Test 2 RE READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based, on the following pages Questions 1-5 Reading Passage | has five marked paragraphs, A-E, 3 Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below, Write the correct number, bili, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, List of Headings Avoiding an overcrowded centre A successful exercise in people power The benefits of working together in cities Higher incomes need not mean more cars Economic arguments fal to persuade The impact of telecommu Increases in travelling tim iv vi nications on Population distribution e Responding to arguments against Public transport Paragraph A Paragraph B Paragraph C Paragraph D Paragraph E weuneAdvantages of public transport ‘Anew study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University's Institute for Science and © Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system. The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: ‘A European city surrounded by a car- dependent one’. Melbourne's large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live. Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms’. Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two mast ‘bicycle friendly’ Cities considered — Amsterdam and Copenhagen — were very efficient, even though their public \ransport systems were ‘reasonable but not special’. 'Lis common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public \ransport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against Climate and found ‘zero correlation’. 41Test 2 i \d lobbies are of it to other physical features, roat f lee ae it would be hard for a city as hilly as Aucklar fe network, However, he points out that both Hong Kong aod 2a ave Fran Duccess oftheir rll systems, heavy and light respectively, thoug ther world as hilly. A. In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting ‘one sort of te Pe politics: ‘The more democratic the process, the more public transpor Portland, Oregon, a perfect example ofthis. Some years ago, federal money wa build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same Perth and had a similar population density at the time. In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with peopl situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trair initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their “4 destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causin: 7: massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher There is a widespread belief that increasin cars are the only viable transport. The exa wealthier than their American counterpai Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in wealthier. A new study makes this point 1g wealth encourages people to live farther out mple of European cities refutes that. They are ofta rts but have not generated the same level of car use recent years as the city has become larger and D_ Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars mi ight be converted to ral ure a5 an example, It found that pushi ity centre was not the best approach. Instead, the Proposal aieeet io llages at hundreds of sites, mostly around Tailway si tations, Iwas once assumed that improvements in tele Creation of urban vil that it is valuable to pla depend on human fae People working in related fields together. ‘The new world will largely People come together face-to-face.’ Creativity, and creativity flourishes where 42Questions 6-10 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN _ if there is no information on this The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world. Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers. ew r)|a In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs. 10 Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good. Questions 11-13 Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions below. Match each city with the correct description, A-F. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. IL Perth 2 Auckland 13 Portland List of Descriptions successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environment successful public transport system despite cold winters profitably moyed from road to light rail transport system hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system heavily dependent on cars despite widespread poverty inefficient due to a limited public transport system