AIRLINE BUSINESS recorded successful manned flight,

“What business is the airline business in?" however, this glider does not have
1. transportation- competing with rail, road control.
and water transports ; The First Manned Flight
2. communication - assisting people to - Aeronautical pioneer in the years between
meet face-to-face, reuniting families, the advancements of the Englishman
friends and loved ones, competing with George Cayley and the American Wright
internet communication; brothers. Between 1891 - 1896, Otto
3. leisure - airlines provides competitive Lilienthal, German aviation pioneer made
leisure opportunities for people with the first controlled flights, shifting his body
disposable incomes and limited time for weight to steer a small glider.
holidays, passengers are in need of the The Invention of Aerial Age - the first successful
best customer experience; airplane
4. logistics - providing fast transport of - Inspired by Lilienthal’s success, Wilbur and
goods providing lower warehousing Orville Wright experiment with
overhead for shippers, and carrying vital aerodynamic surfaces to control an airplane
supplies to those in need ; in flight. Their work leads them to make the
5. information - specially in the early years first controlled, sustained, powered flights on
of the business, many airlines found December 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North
financial support from moving letters and Carolina.
documents ; The first passenger air service - Dirigibles.
6. selling services - successful airlines - The first passenger air service began in
gives birth to different skills and services, 1910 when dirigibles operated between
such as aircraft engineering, airport several major cities in Germany. Dirigibles
ground handling, and data processing are also called blimps, zeppelins, or air
and management; ships. Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin set up
7. linking economies - plus the fact that it the first commercial airline in 1912, using a
creates other jobs and develop markets form of the dirigible to transport more than
and links economies. As IATA puts it, 34,000 passengers before World War I.
airlines is the business of freedom. Airships were the first aircraft capable of
controlled powered flight, and were most
INVENTION OF AIRPLANE commonly used before the 1940s, but their
The Dream of Human Flight use decreased over time as their capabilities
- The development of heavier-than-air were surpassed by those of airplanes.
flying machines was first envisioned by
none other than Leonardo Da Vinci , OTHER AVIATION PIONEERS
when around 1490, this inventor Wright brothers, flying-machine experimenters in
who thinks ahead of this time have Europe and the Americas made progress.
observed birds soaring through the sky,
he drew plans for a flying machine which The first significant flight of a powered airplane
he called 'ornithopthers.' Although it did in Europe
not work, it certainly was the first attempt - First heavier-than-air unaided takeoff
of aeronautical designs for machines
- In 1906 Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto
that employed flapping wings to generate
Santos-Dumont made the first significant
both lift and propulsion, the beginning of
flights of a powered airplane in Europe with
the dream of human flight.
his No. 14-bis. First heavier-than-air
The First Successful Glider
unaided takeoff in Europe.
- English baronet, bridged the gap The first flight across English channel
between physical theory, engineering
- Louis Bleriot
research, and the age-old dream of flight.
English aeronautic pioneer George - The Bleriot XI not only was the first airplane
Cayley established the modern notion of to cross a large body of water (the English
a fixed-wing aircraft in 1799, and he Channel), it was also the first European
designed a glider (shown in the drawing airplane to be used for a military campaign
below) that was safely flown by his (1911) and the first ever for aerobatics
reluctant servant in 1853 in the first (1913).
First four-engine airplane in the world passengers. By the mid-1920s, it operated regularly
- In 1913 –a four-engine plane designed by scheduled coast-to-coast air mail flights. Only a few
Russian engineer Igor Sikorsky was flying. brave travelers decided to use flight as a form of
This was the first plane to have a glass- transport during the earliest years of aviation.
enclosed passenger cabin, which included Airmail was one of the earliest avenues via
four seats, a table, and a washroom. which air transportation became commercially
The world’s first regular scheduled air line relevant because it helped to accelerate the velocity
- The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line of the money supply and helped to tie together far-
was the first scheduled commercial airline flung enterprises, facilitating the emergence of
operated with a Benoist Type XIV flying- continental and intercontinental enterprises. US
boat. The flight was conducted by pilot Tony airmail also subsidized the emergence of the first
Jannus on January 1, 1914 .It lasted only major US passenger airlines.
three months.
The world’s first sustained passenger airlines SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
- The world’s first sustained passenger World War II has forwarded the improvements in
airlines started in Europe in 1919. In airplane production and increased number of airport.
Germany, Deutsche Luft Reederei International and domestic air services, servicing
(D.L.R.), an ancestor of the present-day both passenger and cargo increased as well.
Lufthansa.
The Beginning of modern airliners First Transatlantic Flight
- The year 1933 was important in the history - The first transatlantic flight of Charles
of air transport, for it was then that the two Lindbergh in 1927, ignited public interest in
original ancestors of the modern airliner air travel leading to production of improved
appeared. One was the Boeing Model 247 airplanes designed for commercial airlines.
which made its inaugural flight on February Jet Age
8, 1933, and the other was the Douglas DC- - From late 1930s to late 1950s, growth
1, which flew later in the year in July. of larger aircraft and airline route network
- The Boeing Model 247 is the first all-metal, from domestic to international were evident.
low-wing monoplane featured retractable The jet age hit its mark in 1958 , when
landing gear, and was one of the first commercial jet aircraft were
airplanes to have controllable-pitch introduced. However, not until 1960's that
propellers. The twin engine airplane also aircraft such as Boeing 707s and DC-8s
required two pilots, and from 1933 up until were fully utilized in the US travel industry .
the Boeing 787, they’ve been building But the 1970s paved the way for 747
aircraft the same way. jumbo jets, the 'Concorde' , a supersonic
jet, entered the passenger service.
- DOUGLAS -DC1. In 1933, Douglas
PHILIPPINE AVIATION MILESTONES
introduced the 12-passenger twin engine
During the 1911 Manila Carnival Celebration,
DC-1. In that summer Douglas introduces
several aerial troops from the US arrived in the
the 12-passenger twin-engine DC-1,
Philippines to perform a flight exhibition in the
designed by aeronautical engineer Arthur
Pacific. It was part of their worldwide tour featuring
Raymond for a contract with TWA. A key
the two earliest aircrafts ever to land in the Philippine
requirement is that the plane can take off,
territory. The aircrafts names were: Shiver’s Skylark
fully loaded, if one engine goes out. In
and Red Devil biplane, both designed by US aviation
September the DC-1 joins the TWA fleet,
pioneer, Glenn Hammond Curtis.
followed 2 years later by the DC-3, the first
passenger airliner capable of making a profit
1911: The First Powered Flight in the
for its operator without a postal subsidy. The
Philippines
DC-3’s range of nearly 1,500 miles is more
than double that of the Boeing 247. As the - The historic first flight captured in a mailed
C-47 it becomes the workhorse of WWII. postcard dated March 3, 1911. The pilot
was James “Bud” C. Mars and the aircraft
AIRMAIL TO AIR SERVICES IN U.S. was the Schriver Skylark. Todd C. Schriver
In the United States, the U.S. Postal Service built the Skylark biplane used in the first
began the nation’s first scheduled air service. During powered flight in the Philippines on February
those early years it carried just the mail, not 11, 1911. It was flown by Bud Mars A.K.A.
 James C. Mars at the opening ceremony of materialized. The name was changed to
the festival as flight demonstrations for the Philippine Airlines (PAL) on February 27,
Governor General. The Carnival then was 1941.
held on the 21st to 28th day of February. 1930: First Airline to launch Scheduled Services
- This Red Devil biplane was developed by in the Philippines
Capt. Thomas S. Baldwin, a famous - On December 3, 1930, foreign
balloonist during the Manila Carnival. Mars businessmen in Manila incorporated
was part of the Pacific exhibition tour Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (PATCO),
organized by Captain Thomas Baldwin, who the 6th certified airline of the
also made an exhibition flight on the same Philippines. PATCO imported German pilots
day after Mars did, in his Baldwin Red Devil to fly its plane.
biplane. But it was Baldwin who 1932: First Filipino-owned private airline
made the first cross-country flight in the - In 1932, Don Eugenio H. Lopez, Sr., a
Philippines six days later, when on Feb. 27, successful sugar planter and businessman
1911, he flew 10 miles out of Manila in his from Iloilo, founded the Philippines second
Red Devil biplane commercial airline, which is also the first
1919: First Airline of the Philippines, First Airmail Filipino-owned private airline - “Iloilo –
Delivery Negros Air Express Co (INAEC).” Main
base was Iloilo aerodrome. Initial routes
- In November 1919, Major Joseph E.H. were Iloilo to Manila, Bacolod and Cebu.
Stevenot and Alfred J. Croft formed the first Soon after came service to Davao,
airline ever in the history of Philippine Zamboanga and Del Monte on Mindanao.
aviation- the Philippine Airways Service 1931 : Advent of Commercial Aviation
Inc (PASI). On November 25-29, 1919, Regulations
Stevenot and Croft completed the first - Legislative Act No. 3909 – the Air
airmail flight from Manila to Cebu, IloIlo and Commerce Act passed by the Congress of
back. the Philippines on November 20, 1931
1920: First Charter Service created an Office under the Department of
- TINSAY Air Charter Service Commerce and Communications to handle
- On July 1920, Jose Tinsay started a one- aviation matters, particularly the
plane charter service between IloIlo and enforcement of rules and regulations
Bacolod with Curtiss OSOriole. The Tinsays governing commercial aviation as well as
of Negros and Panay would continue to be private flying -a division that will regulate
engaged in local aviation until today. In air commerce and faster air transport
1925, Jose Tinsay bought two more development in the Philippines. It was
aircrafts. The first regular air services were amended by Act 3996 to include licensing of
launched in Iloilo (Central Philippines), said airmen and aircraft, inspection of aircraft
to be the birthplace of Filipino commercial concerning air traffic rules, schedules and
air transportation. Jose Tinsay, an Ilongo rates and enforcement of Aviation Laws.
aviator, was the first to fly the 43-kilometer 1941: Philippine Airways to Philippine Airlines
Guimaras Strait between Iloilo and Bacolod. - In 1936,PATCO moved from air taxi services
The sugar barons kept the air service viable to scheduled services. It went bankrupt in
with their frequent patronage. 1940 and Soriano and former senator
1920: First Government Airline Ramón J. Fernández acquired the franchise
- On July 7, 1920 , the Council of State of Philippine Aerial Taxi Company, Inc. and
approved the establishment of was officially incorporated in Feb1941 under
the Philippine Air Service (PAS) to fly the name of Philippine Airways, with
passengers and mail in the country in shareholders comprising a group of Filipino,
accordance with a statue passed by the German and Spanish industrialists and
Commonwealth government. businessmen.The carrier was reformed on
1927: 3rd Airline of the Philippines, The Early 13Mar1941, when it changed its name
Roots of Philippine Airlines to Philippine Air Lines (PAL), starting
- In November 1927, Philippine Airways Inc. operations on 15Mar1941. PAL is the oldest
(PAI) was organized. It planned to fly airline in Asia operating under its original
passengers and cargo but none of the plans name.
1974: One Airline Policy (LCC) began to increase its share of the
- Philippine Airlines becomes a monopoly in market.
domestic air travel after President Ferdinand - The low-cost carriers (LCCs) and small
Marcos (by virtue of his powers under airlines were originally meant to serve
Martial Law) ordered the foreclosure of two smaller markets, however these carriers
other airlines – Filipinas Orient Airlines were able to strategize
(FOA) and Air Manila Inc. (AMI) – due to driving out competition from the major hubs.
the fuel crisis arising from a war in the The growth of LCCs such as the Southwest
Middle East. PAL was told to absorb the Airlines, the pioneer in low-cost carriers, has
aircraft and staff of FOA and AMI. increased point-to-point service back in U.S.
1995: Liberalization of Philippine airline industry air transport system, and also increased
- Executive Order 219 , under President availability of different aircraft types which
Fidel Ramos in 1995, has established the will suit different kinds of markets.
domestic and international civil aviation
liberalization policy in the Philippines. This 9/11 TERROR ATTACK
order reduced regulations on tariffs and - The September 11 attacks, referred to as
fares and government control on the entry 9/11 were a series of coordinated airline
into and exit from the airline industry. Prior hijacking and suicide attacks by some Al-
to this order, Philippine Airlines (PAL) solely Qaeda Islamic extremist group in 2001. In is
domestic flights due to government's one- the single deadliest terrorist attack in human
airline policy. A study by Manuela (2007), history and the single deadliest incident for
indicated that airfare lowered after fire fighters and law enforcement officers in
liberalization, and the history of the United States. The terror
domestic airline passengers benefited as a attacks of 9/11 affected greatly the air travel
result of competition due to new in North America and then felt
entrants and higher demand. globally. Immediate reaction to the attacks
and the long-term repercussions negatively
AIRLINE DEREGULATION OF 1978 affected the airline industry; namely
- Since 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Board
(CAB) is the federal government body 1. reduction in passenger demand as
which regulated U.S. interstate commercial thousands of passengers cancelled their
aviation through the mid-1970s; regulating flights,
routes, fares, and schedules. Airlines on 2. large scale layoffs due bankruptcy- due to
intrastate routes , however, were regulated massive financial loses due lack of demand
by governments of the states in which they 3. new air security procedures - as a
operated. The CAB was notoriously known response the Transportation Security
for its bureaucratic complacency; airlines Administration (TSA) was established in
had to suffer from long delays for approval 2001 to overhaul airport security
for new routes, or fare changes, which very processes, all the airports globally followed
often were rejected. This highly regulated suit.
structure put pressure in the industry in the 4. airline industry overhaul- airlines are seen
1970s. This all changed when in 1978, renegotiating contracts with unions and
President Carter signed the Airline tightening their belts as the major
Deregulation Act. The Act abolished the airlines with the financial struggles also
CAB by 1984; the Federal Aviation experienced increased competition with low-
Administration (FAA) took over regulation cost carriers (LCC).
of airline safety. The Act allowed airlines to
set their own routes and in the long run set AIRLINE TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
their own fares. This led to lower fares and “Rusty” pilots, “air rage”, new routes, new generation
increased competition which later on aircraft and eveninsect infestations – airlines and
produced another problem about congestion airports will face some novel challengesas they turn
and safety. Later, in the 1980s financial their attentions toward restoring normal operations
problems beset the industry leading to major afterbeing mothballed during the Covid-19
carriers going bankrupt while small airline pandemic.
companies and low cost carriers 1. The return of rusty pilots and sightseeing
flights.
...while there have been no reported incidents of A340-600.
out-of-practice pilots causing accidents injuring
passengers, mistakes reported included: forgetting 6. Robust performance by air cargo and trend
to disengage the parking brake on takeoff, taking will continue
three attempts to land the plane on a windy day, ...the May 2021 study by Accenture noted that while
choosing the wrong runway and forgetting to turn on the global air cargo capacity is down 9% compared
the anti-icing mechanism that prevents the altitude to the same weeks in 2019, specific areas have
and airspeed sensors from freezing. grown. Latin America to North America freighter
capacity grew 31% from April 19 to May 2 compared
2. Incidents of air rage and unruly passenger to the same weeks in 2019. In April 2021, Asia
behavior on the rise. Pacific reported its best month for international air
...there are often no more than 150 reports of cargo since the pandemic began, thanks to rising
serious onboard disruption. In 2021, that number business confidence, e-commerce and
had already jumped to around 3,000 by June , congestion at sea ports.
including about 2,300 incidents involving passengers
who refused to comply with the federal mandate to 7. What will happen with business travel?
wear a mask while traveling. ...while the pandemic opened the eyes of managers
to how much can be effectively achieved by new
3. The perils from parked fleets . ways of collaborating, such as video calls, these are
...loss exposures do not just disappear when unlikely to fully replace face-to-face interactions.
airplanes are parked. Instead, they change and can Influential economist
create new risk accumulations. For example, Ricardo Hausmann (“Why Zoom Can’t Save the
thunderstorms in Texas in May 2021 that pelted World”) estimated that a permanent shutdown of
down golf ball-sized hail sparked fears of damage international business travel would shrink global
among several grounded aircraft. gross product by 17% by hindering flows of
knowledge across borders.
4. Pilot shortage remains a major issue and
brings risks 8. Network experimentation – a jump in the
...The initial response of many airlines to the number of new airline routes.
pandemic involved furloughs, hiring freezes and ...some good news for the aviation sector as we look
layoffs to conserve cash. It, therefore, seems odd ahead to the post Covid-19 environment is the fact
that the industry faces an imminent shortage of that over 1,400 new air routes are scheduled to
pilots, but Covid-19 merely paused a longer-term operate ... – more than double those added in 2016
problem. The tremendous increase in air travel – with regional airports set to be the main
experienced in the years before the pandemic – beneficiaries. This is driven by Europe (over 600),
annual air passenger growth in China alone was where many of these previously unserved routes link
10%+ a year from 2011 – meant demand for pilots regional airports across the continent, and Asia
was already outstripping supply. This problem is Pacific (over 500). Growth in China’s domestic
reemerging as more aircraft return to the skies. market alone has seen over 200 new routes added.
The US has 235 new routes.The development
5. Shift to new generation of aircraft brings reflects the desire of some airlines to experiment in a
safety improvements but higher maintenance time of uncertainty, particularly smaller ones, who
and repair costs. have sought to seize opportunities.
...in March 2021, Lufthansa announced that it had
shrunk its collective fleet by 150 aircraft during the 9. Insect infestation affecting instrument
past 12 months. In addition, the company said it was accuracy
considering further retirements, notably to the the European Aviation Safety Agency has reported
remaining A380s, which had been placed into deep an “alarming trend” in the number of reports of
storage for “several years ” – demonstrating the unreliable airspeed and altitude readings during the
impact of the Covid crisis on the sector and the first flight(s) after some planes have left storage.
extraordinary circumstances it has had to operate in. ... The risk of such (insect) contamination is
Like Lufthansa, many airlines have retired some of increased, if the aircraft storage/de-storage
their widebody long-haul aircraft earlier than procedures have not been completely or improperly
planned. KLM, for example, scrapped the last of applied at the beginning, during or at the end of the
their Boeing 747 jumbo jets last year, and Virgin storage period. Thorough testing of the aircraft
Atlantic brought forward the retirement of their systems before use is the norm and should alleviate
these issues, although it is yet another example of - World War II had great impact on airline
the range of challenges the aviation sector may face transportation. To help promote world
in coming months. peace, there should be formal and
standardized arrangements for airlines to
INTERNATIONAL AIR LAW be able to fly into and through the territories
- Commercial aviation started when in 1926 of other countries. The Convention on
the U.S. Air Commerce Act created federal International Civil Aviation, done at Chicago
agencies to put up airports, radio navigation on 7 December 1944;
systems, and other commercial air aimed to achieve a smoother flow of
services. The United States and many passengers, baggage and cargo by airlines
European governments followed suit and and countries. This treaty established the
started to regulate passenger air travel by rights of signatory states over their territorial
developing extensive airline routes with air space, and laid down the basic principles
combined mail, freight, and passenger relating to international transport of
service to dependencies and foreign dangerous goods by air.
countries around the world. The Montreal Convention 1999 (MC99)
The Paris Convention of 1919 - Since the first treaty governing international
- As early as 1919, initially air travel, the Warsaw Convention, is almost
representatives from associated nations century old, there was a need to update the
met in Paris and drew up principles to aviation rules set in 1929. The airline
govern the drafting of the convention, thus industry recognized the need to modernize,
the enactment of the International Air integrate and simplify the already existing
Navigation Act , also known as the Paris regulations.The Montreal Convention 1999
Convention of 1919. Several also known as MC99 establishes airline
meetings were held to draft an international liability in the case of death or injury to
code of regulations to govern commercial passengers, as well as in cases of delay,
aviation thereafter. damage or loss of baggage and cargo. It
The Warsaw (Poland) Convention of 1929 unifies all of the different international treaty
- Defining international transportation as any regimes covering airline liability that had
transportation between two points in developed haphazardly since 1929 . As a
different countries was defined in an result The Montreal Convention was signed
international convention in 1929. The in 1999 and it replaced the Warsaw
convention for the unification of certain rules Convention.
relating to international air transportation - MC99 made it easier for passengers to
applies to any international transportation of establish they’ve been harmed in an
persons, baggage, or merchandise by accident during international flights While
aircraft for compensations is known as the Warsaw Convention mandated issuance of
Warsaw Convention of 1929. The Warsaw travel tickets, MC99 modernized the rule by
Convention provided that an air carrier was allowing this to be delivered in electronic
liable for damages in the event of (1) death form. According to MC99 the airline or
or injury to passengers, (2) destruction or carrier is responsible for damages in case of
loss of or damage to baggage or goods, or death or bodily injury if the accident that
(3) loss resulting from delay in the caused it occurred in-flight or during pre-
transportation of passengers, baggage, or flight or post-flight activities. The Convention
merchandise. The limit of liability with also offers compensation in case of a flight
respect to passengers on international delay leading to damages (additional
flights was set at $8,300. The convention expenses) and baggage problems.
also set standards for passenger tickets,
cargo waybills, and other air travel FREEDOMS OF AIR
documentation. Several revisions were - A set of commercial aviation rights granting
done thereafter, specifically on monetary a country's airlines the privilege to enter and
limit of airline liability, such as in Hague, land in another country's airspace,
Netherlands in 1955 and in Guatemala City formulated as a result of disagreements over
in 1971. the extent of aviation liberalization in the
ICAO and Chicago Convention 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation of
 1944, known as the Chicago Convention. - DXB-BKK-LHR via TG
Soon after it was founded, the ICAO set out - 7th freedom - allows an airline to operate a
five rights of aviation, otherwise known as flight that originates in a foreign country,
the Freedoms of the Air. There are an bypasses its own nation, and lands in
additional four that, though not officially set another destination.
up by the ICAO, are recognized among most - DXB-LHR via AA
ICAO member countries. There are now
- 8th freedom - allows airlines to fly between
a total of nine freedoms. The terms
two points in a foreign country, provided that
'freedom' and 'right' in this context, refer to
the flight is a continuation of a flight that
the type of international services permitted
originated in its own country.
between two or more countries. Even when
such services are allowed by countries, - PEK-XMN-YYZ via AC
airlines may still face restrictions to - 9th freedom - known as "stand alone
accessing them by the terms of treaties or cabotage", and is very similar to rule eight
for other reasons. “The Five Freedoms of except for the distinction that airlines don't
the Air serve as a framework for have to fly to their home country after
international aviation agreements,” says connecting two foreign destinations in the
Sam, manager of the Wendover same country. This would allow American
Productions. “Each freedom has varying Airlines to fly between Mexico City and
levels of acceptance, but every developed Cancun without returning to the United
country worldwide grants these rights to States.
certain foreign airlines.” - PEK-XMN via TG
1st & 2nd freedom (Transit rights)
- 1st freedom - the right of an airline to fly IATA TRAFFIC CONFERENCES
over a foreign country without landing. TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREA 1 (4 main sub
- DXB-BKK-LHR overfly BKK areas) - defined as the entire Western
Hemisphere. TC1 is categorized into 4 sub-areas:
- 2nd freedom - allows international airlines to
North America, Central America, the Caribbean and
make technical stops in foreign countries
South America.
without loading or unloading passengers or
NORTH AMERICA
cargo.
- CANADA
- DXB-BKK-LHR stopover for refuel
3rd & 4th freedom (Traffic rights) - USA
- 3rd freedom - allows airlines to deliver - MEXICO
paying passengers from its home country to - ST. PIERRE & MIQUELON
a foreign country. CENTRAL AMERICA
- DXB-LHR via EK - BELIZE
- 4th freedom - allows airlines to deliver - COSTA RICA
paying passengers from a foreign country to - EL SALVADOR
its home country. - GUATEMALA
- DXB-LHR via BA - HONDURAS
5th, 6th, 7th, 8th & 9th freedom (Traffic rights: Beyond - NICARAGUA
rights) CARIBBEAN SUB-AREAS
- 5th freedom - referred to as "beyond rights"; - BAHAMAS
allows airlines to carry passengers from its - BERMUDA
home country to a foreign country, then drop - CARIBBEAN ISLANDS
off passengers, pick up new ones, and carry ✓ Anguila, Antigua & Barbuda, Aruba,
them to a third, new country. Barbados, British Virgin Island,
- DXB-BKK-LHR via EK Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica,
- 6th freedom - allows an airline to operate Dominican Republic, Grenada,
flights between two foreign countries, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica,
provided it touches down in its own country; Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands
it allows Lufthansa to operate a flight Antilles, St. Barthelemy, St. Kitts &
between the United States and Germany, Nevis, St. Lucia, Northern St. Martin,
then continue on to another European St. Vincent and the Grenadines,
destination.
 Trinidad & Tobago, Turks & Caicos MIDDLE EAST
Islands - BAHRAIN, CYPRUS, EGYPT, IRAN, IRAQ,
SOUTH AMERICA ISRAEL, JORDAN, KUWAIT, LEBANON,
- ARGENTINA, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, CHILE, OMAN, QATAR, SAUDIAARABIA, SUDAN,
COLOMBIA, ECUADOR, PANAMA, SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, UNITED ARAB
FRENCH GUIANA, GUYANA, PARAGUAY, EMIRATES (Abu-Dhabi, Amman, Dubai,
PERU, SURINAME, URUGUAY, Fujairah, Sharjah, Ras Al Kahimah, Umm Al
VENEZUELA Qaiwain), YEMEN REPUBLIC
- Note: Geographically Egypt & Sudan are
TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREA 2 (3 main sub situated in AFRICAN Continent, they are
areas) - includes the entire European continent, and included in IATA version of the Middle East
that part of western Russia up to the Ural area. Cyprus is in Europe while in IATA in
Mountains. It also includes Middle East, up to and middle east.
including Iran, includes Africa and adjacent islands
including Indian Ocean Islands, and Libya. TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREA 3 - is composed of
EUROPE the whole of Asia and the neighboring Islands (with
- ALBANIA, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, the exception of the part included in TC 2) Australia,
AUSTRIA, Azerbaijan, Belarus, BELGIUM, New Zealand, and the neighboring Islands also the
BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA, BULGARIA, Pacific Islands (except those included in TC1).
CROATIA, CZECH REPUBLIC, DENMARK, SOUTHEAST ASIA
ESTONIA, Faroe Islands, FINLAND, - BRUNEI, CAMBODIA, CHINA (excl:
FRANCE, Georgia, GERMANY, Gibraltar, Hongkong & Macau), TAIPEI, GUAM,
GREECE, HUNGARY, ICELAND, IRELAND, HONGKONG, INDONESIA, KASAKHSTAN,
ITALY, LATVIA, LIECHTENSTEIN, LAO, MACAU, MALAYSIA, KYRGYZSTAN,
LITHUANIA, LUXEMBOURG, MACEDONIA MARSHALL
(former Yugoslav), MALTA, Moldova, ISLANDS,MICRONESIA(incl:CarolineIsland
Monaco, Morocco, MONTENEGRO, s excl: Palau Group of Islands), Mongolia,
NETHERLANDS, NORWAY, POLAND, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau,
PORTUGAL, ROMANIA, Russia, San Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Tajikistan,
Marino, SERBIA, SLOVAKIA, SLOVENIA, Thailand, Timor Leste, Turkmenistan
SPAIN, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, Tunisia, SOUTH ASIAN OR INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT
Turkey, Ukraine, UNITED KINGDOM - AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN,
- SCANDINAVIA: Denmark, Norway and INDIA (incl: Andaman Islands), MALDIVES,
Sweden NEPAL, PAKISTAN, SRI LANKA
AFRICA (subdivided into 6 regions) JAPAN / KOREA
+ CENTRAL AFRICA -
- Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTHWEST PACIFIC
+ EASTERN AFRICA - AMERICAN SAMOA, AUSTRALIA, COOK
- Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, ISLANDS, FIJI, FRENCH POLYNESIA,
Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda KIRIBATI, NAURU, NEW CALEDONIA,
+ SOUTHERN AFRICA NEW ZEALAND, NIUE, PAPUA NEW
- Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, GUINEA, SAMOA INDEPENDENT STATE,
South Africa, Swaziland SOLOMON ISLANDS, TONGA, TUVALU,
+ LIBYA OR LIBYA ARAB VANUATU, WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS
+ INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS
- Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte,
Reunion, Seychelles
+ WESTERN AFRICA
- Angola, Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Cape
Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
Congo-Brazzaville, Congo- Kinshasa, Cote
d’lvoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia,
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia,
Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome &
Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo