https://bit.

ly/3iFjSFc

UNIT 5
Unit Outcome:
GLOBAL MEDIA
CULTURE At the end of this unit, the learners must have:
1. demostrated continued developing
awareness of global media culture
considering the emerging challenges on
science and technology.

Introduction

Globalization could not occur

without media. Globalization and media
are in concert and in cohort and have
partnered throughout the whole human
history. Globalization entails the spread
of various cultures. The entire world has
been molded in the image of American
culture, the popularity of which can be
attributed to world famous companies
and celebrities. To name some, we have
Big Macs, Baywatch, and MTV which Psy. https://m.facebook.com/PSY-Gangnam-stye-PSY-Gangnam-
are touted as unmistakable signs of the style-121698291342571/?_tn_=%2Cg
fulfillment of Marshall McLuhan’s prophecy of the Global Village. The globalization
of culture is often is chiefly credited to international mass media. Contemporary
media technologies such as satellite television and the Internet have created a
steady flow of transnational images that connect audiences worldwide. Say for
example, when a film is made in Hollywood, it is shown not only in the United
States, but also in other cities across the globe. South Korean rapper Psy’s song
“Gangnam Style” may have been about a wealthy suburb in Seoul, but its listeners

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included millions who have never been or may never got to Gangnam. Some of
them may not even know what Gangnam is. Without global media, according to
the conventional wisdom, how would teenagers in India, Turkey, and Argentina
embrace a Western lifestyle of Nike shoes, Coca-Cola, and rock music? Hence, the
strong influence of mass media on the globalization of culture is very remarkable
to the extent that in the Philippines, there are some who are even patronizing
products that are imported rather than locally made. Globalization also involves
the spread of ideas. For instance, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) communities asserting their rights are spreading across the world and are
now widely accepted.

People who travel the around the globe had played an important role in
the spread of culture and ideas. Jack Lule then, was right to ask, “Could global
trade have evolved without a flow of information on markets, prices, commodities,
and more? Could empires have stretched across the world without communication
throughout their borders? Could religion, music, poetry, film, fiction, cuisine, and
fashion develop as they have without the intermingling of media and cultures?

To further understand the contemporary world, let us unravel the intimate
relationship between globalization and media.

Lesson 1. Media and Its Function

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. explained what is media and its functions;
2. compared the social impacts of different media on the processes of
globalization;
3. analyzed how media drive the different forms of globalization.

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 Fun Quiz!

Let’s see how familiar you are with social media. Here’s what you have
to do. Identify the names of the social media network based on the icon/symbol.
Write your answer on the space provided.

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

Here’s how to interpret your scores…

1. If you garnered 7-10 points, it means you are a digital native! A millennial
in character. Congratulations! You will never get lost in the digital world.
2. If you got 3-6 points, it means you are a digital immigrant! You are getting
there…You will not have a hard time adjusting to the digital environment.
3. If you only have 1-2 correct answer(s), it means you are a digital alien!
You value your privacy & you do not fancy stalking the lives of others.
You still find bliss in face to face interaction & your attention span is quite
impressive.

Media and Its Functions

What is media? Media is the main means of mass communication

(broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet), regarded collectively.

Lule describes media as “a means of conveying something, such as a

channel of communication. Technically speaking, a person’s voice is a medium.
Media is the plural form of medium, came into general circulation. Print media

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include books, magazines, and newspapers. Broadcast media involve radio, film,
and television. Digital media cover the internet media, these are the e-mail, internet
sites, social media, and internet-based video and audio. (Claudio, et al, 2018)

While it is relatively easy to define the term “media”, it is more difficult to

determine what media do and how they affect societies. Media theorist Marshall
McLuhan once declared that “the medium is the message.” He did not mean that
ideas (messages) are useless and do not affect people. Rather, his statement
was an attempt to draw attention to how media, as a form of technology, reshape
societies. He believed that it was not what we said, but the way we said it that
mattered most.

Television is not a simple bearer of messages; it also shapes the social

behavior of users and reorient family behavior. Television has drawn people away
from other meaningful activities such as playing games or reading books. Today,
the smart phone allows users to keep in touch instantly with multiple people at
the same time. Consider the effect of the internet on relationships. Prior to the
cellphone, there was no way for couples to keep constantly in touch, or to be
updated on what the other does all the time. The technology (medium), and not the
message, makes for this social change possible. Media messages carry meanings
and representations of the nation, allowing for conversations that make it sensible
to its citizens, articulate its characteristics, and discuss the prospects.

Consider the role of media in the imagination and promotion of a nation. The
role of media in promoting products, movies and others, be it local or international
is incomparable.

McLuhan added that different media simultaneously extend and amputate

human senses. New media may expand the reach of communication, but they
also clouded the users’ communicative capacities. Think about the medium of
writing. Before people wrote things down on the parchment, exchanging stories
was mainly done orally. To be able to pass stories verbally form one person to
another, storytellers had to have retentive memories. However, papyrus started
becoming more common in Egypt after fourth century BCE, which increasingly
meant that more people could write down their stories. As a result, storytellers no
longer had to rely completely on their memories. This development, according to
some philosophers at the time, dulled the people’s capacity to remember.

The same can be said about cellphones. On the one hand, they expand
people’s senses because they provide the capacity to talk to more people
instantaneously and simultaneously. On the other hand, they also limit the senses
because they make users easily distractible and more prone to multitasking.

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The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism

“Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have

extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace,
abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned.”
- Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, 1964.

Marshall McLuhan predicted the global village as one world interconnected

by an electronic nervous system, making it part of our popular culture before it
actually happened.

Marshall McLuhan was the first person to popularize the concept of a

global village and to consider its social effects. His insights were revolutionary
at the time, and fundamentally changed how everyone has thought about media,
technology, and communications ever since. McLuhan chose the insightful phrase
“global village” to highlight his observation that an electronic nervous system (the
media) was rapidly integrating the planet -- events in one part of the world could
be experienced from other parts in real-time, which is what human experience was
like when we lived in small villages.

McLuhan used his analysis of technology to examine the impact of electronic

media. Since he was writing around the 1960s, he mainly analyzed the social
changes brought about by television. McLuhan declared that television was turning
the world into a “global village.” By this, he meant that, as more people sat down in
front of their television sets and listened to the same stories, their perception of the
world would change. If tribal villages once sat in front of fires to listen to collective
stories. The members of the new global village would sit in front of bright boxes in
their living rooms.

In the years after McLuhan, media scholars continued to deal with the
challenges of global media culture. A lot of these early thinkers assumed that global
media had a tendency to homogenize cultures. They argued that as global media
spread, people from all over the world would begin to watch, listen to, and read
the same things. This thinking arose at a time when America’s power had turned
it into the world’s cultural titan. Commentators, therefore, believed that media
globalization coupled with American hegemony would create a form of cultural
imperialism whereby American values and culture would overpower all others.
In 1976, media critic Herbert Schiller argued that not only was the world being
Americanized, but that this process also led to the spread of “American” capitalist
values like consumerism. Similarly, for John Tomlinson, cultural globalization is
simply an understatement for “Western cultural imperialism” since it promotes
“homogenized, Westernized, consumer culture.” (Claudio et al, 2018)

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 These scholars who decry cultural imperialism, however, have a top-down
view of the media, since they are more concerned with the broad structures that
determine media content. Moreover, their focus on America has led them to neglect
other global flows of information that the media can enable.

Apart from the various challenges, the cultural imperialism has been
contradicted by the renewed strength of regional trends in the globalization process.
Asian culture, for example, has flourished worldwide through the globalization of
media. Japanese brands–from Hello Kitty to the Mario Brothers to Pokémon–are
now an indelible part of global popular culture. The same can be said for Korean
pop (K-pop) and Korean telenovelas, which are widely successful regionally and
globally. This observation also applies to culinary tastes. The most obvious case of
globalized Asian cuisine is sushi. And while it is true that McDonald’s has continued
to spread across Asia, there are also Asian brands which had rivaled McDonalds.
The Philippines’ Jollibee claims to be the number one choice for fast food in Brunei.

Hence, it is notably inappropriate to insist that globalization is a unidirectional

process of foreign cultures overwhelming local ones. Globalization will remain an
uneven process, and it will produce inequalities. Nevertheless, it leaves room for
dynamism and cultural change.

Summary

This lesson explained how the different media influence the globalization
processes. Global television was creating a global monoculture. It seemed more
likely that social media had fragmented cultures and ideas to those who do not
interact. We are not prepared for the rapid changes in how we connect and in
how our system of communication had affected our usual serene lives. After all,
in every technological change, it also creates multiple unintended consequences.
Consumers and users of media will have a hard time turning back the clock. Though
people may individually try to keep out of Facebook or Twitter, for example, these
media will continue to engender social changes. We must embrace these changes
rather than going into a state of moral panic. We must collectively and gradually
adapt to these changes and discover ways of dealing with them responsibly and
ethically.

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 Name: Score:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.: Date:

Let’s Do This!

Pick at least three (3) famous musical artist or group that became
internationally famous. In your report, one (1) must come from Asia, one (1) from
the United States and one (1) from Europe. Answer the following questions.

Country Why do
How did
where you think
Place of the Artist
No. Name of Artist the Artist the artist
Origin become
become become
famous
famous famous?
1.
2.
3.

Make a concept proposal of a documentary. It may be written or filmed.

Make your choice.

Tips:
Think of a topic or idea that makes you excited just thinking about it,
or something you find that could really show your talent in writing or in film
making. Make a list of all of these things, choose one that is really worth your
hard work. If you are short of ideas you may pay attention to the news. Read
your local newspaper, follow blogs in your areas of interest, follow thought
leaders on Twitter or any social media platforms. Keep an eye out for odd bits
of information or a nugget of a story that could lead to something bigger. If it is
really frustrating and been looking an idea for a while (especially if this is your
first project) but has not conceive any, why not look around you. What are the
great stories within your own family or community? Maybe the story is YOU!

Your documentary will be your masterpiece. The content shall describe

how media influence globalization depicting political, economic, environmental
and cultural milieu of your locality.

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Lesson 2. Media, Globalization and Glocalization

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. explained how media and globalization unfold;
2. differentiated and explained the different periods of media;
3. compared and contrasted globalization and glocalization.

Fun Quiz!

Below are the different types of media. List down in what era/period the
following media belongs.

Newspaper YouTube Instagram Journal

Broadcast (Bombo Radio, RMN) Books Magazines

Modules Cellphone Tablet Television

Spoken Poetry Desktop Computer Twitter Quora

Oral Script Print Electronic Digital

Several reasons explain the analytical shift from cultural imperialism to

globalization. First, the end of the Cold War as a global framework for ideological,
geopolitical, and economic competition calls for a rethinking of the analytical
categories and paradigms of thought. By giving rise to the United States as sole
superpower and at the same time making the world more fragmented, the end of

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the Cold War ushered in an era of complexity between global forces of cohesion
and local reactions of dispersal. In this complex era, the nation-state is no longer
the sole or dominant player, since transnational transactions occur on subnational,
national, and supranational levels. Conceptually, globalization appears to capture
this complexity better than cultural imperialism. Second, according to John
Tomlinson (1991), globalization replaced cultural imperialism because it conveys
a process with less coherence and direction, which will weaken the cultural unity
of all nation-states, not only those in the developing world. Finally, globalization
has emerged as a key perspective across the humanities and social sciences,
a current undoubtedly affecting the discipline of communication. In fact, the
globalization of culture has become a conceptual magnet attracting research and
theorizing efforts from a variety of disciplines and interdisciplinary formations such
as anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, communication and media
studies, geography, and sociology. International communication has been an active
interlocutor in this debate because media and information technologies play an
important role in the process of globalization. Although the media are undeniably
one of the engines of cultural globalization, the size and intensity of the effect of
the media on the globalization of culture is a contested issue revolving around
the following question: Did the mass media trigger and create the globalization
of culture? Or is the globalization of culture an old phenomenon that has only
been intensified and made more obvious with the advent of transnational media
technologies? With this in mind, let us uncover the historical development of media.

Historical Development of Media

Canadian theorist Harold Innis (1950) divided media into three periods:
the oral, print and electronic media. In 2000, James Lull added digital media to
these three. In 2005, Terhi Rantanen added script after oral and breaks down the
electronic period into wired and wireless. In this lesson, five time periods usually
capture the study of globalization and media (Jack Lule, 2012). How the media of
each time period contributed to the globalization of our world?

Oral Communication - speech is the most overlooked medium, yet the ORAL
medium—HUMAN SPEECH is the oldest and most enduring of all media. When
speech developed language, it had developed a medium that sets human apart
from other species and allow them to cover and conquer the world. Language
allowed humans to cooperate for subsistence; helped humans move and settle
down. It also led to markets, the trade of goods and services into cross-continental
trade routes.

Script - The very first writing allowed humans to communicate and share
knowledge and ideas over much larger spaces and across much longer times.
Early writings began to appear in 3000 BCE with symbols carved into clay tablets to
record trade (cuneiform—alphabets) but script needed to be written on something

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(papyrus and parchment). Humans had a medium that catapulted globalization.
Script allowed for the written and permanent codification of economic, cultural,
religious and political practices. The great civilizations were made possible through
script (Powell, 2009) and must be considered an essential medium of economic,
cultural and political integration of the world.

Printing Press - it started the information revolution and transformed

markets, businesses, nations, and social institutions. Literacy of common people
followed to revolutionize every aspect of life. Explosive flow of economic, cultural
and political ideas around the world connected and changed people and culture.
Printing press changed the very nature of knowledge (preserved & standardized).
It encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority due to its ability to
circulate competing views (Eisenstein, 1979). It also encouraged public literacy
growth of schools; rise of inexpensive and easily obtained magazines and
newspapers which brought news from around the world.

Electronic Media - A host of new media (telegraph, telephone, radio, film

& television) revolutionize globalization. These media continue to open up new
vistas in the economic, cultural, political, mobility and integration. Examples of
these are the telegraph (In 1866, transatlantic cable between US and Europe was
laid), telephone (In 1876, the ability to transmit speech over distance became the
next breakthrough), radio (wireless telegraph late 1890s) the film (Silent motion
pictures as shown as early as 1870s but developed as a mass medium in the
1890s) which was turned into an artistic medium of cultural expression and the
television which is considered the most powerful and pervasive mass medium yet
created. It brought together the visual and aural power of film with the accessibility
of radio.

Digital Media - most often electronic media that rely on digital codes with
the aid of computers (most significant medium to influence globalization). In
Economics, computers allow instantaneous, global trading 24 hours a day and
streamline tasks (anyone with a computer has access to economic information that
just a few years ago was in the hands of a wealthy few). In Politics, computers allow
citizens access to information from around the world, even those that governments
would like to conceal (blogs, social media, text messaging & etc.) which allow
citizens to communicate among themselves. Computers have transformed cultural
life; allows people to adopt & adapt new practices in music, sports, education,
religion, popular culture.

Media and Economic Globalization

Media have been essential to the growth of economic globalization in

the world. It made economic globalization possible by creating the conditions
for global capitalism and by promoting the conceptual foundation of the world’s

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market economy. Economic globalization makes possible the buying and selling of
products across borders and boundaries. The media foster the conditions for global
capitalism (they invite us to buy & consume, from ceaseless commercials on radio
& TV, to product placement in films, to digital billboards, etc.). Economic and cultural
globalization arguably would be impossible without a global commercial media
system to promote global markets & to encourage consumer values (McChesney,
2001). McChesney and co-author Edward Herman (1997) called global media as
‘the new missionaries of global capitalism’.

Media, Economic Globalization and Oligopoly

Media are themselves now the huge transnational global corps. that
embody globalization even as they celebrate globalization; Modern media are the
soul of economic globalization. The economic world is characterized by media
oligopoly, consolidation, concentration and convergence (Disney, Time Warner,
News Corp., Viacom, Vivendi & Bertelsman-own or control close to 75% of the
world’s media (McChesney, 2010). Oligopoly is a market structure with a small
number of firms, none of which can keep the others from having significant
influence. The concentration ratio measures the market share of the largest firms.
A monopoly is one firm, duopoly is two firms and oligopoly are two or more firms.
McChesney (2010) further argued that a host of political decisions, including
deregulation, support for market expansion, government intervention, etc. made
for conglomerates expanded worldwide. Media oligopoly is not interested in the
ideology of the global village or the evangelizing of cultural values but in creating
PROFIT; the Global media system is better understood as one that advances
corporate & commercial interests & values.

Media and Political Globalization

Globalization has transformed world politics in profound ways; overthrow

of kingdoms and empires—creation of nation-state; now some argue that the
nation-state deteriorates as people and borders become more fluid. Though
media corporations are powerful political actors, individual journalists are subject
to brutal and intense intimidation as more actors contend for power (journalists
die in the line of duty & without justice=ultimate form of censorship). In our age of
globalization, the entire world can be a war zone; numerous forces compete for
wealth and power within and across borders. All these groups threatened by the
work of a crusading reporter; all have targeted reporters; thus, globalization has
made the world a harrowing place for journalists.

Media are subject to other pressures in this age of high-tech persuasion,

manipulation and propaganda; economic, political and personal pressures shape

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the news around the globe. ‘The CNN Effect’, foreign policy - particularly the actions
of the US government seemed to be driven by dominant stories appearing on CNN
and other 24-hour news networks (Bahador, 2007). Media appeared to be driving
foreign policy; the concept seemed logical and attracted some interest but other
scholars pursued the CNN effect in earnest, testing and retesting its hypothesis.
The concept did not hold up to scrutiny; policy making they found was driven by
several factors, news was not often of primary importance or consequence to the
decision making of policy makers.

Scholars have suggested that new media—digital media, have the potential
to invigorate and transform political life. It can allow alternative voices within and
across borders. They hope that new media will enlarge the public sphere. They
feel that the new media can offer opportunity for more people to be involved with
political action and civil society.

What the new media can do? The new media do indeed complicate politics;
being mobile, interactive, discursive, & participatory—with dramatic political
implications. Low cost and ease of posting (text, photos, videos and music etc.).
Digital media allows for possibility of multiple, varied voices and views that can
challenge and question those in power (Shirky, 2008).

Social Media

Twitter - the logistics of twitter are unique. Users have a limit of 140 characters
and the medium requires captivating messages in order to draw attention to
readers. As a medium of communication, Twitter’s intent is to captivate and tap
into our short-term attention spans. Messages target individuals who are too busy
to read a full article, blog or the newspaper.

LinkedIn - as a medium LinkedIn is used for primarily business-related

purposes. For example, promoting a cocktail party would certainly not be marketed
using LinkedIn as a medium to reach your audience. Alternatively, using LinkedIn
to post more professional messages can be more effective than posting the same
message on a more casual platform. The medium is the message of professionalism.

Facebook - intended to foster a more casual social media experience. We

do not necessarily log into Facebook to find business information, however, it’s a
great platform to employ the word of mouth theory on the web. Facebook gives
you the opportunity to share and link a business on an online platform; much like
interactions between a group of friends offline. It is the most active social media
platform in the world, with almost or surpassing 2.5 billion monthly active users.
The medium is the message of connections.

Instagram - is great to create more visual content, build awareness, and

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foster engagement. The medium is the message of visual interest. Websites

Websites - are your 24/7 hours sales representative. Your company’s

website should promote products/services and provide solutions and answers to
potential customers. As important as your website content is, the medium of the
website itself has a huge influence on your success. Unlike Twitter and LinkedIn,
there are no restrictions on the length of content. Websites can also represent any
level of professionalism.

Media and Cultural Globalization

On one level, the Media, are the primary carriers of culture; it generates
numerous and ongoing interactions among cultures. The media are the people;
who are active economic agents and aggressive political lobbyists on matters of
culture. They market brands aggressively, seek out new markets worldwide for
their cultural products and actively bring about interactions of culture for beauty,
power and profit. These interactions are like cultural laboratory experiments, some
result in startling and stunning hybrid but other times they result in combustible and
explosive mixtures.

There are three (3) outcomes/influences of globalization on culture namely:
the cultural differentialism, the cultural convergence and the cultural hybridization.
(Jan Nederveen Pieterse, 2004)

Cultural Differentialism suggests that cultures are different, strong and

resilient. Despite globalization and the global reach of American or Western cultural
forms, distinctive cultures will endure (The Yanomami of the Amazon). Some
cultures are destined to clash as globalization continue to bring them together.
The Clash of Civilizations & the Remaking of World Order by US political scientist
Samuel Huntington argues that the West and Islam will be locked in conflict
(Huntington, 1996).

Cultural Convergence suggests that globalization will bring about a growing

sameness of culture. A global culture, some fear, will overtake many local cultures,
which will lose their distinctive characteristics. Cultural Convergence can suggest
“cultural imperialism” in which the cultures of more developed nations invade
take over the cultures of less developed nations. It will then result to a worldwide,
homogenized, Westernized culture (Tomlinson, 1991).

Cultural Hybridization suggests that globalization will bring about an

increasing blending or mixture of cultures. This mélange leads to the creation of
new and surprising cultural forms. From music to food to fashion (foreign melody of
OPM, Pinoy Rap Culture, Filipino-style spaghetti, Filipino character cosplay etc.),

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for Pieterse, this outcome is common, desirable, occurs throughout history, and will
occur more so in an era of globalization. The very process of hybridization shows
the difference to be relative and, with a slight shift of perspective, the relationship
can also be described in terms of an affirmation of similarity. Hybridization as a
perspective belongs to the fluid end of relations between cultures: the mixing of
cultures and not their separateness is emphasized.

Glocalization

Glocalization is a combination of the word’s “globalization” and “localization.”

The term is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed
globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local
market.

Glocalization is the adaptation of global and international products, into

the local contexts they’re used and sold in. The term was coined in the Harvard
Business Review, in 1980, by sociologist Roland Robertson, who wrote that
glocalization meant “the simultaneity—the co-presence—of both universalizing
and particularizing tendencies.”

In regards to a particular product or service, this means the adaptation of

globally marketed products and services into local markets. A global product or
service, something everyone needs and can get used out of, may be tailored to
conform with local laws, customs, or consumer preferences. Products that are
“glocalized” are, by definition, going to be of much greater interest to the end user,
the person who ends up using the product. This is because while it’s something
that everyone can use and has use for, as a global product, its localization makes
it more specific to an individual, their context, and their needs.

Glocalization works for companies with decentralized authority structures,

and for companies that exist and compete in multiple, different cultural contexts.
The process can be expensive, and resource intensive, but it often pays off for
companies that practice it, as it allows for greater access to a larger, more culturally
varied target market. It also makes those countries more effective competitors in
those markets.

If globalization was charged with cultural homogenization, glocalization is

something of an answer to it. Glocalization can be thought of as the opposite, or
the inverse, of Americanization, too, which is the influence that American culture
and business has on another country’s culture.

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Summary

Cultures converge not in the abstract but in newsroom, cabarets, churches,

mosques, movie theatres, & living rooms—as well as in chat rooms & McDonald’s.
According to Jack Lule, globalization & media have done wondrous deeds. they
have succeeded in bringing the world closer together. They have in fact removed the
shackles of time & space. They have given us the ability to truly imagine the world
as a global village. When McLuhan conceived the term, he had the highest hopes.
Even today, the term global village still evokes community, kinship, cooperation &
fraternity. Globalization and media too often have contended everyone’s desires to
bring globalization even in the remotest area possible. How media developed had
surpasses one’s ability to foresee of what is yet come. The cultural disparity was
eliminated bringing globalization to each and everyone’s homes. In the Philippines,
trade globalization and migration have been more prominent than financial
globalization. While empirical estimates show that globalization has positively
affected the country’s economic growth and employment, substantial evidence for
its impact on inequality and poverty has yet to be found, as preliminary estimates
show mixed results. Globalization poses challenges, as well as, opportunities.
Localities can capacitate themselves by merging global opportunities with local
interest. Glocalization then takes place when local actors have a more pronounced
role in addressing global challenges. The globalization of knowledge has also led
to many possibilities in the local economy. Growth in the electronics industry has
paved the way for faster and wider information and communication technology.

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 Name: Score:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.: Date:

Let’s Do This!

The development of media has unfurled technological progress not only in

progressive countries but also in our country, the Philippines. Below are the eras
or period of media. Cite the advantages and disadvantages of each era or period.

No. Era/Period Advantages Disadvantages

1. Oral
2. Script
3. Print
4. Electronic
5. Digital

Make a documentary (film or written) of your proposed concept in Lesson.

Your documentary should be unique to avoid issues on ownership.
The content should have described how media influence globalization
depicting political, economic, environmental and cultural milieu of your locality.
(Your documentary will be a requirement in final term. The rubrics and criteria can
be found on the appendices of this module).

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