the search for greater energy efficiency in the deployment of
electric power.
This deployment consists in three main stages : generation, transmission, and consumption, which will be
addressed in turn.
Before, let us remember that electrical energy, given its intrinsic qualities : flexibility, immediate
availability, ... holds a great place in our life.

1
Paper also presented at Supelec (France) for BEST session of March 8th, 2017
To tell the truth, electricity is not a final satisfaction. The actual needs are called : comfort, heat, light,
driving force, ...
Electricity is a convenient vector for moving energy, with the disadvantage that it is not a priori currently
storable, at least as such, and in massive form.

2. Generalities
2.1. definitions
The energy efficiency ε is a ratio between two energies E1 and E2
E1 is the energy supplied to a system with a given objective (e.g. heating)
E2 is the energy actually used for achieving this objective
E2
ε =
E1
ε is a dimensionless quantity.
A good efficiency is by definition close to 1.
Efficiency has not the same meaning and consequences, whether one speaks or renewable or non-
renewable primary energy. While some theoretical limits exist for fluid natural energy : wind or water (the
law of Betz), digging a mine to extract fossil resource is an irreversible modification to nature.
2.2. context
The context is clarified by the existence of reference documents (standards, laws, and directives).

A directive defines objectives ; a law defines rules of behavior in order to achieve these objectives ;
a standard defines not objectives but methods, with a view to assessing the objectives' attainment.

As far as energy efficiency is concerned, the context may now be seen as quite clear.
2.2.1. standardisation context
The topic of energy efficiency is taken into account by international standards. Thus, the European standard
EN 50001:2011

it specifies "the requirements for designing, implementing, maintaining and improving an energy
management system enabling organizations to achieve, through a systematic approach, the continuous
improvement of their energy performance, which includes efficiency, Energy use and consumption ... " [3]
This standard paves the way for the certification of organizations, in line with current certifications for the
management of organization (ISO 9001), the management of the environment (ISO 14001), and the
management of occupational health and safety (OHSAS 18001). It thus leads to fully integrated
management systems.
2.2.2. regulatory context
The European Directive 2012/27/EU [4], now transposed into European national law, provides a framework
for the application of the above normative recommendations, specifying the objective
"to increase energy efficiency of 20% by 2020, and to pave the way for further improvements in energy
efficiency beyond that date".
By the way, it replaces the former directives "Cogeneration" (2004) and "Energy services" (2006).
Other European Directives, such as 2010/30/EU specify the rules for energy consumption labeling.
2.2.3. legal context
To take the example of a developing country, let us consider Morocco ; laws 47-09 (2012) and 16-09 (2011)
respectively aim at a significant objective of reducing energy consumption through regulations applicable

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to the thermal design of buildings, and to the creation of a specialized agency for the development of
renewable energies and energy efficiency (ADEREE). In addition, this country has a long-standing
commitment to improved use of resources, and significant development of renewable energies [5].
2.3. application to electrical systems
The context is thus today conducive to the search for a better energy efficiency, being fixed at all the levels
evoked previously.
As already indicated, the declination of this research in the electricity sector is divided into three parts :
generation, transmission, and consumption.

3. Electricity generation
First of all, let us recall that, strictly speaking, energy is never produced, but at most changed in form ... this
equally applies to electrical energy.

Most of the electricity produced industrially is now produced from heat.

This generation is indirect, and generally passes through a thermo-mechanical transformation, with a
rather poor efficiency. More precisely, it uses the water-steam cycle in the vast majority of cases.

In addition, global fossil resources, accounted for in energy units, consist mainly of coal.
The development of electricity generation in emerging countries is also often based on coal.
The generation units that make use of this resource, called "conventional thermal power stations" benefit
from an important feedback, as it is a proven technique.

They still constitute, to date, the bulk of the world's generation base, especially given the relative weight of
the world's top two actors, China and the United States (see tables below).

This technique, which it would be hasty to call out-of-date, provides a point of reference for evaluating
new, renewable techniques on cost, reliability, lifetime, ease of operation, availability, and flexibility.
3.1. reminder : a few global data
World electricity generation is about 20,000 TWh per year, half of which by the top 5 producing countries
(source : CIA World Factbook 2015)
The two tables below summarize the essential data

Table T1 : main productors in the world

rank country gross electricity generation

(TWh)
1 China 5,650
2 United States 4,048
3 Russia 1,054
4 India 1,052
5 Japan 966
6 Canada 616
7 Germany 585
8 France 568
9 Brazil 537
10 South Korea 517

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The "energy mix" (all the means used) is country-specific : let us consider, for example, the case of the
United States
Table T2 : repartition of the energetic
mix in the United States

primary energy capacity

(GW)
gas 444
coal 336
nuclear 105
hydraulic 77
petrol 65
"renewables" 27
Figure 1a : repartition of the US energetic Figure 1b : repartition of the US energetic
total 1077
mix in capacity (%) mix in generation (%)

The comparison of Figures 1a and 1b shows that the distribution of the energy mix can be significantly
different between capacity and generation.

3.2. the constitution of a generation pool

A non-optimal structure, in the economic sense, of a generation pool, can in fact lead to two types of
undesirable situation
a) if the share of the intermittent means of generation in the fleet is too high, there may be a breakdown in
the supply, or a surge in spot market prices (spot prices), particularly when weather conditions are
unfavorable
b) if there is, on the contrary, a lasting excess of available means of generation, the management of the
investment and its degree of rigor can be jeopardized.

3.3. why such a diversity of generation processes ?

Let us briefly recapitulate the different modes of generation of electric power existing, and the associated
performance factors (apart from the issue of CO2 generation)

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 3.4. specificities of the processes
The possible processes are numerous and diverse ; each has strengths and weaknesses. In a
somewhat schematic way, the table below contains the main aspects.

thermal classic plants good workmanship pollution

"conventional" solutions nuclear fission energetic independence radioactive waste
hydraulic plants valorisation of existent no new potential available
Combustion Turbine simplicity of exploitation impact on neighbourhood
"modern" thermal processes combined cycle high efficiency
cogeneration very high efficiency limited domain for utilisation
gasification cleanliness heavy base cost
"new generation" coal plants Circulating fluid bed flexibility to combustibles complexity of structure
supercritical cycle performance complex technology
eolian valorisation of existent intermittence
"new" renewables solar photovoltaic isolated sites intermittence
biomass valorisation of existent limited potential
fuel cell wide power range covered difficult generalisation

3.5. perspectives of generation

The main processes for generating electrical energy have been mentioned above. There are significant
discrepancies between their performances, and hence between their respective energy efficiencies.
Nevertheless, all these processes have specific interests, which confirms that each of them has its place in a
global energy mix.
The weight of the sector of conventional electricity generation by fossil primary energy is still very
important ; by the heaviness in play, it will remain so for some time.

A strong media echo accompanies the new energies.

This echo is not unwarranted, because some processes have a really rapid growth, even exponential (in
particular the wind and solar photovoltaic sectors) ; their overall share is still limited.

These considerations should not lead to delusion, and it is not in the short term that we will see a change in
the general trend strong.

Finally, it should not be forgotten that if energy efficiency is to be optimized where electricity is available,
today there remain about one and a half billion human beings for whom this problem of optimization does
not arise, as they still have no access to electricity ; this with the consequences that one imagines in terms
of comfort, security, culture, and especially education.
We will note that the generation of electricity, observed on a world scale, is

- growing
The evolutions we wish for safeguarding the planet will likely occur, but with great constants of time

- strongly in-egalitarian
The choices made by the very large producer countries will dominate the trend of evolution (and hence the
environmental impact)

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 - diversified in means
All available processes have a role to play in the overall energy mix

4. Electricity transmission
But why does electricity need transmission ?

Places that lend themselves well to mass generation of electricity, and those with high consumption needs
are not the same.
Generation requires an economically viable supply of primary energy, particularly for fossil fuels, which
means easy access by river, sea or rail. For certain means of generation, such as hydropower or wind, or
even solar, the abundance of the corresponding natural resource must be available. For others (thermal
and nuclear power stations), it requires the proximity of cold sources (sea, river) whose absence can be
palliated however by atmospheric refrigerating towers.

In terms of consumption, the most important needs are found in urban metropolises and in industrial
zones, in areas where human activities are concentrated.

The electricity transmission network realizes the adaptation between the respective installations of the
means of generation and consumption. Its role is to ensure that this energy flows to the places of
consumption in all circumstances, at acceptable economic conditions, and for the benefit of all the actors
(domestic and industrial clientele).

In addition, it adds a number of essential network services such as ensuring continuity of supply : thanks to
its meshed structure, it makes transparent, for customers, the failure or the unavailability at a given
moment of certain means of generation.

The transmission network is often entrusted with an additional task of ensuring equitable access for all,
producers and consumers (in practice via their distributors), to the transmission network, that is to say the
physical support of the commercial exchange processes constituting the electricity market.

4.1. the missions of the Transmission System Operator (T S O)

Electric power transmission networks are placed in practice under the responsibility of a manager, the TSO.
The latter ensures a complex set of technical missions, on very different time scales (see Table T3). The basis
of these missions is respect for the physical principle of generation / consumption balance which must be
verified at all times in the absence of storage (conservation of energy)

Table T3 : the time scales of the transmission network services

nature scale
automatic management of transient phenomena 1 ms
voltage and frequency control 1s
management of energy fluxes 10 min
forecast of consumption 1 day
long-term planning ; network reinforcements ≥ 5 years

With regard to the market shares of generation devoted to the regulated and commercially freely managed
sectors, the situation is, to date, country-specific.

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For his part, the network operator is not responsible for prescribing the structure of the generation pool,
but merely to take note of the existing structure and to ensure the best of all the network services in this
context.

4.2. workmanship actions at Transmission level

These actions are manifold ; they rely more on a "defence plan" implementing automatic actions, because
they are not accessible to the speed of human reaction (frequency and voltage monitoring) ; we will note :
4.2.1. as preventive measures
- the creation of safety margins
- the anticipatory simulation of defects,
It is carried out in real time (15 min) on several hundred of plants
4.2.2. as corrective measures
- the implementation of available generation groups
- possible customer load shedding
- the separation of geographical areas in the process of loss of synchronism
4.2.3. action delay
The reactivity of the network manager to the electrical events on its network can be decisive.
The decision time is mostly between 1 min and 20 min, depending on the equipment concerned
(overloading a line, ...). A large pumped-storage plant (such as the Grandmaison dam in France) is therefore
a valuable addition insofar as it can bring +1,800 MW in the space of 5 min.
By way of comparison, the normal load take-off slope of a CP1 type 900 MW PWR nuclear group is only
+27 MW per min.

4.3. do we really need a network ?

The elements to be taken into account are the following.

A fully isolated (not connected) system can improve the competitiveness of some solutions (saving on
network connection equipment, usually specified by the network operator, and with high quality
requirements for the supply)

But the allocation to each consumer, or reduced group of consumers, of dedicated generation means, is
not optimal from a triple point of view :

1) reliability and continuity of service : the pooling of the means of generation via the transmission
network secures the continuity of supply to users (management of unavailability)

2) sustainable development : the usual multiplication coefficient between users is high (of the order of 6) ;
Thus avoiding a significant over-sizing of the generation fleet

3) societal change : the pooling of resources is today encouraged everywhere (transmission, housing,
equipment)

A part of the consumers has a high unit power (industry and tertiary) ;
Their demand must be able to be met (a high-speed train ~ 10 MW)
Centralized management of the network remains an imperative.

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 4.4. electricity storage : feasible technologies and associated new services
The development of storage solutions, under study and not yet fully operational, is likely to change the
situation in relation to the definition of an optimal electrical system.

We usually consider that electrical energy can not be stored in massive quantities, unless we resort to an
artifice such as conversion to potential energy, as is practiced in hydraulic pumping stations.
The very important issue related to storage, particularly the possible elimination of the difficulty of
intermittence, which is often the prerogative of renewable sources, has led to a very important research
effort being devoted to the subject.
Very significant experiments on storage are under way, such as [6].

The development of storage would allow the development of new associated services. Some authors thus
discuss the possibility of using battery / inverter assemblies for the supply of reactive power [7].

This development would also be likely to call into question the respective shares of AC and DC in the
transmission of energy, traditionally to the undisputed advantage of the former.

5. Electricity consumption
The predominant theme to which the issue of energy efficiency refers is that of housing, and more
generally of the building, judging by all the publications devoted to this subject. However, the sector of
generation of transmission, and of electricity consumption also has a significant role to play.
Indeed, public policies increasingly seek to encourage transfers of fossil energy to less "carbon" energies,
which can be the case for electricity, whether it is nuclear or renewable.
For example, some recent studies cited by [8] conclude that 50 TWh / year of fossil fuels (10% of electricity
consumption) per 20 TWh / year of electricity.

5.1. Technical aspects

5.1.1. development of new technologies and solutions
An abundant literature is now devoted to the evolutions that certain technological innovations are
supposed to bring about : Intelligent networks, or "smart grids",
- individual generation
- the evolution of passive networks to active networks (bi-directional energy flows)
A significant increase in individual generation is already observed in some countries in terms of transmitted
flows, but mainly in the low-voltage distribution networks [7]

In fact, the innovations targeted are more apparent in the digital communications sector than in the energy
sector itself. Some speak of revolution, others of "change of paradigm" ... When the time comes, it will be
necessary to consider factually the feedback of experience established on the various experiments in
progress.

Indeed, to implement intelligence globally, a network requires a large amount of information. This
collection of information requires an appropriate number of physical sensors, which must be connected to
a central unit, which itself must process the data, transmit it or operate locally.
All these elements of an installation must be maintained in condition, in duration, in terms of hardware
and software. For example, a public lighting installation requires current sensors, light intensity sensors,
transmitters, dimmers, controls, etc.
Implementation of a facility with enhanced functionality necessarily involves a translation in terms of cost,
the acceptance of which by end-users is not immediately understood.

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The relevance of a more sophisticated installation can only be established on the basis of a medium to long-
term economic assessment of its operation. This is all the stakes of the various demonstrators currently in
place.
It will be necessary to remain very attentive to the results obtained by these various demonstrators.
5.1.2. important development of new usages
With the development of semiconductors, integrated circuits, and high-density electronics, multiple
applications and uses have emerged. We immediately think of computers, audio / video equipment,
telecommunications, home automation, charging equipment for electric vehicles, etc.
New lighting modes have also emerged (low-consumption lamps, Led's, ...), more energy-efficient than
their predecessors.

But new uses also introduce new technical constraints affecting the quality of the electricity product [8].
One finds among them the reactive power, but one also finds the harmonics.
This leads to additional losses, interference and even risks to the integrity of the installations.
Standards and regulations must adapt to take account of these new constraints, which is indeed the case in
practice.

An example : the protection of neutral circuits

The voltage in the networks contains little or no harmonics.
Nonlinear receivers create current harmonics (case of low consumption bulbs)
Like reactive currents, harmonic currents are harmful in networks : they create additional losses, parasitic
torques in motors, etc.

The corresponding nuisance is characterized by the deforming power D, according to the relation

S2 = P2 + Q2 + D2

where P is the active power, Q the reactive power, and S the apparent power respectively.
S is actually the dimensioning parameter for circuits and their protections.
This results in the need for corrective actions, such as circuit breaker protection of the neutral circuits.

Figure 2 : Low Consumption Lamp (left), phase currents I1, I2, I3 in a three-phase lighting supply (center) phase current I1 and
associated neutral current IN (right) ; we observe that IN (in green) is not zero in steady state

5.2. Economic Aspects

Only two specific aspects will be addressed here.
5.2.1. Smart metering
One can imagine a limited implementation of the intelligence of the networks, confining itself to the
counting aspect of energy, and therefore to the passage to its "intelligent" pricing. This configuration has

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now a good chance of seeing the day in a practical way, projects of deployment of intelligent metering
systems are already programmed, as in France. It seems that one can indeed expect a gain in energy
efficiency from the deployment of these systems, through a more precise awareness by consumers of the
immediate financial consequences of their energy habits. And thus a modification of their behavior.
But if we draw a parallel with the telecommunications sector, which has undergone a similar evolution with
a lead over a few years, it is also feared that this evolution will give rise to a price shift in which the
consumer will have difficulty Find himself, and in which he will ultimately end up financially penalized.

We note in any case today, the emergence of many software to aid in the efficient management of energy
(example : E.online of Enerdis [8]). These tools can provide useful support in connection with the increased
sophistication of counting methods.

5.2.2. The intervention of the public authorities, the taxation of electricity, and the market
The influence of the public authorities on the economic sector of electricity obviously influences the
behavior of the consumer.
This intervention may, depending on the country, take various forms. Its dosage can also vary in very large
proportions, between total confidence in the market and authoritarian fixing of technical solutions and
tariffs.
It is not part of a technical presentation to advocate a cursor position in this area, as this is a political
matter. Let us confine ourselves to observing that our countries do indeed practice a certain degree of
interventionism, for example by defining regulated tariffs and by financially assisting the technical take-off
of new sectors by mechanisms of subsidy or compensation of taxes.
Public institutions, whether national or supra-national (such as the European Community), are often very
active in the field of electricity, given the significant weight of the electricity sector in terms of the overall
economy. This intervention is often regarded as legitimate, for various reasons (historically state origin of
the industrial enterprises of the sector, but also as a moderator of phenomena coming under the pure logic
of the market).
Prescribing the structure of a national generation park shall not be the responsibility of the transmission
system operator. Nor is it a matter for the regulatory authority, or at least directly, but for the political
authorities of each country.
Let us note that an ideal structure of generation fleet should include a fair share of the means requiring
long term investments. This does not happen spontaneously, precisely as a consequence of the functioning
of markets. Some authors explain it from the too limited and biased information signals received by
investors [9].
Whatever the forms taken by the intervention of the public authorities (energy taxation, direct support for
certain sectors, energy buy-back policies, new regulations, etc.), these are likely to modify There may
sometimes be an artificial advantage for certain sectors which pure market processes would have led to
their elimination. This remains permissible as long as it is a matter of temporary arrangements, as long as
certain energy chains prove their worth.

Thus, for example, the introduction of a tax system affecting the generation of CO2 is likely to favor the
forms of electrical generation by nature low emitting CO2.

In France, the government has taken the decision to implement a carbon tax, called Contribution Climat
Énergie, with a modest initial value (€ 14.5 / T), but will increase gradually. This value is significantly lower
than in other European countries, and is set with a view to minimizing indirectly induced economic
difficulties in other economic sectors, such as transmission.
However, the policy followed in terms of energy taxation is likely to interact strongly with the share taken
by electricity in the overall energy mix

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Other authors note that although fiscal policy can be a powerful instrument for taking into account the
environmental effects of energy consumption, it remains still limited at European level, due to the
existence of multiple factors of distortion of markets [10].
When public authorities have a strong influence on the electricity generation and marketing sector, which
is the case in some countries, an alternative form of taxation is to influence market prices, through rules of
compulsory purchase. This type of intervention also deserves to be described as distortion, in the sense
that it does not allow for a natural process of comparing the costs of the various sectors.

It is therefore necessary to remain cautious about the long-term viability of certain energy chains which
must demonstrate their capacity to persist without State support.

6. Perspectives
6.1. general
Taking into account the concern for energy efficiency by all the players in the electric power sector is today
an important source of progress, whether it is savings to be achieved or new services to exploit. In this
respect, the intervention of public policies is likely to accelerate and greatly facilitate the arrival of this
progress. Therefore, political actors, who are often concerned about short-term considerations, should be
able to take stock of the problems and define the most appropriate actions that are also in line with the
long-term interests of the community.

The search for the best overall energy efficiency, for the good of the community, requires the involvement
of all stakeholders. In particular, the contribution of the electricity grid operator is essential, since it
consists in enabling access at all times to electric power in the best conditions of cost, availability, quality of
service and To optimally manage individual generations, which are currently experiencing strong growth.

The current era presents many uncertainties, but also many promising prospects for energy efficiency.
Many experiments in progress are to be followed.
We shall mention only a few :
6.2. new generation installation types
- the SHAMS solar power plant in the United Arab Emirates (100 MW)
- the photovoltaic power plant in Cestas - France (300 MW)
6.3. storage demonstrators
A set of significant developments are to be signalled today

country power energy supply technology industry status

(MW) (MWh) time (h)
China 800 project
China (Zhangbei) 1 6 6 Lithium Iron phosphate operating (2011)
Japan 50 300 6 sodium-Sulphur operating
California 100 400 4 project
US 200 800 4 vanadium flow Rongke Power project
South Korea 50 Lithium Ion LG Chem project
France 1 Saft project
(source : US Dept. of Energy)

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From this table we shall retain that :
- many battery technologies are still competing
- significant capacities (comparable to dams) will soon be achieved
6.4. smart network demonstrators
- Issy Grid (France)
- Nice Grid (France)
etc.

In addition to these projects, which can be described as fairly concrete, there is also room for even more
ambitious ideas, such as inter-continental networks, or futuristic generation solutions such as nuclear
fusion, Space-based Solar Stations (SSP) ... The future of the domain promises to be exciting to discover.

7. Conclusion
The question of efficiency has to be considered at each step of implementation of electricity as an energy
vector (generation, transmission, consumption).
The diversity of generation means helps to give a satisfactory answer to the needs.
We shall always need a network (for instance, for international mutual support).
Innovative solutions concerning storage and smart use of electrical energy will likely introduce significant
changes in our future way of life.

8. References

[1] SUMPER A., BAGGINI A., "Electrical Energy Efficiency : Technologies and Applications", ed. Wiley, 2012 (b)

[2] BAUDRY P. "Efficacité énergétique : des principes aux réalités" - Ed. Lavoisier, Coll. EDF R & D, 2015

[3] EN 50001 "Systèmes de management de l'énergie - Exigences et recommandations de mise en œuvre",

novembre 2011

[4] "Directive 2012/27/UE sur l'efficacité énergétique", septembre 2012

[5] JAOUARI S. et al., "Tendances de l'efficacité énergétique au Maroc", ADEREE, 2013

[6] "Zhangbei National Wind and Solar Energy Storage and Transmission Demonstration Project", DOE
Global Energy Storage Database, 2012

[7] COCCHI L. et al., "Decentralised storage systems for applications on electrical distribution networks",
Cigré, 2014, réf. C6-209

[8] FÉLICE E. RÉVILLA P., "Qualité des réseaux électriques et efficacité énergétique", Dunod, 2009

[9] VIERA X., et. al "Market development and generation expansion : required interaction" Cigré, 2014, réf.
C5-103

[10] GAWEL E. PURKUS A., "Die Rolle von Energie- und Strombesteuerung im Kontext der Energiewende",
Springer, 2015

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