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GATE & ESE 2022 (Aptitude & Reasoning)

Third Edition : April, 2021

Second Edition : August, 2020
First Edition : August, 2019
Editor : Hemant Jain and Sameer Jain

ISBN : 978-81-949683-6-8

Infinity Educations and OnlineVerdan has taken due care in publishing this book with reliable content to the
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 Contents
Volume-A : Quantitative Aptitude

1 Arithmetic .................................................................................................................... 1-46

1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Real Numbers ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Condition of Divisibility .................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Remainder Theorem........................................................................................................................ 9
1.5 Factorial ..........................................................................................................................................10
1.6 LCM and HCF ............................................................................................................................... 11
1.7 Indices or Powers .......................................................................................................................... 17
1.8 Surds .............................................................................................................................................. 19
1.9 Logarithms...................................................................................................................................... 22
1.10 Simplification .................................................................................................................................. 24
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................... 27
Solutions and Explanations ............................................................................................................. 34
2 Percentage, Profit and Loss, Simple and Compound Interest ............................... 47-74
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 47
2.2 Percentage ..................................................................................................................................... 47
2.3 Profit, Loss and Discount ............................................................................................................... 50
2.4 Interest ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................... 57
Solutions and Explanations ............................................................................................................. 64
3 Ratio and Proportion, Average and Alligation...................................................... 75-102
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 75
3.2 Ratio ............................................................................................................................................... 75
3.3 Proportion ....................................................................................................................................... 77
3.4 Average .......................................................................................................................................... 80
3.5 Mixture ........................................................................................................................................... 83
3.6 Alligation ........................................................................................................................................ 85
3.7 Other Problems Based on Ages ..................................................................................................... 87
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................... 89
Solutions and Explanations ............................................................................................................. 94
4 Speed, Time and work ........................................................................................... 103-150
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 103
4.2 Speed ............................................................................................................................................ 103
4.3 Boats and Streams ....................................................................................................................... 114
4.4 Linear and Circular Races ........................................................................................................... 114
4.5 Work-Time.................................................................................................................................... 117
4.6 Pipes and Cisterns ........................................................................................................................ 120
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 123
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 133
5 Progression ............................................................................................................ 151-186
5.1 Sequence ...................................................................................................................................... 151
5.2 Arithmetic Progression (AP) ........................................................................................................ 152
5.3 Geometric Progression (GP) ........................................................................................................ 156
5.4 Harmonic Progression (HP) ......................................................................................................... 160
5.5 Sum of General Series .................................................................................................................. 161
5.6 Hidden Sequences/Series ............................................................................................................. 162
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 165
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 172
6 Basic Concepts of Geometry ................................................................................ 187-238
6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 187
6.2 Point, Line, Plane ......................................................................................................................... 187
6.3 Angle ............................................................................................................................................ 189
6.4 Polygon ......................................................................................................................................... 192
6.5 Triangle ......................................................................................................................................... 195
6.6 Quadrilaterals ............................................................................................................................... 202
6.7 Hexagon ....................................................................................................................................... 207
6.8 Circle ............................................................................................................................................ 208
6.9 Pyramid ........................................................................................................................................ 215
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 219
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 227
7 Polynomials ........................................................................................................... 239-264
7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 239
7.2 Factors of a Polynomial ................................................................................................................ 239
7.3 Graph of Elementary Functions .................................................................................................... 240
7.4 Quadratic Equation ....................................................................................................................... 241
7.5 Roots of a Polynomial .................................................................................................................. 244
7.6 Inequalities.................................................................................................................................... 245
7.7 Modulus ........................................................................................................................................ 248
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 249
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 255
8 Permutation, Combination and Probability ....................................................... 265-312
8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 265
8.2 Set ................................................................................................................................................ 265
8.3 Fundamental Principle of Counting............................................................................................... 270
8.4 Permutation .................................................................................................................................. 270
8.5 Combination .................................................................................................................................. 271
8.6 Problems on Permutation and Combination ................................................................................. 273
8.7 Probability ..................................................................................................................................... 277
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 287
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 297

Volume-B : Reasoning Aptitude

9 Direction Sense ...................................................................................................... 313-328

9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 313
9.2 Problem Solving ............................................................................................................................ 313
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 317
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 321
10 Clocks and Calendars ............................................................................................ 329-342
10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 329
10.2 Clocks ........................................................................................................................................... 329
10.3 Types of Problems ........................................................................................................................ 330
10.4 Calendars ..................................................................................................................................... 334
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 336
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 339
11 Dice and Cubes ....................................................................................................... 343-358
11.1 Dice .............................................................................................................................................. 343
11.2 Cubes ........................................................................................................................................... 343
11.3 Types of Problems ........................................................................................................................ 343
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 351
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 355
12 Blood Relations ..................................................................................................... 359-368
12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 359
12.2 Symbols used in Family Diagram ................................................................................................. 360
12.3 Types of Problems ........................................................................................................................ 360
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 364
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 367
13 Puzzles ..................................................................................................................... 369-404
13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 369
13.2 Problems of Categorization .......................................................................................................... 369
13.3 Blood Relationship & Professions Problems ................................................................................ 371
13.4 Sequencing Problems ................................................................................................................... 372
 13.5 Comparison Problems .................................................................................................................. 372
13.6 Conditional Selection Problems .................................................................................................... 374
13.7 Problems of Pattern ..................................................................................................................... 375
13.8 Miscellaneous Problems ............................................................................................................... 377
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 381
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 397
14 Sitting Arrangements ............................................................................................ 405-416
14.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 405
14.2 Types of Problems ........................................................................................................................ 405
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 411
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 413
15 Data Interpretation................................................................................................ 417-460
15.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 417
15.2 Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 417
15.3 Graphs .......................................................................................................................................... 419
15.4 Pie-Charts .................................................................................................................................... 422
15.5 Combination of Graphs ................................................................................................................. 424
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 426
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 445
16 Venn Diagram and Syllogism ................................................................................ 461-530
16.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 461
16.2 Basic Syllogism Terminology ........................................................................................................ 461
16.3 Venn Diagrams ............................................................................................................................. 462
16.4 Classification of Propositions ........................................................................................................ 463
16.5 Elimination Techniques ................................................................................................................. 466
16.6 Adjectives in Syllogism ................................................................................................................. 467
16.7 Conclusions from Multiple Statements ......................................................................................... 469
16.8 Definite Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 470
16.9 Derivation ..................................................................................................................................... 473
16.10 “Either ... or ...” Case in Syllogism .............................................................................................. 486
16.11 Causative Syllogism ...................................................................................................................... 492
16.12 Cause and Effect ......................................................................................................................... 492
16.13 Cause Effect Relationships .......................................................................................................... 492
16.14 Examples for Sufficient and Necessary Cause ............................................................................ 496
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 499
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 519
17 Critical Reasoning ................................................................................................ 531-587
17.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 531
17.2 Critical Reasoning Terminology .................................................................................................... 531
17.3 Steps Followed in Critical Reasoning ........................................................................................... 531
17.4 Types of Questions ....................................................................................................................... 532
Previous Years (GATE & ESE) and Practice Questions ............................................................. 538
Solutions and Explanations ........................................................................................................... 576
 Volume-A

Quantitative Aptitude
 Chapter

1. Arithmetic
1.1 Introduction
Numbers can be classified according to how they are represented or according to the properties that they
have. The classification of the numbers in the form of chart is given in next section. This classification is also
known as number tree.
The main types of numbers are:
(i) Real Numbers
(ii) Imaginary Numbers
1.2 Real Numbers
The real numbers include all the measuring numbers. The symbol for the real number is ‘R’. Real numbers
are usually represented by using decimal numerals, in which a decimal point is placed to the right of the digit with
place value 1.
Crux: All the numbers which can be represented on the number line are called real numbers.
Number

Real Number Complex Number

Rational Number Irrational Number

Integers Fraction

Whole Number

Natural Number
Flow Chart
Example 1.1: Consider the following statements.
I. Every natural number is a real number.
II. Every real number is a rational number.
III. Every integer is a real number.
IV. Every rational number is a real number.
[2] Aptitude & Reasoning
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV (c) II and III (d) III and IV
Solution: (b)
From the flow chart, given above, all natural numbers are real numbers but its converse is not true i.e., all
real numbers are not natural numbers. So, statement (I) is true.
Every real number is not a rational number, some may be irrational numbers. Hence, statement (II) is wrong.
Similarly, from number tree, we can say about statement (III) and (IV) that both the statements are true.
Number line: Number line is a line on which all the positive and negative numbers can be represent in a
sequence. It stretches from negative infinity to positive infinity.
– +
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Further, the real numbers are classified into:
(i) Rational Numbers.
(ii) Irrational Numbers.
1.2.1 Rational Numbers
p
A number which can be expressed in the form of where, p and q are integers and q  0, is called a
q
rational number.
For example: Any integer number is a rational number since, it can be written as the ratio of two integer
numbers, one the integer number itself and another number is 1.
2 3
Other examples of rational number are ,  ,... etc.
3 7
Crux: A decimal represents a rational number if and only if it has a finite number of digits or eventually
repeats for ever, after any initial finite string digits.
All recurring decimals are rational numbers.
Example 1.2: Which one of the following is not a rational number?
3 111
(a) (b)  (c) 2 (d) None of these
8 23
Solution: (c)
The number in option (a) and (b) are rational numbers, as they are the ratio of two integers. The number
2 neither ends nor eventually repeats forever, so, it is not a rational number..
1.2.1.1 Recurring Decimals
A decimal in which a digit or a set of digits is repeated continuously is called a recurring decimal. For
representing recurring decimal, we place bar on the repeated numbers.
For example:
(i) The number 0.247632476324763.... can be represented as 0.24763 .
(ii) Similarly, the number 0.1555.... can be represented as 0.15 .
As we have discussed, all the recurring decimals are rational numbers as they can be expressed in the form
p
of where, p and q are integers and q  0. So, next we will discuss, how recurring decimals can be expressed
q
p
in form of with the help of an example.
q

www.onlineverdan.in
Arithmetic [3]

Example 1.3: Express the recurring decimal 0.230 in the form of a fraction.
Solution: The given decimal can be written as
0.230 = 0.230230230... ...(i)
3
As the bar is placed on three digits, so, we will multiply the above equation by 10 .
0.230  103 = 230.230230.. ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we can write

(103  1)0.230 = 230

230 230
or 0.230 = 3

10  1 999
Example 1.4: The value of 1.34  4.12 is
133 371 219 461
(a) (b) (c) 5 (d) 5
90 90 990 990
Solution: (d)
The decimal 1.34 can be written as

1.34 = 1.343434... ...(i)

2
As the bar is placed on two digits after decimal point, so, we will multiply the above equation by 10 .
1.34  10 2 = 134.3434... ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)

(102  1)1.34 = 133

133
 1.34 =
99
In 4.12, the bar is place on one digit so it can be written as

4.12 = 4.1222... ...(i)

2
By multiplying 10 in above equation,
4.12  10 2 = 412.222... ...(ii)
By multiplying 10 the equation (i) can be written as
4.12  10 = 41.222... ...(iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii)
4.12(100  10) = 412 – 41
371
 4.12 =
90
Hence, the required value is
133 371 1330  4081 5411 461
1.34  4.12 =   = 5
99 90 990 990 990

Infinity Educations India

Arithmetic [27]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

 " " means "–",

Previous Years GATE Questions " " means "  ",

6. If 
1.  and  are two operators on numbers p and  "  " means "+",
 "  " means "×".
p2  q2 p2
q such that p  q = and p  q = . If then, the value of the expression,
pq q
23((42)4) =
x  y = 2  2, then x = (a) –1 (b) –0.5
(a) 2y (b) y (c) 6 (d) 7
y 3y [ME(I), GATE-2021]
(c) (d)
2 2 7. If    = 2;   = 3;  + = 5; ×  = 10,
[CE(I), IN, GATE-2021] then, the value of (  –  )2, is
2.  and  are two operators on numbers p and (a) 4 (b) 0
q such that (c) 16 (d) 1
p  q = p – q, and p  q = p × q [ME(II), GATE-2021]
Then, (9  (6  7))  (7  (6  5)) = 8. The unit's place in 26591749110016 is _____.
(a) –30 (b) 40 (a) 6 (b) 1
(c) –40 (d) –26 (c) 3 (d) 9
[CE(II), GATE-2021] [CE, GATE-2020]
2 2 9. The sum of two positive numbers is 100. After
 1  3
subtracting 5 from each number, the product of
3. If  x –  –  x –  = x + 2, then the value of
 2  2 the resulting number is 0. One of the original
x is
numbers is _____.
(a) 2 (b) 8
(a) 85 (b) 90
(c) 6 (d) 4
(c) 80 (d) 95
[CS(II), GATE-2021]
[CE, GATE-2020]
p q 10. For a matrix M = [mij]; i, j = 1, 2, 3, 4, the
4. p and q are positive integers and  = 3, then
q p diagonal elements are all zero and mij = –mji. The
p2 q2 minimum number of elements required to fully
 =
q 2 p2 specify the matrix is _____.
(a) 11 (b) 3 (a) 12 (b) 16
(c) 9 (d) 7 (c) 6 (d) 0
[EC, GATE-2021] [CH, GATE-2020]
5. Which one of the following numbers is exactly 11. In four-digit integer numbers from 1001 to 9999,
divisible by (1113 + 1)? the digit group '37' (in the same sequence) appears
(a) 1139 – 1 (b) 1152 – 1 _____ times.
(c) 1126 + 1 (d) 1133 + 1 (a) 270 (b) 279
[EE, GATE-2021] (c) 280 (d) 299
[EE, GATE-2020]

Infinity Educations India

[28] Aptitude & Reasoning
12. If E = 10; J = 20; O = 30; and T = 40, what wll 19. Each of the letters in the figure below represents a
be P + E + S + T? unique integer form 1 to 9. The letters are positioned
(a) 51 (b) 120 in the figure such that each of (A + B + C), (C + D
(c) 82 (d) 164 + E), (E + F + G) and (G + H + K) is equal to 13.
[CE, GATE-2019] Which integer does E represent?
13. A retaining wall with measurements 30 m × 12 m AB C
× 6 m was constructed with bricks of dimensions D
8 cm × 6 cm If 60% of the wall consists of E F G
bricks, the number of bricks used for the H
K
construction is _____ lakhs.
(a) 30 (b) 40 (a) 1 (b) 4
(c) 75 (d) 45 (c) 6 (d) 7
[CE, GATE-2019] [CE, GATE-2018]
14. How many integers are there between 100 and log P log Q log R
1000 all of whose digits are even? 20. Given that    10 for x  y 
yz zx xy
(a) 90 (b) 60
(c) 100 (d) 80 z, what is the value of the product PQR?
[EE, GATE-2019] (a) 0 (b) 1
15. Given two sets X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {2, 3, 4}, (c) xyz (d) 10xyz
we construct a set Z of all possible fractions [CE, GATE-2018]
where the numerators belong to set X and the 1 1 1
21. In pqr  0 and p–x = ,q  y  , r  z  , what is
denominators belong to set Y. The product of q r p
elements having minimum and maximum values the value of the product xyz?
in the set Z is _____. 1
1 1 (a) –1 (b) pqr
(a) (b)
6 12 (c) 1 (d) pqr
3 1 [CS, GATE-2018]
(c) (d) 22. What would be the smallest natural number which
8 8
when divided either by 20 or by 42 or by 76
[EE, GATE-2019]
leaves a remainder of 7 in each case?
16. The product of three integers X, Y and Z is 192.
(a) 3047 (b) 6047
Z equal to 4 and P is equal to the average of X
(c) 7987 (d) 63847
and Y. What is the minimum possible value of P?
[CS, GATE-2018]
(a) 8 (b) 7
23. If the number 715? 423 is divisible 3 (? denotes
(c) 9.5 (d) 6
the missing digit in the thousandths palce), then
[ME, GATE-2019]
the smallest whole number in the place of is
17. The sum and product of two integers are 26 and
_____.
165, respectively. The difference between these
(a) 0 (b) 2
two integers is _____.
(c) 5 (d) 6
(a) 2 (b) 6
[EC, GATE-2018]
(c) 3 (d) 4
[ME, GATE-2019] (k  2) 2
24. For what values of k given below is an
18. For non-negative integers, a, b, c, what would be k 3
the value of a + b + c if log a + log b + log c = 0? integer?
(a) 3 (b) 1 (a) 4, 8, 18 (b) 4, 10, 16
(c) 0 (d) –1 (c) 4, 8, 28 (d) 8, 26, 28
[CE, GATE-2018] [EE, GATE-2018]

www.onlineverdan.in
Arithmetic [29]
25. A number consists of two digits. The sum of the 31. X is a 30 digit number starting with the digit 4
digits is 9. If 45 is subtracted from the number, its followed by the digit 7. Then the number X3 will
digits are interchanged. What is the number? have
(a) 63 (b) 72 (a) 90 digits (b) 91 digits
(c) 81 (d) 90 (c) 92 digits (d) 93 digits
[ME, GATE-2018] [CH, GATE-2017]
32. Find the smallest number y such that y × 162 is
1
26. The value of the expression 1  log vw  a perfect cube
u (a) 24 (b) 27
(c) 32 (d) 36
1 1
 [CS, EE, GATE-2017]
1  log v wu 1  log w uv is _____ 33. If a and b are integers and a – b is even, which
(a) –1 (b) 0 of the following must always be even?
(c) 1 (d) 3 (a) ab (b) a2 + b2 + 1
[ME, GATE-2018] (c) a2 + b + 1 (d) ab – b
27. Given that a and b are integers and a + a2b3 is [ME, GATE-2017]
odd, which one of the following statements is 34. What is the sum of the missing digits in the
correct? subtraction problem below?
(a) a and b are both odd 5– – – –
(b) a and b are both even 48 _ 89
(c) a is even and b is odd 01111
(d) a is odd and b is even (a) 8 (b) 10
[ME, GATE-2018] (c) 11 (d) Cannot be determined
28. A house has a number which needs to be [ME, GATE-2017]
identified. The following three statements are 35. Given (9 inches) = (0.25 yards)1/2, which one of
1/2

given that can help in identifying the house number. the following statements is TRUE?
1. If the house number is a multiple of 3, then it (a) 3 inches = 0.5 yards
is a number from 50 to 59. (b) 9 inches = 1.5 yards
2. If the house number is NOT a multiple of 4, (c) 9 inches = 0.25 yards
then it is a number from 60 to 69. (d) 81 inches = 0.0625 yards
3. If the house number is not a multiple of 6, [EC, ME, GATE-2016]
then it is a number from 70 to 79. 1 1 1
Which is the house number? 36. If q–a = and r–b = and s–c = , the value
r s q
(a) 54 (b) 65 of abc is _____.
(c) 66 (d) 76 (a) (rqs)–1 (b) 0
[ME, GATE-2018] (c) 1 (d) r + q + s
29. What is the value of x when [EC, ME, GATE-2016]
x2 2x  4 37. The numeral in the units position of
 16   3 211870 + 146127 × 3424 is _____.
81       144?
 25  5 [EE, GATE-2016]
(a) 1 (b) –1 38. The binary operation  is defined as a  b = ab + (a
(c) –2 (d) Cannot be determined + b), where a and b are any two real numbers. The
[CE, IN, GATE-2017] value of the identity element of this operation,
30. The last digit of (2171)7 + (2172)9 + (2173)11 + defined as the number x such that a  x = a, for any
(2174)13 is a, is _____.
(a) 2 (b) 4 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 6 (d) 8 (c) 2 (d) 10
[CE, GATE-2017] [ME, GATE-2016]

Infinity Educations India

[30] Aptitude & Reasoning
39. Operators , and  are defined by; a b = 9 7
(a) l (b) l
ab ab 10 8
;a b= ;a  b  ab. Find the value
ab ab 6 5
of (66 6)  (66 6). (c) l (d) l
7 6
(a) –2 (b) –1 [ESE-2019]
(c) 1 (d) 2 47. What is the cube root of 1468 to 3 decimal places?
[CS, EC, GATE-2015] (a) 11.340 (b) 11.353
40. Consider the equation : (7526)8 – (Y)8 = (4364)8, (c) 11.365 (d) 11.382
where (Y)N stands for Y to the base N. Find Y. [ESE-2018]
(a) 1634 (b) 1737 48. Consider the following statements regarding Golden
(c) 3142 (d) 3162 Ratio for positive integers.
[CS, EE, GATE-2014] 1. It is the ratio of difference of two numbers
41. A number is as much greater than 75 as much as and the smaller number
smaller than 117. The number is 2. It is the ratio of sum of two numbers and the
(a) 91 (b) 93 smaller number
(c) 89 (d) 96 3. It is the ratio of the sum of two numbers and
[CE, GATE-2013] the larger number
42. If (1.001)1259 = 3.52, (1.001)2062 = 7.85, then Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(1.001)3321 (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 3 only
(a) 2.23 (b) 4.33 (c) 2 only (d) 1 only
(c) 11.37 (d) 27.64 [ESE-2017]
[EC, EE, GATE-2012]
43. If Log (P) = (1/2) Log (Q) = (1/3) Log (R), then Practice Questions
which of the following option is TRUE?
(a) P2 = Q3R2 (b) Q2 = PR 3
(c) Q2 = R3P (d) R = P2Q2 49. 3 80  ?
94 5
[CE, CS, ME, GATE-2011]
44. If 137 + 276 = 435 how much is 731 + 672? (a) 3 5 (b) 3
(a) 534 (b) 1408
(c) 1623 (d) 1513 (c) 3 3 (d) 3  2 5
[GATE-2010] 50. What is the ten’s digit of the sum of the first 50
terms of 1, 11, 111, 1111, 11111, 111111,.........?
Previous Years ESE Questions (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 8
45. Four metal rods of lengths 78 cm, 104 cm, 117 cm
and 169 cm are to be cut into parts of equal 1
51. If 81y = , in terms of y, x = ?
length. Each part must be as long as possible. 27 x
The maximum number of pieces that can be cut
3y 3y
will be (a) (b) –
4 4
(a) 27 (b) 36
(c) 43 (d) 52 4y 4y
[ESE-2020] (c) (d) –
3 3
46. A rod of length l is to be divided into two parts, 52. If one integer is greater than another integer by
such that if 5 times the smaller portion is added 3, and the difference of their cubes is 117, what
to half of the larger portion, it will always be less could be their sum?
than l. This can be achieved by taking length of (a) 11 (b) 7
the larger portion more than (c) 8 (d) 9

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[34] Aptitude & Reasoning

Solutions and Explanations

1.(b) 2.(c) 3.(d) 4.(d) 5.(b) 6.(d) 7.(d) 8.(b) 9.(d) 10.(c)
11.(c) 12.(b) 13.(d) 14.(c) 15.(c) 16.(b) 17.(d) 18.(a) 19.(b) 20.(b)
21.(c) 22.(c) 23.(b) 24.(c) 25.(b) 26.(c) 27.(d) 28.(d) 29.(b) 30.(b)
31.(a) 32.(d) 33.(d) 34.(d) 35.(c) 36.(c) 37.(7) 38.(a) 39.(c) 40.(c)
41.(d) 42.(d) 43.(b) 44.(c) 45.(b) 46.(a) 47.(c) 48.(b) 49.(c) 50.(b)
51.(d) 52.(b) 53.(d) 54.(d) 55.(c) 56.(d) 57.(d) 58.(b) 59.(d) 60.(a)
61.(a) 62.(d) 63.(a) 64.(b) 65.(c) 66.(a) 67.(b) 68.(b) 69.(b) 70.(d)
71.(c) 72.(a) 73.(a) 74.(a) 75.(d) 76.(a) 77.(a) 78.(c) 79.(c) 80.(b)
81.(c) 82.(b) 83.(d) 84.(d) 85.(d) 86.(b) 87.(a) 88.(d) 89.(b) 90.(d)
91.(b) 92.(d) 93.(c) 94.(a)


2. (c)
Previous Years GATE Solutions The required value,
(9  (6  7))  (7  (6  5))
1. (b)
= 9 – (6 × 7) – (7 × (6 – 5))
Given, = 9 – 42 – (7 × 1)
p2  q2 = – 40
pq = ...(i) 3. (d)
pq
Given,
p2 2 2
and pq = ...(ii)  1  3
q x –  –x –  = x + 2
 2  2
Similar way,
 1 3  1 3
  x –  x   x – – x   = x + 2
x 2  y2  2 2  2 2
xy = ...(iii)  (2x – 2) = x + 2
xy
 x=4
4. (d)
22
and 22 = = 2 ...(iv) From the given equation,
2
2
Now according to question, p q
 q  p  = (3)
2
 
x 2  y2
=2 [from (iii) and (iv) p2 q2
xy   2 = 9
2 2
q2 p2
 x + y = 2xy
 (x – y)2 = 0 p2 q2
  =7
 x=y q2 p2

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Arithmetic [35]
5. (b) 8. (b)
Consider option (b), then according to question; Unit place of 9odd = 9
Unit place of 9even = 1
1152 – 1 (1113 ) 4 – 14
= Hence, cyclicity of 9 is (9, 1).
1113  1 1113  1
Here, 110016 is even, so answer will be 1.
 (1113 ) 2 – 1  (1113 ) 2  1 9. (d)
=
1113  1 Let the two positive numbers be X and Y.
 X + Y = 100
(1113  1)(1113 – 1)[(1113 ) 2  1] (X – 5)(Y – 5) = 0
=
(1113  1)  X = 5 or Y = 5
= (1113 – 1) [(1113)2 + 1] If X = 5, then Y = 95
Hence, option (b) would be correct choice here. If Y = 5, then X = 95
6. (d) Hence, one of the number is 95 since 5 is not in
Required value of expression, any of the options.
23((42)4) 10. (c)
= + 2 – 3 + ((4  2) × 4 ) Since, all diagonal elements are '0'; and number
= –1 + (2 × 4) = 7 of non-diagonal elements are 12.
7. (d)
And m ij = –m ji , hence matrix M is skew
From the given operators conditions;
symmetric.
 Therefore, half of the 12 elements i.e., 6 elements
 = ...(i)
2 are required to fully specify the matrix.
11. (c)

= ...(ii) The number '37' appears in no. of times
3
= 10 × 10 + 9 × 10 + 9 × 10
Put (i) and (ii) in next given condition.
= 280
  + = 5
12. (b)
  According to given coding
  =5
2 3 P = 32, E = 10, S = 38
  =6 T = 40
6 P + E + S + T = 32 + 10 + 38 + 40
So, = 2 = 120
3
13. (d)
6 Number of bricks = x
and  = =3
2  30 × 12 × 6 × 106 × 0.6 = 8 × 6 × 6 × x
Now from next given condition, x = 4.5 × 106
10 = 45 × 105
 = = 45 lakhs bricks

14. (c)
10
= =5 All numbers between 100 and 1000 can be 3 digit
2 numbers only.
So the required value of, For units and tens digits = 5 integers can be filled
(  –  )2 = (5 – 6)2 = 1 (0, 2, 4, 6, 8)

Infinity Educations India

 Chapter
Percentage, Profit
2. and Loss, Simple and
Compound Interest
2.1 Introduction
A percentage is a portion of a whole expressed as a number between of 0 and 100 rather than as a fraction.
All of something is 100 percent, half of it is fifty percent, none of something is zero percent.
2.2 Percentage
To calculate the percentage, work out the difference (increase or decrease) between two numbers you are
comparing. Then, divide the increase by the original number and multiply the answer by 100.
25
For example, the expression 25% simply means  0.25 and conversely 0.25 can be written as 0.25
100
= 0.25 × 100 = 25%.
Crux: x% is nothing but a fraction of with numerator x and denominator 100.

Fraction Decimal
% Form
Form Form
100% 1 1
50% 1/ 2 0.5
33.33% 1/ 3 0.33
25% 1/ 4 0.25
20% 1/ 5 0.20
16.66% 1/ 6 0.16
2.2.1 Percentage Change
The percentage change (increase or decrease) in a quantity is the ratio of percentage change in the quantity
to the original quantity.
Percentage increase in quantity
Percentage increase =
Original quantity

Percentage decrease in quantity

and Percentage decrease =
Original quantity
[48] Aptitude & Reasoning

 x 
Crux: If A is x% more than that of B, then B is less than A by   100  %
100  x 

 x 
If A is x% less than that of B, then B is more than of A by   100  %
 100  x 
If you want to remove ‘%’ sign after any quantity then divide that quantity by 100 and remove ‘%’ sign
after it and if you want to place % sign after any quantity then multiply that quantity by 100 and place % sign
after it.
Example 2.1: If 50% of (x – y) = 40% of (x + y), then what percent of x is y?
1 1 1 1
(a) 10 % (b) 11 % (c) 13 % (d) 21 %
9 9 9 9
Solution: (b)
Given, 50% of (x – y) = 40% of (x + y)
50 40
or (x  y)  = (x  y) 
100 100
or 5x – 5y = 4x + 4y
or x = 9y ...(i)
a
Let a% of x is y then x × y
100
Using equation (i)
a
9y  =y
100
100 1
 a= %  11 %
9 9
Crux: Whenever there is any percentage change in a quantity then, new value of that quantity can be
calculated directly as explained in the following example. If a quantity A is increased by x% then, new value of
A will be (1 + 0.01x) A and if it is decreased by x% then new value of A will be (1 – 0.01x) A.
Example 2.2: The income of ‘A’ is 20% higher than that of ‘B’. The income of ‘B’ is 25% less than of
‘C’. What percent less is A’s income from C’s income?
(a) 7% (b) 8% (c) 10% (d) 12.5%
Solution: (c)
Let the income of C is x then, income of B will be (1 – 0.25)x = 0.75x and the income of A will be
(1 + 0.2)0.75x.
The income of A = 1.2 × 0.75x = 0.9x
x  0.9x
The required percentage =  100  10%
x
Example 2.3: A water pipe is cut into two pieces. The longer piece is 70% of the length of the pipe. By
how much percentage is the longer piece longer than the shorter piece?
400
(a) 14% (b) % (c) 40% (d) None of these
3

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Percentage, Profit and Loss, Simple and Compound Interest [57]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

4. Population of state x increased by x% and the

Previous Years GATE Questions population of state y increased by y% from 2001
1. Details of prices of two items P and Q are to 2011. Assume that x is greater than y. Let P
presented in the below table. be the ratio of the population of state X to state
Y in a given year. The percentage increase in P
Items Cost (Rs) Profit % Marked Price
(Rs) from 2001 to 2011 is _____.
P 5400 - 5860
x 100(x – y)
Q - 25 10000 (a) (b)
y 100  y
The ratio of cost of item P to cost of item Q is
3 : 4. Discount is calculated as the difference
100(x – y)
between the marked price and the selling price. (c) x–y (d)
The profit percentage is calculated as the ratio of 100  x
the difference between selling price and cost, to [CE, GATE-2019]
the cost.
5. Fiscal deficit was 4% of the GDP in 2016, and that
 Selling price – Cost  increased to 5% in 2016. If the GDP increased by
 Profit% =  100  10% from 2015 to 2016, then percentage increase
Cost 
in the actual fiscal deficit is _____.
(a) 25 (b) 12.5
(c) 5 (d) 10 (a) 25.00 (b) 35.70
The discount on item Q, as a percentage of its (c) 10.00 (d) 37.50
marked price, is
[ME, GATE-2019]
[CH, CS(I), GATE-2021]
2. The current population of a city is 1102500. If it 6. In the given diagram, teachers are represanted in
has been increasing at the rate of 5% per annum, the triangle, researchers in the circle and
what was its population 2 years ago? administrators in the reactangle. Out of the total
(a) 992500 (b) 995006 number of the people, the percentage of
(c) 1251506 (d) 1000000 administrators shall be in the range of _____.
[EC, GATE-2021] Teachers
3. There are five levels (P, Q, R, S, T) in a linear
10
supply chain before a product reaches customers, 70
as shown in the figure. 20 Administrator
P Q R S T Customers

At each of the five levels, the price of the product 20

Researchers
is increased by 25%. If the product is produced
40
at level P at the cost of Rs 120 per unit, what is
the price paid (in rupees) by the customers? (a) 46 to 60 (b) 0 to 15
(a) 234.38 (b) 292.96 (c) 31 to 45 (d) 16 to 30
(c) 366.21 (d) 187.50
[ME, GATE-2019]
[ME, GATE-2020]

Infinity Educations India

[58] Aptitude & Reasoning
7. In manufacturing industries, loss is usually taken 12. If the radius of a right circular cone is increased
to be proportional to the square of the deviation by 50%, its volume increase by
from a target. If the loss is Rs 4900 for a deviation (a) 75% (b) 100%
of 7 units, what would be the loss in Rupees for
(c) 125% (d) 237.5%
a deviation of 4 units from the target?
(a) 400 (b) 1200 [CE, GATE-2017]
(c) 1600 (d) 2800 13. (x% of y) + (y% of x) is equivalent to _____.
[CE, GATE-2018] (a) 2% of xy (b) 2% of (xy/100)
8. The price of a wire made of a superalloy material (c) xy% of 100 (d) 100% of xy
is proportional to the square of its length. The
[CE, GATE-2016]
price of 10 m length of the wire is Rs 1600. What
would be the total price (in Rs) of two wires of 14. A person moving through a tuberculosis prone zone
lengths 4 m and 6 m? has a 50% probability of becoming infected.
(a) 768 (b) 832 However, only 30% of infected people develop
(c) 1440 (d) 1600 the disease. What percentage of people moving
[CE, GATE-2018] through a tuberculosis prone zone remains infected
9. A fruit seller sold a basket of fruits at 12.5% loss. but does not show symptoms of disease?
Had he sold it for Rs 108 more, he would have (a) 15 (b) 33
made a 10% gain. What is the loss in Rupees (c) 35 (d) 37
incurred by the fruit seller?
[CH, GATE-2016]
(a) 48 (b) 52
(c) 60 (d) 108 15. In a huge pile of apples and oranges, both ripe
[CE, GATE-2018] and unripe mixed together, 15% are unripe fruits.
10. Leila aspires to buy a car worth Rs 10,00,000 Of the unripe fruits, 45% are apples. Of the ripe
after 5 years. What is the minimum amount in ones, 66% are oranges. If the pile contains a total
Rupees that she should deposit now in a bank of 5692000 fruits, how many of them are apples?
which offers 10% annual rate of interest, if the (a) 2029198 (b) 2467482
interest was compounded annually? (c) 2789080 (d) 3577422
(a) 5,00,000 (b) 6,21,000
[EC, ME, GATE-2016]
(c) 6,66,667 (d) 7,50,000
[EC, GATE-2018] 16. Round-trip tickets to a tourist destination are eligible
11. A designer uses marbles of four different colours for a discount of 10% on the total fare. In addition,
for his designs. The cost of each marble is the same, groups of 4 or more get a discount of 5% on the
irrespective of the colour. The table below shows total fare. If the one way single person fare is Rs
the percentage of marbles of each colour used in 100, a group of 5 tourists purchasing round-trip
the current design. The cost of each marble tickets will be charged Rs _____.
increased by 25%. Therefore, the designer decided [CS, EE, GATE-2014]
to reduce equal numbers of marbles of each colour
to keep the total cost unchanged. What is the 17. Industrial consumption of power doubled from
percentage of blue marbles in the new design? 2000-2001 to 2010-2011. Find the annual rate of
increase in percent assuming it to be uniform over
Blue Black Red Yellow
the years.
40% 25% 20% 15%
(a) 5.6 (b) 7.2
(a) 35.75 (b) 40.25
(c) 10.0 (d) 12.2
(c) 43.75 (d) 46.25
[EE, GATE-2018] [EC, ME, GATE-2014]

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[64] Aptitude & Reasoning

Solutions and Explanations

1.(d) 2.(d) 3.(c) 4.(b) 5.(d) 6.(c) 7.(c) 8.(b) 9.(c) 10.(b)
11.(c) 12.(c) 13.(a) 14.(c) 15.(a) 16.(850) 17.(b) 18.(a) 19.(b) 20.(d)
21.(a) 22.(b) 23.(a) 24.(c) 25.(c) 26.(c) 27.(a) 28.(c) 29.(b) 30.(c)
31.(d) 32.(b) 33.(c) 34.(a) 35.(d) 36.(a) 37.(d) 38.(c) 39.(c) 40.(b)
41.(d) 42.(c) 43.(b) 44.(b) 45.(c) 46.(c) 47.(a) 48.(b) 49.(c) 50.(c)
51.(c) 52.(d) 53.(b) 54.(c) 55.(b) 56.(b) 57.(d) 58.(c) 59.(b) 60.(d)
61.(b) 62.(c) 63.(d) 64.(c) 65.(a) 66.(d) 67.(b) 68.(a) 69.(b)


1000
Previous Years GATE Solutions =  100 = 10%
10000
1. (d) 2. (d)
Given ratio of costs,
Let the population of a city is x, two years ago,
CP 3 then
=
CQ 4
105 105
Now, cost price of P is Rs 5400. x  = 1102500
100 100
4  x = 1000000
So, CQ =    CP
3 3. (c)
4 Given, rotation is linear,
=    5400
3 P  Q  R  S  T  Customers
= Rs 7200 At level of P, price of product is Rs 120 which
Now selling price of Q, increased at each level by 25%, hence the price
(100  profit) paid by customers
SQ = CQ 
100 125 125 125 125 125
= 120     
7200  (100  25) 100 100 100 100 100
= = Rs 366.21
100
4. (b)
5 Let a, b be initial population.
= 7200   
4
a
= Rs 9000 Given = p (ratio earlier)
b
 Discount = Marked price of Q – SQ
= 10000 – 9000
 x 
= Rs 1000 a 1  
 100 
So, percent discount = p (new ratio)
 y 
Discount b 1  
=  100  100) 
Marked price

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Percentage, Profit and Loss, Simple and Compound Interest [65]
So, required % change, 1600 = C (10)2
C = 16
 a  100  x  a  For 4 m,
 b  100  y  – b 
p – p   P = CL2
 100 =    100
p  a  = 16 × 16
 b 
= Rs 256
For 6 m,
100(x – y)
= P= CL2
100  y
= 16 × (6)2
5. (d) = Rs 576
Let GDP in 2015= 100 Total price = 256 + 576
GDP in 2016 = 100 + 10 = 10 = Rs 832
Deficit in 2015 = 4 9. (c)
Deficit in 2016 = 5% of 110 = 5.5 Let the price of a basket of fruits be x.
Percentage increase in fiscal deficit
Loss = 12.5 %
5.5  4 So, he sold at = x – 12.5% of x
=  100
4 = x – 0.125 x
= 0.875 x rupees
1.5
=  100 According to condition,
4
0.875x + 108 = 1.1x [10% gain]
= 37.5%
 x = 480
6. (c)
So loss = 480 × 12.5%
Percentage of Administrators
= Rs 60
Administrators 10. (b)
=  100
Total
n
 r 
50 A = P 1  
=  100  100 
160
= 31.25%  10 
5

7. (c) 1000000 = P 1  
 100 
Loss = kd2
For duration of 7 units  11 
5

4900 = k(7)2 1000000 = P  

 10 
 k = 100
For duration of 4 units  115 
Loss = k(4)2 P
1000000 =  5 
 10 
= 100 × 16
= 1600 105
8. (b) P = 1000000 
115
Let the price of superalloy material be ‘P’.
Length of wire be L. 1011
P  L2 =
115
P = CL2 ...(1)
= 620921.323
Given price is Rs 1600 for 10 m.
From equation (1), = 621000

Infinity Educations India

 Chapter

3. Ratio and Proportion,

Average and Alligation
3.1 Introduction
Ratios are some of the most important mathematical relationships used in the real world. Grocery shopping
cooking and getting from place to place are three of the most common real life situations in which ratios are not
only prevalent but essential to correct, cost effective performance. Relationships such as the “golden ratio” are
also extremely important in biology. The proportion is a set of ratios that are equal to each other.
3.2 Ratio
Ratio are used to compose values. They fell us how much of one thing there is compared to another. The
A
ratio of A to B is denoted by fraction or A : B.
B
Example: If we have total six children, where two are girls and four are boys. We can write that in ratio
form as 2 : 4 (girls : boys). It can also be written as 2/4. To compare the number of boys to girls we can simply
rewrite our ratio with the number of boys first as 4 : 2 (boys : girls) or 4/2.
3.2.1 Properties of Ratio
(i) If both the terms of a ratio are multiplied or divided by same non-zero quantity, then the value of ratio
remains same.

A p A kp
For example: If  then,  is also true for all non-zero real values of k.
B q B kq
(ii) When the ratio is compounded with itself, it is called as duplicate ratio i.e. for the ratio a : b, the
duplicate ratio is a2 : b2 and the triplicate ratio is a3 : b3. Also, the sub-duplicate ratio is equal to
a : b.
(iii) A ratio is said to be ratio of greater inequality, of less inequality, or of equality, according as the
antecedent is greater than, less than or equal to the consequent.
(iv) When a series of fractions are equal, each of them is equal to the sum of all the numerators divided
by the sum of all the denominators.

a1 a 2 a 3 a  a  a 2  a 3  ....  a n 
   ... n =  1 
b1 b 2 b3 bn  b1  b 2  b3  ....  bn 
[76] Aptitude & Reasoning
3.2.2 Comparison of Ratios
Step 1: Make the second term (denominator) of both the ratios equal.
Step 2: Compare the first terms (numerator) of the new ratio.
a p
For example: If you want to compare the ratios and then, make denominators same as below..
b q

a aq p bp
= and 
b bq q bq

a p
If aq > bp then, the ratio will be greater and if bp > aq then the ratio will be greater..
b q
Crux: If two numbers are in the ratio of a : b and the sum of three numbers is x, then these numbers will
ax bx
be and , respectively..
ab ab
• If three numbers are in the ratio of a : b : c and the sum of these numbers is x, then there numbers
ax bx cx
will be , and , respectively..
abc abc abc
• If two numbers are in the ratio of a : b and difference between these number is x, then these number
will be
ax bx
(i) , , respectively (where a > b)
ab ab

(ii) ax bx , respectively (where a < b)

,
ba ba
• If two numbers are in the ratio a : b then assume the two number ak and bk, respectively.
Example 3.1: The numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3. If 9 is added to each number, they will be in the ratio
3 : 4. What is the product of the two numbers?
(a) 360 (b) 480 (c) 486 (d) 512
Solution: (c)
Let the numbers are 2k and 3k.
2k  9 3
So, =
3k  9 4
or 8k + 36 = 9k + 27
 k=9
So, the numbers will be 18 and 27.
The product of these two number = 18 × 27 = 486.
Example 3.2: If p% of Rs x is equal to t times q% of Rs y, then what is the ratio of x to y?
(a) pt : q (b) p : qt (c) qt : p (d) q : pt
Solution: (c)
Given, p% of x = t × q% of y
p q
or x = t y
100 100

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Ratio and Proportion, Average and Alligation [89]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

(a) 72.50 (b) 90.00

Previous Years GATE Questions (c) 80.50 (d) 55.50
[EE, GATE-2019]
1. The ratio of boys to girls in a class is 7 to 3.
6. A person divided an amount of Rs 100,000 into
Among the options below, an acceptable value for two parts and invested in two different schemes.
the total number of students in the class is In one he got 10% profit and in the other he got
(a) 50 (b) 37 12%. If the profit percentages are interchanged
(c) 21 (d) 73 with these investments he would have got Rs 120
[CH, CS(I), GATE-2021] less. Find the ratio between his investments in the
2. The number of students in three classes is in the ratio two schemes.
3 : 13 : 6. If 18 students are added to each class, the (a) 9 : 16 (b) 37 : 63
ratio changes to 15 : 35 : 21. The total number of (c) 47 : 53 (d) 11 : 14
students in all classes in the beginning was [ME, GATE-2019]
7. In a party, 60% of the invited guests are male
(a) 88 (b) 22
and 40% are female. If 80% of the invited guests
(c) 110 (d) 66
attended the party and if all the invited female
[CS(II), GATE-2021] guests attended, what would be the ratio of males
3. The number of hens, ducks and goats in farm P to females among the attendees in the party?
are 65, 91 and 169, respectively. The total number (a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 1
of hens, ducks and goats in a nearby farm Q is (c) 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 1
416. The ratio of hens : ducks : goats in farm Q [CS, GATE-2018]
is 5 : 14 : 13. All the hens, ducks and goats are 8. In appreciation of the social improvements
sent from farm Q to farm P. The new ratio of completed in a town, a wealthy philanthropist
hens : ducks : goats in farm P is ______. decided to gift Rs 750 to each male senior citizen
(a) 5 : 7 : 13 (b) 5 : 14 : 13 in the town and Rs 1000 to each female senior
citizen. Altogether, there were 300 senior citizens
(c) 10 : 21 : 26 (d) 21 : 10 : 26
eligible for this gift. However, only 8/9th of the
[ME(I), GATE-2021]
eligible men and 2/3rd of the eligible women
4. A square has sides 5 cm smaller than the sides claimed the gift. How much money (in Rupees)
of a second square. The area of the larger square did the philanthropist give away in total?
is four times the area of the smaller square. The (a) 1,50,000 (b) 2,00,000
side of the larger square is _____ cm. (c) 1,75,000 (d) 1,51,000
(a) 15.10 (b) 8.50 [CS, GATE-2018]
(c) 10.00 (d) 18.50 9. Two alloys A and B contain gold and copper in
[CE, GATE-2019] the ratios of 2 : 3 and 3 : 7 by mass, respectively.
5. The ratio of the number of boys and girls who Equal masses of alloys A and B are melted to
make an alloy C. The ratio of gold to copper in
participated in an examination is 4 : 3. The total
alloy C is _____.
percentage of candidates who passed the
(a) 5 : 10 (b) 7 : 13
examination is 80 and the percentage of girls who
(c) 6 : 11 (d) 9 : 13
passed is 90. The percentage of boys who passed
is_____. [EC, GATE-2018]

Infinity Educations India

[90] Aptitude & Reasoning
10. Fourty students watched films, A, B and C over 14. A number of friends decided to go on a picnic and
a week. Each student watched either only one planned to spend Rs 96 on eatables. Four of them,
film or all three. Thirteen students watched film however, did not turn up. As a consequence, the
A, sixteen students watched film B and nineteen remaining ones had to contribute Rs 4 each extra.
students watched film C. How many students The number of those friends who attended the
watched all three films? picnic are
(a) 0 (b) 2 (a) 8 (b) 12
(c) 4 (d) 8 (c) 16 (d) 20
[ME, GATE-2018] [ESE-2020]
11. In the summer, water consumption is known to
15. Circle A is 4 cm in diameter; circle B is 5 cm in
decrease overall by 25%. A Water Board Official
diameter; circle C has its circumference equal to
states that in the summer, household consumption
the sum of the circumferences of both A and B
decreases by 20%, while other consumption
together. What will be the ratio of the area of
increases by 70%.
circle C, with respect to the area of circle A and
Which of the following statements is correct? circle B, respectively?
(a) The ratio of household to other consumption
(a) 5.0625 and 1.84
is 8/17
(b) 3.875 and 1.84
(b) The ratio of household to other consumption
is 1/17 (c) 5.0625 and 3.24
(c) The ratio of household to other consumption is (d) 3.875 and 3.24
17/8 [ESE-2018]
(d) There are errors in the Official’s statement 16. Three hundred passengers are travelling in white,
[EC, GATE-2017] silver and black cars; each of these cars is carrying
12. S, M, E and F are working in shifts in a team to 6, 5 and 3 passengers, respectively. If the number
finish a project. M works with twice the efficiency of white and silver cars are equal and there is
of others but for half as many days as E worked. S only one black car, then what is the total number
and M have 6 hour shifts in a day, whereas E and F of cars?
have 12 hours shifts. What is the ratio of contribution (a) 52 (b) 53
of M to contribution of E in the project? (c) 54 (d) 55
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
[ESE-2017]
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 2 : 1
17. The present ages of 3 brothers are in the proportion
[EC, ME, GATE-2016]
3 : 4 : 5. After 10 years the sum of their ages will
Previous Years ESE Questions be 78. What are their ages now?
(a) 12, 16 and 20 (b) 15, 20 and 25
13. Ten years ago father was 12 times as old as his
(c) 21, 28 and 35 (d) 24, 32 and 40
son and after 10 years father will be 2 times older
than his son. The present ages of father and son, [ESE-2017]
respectively are 18. A total of 324 notes comprising of Rs 20 and Rs
(a) 32 years and 14 years 50 denominations make a sum of Rs 12,450. The
(b) 34 years and 14 years number of Rs 20 notes is
(c) 32 years and 12 years (a) 200 (b) 144
(d) 34 years and 12 years (c) 125 (d) 110
[ESE-2020] [ESE-2017]

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[94] Aptitude & Reasoning

Solutions and Explanations

1.(a) 2.(a) 3.(c) 4.(c) 5.(a) 6.(c) 7.(b) 8.(b) 9.(b) 10.(c)
11.(b) 12.(b) 13.(d) 14.(a) 15.(c) 16.(d) 17.(a) 18.(c) 19.(b) 20.(b)
21.(a) 22.(a) 23.(d) 24.(2425) 25.(c) 26.(a) 27.(c) 28.(b) 29.(d) 30.(c)
31.(a) 32.(a) 33.(d) 34.(d) 35.(a) 36.(d) 37.(c) 38.(c) 39.(c) 40.(c)
41.(d) 42.(a) 43.(c) 44.(a) 45.(b) 46.(c) 47.(a) 48.(c) 49.(b) 50.(d)

and total number of goats,
Previous Years GATE Solutions
GQ = 13x
1. (a) Now as per question,
Given boys to girls ratio, 5x + 14x + 13x = 416
 x = 13
B 7
= Hence, HQ = 65
G 3
DQ = 182
So, B + G = 7 + 3 = 10
GQ = 169
Hence, total students should be multiple of 10.
After moving hens, ducks and goats from farm Q
Therefore, option (a) would be correct choice.
to P, the required new ratio
2. (a)
= (65 + 65) : (91 + 182) : (169 + 169)
Let ratio factor for initial and after adding 18
= 130 : 273 : 338
students in each class is x and y, respectively. So,
= 10 : 21 : 26
3x + 18 = 15y ...(i)
4. (c)
13x + 18 = 35y ...(ii)
Let side of larger square = x
6x + 18 = 21y ...(iii)
Side of smaller square = (x – 5)
From equations (i) and (iii),
Area of larger square = x2
x=4
Area of smaller square = (x – 5)2
y=2
Given, area of larger square = 4 times of area of
So, total number of students in all classes in the
smaller square.
beginning
 x2 = 4 (x – 5)2
= (3 × 4) + (13 × 4) + (6 × 4)
x = 10
= 88
So, side of larger square = 10 cm
3. (c)
5. (a)
In farm Q;
Let, number of boys = 4x
Let total number of hens,
And, number of girls = 3x
HQ = 5x,
Then total number of ducks, 80 28
Total passed candiates =  7x = x
DQ = 14x 100 5

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 Chapter

4. Speed, Time and Work

4.1 Introduction
Speed, time and work is the most popular topic. In this section one will gain comprehensive insights on the
concepts which are related to time, speed and work. All the basic concepts of them will be discussed a long with
their units of measurements.
4.2 Speed
Speed is defined as the distance covered per unit time or it is the rate at which the distance is covered.
The relation between speed, distance and time is given by

Distance covered (d)

Speed, v =
Time (t)

Distance is defined as “the amount of space between two places or distance at a point or place that is away
from another point or place”. The commonly used unit of speed is km/hr, but sometimes it is also expressed in
meter/second (or m/sec.).
Conversion from km/hr to m/sec

If the speed is given in km/hr and we have to convert it into m/sec, then we will multiply by
5 We can
.
18

18
also convert m/sec into km/hr by multiplying .
5

5
For example: 18 km/hr =  18 m/sec or 5 m/sec
18

18
Similarly, 10 m/sec =  10 km/hr or 36 km/hr
5
4.2.1 Analysis of Speed, Distance and Time Relationship
The relation between speed, distance and time can be analyses in three cases:
[104] Aptitude & Reasoning
Case-I: When speed is constant, it means that,
Distance  Time i.e. there is a linear relationship between distance and time. The distance time curve for
constant speed is shown in figure.
d

Distance
Constant
Slope

t
0 Time

1
Case-II: When distance covered is constant. Speed  , i.e., speed will be inversely proportional to
Time
the time. The speed time curve for cosntant distance covered is shown in figure.
v
Speed

t
0 Time

Case-III: When time is constant, Speed  Distance, i.e., there is a linear relationship between speed and
distance. The speed-distance curve, when time is constant, is shown in figure.
v
Speed

d
0 Distance

Crux: The area under the speed-time curve gives the total distance covered.
The slope of the distance-time curve at any instant gives the speed at that instant of time. The slope of the
speed-time curve at any instant of time gives an acceleration at that instant of time.
Example 4.1: Consider the following distance-time graph. The graph shows three athletes A, B and C
running side by side for a 30 km race.
With reference to the graph, given below, consider the following statements:
I. The race was won by A.
II. B was ahead of A up to 25 km mark.
III. C ran very slowly from the beginning.

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Speed, Time and Work [105]

C
B
35
30
A
25
20 A

Time in min
B
15
10 C
5

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Distance in km
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) I only (b) I and II only
(c) II and III only (d) I, II and II
Solution: (b)
As athlete A completed his race in minimum time so, the race was won by athlete A.
From figure it is clear.

A B
30
25 C
Distance in km

20 C
B
15

10 A
5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time in min
Athlete B was ahead of athlete A upto 25 km mark.
The initial slope of distance-time curve for athlete C is higher than athlete A and B, it means he runs very
fast at starting.
Example 4.2: Consider the following velocity-time graph. It shows two trains starting simultaneously on
parallel tracks.

Infinity Educations India

Speed, Time and Work [123]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

(a) 4.00 (b) 1.50

Previous Years GATE Questions (c) 2.00 (d) 2.50
1. The distance between Delhi and Agra is 233 km. A [CE, GATE-2019]
car P started travelling from Delhi to Agra and 5. Two cars start at the same time from the same
another car Q started from Agra to Delhi along the location and go in the same direction. The speed
same road 1 hour after the car P started. The two of the first car is 50 km/h and the speed of the
cars crossed each other 75 minutes after the car Q second car is 60 km/h. The number of hours it
started. Both cars were travelling at constant speed.
takes for the distance between the two cars to be
The speed of car P was 10 km/hr more than the
20 km is _____.
speed of car Q. How many kilometers the car Q
had travelled when the cars crossed each other? (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) 116.5 (b) 88.2 (c) 3 (d) 6
(c) 66.6 (d) 75.2 [CS, GATE-2019]
[CH, GATE-2020] 6. It takes two hours for a person X to mow the
2. It was estimated that 52 men can complete a strip
lawn. Y can mow the same lawn in four hours.
in a newly constructed highway connecting cities
How long (in minutes) will it take X and Y, if they
P and Q in 10 days. Due to an emergency, 12
work together to mow the lawn?
men were sent to another project. How many
number of days, more than the original estimate, (a) 90 (b) 60
will be required to complete the strip? (c) 80 (d) 120
(a) 3 days (b) 13 days [EE, GATE-2019]
(c) 10 days (d) 5 days 7. Two pipes P and Q can fill a tank in 6 hours and
[ME, GATE-2020]
9 hours, respectively, while a third pipe R can
3. Mohan, the manager, wants four workers to work
empty the tank in 12 hours. Initially, P and R are
in pairs. No pair should work for more than 5 hours.
Ram and John have worked together for 5 hours. open for 4 hours, then P is closed and Q is opened.
Krishna and Amir have worked as a team for After 6 more hours R is closed. The total time
2 hours. Krishna does not want to work with Ram. taken to fill the tank (in hours) is _____.
Whom should Mohan allot to work with John, if he (a) 16.50 (b) 15.50
wants all the workers to continue working? (c) 14.50 (d) 13.50
(a) Amir (b) Krishna [ME, GATE-2019]
(c) Ram (d) None of the three
8. An automobile travels from city A to city B and
[CE, GATE-2019]
4. An oil tank can be filled by pipe X in 5 hours and returns by the same route. The speed of the
pipe Y in 4 hours, each pump working on its own. vehicle during the onward and return journeys
When the oil tank is full and the drainage hole is was constant at 60 km/h and 90 km/h, respectively.
open, the oil is drained in 20 hours. If initially the What is the average speed in km/h for the entire
tank was empty and someone started the two journey?
pumps together but left the drainage hole open, (a) 72 (b) 73
how many hours will it take for the tank to be (c) 74 (d) 75
filled? (Assume that the rate of drainage is
[IN, GATE-2018]
independent of the head)

Infinity Educations India

[124] Aptitude & Reasoning
9. A contract is to be completed in 52 days and 125 14. 1200 men and 500 women can build a bridge in
identical robots were employed, each operational 2 weeks. 900 men and 250 women will take 3
for 7 hours a day. After 39 days, five seventh of weeks to build the same bridge. How many men
the work was completed. How many additional will be needed to build the bridge in one week?
robots would be required to complete the work on
(a) 3000 (b) 3300
time, if each robot is new operational for 8 hours a
day? (c) 3600 (d) 3900
(a) 50 (b) 89 [EC, GATE-2017]
(c) 146 (d) 175 15. Trucks (10 m long) and cars (5 m long) go on a
[ME, GATE-2018] single lane bridge. There must be gap of at least 20
10. From the time the front of a train enters a platform, m after each trucks and a gap of at least 15 m after
it takes 25 seconds for the back of the train to leave each car. Trucks and cars travel at a speed of 36
the platform, while travelling at a constant speed km/h. If cars and trucks go alternately, what is the
of 54 km/h. At the same speed, it takes 14 seconds maximum number of vehicles that can use the bridge
to pass a man running at 9 km/h in the same direction in one hour?
as the train. What is the length of the train and that (a) 1440 (b) 1200
of the platform in meters, respectively? (c) 720 (d) 600
(a) 210 and 140 (b) 162.5 and 187.5
[EC, GATE-2017]
(c) 245 and 130 (d) 175 and 200
[ME, GATE-2018] 16. x bullocks and y tractors take 8 days to plough a
11. Seven machines take 7 minutes to make 7 identical field. If we have half the number of bullocks and
toys. At the same rate, how many minutes would double the number of tractors, it takes 5 days to
it take for 100 machines to make 100 toys? plough the same field. How many days will it take
(a) 1 (b) 7 x bullocks alone to plough the field?
(c) 100 (d) 700 (a) 30 (b) 35
[ME, GATE-2018] (c) 40 (d) 45
12. Budhan covers a distance of 19 km in 2 hours by
[ME, GATE-2017]
cycling one fourth of the time and walking the rest.
The next day he cycles (at the same speed as 17. Ananth takes 6 hours and Bharath takes 4 hours
before) for half the time and walks the rest (at the to read a book. Both started reading copies of the
same speed as before) and covers 26 km in 2 hours. book at the same time. After how many hours is
The speed in km/h at which Budhan walks is the number of pages to be read by Ananth, twice
(a) 6 (b) 4 that to be ready by Bharath? Assume Ananth and
(c) 5 (d) 1 Bharath read all the pages will constant pace.
[CE, GATE-2017] (a) 1 (b) 2
13. Two machines M1 and M2 are able to execute
(c) 3 (d) 4
any of four jobs P, Q, R and S. The machines can
perform one job on one object at a time. Jobs P, [CE, GATE-2016]
Q, R and S take 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 60 minutes 18. Michael lives 10 km away from where I live. Ahmed
and 15 minutes each, respectively. There are 10 lives 5 km away and Susan lives 7 km away from
objects each requiring exactly 1 job. Job P is to be where I live. Arun is farther away that Ahmed but
performed on 2 objects, job Q on 3 objects, job R closer than Susan from where I live. From the
on 1 object and job S on 4 objects. What is the information provided here, what is one possible
minimum time needed to complete all the jobs? distance (in km) at which I live from Arun’s place?
(a) 2 hours (b) 2.5 hours (a) 3.00 (b) 4.99
(c) 3 hours (d) 3.5 hours (c) 6.02 (d) 7.01
[CE, GATE-2017] [EC, ME, GATE-2016]

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Speed, Time and Work [133]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(d) 2.(a) 3.(b) 4.(d) 5.(b) 6.(c) 7.(c) 8.(a) 9.(*) 10.(d)
11.(b) 12.(a) 13.(a) 14.(c) 15.(a) 16.(a) 17.(c) 18.(c) 19.(c) 20.(a)
21.(d) 22.(d) 23.(800) 24.(a) 25.(560) 26.(4) 27.(c) 28.(c) 29.(b) 30.(b)
31.(d) 32.(d) 33.(d) 34.(d) 35.(a) 36.(b) 37.(b) 38.(d) 39.(c) 40.(a)
41.(c) 42.(a) 43.(c) 44.(d) 45.(d) 46.(d) 47.(c) 48.(a) 49.(b) 50.(c)
51.(b) 52.(a) 53.(a) 54.(c) 55.(b) 56.(a) 57.(b) 58.(b) 59.(b) 60.(c)
61.(c) 62.(a) 63.(a) 64.(a) 65.(b) 66.(d) 67.(d) 68.(c) 69.(c) 70.(a)
71.(c) 72.(d) 73.(d) 74.(a) 75.(c) 76.(d) 77.(c) 78.(b) 79.(a) 80.(c)
81.(d) 82.(a) 83.(b) 84.(b) 85.(a) 86.(d) 87.(c) 88.(d) 89.(b) 90.(b)
91.(c) 92.(a) 93.(c) 94.(b) 95.(a) 96.(d) 97.(d) 98.(b) 99.(d) 100.(a)
101.(d)

Therefore,
Previous Years GATE Solutions
9  4x 
1. (d) (233 – x) =   10 
4 5 
Given data;
Solving above, we get
233 km
Delhi   Area x = 75.2 km
P Q
2. (a)
It is given that car P and Q crossed each other
75 minutes after the car Q started. Given that, initially 52 men can finish a work in 10
Let x be the distance (in km) covered by car Q days. As we know,
in 75 minutes.  Men × Days × Hours × Efficiency 
Hence, speed of car Q  Work 
initial
x 4x
= km/hr = km/hr
75 / 60 5  Men × Days × Hours × Efficiency 
So, the distance covered by car P till the point of =  
 Work later
crossing is (233 – x) km. It is given that speed of
car P is 10 km/hr more than Q. 52  10 (52  12)
 = x
Hence, speed of car P 1 1
4x Where, x = number of days required to
= + 10 km/hr
5 complete the strip
Now, the distance of (233 – x) km has covered
52  10
9  x=
by car P in 1 hour and 75 minutes, which is 40
4
hours. = 13 days

Infinity Educations India

[134] Aptitude & Reasoning
Hence, required number of days, more than the 6. (c)
original estimate 1
= (13 – 10) days Work done by X in 1 hour = .
2
= 3 days
1
3. (b) Work done by Y in 1 hour = .
4
Ram and John = 5 hours Work done by X and Y together in 1 hour
Krishna and Amir = 2 hours 1 1 3
=  
Krishna does not work with Ram. 2 4 4
Now pair will be So, total time to complete mowing of lawn
John and Krishna 4
= hour
Ram and Amir 3
Given all the workers to continue working, John 4
=  60 = 80 min
and Krishna will be one pair. 3
4. (d) 7. (c)
Let inlet pipes, 1
In 1 hour P can fill =
A takes = 4 hours 6
B takes = 5 hours 1
In 1 hour Q can fill =
Outlet pipe, 9
C takes = 20 hours 1
In 1 hour R can empty =
1 1 1 12
In 1 hour (A + B + C) can fill =  –
4 5 20 1 1  1
In 4 hours (P + R) can fill = 4     
 6 12  3
8 2
= 
20 5 1 1  1
In 6 hours (Q + R) can fill = 6     
 9 12  6
5
Hence, taken by (A + B + C) together = 1 1 1
2 In 10 hours tank can fill =  
3 6 2
= 2.5 hours
1 1
5. (b) Remaining part of tank = 1  
2 2
Speed of car A = 50 km/hr
Speed of car B = 60 km/hr  1
Q can fill tank in =  9 = 4.5 hours
2 2
Since, both cars A and B are moving in same
direction, the relative speed = 60 – 50 = 10 km/hr.  Total time = 10 + 4.5 = 14.5 hours
Distance required between them = 20 km 8. (a)
Let us assume that,
Distance 20 The distance form city A to city B
 Time = 
Speed 10 = 1800 km

= 2 hrs [LCM of 60 and 90]

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 Chapter

5. Progression
5.1 Sequence
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of N natural numbers.
As we know, it is a custom to denote a sequence by alphabet ‘a’. Let us consider natural numbers 1, 2,
3, 4, ......, n number in a sequence ‘a’ are generally denoted as a1, a2, a3, ........., an, respectively. a1, a2, a3, .....,
an are known as first term, second term, ........, nth term, respectively of the sequence.
5.1.1 Finite Sequence
A finite sequence is one that terminate at some number.
For example:
a1, a2, a3, ..., an is a finite sequences and it can be represented as {ai}i=1 to n.
5.1.2 Infinite Sequence
An infinite sequence is that which continuous fill infinity.
For example:
a1, a2, a3, ... an.... is an infinite sequence and it can be represented as {ai}i=1 to .
5.1.3 Series
The addition of the terms of a sequence (an), is known as series. Like sequence, series can also be finite or
infinite, where, a finite series is one that has a finite number of terms written as a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an. Unlike infinite
series, where the number of elements are not finite or which are unending, written as a 1 + a2 + ... + an + an+1 + .....
If Sn is the sum of a finite series then, it can be written as
n
Sn =  ai
i 1

Sequence Series
Sequence is described as the set of Series refers to the
numbers of objects that follow a sum of the sequence.
certain pattern.
Important Sometime important
Ex: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25,... Ex: 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 +....
Progressions:
It is not necessary that the terms of a sequence always follow a certain pattern or they are described by
formula for the nth term. Those sequences whose term follow certain patterns are called progressions.
[152] Aptitude & Reasoning
Crux: Arithmetic progression (AP) and geometric progression (GP) are sequence not series.
Now, let us start with the sequences of numbers. Under this topic we will deal with
(i) Arithmetic Progression
(ii) Geometric Progression
(iii) Harmonic Progression
5.2 Arithmetic Progression (AP)
An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in which the difference between any two successive
numbers is always constant. This constant difference between two successive numbers is known as “common
difference”.
For example:
(i) 3, 7, 11, 15, ... so on.
(ii) 4, –5, –14, –23, ... so on.
In the above examples, the difference between any two numbers is same [it is 4 in example (i) and –9 in
example (ii)]. Hence, it is an arithmetic progression (AP).
5.2.1 Representation of AP
The general representation of an AP is
a, (a + d), (a + 2d), (a + 3d), ... [a + (n – 1) d]
where, a is the first term and d is the common difference of arithmetic progression (AP).
5.2.2 Standard Terms and Their Relations
5.2.2.1 Common Difference
It is the difference between two successive terms of an AP. It is constant throughout the sequence.
Common difference, d = Tn – Tn–1;
where Tn and Tn–1 are the nth term and (n–1)th term of an AP
5.2.2.2 nth Term
The nth term (Tn) of an AP is given by the relation
Tn = a + (n – 1)d
Sometimes, the term Tn is also called as “last term” (I) of an AP.
5.2.2.3 Sum of n-Terms
The sum of n-terms in an AP is given by the relation
n
Sn = [2a  (n  1)d]
2
It can also be written as
n
Sn =  [a  {a  (n  1)d}]
2
As the second term in above equation i.e., [a + (n – 1)d] is equal to the last term so, the sum of n-terms
can also be written as
n
Sn = [a  I]
2
Crux: If a is the first term and d the common difference of an AP having m-terms, then the nth term from
the end is (m – n + 1)th term from the beginning; the nth term from the end = a + (m – n)d.
Example 5.1: What is the number of terms in the series
117, 120, 123, 126, .... 333?
(a) 72 (b) 73 (c) 76 (d) 79

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Progression [165]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

6. Suresh wanted to lay a new carpet in his new

Previous Years GATE Questions mansion with an area of 70 × 55 sq.mts. However,
1. Insert seven numbers between 2 and 34, such an area of 550 sq.mts. had to be left out for
that the resulting sequence including 2 and 34 is flower pots. If the cost of carpet is Rs 50 per
an arithmetic progression. The sum of these sq.mts., how much money (in Rs) will be spent
inserted seven numbers is _____. by Suresh for the carpet now?
(a) 124 (b) 120 (a) Rs 1,65,000 (b) Rs 2,75,000
(c) 126 (d) 130 (c) Rs 1,92,500 (d) Rs 1,27,500
[CE, GATE-2019]
[CE, GATE-2020]
7. Ten friends planned to share equally the cost of
2. The ratio of 'the sum of the odd positive integers
buying a gift for their teacher. When two of them
from 1 to 100' to 'the sum of the even positive
decided not to contribute, each of the other friends
integers from 150 to 200' is _____.
had to pay Rs 150 more. The cost of the gift was
(a) 50 : 91 (b) 1 : 1
Rs _____.
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 45 : 95
(a) 12000 (b) 6000
[CE, GATE-2020]
(c) 3000 (d) 666
3. The difference between the sum of the first 2n
[CS, GATE-2019]
natural numbers and the sum of the first n odd
8. The missing number in the given sequence 343,
natural numbers is _____.
1331, _____, 4913 is
(a) 2n2 – n (b) n2 – n
(a) 4096 (b) 2744
(c) 2n2 + n (d) n2 + n
(c) 3375 (d) 2197
[CH, GATE-2020]
[EE, GATE-2019]
4. Select the next element of the series; Z, WV, 9. If IMHO = JNIP, IDK = JEL, and SO = TP, then
RQP, _____. IDC = _____.
(a) LKJI (b) JIHG (a) JDE (b) JED
(c) KJIH (d) NMLK (c) JDC (d) JCD
[EE, GATE-2020] [ME, GATE-2019]
5. The sum of first n terms in the sequence 8, 88,
a  a  a  ....  a b  b  b  .....  b
888, 8888, .... is _____. 10.  a 2 b and  ab2 ,
n times m times
80 n 8
(a) (10  1)  n where a, b, n and m are natural numbers. What
81 9
81 n 9  m  m  m  ...  m 
(b) (10  1)  n is the value of  ×
80 8  n times 
81 n 9  n  n  n  ...  n 
(c) (10  1)  n  ?
80 8  m times 
2 2
80 n 8 (a) 2a b (b) a4b4
(d) (10  1)  n
81 9 (c) ab(a + b) (d) a2 + b2
[ME, GATE-2020] [CE, GATE-2018]

Infinity Educations India

[166] Aptitude & Reasoning
11. Consider a sequence of number a1, a2, a3, .... an 16. In a company with 100 employees, 45 earn Rs
20,000 per month; 25 earn Rs 30,000; 20 earn Rs
1 1
where an =  , for each integer n > 0. 40,000; 8 earn Rs 60,000; and 2 earn Rs 150,000.
n n2
The median of the salaries is
What is the sum of the first 50 terms?
(a) Rs 20,000 (b) Rs 30,000
 1 1 (c) Rs 32,300 (d) Rs 40,000
(a)  1   
 2  50 [ME, GATE-2017]
 1 1 17. Pick the odd one from the following options.
(b)  1   
 2  50 (a) CADBE (b) JHKIL
 1  1 1  (c) XVYWZ (d) ONPMQ
(c)  1       [CS, EE, GATE-2016]
 2   51 52 
18. The number that least fits this set: (324, 441, 97
 1 1  and 64) is
(d) 1    
 51 52  (a) 324 (b) 441
[CE, GATE-2018] (c) 97 (d) 64
12. What is the missing number in the following [EC, IN, GATE-2016]
sequence? 19. Pick the odd one out in the following.
2, 12, 60, 240, 720, 1440, _____ 0. 13, 23, 33, 43, 53
(a) 2880 (b) 1440 (a) 23 (b) 33
(c) 720 (d) 0 (c) 43 (d) 53
[CS, GATE-2018] [EE, GATE-2016]
1 1 1 1 20. Find the missing sequence in the letter series.
13. What is the value of 1      ...?
4 16 64 256 B, FH, LNP, _____
7 (a) SUWY (b) TUVW
(a) 2 (b) (c) TVXZ (d) TWXZ
4
3 4 [ME, GATE-2016]
(c) (d) 21. log tan 1° + log tan 2° + .... + log tan 89° is,
2 3
[EC, GATE-2018] 1
(a) 1 (b)
14. Find the missing group of letters in the following 2
series; (c) 0 (d) –1
BC, FGH, LMNO, _____. [EC, ME, GATE-2015]
(a) UVWXY (b) TUVWX 22. Fill in the missing value in the figure given below.
(c) STUVW (d) RSTUV
6 5 4
[ME, GATE-2018]
15. The following sequence of numbers is arranged in 7 4 7 2 1
increasing order 1, x, x, x, y, y, 9, 16, 18; given
that the mean and median are equal and are also 1 9 2 8 1 2 1
equal to twice the mode, the value of y is 4 1 5 2 3
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 7 (d) 8 3 ? 3
[CE, GATE-2017] [EC, GATE-2015]

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[172] Aptitude & Reasoning

Solutions and Explanations

1.(c) 2.(a) 3.(d) 4.(c) 5.(d) 6.(a) 7.(b) 8.(d) 9.(b) 10.(b)
11.(c) 12.(b) 13.(d) 14.(b) 15.(d) 16.(b) 17.(d) 18.(c) 19.(b) 20.(c)
21.(c) 22.(3) 23.(c) 24.(c) 25.(b) 26.(c) 27.(c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30.(d)
31.(16) 32.(45) 33.(725) 34.(495) 35.(163) 36.(c) 37.(d) 38.(a) 39.(c) 40.(b)
41.(a) 42.(d) 43.(c) 44.(b) 45.(a) 46.(b) 47.(b) 48.(c) 49.(a) 50.(b)
51.(a) 52.(b) 53.(a) 54.(a, c) 55.(b) 56.(a) 57.(c) 58.(a) 59.(d) 60.(c)
61.(d) 62.(d) 63.(c) 64.(b) 65.(d) 66.(d) 67.(c) 68.(a) 69.(c) 70.(b)
71.(c) 72.(c) 73.(c) 74.(c) 75.(d) 76.(c) 77.(d) 78.(c) 79.(a) 80.(c)
81.(d) 82.(a) 83.(d) 84.(b) 85.(c) 86.(b) 87.(b) 88.(d) 89.(d) 90.(c)
91.(c) 92.(a) 93.(b) 94.(b) 95.(b) 96.(b) 97.(c) 98.(a) 99.(a)


2. (a)
Previous Years GATE Solutions Odd series is 1, 3, 5, .... 99.
1. (c)  99 = 1 + (n – 1)2
The series may be,  n = 50
2, a, (a + d), (a + 2d), .... (a + 6d), 34. Hence, sum of odd integers of series,
So, total number of terms is AP, n = 9.  1  99 
S1 =    50 = 2500
Let sum of seven inserted numbers = S  2 
7 Even series is 150, 152, 154, ...., 200.
 S= [a + (a + 6d)] = 7[a + 3d]  200 = 150 + (n – 1)2
2
 n = 26
and Tn = 34
Hence, sum of even integers of series,
Also, a – 2 = a + 2d – (a + d)
 a – 2 = d  150  200 
S2 =    26
Similarly, a – 2 = 34 – (a + 6d)  2 
a – 2 = 34 – a – 6d = 4550
2a = 36 – 6d So, required ratio,
2a = 36 – 6(a – 2)
S1 2500 50
2a = 36 – 6a + 12 = 
S2 4550 91
8a = 48
 a = 6 3. (d)
Sum of the first 2n natural numbers
 d = a –2 =6 – 2 = 4
 S = 7(a + 3d) 2n(2n  1)
= = 2n2 + n
= 7(6 + 3 × 4) = 126 2

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Progression [173]
Sum of the first n odd natural numbers 7. (b)
= n2 Let share of each student = x
Hence, required difference Total cost of gift = 10 × x
= (2n2 + n) – n2  10x = 8(x + 150)
= n2 + n x = 600
4. (c) Total cost = 10 × 600 = Rs 6000
Z ; WV ; RQP ; KJIH 8. (d)
26 ; 23, 22 ; 18, 17, 16 ; 11, 10, 9, 8
The given series may be represented as,
–3 –4 –5 73, 113, 133, 173
5. (d) Hence, the missing number is 133 = 2197.
Given series is, 9. (b)
8, 88, 888, .... n terms I M H O J N I P
+1
Sum = 8 + 88 + 888 + .... +1
Sn = 8[1 + 11 + 111 + 1111 + ....] +1
Divide and multiply by 9, +1
8
Sn = [9 + 99 + 999 + ....] I DK J E L
9
+1
8 +1
= [(10 – 1) + (100 – 1) + (1000 – 1)
9 +1
+ ....] S O T P
+1
8 +1
= [(10 + 100 + 1000 + ....) – (1 + 1
9
So,
+ 1 + .... + n)]
I DC J E D
8 +1
= [(10 + 102 + 103 + ....) – n × 1]
9 +1
In GP sum of n terms, +1
10. (b)
a(r n  1)
Sn = a  a  a  ...  a
r 1 = na = a2b
n times
8 10(10n  1)   n = ab ...(i)
Sn =   n
9  10  1  b  b  b  ...  b
= mb = b2a
m times
8 10 n 
Sn =  (10  1)  n   m = ab ...(ii)
9 9 
[m  m  ...  m] [n  n  ....  n]
80 n 8 So, 
= (10  1)  n n times m times
81 9
= mn × mn = (mn)2
6. (a) From (i) and (ii),
Cost of carpet = [70 × 55 – 550] × 50 mn = a2b2
= Rs 1,65,000 So, result, (mn)2 = (a2b2)2 = a4b4.

Infinity Educations India

 Chapter

6. Basic Concepts of
Geometry
6.1 Introduction
Geometry (geo ‘earth’ of metron ‘measurement’) is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of
shape size, relative position of figures and the properties of spaces. While geometry has evolved significantly
throughout the years, there are some general concept that are more or less fundamental to geometry. Geometry
has applications to many fields including art, architecture, physics as well as to other branches.
6.2 Point, Line, Plane
All of geometry starts with three basic constructions.
(i) Point
(ii) Line or segment
(iii) Plane
A Point is a position in space. It has no length, width or height.
A Line is an infinite collection of points that has length, but no width or thickness.
Two endpoints, such as P and Q, as shown in figure below, and all of the point that lie between P and Q,
is called Segment.
An infinite collection of points that has length and width but no thickness is called Plane. It is a flat surface.
It can be envisioned as a sheet of paper that extends in all four directions forever.

P
P Q
Point P P
P R
Plane PQR
Q
Segment PQ Q

Line PQ
Crux: Any three non-collinear points determine a plane. Any three non-collinear points on its surface name
a plane.
6.2.1 Types of Points
On the basis of configuration of points, these are classified as:
(i) Collinear points (ii) Non-collinear points
[188] Aptitude & Reasoning
6.2.1.1 Collinear Points
Three or more points that lie on the same line are called collinear points.
C P
B
Q R
A

P, Q and R are the

A, B and C are the non-collinear points
collinear points
6.2.1.2 Non-collinear Points
Three or more points that do not lie on the same line are called non-collinear points.
6.2.2 Midpoint and Bisector
Midpoint of a segment is a point, such as Q, that divides a segment into two congruent segments.
Bisector of line or segment that divides a figure into two congruent figures.
R
m
2 )c X
(l/
m A l cm l cm
)c Q C
l( /2 B
P Y
Q is midpoint of PR XY bisects AC
AB = BC
6.2.3 Types of Lines and Planes
6.2.3.1 Parallel Lines
The lines in the same plane that do not intersect are called parallel lines.
6.2.3.2 Perpendicular Lines
Perpendicular lines are distinct intersecting lines that form four congruent angles, each of 90o. The symbol
for perpendicular is .
6.2.3.3 Skew Lines
Two non-parallel lines that do not intersect. These two lines are not in the same plane.

Parallel lines
Skew lines

Intersecting
line

Parralle planes Intersecting planes

Crux: Any two distinct lines in the same plane are either parallel or intersecting, if they intersect exactly
one point. Similarly, two distinct planes can be parallel or intersecting, if they intersect in exactly one plane.

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Basic Concepts of Geometry [189]
6.3 Angle
Angle is a geometric figure formed by two lines (or segments) with the common endpoint. The common
endpoint is called the vertex and the segments are called sides. The notation used for angle is ‘’.
R
2
1
S P Q
1 + 2 = 180°
If there is a figure where two angles together form a straight line, then the sum of their measure (or angles)
is 180o.
Note: When naming an angle with three points, the vertex point must be the middle point listed. As in figure
given above, the angle 1 is written as  RPQ or  QPR and angle 2 is written as  SPR or  RPS.
6.3.1 Classification of Angles
Angles are classified according to their measures.
6.3.1.1 Acute Angles
The angles that measure greater than 0o and less than 90o are called Acute angles.
6.3.1.2 Right Angles
The angles that measure 90o are called Right angles.
6.3.1.3 Obtuse Angles
The angles that measure greater than 90o and less than 180o are called Obtuse angles.

Right Angle
0° <  < 90°  = 90°

90° <  < 180°

 

 = 180° 180° <  < 360°

6.3.1.4 Straight Angles
The angles that measure 180o are called Straight angles.
6.3.1.5 Reflex Angles
The angles that measure greater than 180o are called Reflex angles.

Infinity Educations India

[190] Aptitude & Reasoning
6.3.2 Complementary and Supplementary Angles
Two angles in which the sum of their measures equals 90o are called Complementary angles.

S
R
S R R
= +

 (90 – )°
(90 – )°
P Q
P Q P
Complementary angles
In the above figure, the angle QPR and angle RPS are the complementary angles because QPR +
RPS = 90o.
Two angles in which the sum of their measure equals 180o are called Supplementary angles. In the figure,
shown below, the sum of angle RPS and angle QPR is 180o.
R
R R
(180 – )° = (180 – )° +
 
S P Q P Q S P
Supplementary angles
Example 6.1: In the figure given, if angle x = 60o, angles y = 100o and ABC is an equilateral triangle, then
angle z = ?
C
x y
A B
P
z Q
A B

C
o o
(a) 100 (b) 120 (c) 140o (d) 160o
Solution: (c)
Here, it is given that x = 60o and y = 100o.
The BPC (i.e. y) and BPQ are supplementary angles so,
BPQ will be, BPQ = 180o – 100o = 80o
As the ABC is equilateral triangle so, ABC will be 60o.
From the property of a triangle, (sum of all the interior angles in a triangle is 180o).
BQP = 180o – ABC – BPQ
= 180o – 60o – 80o = 40o
As the angle BQP and z are supplementary so,

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Basic Concepts of Geometry [219]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

P Q
Previous Years GATE Questions
r
1. Consider two rectangular sheets. Sheet M and
Sheet N of dimensions 6 cm × 4 cm each. r
(i) The sheet is folded into half by joining the
short edges of the current shape.
(ii) The sheet is folded into half by joining the S R
r
long edges of the current shape.
The probability that any point picked randomly
(iii) Operation 1 is carried out on sheet M three within the square falls in the shaded area is_____.
times.
 
(iv) Operation 2 is carried out on sheet N three (a) (b) –1
4 2
times.
1 
The ratio of perimeters of the final folded shape (c) (d) 4 –
of sheet N to the folded shape of sheet M is ___. 2 2
[CE(II), GATE-2021]
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 5 : 13
4. In an equilateral triangle PQR, side PQ is divided
(c) 7 : 5 (d) 13 : 7 into four equal parts, side QR is divided into six
[CE(I), IN, GATE-2021] equal parts and side PR is divided into eight equal
2. Five line segment of equal lengths, PR, PS, QS, parts. The length of each subdivided part in cm is
an integer. The minimum area of the triangle PQR
QT and RT are used to form a star as shown in
possible, in cm2, is
the figure below.
(a) 144 3 (b) 48 3
P
(c) 18 (d) 24
 [CE(II), GATE-2021]
T Q 5. We have 2 rectangular sheets of paper, M and N,
of dimensions 6 cm × 1 cm each. Sheet M is
rolled to form an open cylinder by bringing the
short edges of the sheet together. Sheet N is cut
S R into equal square patches and assembled to form
The value of , in degrees, is _____. the largest possible closed cube. Assuming the
ends of the cylinder are closed, the ratio of the
(a) 72 (b) 36 volume of the cylinder to that of the cube is ____.
(c) 45 (d) 108

[CE(I), IN, GATE-2021] (a) 3 (b)
2
3. In the figure shown below, PQRS is a square.
9 3
The shaded portion is formed by the intersection (c) (d)
 
of sectors of circles with radius equal to the side
of the square and centers at S and Q. [CH, CS(I), GATE-2021]

Infinity Educations India

[220] Aptitude & Reasoning
6. A polygon is convex if, for every pair of points, P
2
and Q belonging to the polygon, the line segment (a) (b) 3
3
PQ lies completely inside or on the polygon. Which
one of the following is not a convex polygon?  3
(c) (d)
3 2
[EC, GATE-2021]
(a) (b) 10. In the figure below, each inside square if formed
by joining the midpoints of the sides of the next
larger square. The area of the smallest square
(shaded) as shown, in cm2 is

(c) (d)

[CH, CS(I), GATE-2021] 10 cm

7. What is the value of cos  if longest diagonal of
cube is making ‘’ angle with any side?

1 1
(a) (b) 10 cm
2 3 (a) 6.25 (b) 12.50
(c) 1.5625 (d) 3.125
3 1
(c) (d) [EE, GATE-2021]
2 2
11. For a regular polygon having 10 sides, the interior
[CS(II), GATE-2021] angle between sides of the polygon, in degrees, is
8. Corners are cut from an equilateral triangle to (a) 396 (b) 324
produce a regular convex hexagon as shown in (c) 216 (d) 144
the figure below. [EE, GATE-2021]
12. In the below figure, O is the center of the circle
and M and N lie on the circle. The area of the
right triangle MON is 50 cm2. What is the area
of the circle in cm2?
M

The ratio of the area of the regular convex hexagon

N
to the area of the original equilateral triangle is O
(a) 4 : 5 (b) 2 : 3
(c) 3 : 4 (d) 5 : 6
[EC, GATE-2021]
(a) 100 (b) 75
9. Consider a square sheet of side 1 unit. In the first
(c) 2 (d) 50
step, it is cut along the main diagonal to get two
triangles. In the next step, one of the cut triangles [ME(I), GATE-2021]
is revolved about its short edge to form a solid 13. The ratio of the area of the inscribed circle to the
cone. The volume of the resulting cone, in cubic area of the circumscribed circle of an equilateral
units, is triangle is _____.

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Basic Concepts of Geometry [221]
C

A B
O
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 3
1 1
(a) (b) [EE, GATE-2020]
4 6
17. Tower A is 90 m tall and tower B is 140 m tall.
 1 They are 100 m apart. A horizontal skywalk
(c) (d)
8 2 connects the floors at 70 m in both the towers. If
[ME(II), GATE-2021] a taut rope connects the top of tower A to the
14. Consider a square sheet of side 1 unit. The sheet bottom of tower B, at what distance (in meters)
is first folded along the main diagonal. This is from tower A will the rope intersect the skywalk?
followed by a fold along its line of symmetry. The [CE, GATE-2018]
resulting folded shape is again folded along its line 18. In the figure below, DEC + BFC is equal to
of symmetry. The area of each face of the final _____.
folded shape, in square units, equal to_____. E
1 1
(a) (b)
8 16 C
D F
1 1
(c) (d) B
4 32
A
[ME(II), GATE-2021] (a) BCD – BAD
15. A circle with centre 'O' is shown in the figure. A (b) BAD + BCF
rectangle PQRS of maximum possible area is (c) BAD + BCD
inscribed in the circle. If the radius of the circle
(d) CBA + ADC
is a, then the area of the shaded portion is _____.
[CS, GATE-2018]
P Q 19. The area of a square is d. What is the area of the
circle which has the diagonal of the square as its
diameter?
O (a) d (b) d2
1 2 1
(c) d (d) d
S R 3 2
[CS, GATE-2018]
(a) a2 – 2a2 (b) a 2  2a 2
20. A 1.5 m tall person is standing at a distance of 3
(c) a2 – 3a2 (d) a2 – a2
m from a lamp post. The light from the lamp at
[EC, GATE-2020]
the top of the post casts her shadow. The length
16. Given a semicircle with O as the centre; as shown
of the shadow is twice her height. What is the
AC  CB height of the lamp post in meters?
in the figure, the ratio is _____. Where
AB (a) 1.5 (b) 3
(c) 4.5 (d) 6
AC, CB and AB are chords. [EC, GATE-2018]

Infinity Educations India

Basic Concepts of Geometry [227]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(d) 2.(b) 3.(b) 4.(a) 5.(c) 6.(c) 7.(b) 8.(b) 9.(c) 10.(d)
11.(d) 12.(a) 13.(a) 14.(a) 15.(a) 16.(a)17.(22.22) 18.(a) 19.(d) 20.(b)
21.(c) 22.(d) 23.(c) 24.(a) 25.(c) 26.(b) 27.(d) 28.(b) 29.(b) 30.(b)
31.(2.065) 32.(280) 33.(6) 34.(d) 35.(d) 36.(d) 37.(b) 38.(a) 39.(c) 40.(c)
41.(c) 42.(d) 43.(c) 44.(c) 45.(a) 46.(c) 47.(b) 48.(b) 49.(d) 50.(d)
51.(b) 52.(d) 53.(d) 54.(c) 55.(c) 56.(d) 57.(a) 58.(b) 59.(b) 60.(c)
61.(c) 62.(d) 63.(a) 64.(b) 65.(d) 66.(b)


540
Previous Years GATE Solutions EAB = = 108°
5
1. (d) Hence, PAB = 180° – 108° = 72°
According to question; Now in triangle PAB,
The size of sheet M (6 cm × 4 cm) would convert  + PAB + PBA = 180°
in 1.5 cm × 2 cm after performing the operations.   + 72° + 72° = 180°
The size of sheet N (6 cm × 4 cm) would convert   = 36°
in 6 cm × 0.5 cm after performing the operations. 3. (b)
Hence the required perimeter for both sheets, Here,
P M = 2 × (1.5 + 2)
 Shaded area 
= 3 + 4 = 7 cm Required probability = 
P N = 2 × (6 + 0.5)  Total area 
= 13 cm
 r 2 1 
So required ratio, Shaded area = 2×  –  r  r
 4 2 
PN 13
=
PM 7 2  
= r  – 1
2. (b) 2 
Given, Total area = r2
P
 
r 2  – 1
 2 
A
So, required probability =
T B Q r2

E C  
=  – 1
D
2 
S R 4. (a)
Also, PR = PS = QS = QT = RT According to question following diagram may be
Then, ABCDEA would be a regular pentagon. So, drawn.

Infinity Educations India

[228] Aptitude & Reasoning
P 6. (c)
A convex polygon is a simple polygon in which no
line segment between two points on the boundary
ever goes outside the polygon. Hence, polygon
4 parts 8 parts
given in option (c) is not a convex polygon.
7. (b)
Let side of cube is a.
6 parts Now required value,
Q R
Base
Let the dimension of equilateral triangle PQR cos  =
Hypotenuse
= a cm
Here, Base = a
a a a
As per question,  , ,  is integer, so Hypotenuse = (a) 2  ( 2a)2
4 6 8
= a 3
a = LCM (4, 6, 8)
= 24 cm a 1
So, area of PQR  cos = =
a 3 3
3 2 8. (b)
= a The question figure may be represented as below.
4

 3  7
=   24  24
 4  1
3 2
2 4 6
= 144 3 cm
8 5 9
5. (c)
Since, all triangle in the above figure are equilateral
For sheet M, which is rolled to form an open
and similar. So, the required ratio
cylinders: =6×A:9×A
Volume of cylinder = r2h [A = area of one triangle]
and 2r = 6 =2:3
3 9. (c)
 r= cm Volume of right circular cone,

1 2
So, volume of cylinder V= r h
3
9
VCy =   1 
2 = [here, r = h = 1 unit]
3
9 10. (d)
= cm3 Total number of squares = 6
 Area of smallest square
For sheet N, which is assembled to form a cube: 2
Volume of cube,  10 
=  
V C = (1)3 cm3 4 2
So, required ratio 100
=
VCy 16  2
9
= 100
VC  = = 3.125 cm2
32

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 Chapter

7. Polynomials
7.1 Introduction
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of variables and coefficients that involves only the
operations of addition, substraction, multiplication and non-negative integer components of variables.
Example:
(i) x2 – 4x + 7
(ii) x3 + 2xyz2 – yz + 1
The general form of a polynomial in one variable is
a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + ... + an = 0
where, a0, a1, a2, ......., an are real numbers and n is a non-negative integer. Polynomials may be in more
than one variables also.
For example: x + y2 + 2 = 0, x2 + y2 + z2 + 16 = 0 etc. are the polynomials in two and three variables,
respectively.
Polynomials of small degree have been given specific names. A polynomial of degree zero is a constant
polynomial or simply constant. Polynomial of degree one, two or three are respectively linear polynomials, quadratic
polynomials and cubic polynomials but for higher degrees three are not specific names.
7.2 Factors of a Polynomial
An expression is said to be a factor of another expression only when the remainder is zero, when the later
is divided by the former.
To identify whether a given expression is a factor of another expression, we take the help of remainder
theorem.
Remainder Theorem
In algebra, the polynomial remainder theorem or Little Bezout’s theorem is an application of euclidean
division of polynomials. It states that the remainder of the division of a polynomial f(x) by a linear polynomial
(x – a) is equal to f(a). In particular, (x – a) is a divisor of f(x), if and only if f(a) = 0.
1. x2 + 2xy + y2 = (x + y)2
2. x2 – 2xy + y2 = (x – y)2
3. x2 – y2 = (x – y)(x + y)
4. x3 + 3xy(x + y) + y3 = (x + y)3
5. x3 – 3xy(x – y) – y3 = (x – y)3
6. x3 + y3 = (x – y)(x2 – xy + y2)
[240] Aptitude & Reasoning
7. x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)
Example 7.1: For what values of k will 4x5 + 9x4 – 7x3 – 5x2 – 4kx + 3k2 contain (x – 1) as a factor?
1 1 1
(a) 3,  (b) 3, – 1 (c) 0, (d) 1,
2 3 3
Solution: (d)
As (x – 1) is a factor of f(x) = 4x5 + 9x4 – 7x3 – 5x2 – 4kx + 3k2
So, f(1) = 0
or 4(1) + 9(1) – 7(1)3
5 4
– 5(1)2 – 4k × 1 + 3k2 = 0
or 3k2 – 4k + 1 = 0 or (3k – 1) (k – 1) = 0
1
 k = 1,
3
Example 7.2: Consider the following statements.
I. (x + 3) is the factor of x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 8
II. (x – 2) is the factor of x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 8
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
Solution: (d)
If (x + 3) is a factor of f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 8 then, f(–3) will be zero.
Putting x = – 3 in f(x),
f(–3) = (–3)3 + 2(–3)2 + 3(–3) + 8
= –27 + 18 – 9 + 8 = – 10  0
So, statement-I is incorrect.
Putting x = 2 in f(x),
f(2) = (2)3 + 2(2)2 + 3(2) + 8 = 30  0
Statement-II is also incorrect.
Example 7.3: If the expression x3 + 3x2 + 4x + p contains (x + 6) as a factor, then the value of p is
(a) 132 (b) 141 (c) 144 (d) 151
Solution: (a)
As (x + 6) is a factor of f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 4x + p.
So, f(–6) = 0
3 2
or (–6) + 3(–6) + 4(–6) + p = 0
or –216 + 108 – 24 + p = 0 or p = 132
7.3 Graph of Elementary Functions
y y y

f(x) f(x) (0,1) f(x)

45° 45° 45°
(0,0) (0,0) (0,0)

x
Graph of f(x) = x Graph of f(x) = |x| Graph of f(x) = e

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Polynomials [249]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

5. a, b, c are real numbers. The quadratic equation

Previous Years GATE Questions ax2 – bx + c = 0 has equal roots, which is , then
1. A function, , is defined by b
(a)   (b) b2  4ac
a
(p  q) 2 , if p  q,
(p, q) = 
 p  q, if p  q. 3 bc
(c)   (d)  2 = ac
(2a 2 )
(–(–3  2),(–2  3))
The value of the expression [EC, GATE-2020]
(–(–2  1))
6. Select the graph that schematically represents
is BOTH y = xm and y = x1/m properly in the interval
(a) –1 (b) 16 0 x 1. For integer values of m, where m > 1.
y
16
(c) 0 (d)
3 1
[CE(I), IN, GATE-2021] x
1/m

m
2. Let X be a continuous random variable denoting (a) x
the temperature measured. The range of
x
temperature is [0, 100] degree Celsius and let the 0
probability density function of X be f(x) = 0.01 for y
0  X  100. The mean of X is _____.
1
(a) 25.0 (b) 5.0
(c) 50.0 (d) 2.5 x
m

(b)
[EE, GATE-2021] x
1/m

x
f (f (f (x))) 0 1
2
3. If f(x) = x for each x(–then f (x) y

is equal to _____. 1
(a) (f(x))2 (b) (f(x)) 3
1/m
x
(c) (f(x))4 (d) f(x) (c) m
[CE, GATE-2020] x
x
4. A superadditive function f(·) satisfies the following 0 1
property; f(x1 + x2) f(x1) + f(x2). Which of the y
following function is a superadditive function for
1
x > 1?
(a) ex (b) e–x xm
(d)
1 x
1/m

(c) x (d) x
x 0 1
[EC, GATE-2020] [ME, GATE-2020]
Infinity Educations India
[250] Aptitude & Reasoning
7. P, Q, R and S are to be uniquely coded using  (i) y = 2x + 4 for – 3 < x < – 1
and . If P is coded as and Q as , then R (ii) y = |x – 1| for – 1 < x < 2
and S respectively, can be coded as _____. (iii) y = ||x| – 1| for – 1 < x < 2
(a)  and  (b)  and  (iv) y = 1 for 2 < x < 3
(c)  and  (d)  and  (a) (i), (ii) and (iii) only
[ME, GATE-2020]
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv) only
8. Define [x] as the greatest integer less than or
(c) (i) and (iv) only
equal to x, for each x (–, ). If y = [x], then
(d) (ii) and (iv) only
area under y for x  [1, 4] is _____.
(a) 6 (b) 3 [CE, GATE-2018]
(c) 4 (d) 1 11. The temperature T in a room varies as a function
[ME, GATE-2020] of the outside temperature To and the number of
9. An engineer measures THREE quantities x, y and persons in the room p, according to the relation T
z in an experiment. She finds that they follow a = K(p + To), where  and K are constants.
relationship that is represented in the figure below What would be the value of  for the following
(the product of x and y linearly varies with z). data?
(x, y) To p T
25 2 32.4
30 5 42.0
(a) 0.6 (b) 1.0
(c) 2.0 (d) 10.0
z
O [CE, GATE-2018]
Then, which of the following statements is FALSE? 12. Functions, F(a, b) and G(a, b) are defined as
(a) For fixed x; z is proportional to y follow:
(b) For fixed y; x is proportional to z F(a, b) = (a – b)2 and G(a, b) = |a – b|, where
xy |x| represents the absolute value of x. What would
(c) is constant be the value of G(F(1, 3), G(1, 3))?
z
(d) For fixed z; x is proportional to y (a) 2 (b) 4
[ME, GATE-2020] (c) 6 (d) 36
10. What of the following function(s) in an accurate [EE, GATE-2018]
description of the graph for the range(s) indicated? 13. The three roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are x =
y {–2, 0, 3}. What are the three values of x for
3 which f(x – 3) = 0?
(a) –5, –3, 0 (b) –2, 0, 3
2
(c) 0, 6, 8 (d) 1, 3, 6
1 [EE, GATE-2018]
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x
0 1
14. If x2 + x – 1 = 0 what is the value of x4 + ?
–1 x4
–2 (a) 1 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 9
–3
[IN, GATE-2018]

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Polynomials [255]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(c) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4.(a) 5.(c) 6.(c) 7.(c) 8.(a) 9.(d) 10.(b)
11.(b) 12.(a) 13.(d) 14.(c) 15.(b) 16.(a) 17.(b) 18.(a) 19.(d) 20.(c)
21.(b) 22.(d) 23.(c) 24.(b) 25.(a) 26.(c) 27.(0) 28.(c) 29.(c) 30.(b)
31.(d) 32.(d) 33.(d) 34.(96) 35.(b) 36.(a) 37.(b) 38.(a) 39.(b) 40.(b)
41.(a) 42.(d) 43.(c) 44.(a) 45.(c) 46.(c) 47.(d) 48.(a) 49.(a) 50.(a)
51.(c) 52.(c) 53.(c) 54.(c) 55.(c) 56.(a) 57.(d) 58.(a) 59.(d) 60.(b)
61.(b)

4. (a)
Previous Years GATE Solutions Verity with options.
1. (c) Take option (a);
Given, f(x) = ex

(p  q) 2 , if p  q,  e x1  x 2  e x1  e x 2
(p, q) =  Since, x > 1; take, x1 = 2, x2 = 3.
 p  q, if p  q.
 e2+3  e2 + e3
Now, 148.41 7.38 + 20.08
(–(–3  2),(–2  3)) (1, 1) It is satisfied.
= Hence option (a) satisfies the given property.
(–(–2  1)) 1
5. (c)
= (l – l)2 = 0
Given that; the quadratic equation ax2 – bx + c = 0
2. (c)
has equal roots, which is .
Mean of X,
Let ,  be the roots of the equation.
100
E[X] =  Xf (x)dx Then, +  =
(b) b
 ...(1)
0 a a
100
 x2  c
= 0.01   = ...(2)
 2 0 a
0.01 From (1),
=  (100) 2
2
b
= 50 +  = [ = ]
3. (b)
a
f(x) = x2 b
f(f(x)) = (x2)2 = x4  2 = ...(3)
a
f(f(f(x))) = (x4)2 = x8
From (2),
8
f (f (f (x))) x c
 = 2 = x6 = (f(x))3 ×  = [ = ]
f (x) x a

Infinity Educations India

[256] Aptitude & Reasoning

c xy
 2 = ...(4) If xy = kz  = k
a z
Now, multiply equations (3) and (4), xy
is constant.
2
bc Hence, statement (c) is also true.
23 =
a2 For fixed z; xy = k3
x is not proportional to y.
bc
 3 = Hence, statement (d) is FALSE.
2a 2
10. (b)
6. (c)
Put value and verify.
7. (c)
(i) y = 2x + 4 is true in –3 < x < – 1
Given, Code of P = 
On putting x = –3, y = –2 and x = –2, y = 0
Code of Q = 
and x = –1, y = 2.
Hence, Code of R = 
(ii) y = |x – 1| is also true (x = –1, y = 2), (x =
and Code of S =  0, y = 1) and (x = 1, y = 0).
8. (a) (iv) y = 1 in 2 < x < 3 is always true.
Hence, (i), (ii) and (iv) are true.
11. (b)
3 T = K(p + To)
st
For 1 data,
2 32.4 = K(2 + 25)
2 K + 25K – 32.4 = 0 ...(1)
nd
1 For 2 data,
5 K + 30K – 42.0 = 0 ...(2)
 K = 20K – 22.8 ...(3)
1 2 3 4
On putting value of K in (1),
4 2 3 4 2(20K – 22.8) + 25K – 32.4 = 0
Area =  ydx  1dx   2dx   3dx 40K – 44.8 + 25K – 32.4 = 0
1 1 2 3
65K = 77.2
= [x]12  2[x]32  3[x]34 77.2
K=
=1+ 2×1+3×1=6 65
9. (d) Now putting value of K in equation (3)
Given that, xy linearly varies with z.   1.0
i.e., xy = kz 12. (a)
For fixed x; y = k1z F(a, b) = (a – b)2
 y z F(1, 3) = (1 – 3)2 = (–2)2 = 4
z is proportional to y. G(a, b) = |a – b|
For fixed y; x = k2z G(1, 3) = |1 – 3| = 2
 x z G(F(1, 3), G(1, 3)) = G(4, 2)
x is proportional to z. = |4 – 2|
Hence, statements (a) and (b) are true. =2

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 Chapter

8. Permutation, Combination
and Probability
8.1 Introduction
In mathematics, combinations and permutations are normally studied at the same time because they are very
similar. But where a combination is a collection of the objects where the order doesn’t matter, a permutation is
an arrangement of a group of objects where the order does matter.
“Permutations are for lists (order matters) and combinations are for groups (order doesn’t matter)”
Along with permutation and combination we will also discuss probability in this chapter. Probability is the
likelihood of something happening in the future. It is expressed as a number between zero (can never happen) to
1 (will always happen). It can be expressed as a fraction, a decimal, a percent and as ratio. Lets start with the
basics first.
8.2 Set
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. This means that {1, 2, 3} is a set but {1, 1, 3} is not
because 1 appears twice in the second collection. The second collection is called a multi set.
Set are often specified with curly bracket notation. The order of writing the elements of a set is immaterial.
For example: {1, 3, 5}, {5, 3, 1}, {3, 1, 5} all denote the same set.
8.2.1 Types of Set
8.2.1.1 Empty Set
It is a set containing no objects (or elements). It is written as a pair of curly braces with nothing inside ‘{}’
or by using the symbol ‘’.
Example: The set A is given by
A = {x:x is an even prime number greater than 2} is an empty set because 2 is the only even prime number.
8.2.1.2 Universal Set
A set consist of all the objects of other sets under considerations. It is denoted by U.
For example: When we are using sets containing natural numbers, then N it the universal set.
[266] Aptitude & Reasoning
8.2.1.3 Finite Set
A set ‘A’ which has only a finite number of objects (or elements) is called a finite set. The number of
objects in a finite set is denoted by n(A).
For example a set of vowels of alphabets is an example of finite set.
n(A) = {a, e, i, o, u}
In the above example there are only five alphabets in the set.
If a is an element of set A, then we write a  A (read it as: a belongs to A). If a is not an element of
A, then we write it as a  A (read it as: a does not belong to A) and these two possibilities are mutually exclusive.
8.2.1.4 Singleton Set 1
A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.
Example:
The set A = {6} is a singleton set
The set B = {y : y  N and y3 = 8} is a singleton set equal to {2}.
8.2.1.5 Subset
If every element of set A is an element of set B then A is called the Subset of set B and B is called as
Superset of A, it is represented as A  B (or B  A).
For example consonants and vowels are the two subset of a set of alphabet.
n(A) = {a, e, i, o, u}
n(B) = {b, c, d, f, ..., y, z}
and n(C) = {a, b, c, d, e, ..., z}
In above three sets n(A) and n(B) are subset of n(C) or n(C) is a superset of n(A) and n(B).
A subset ‘A’ of set ‘B’ is called a proper subset of B if A = B and it is written as A  B. If a set has
n elements, then the number of its subsets are 2n.
Every set is a subset of itself and the empty set is a subset of every set.
8.2.1.6 Power Set
The set of all the subsets of a given set (say A) is called the power set of that set. It is represented by
P(A).
For example if a set, A = {1, 2, 3} then power set can be written as
P(A) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 1}, {3, 1}, {1, 2, 3}}.
8.2.2 Venn Diagrams of Different Sets
In the representation of Venn diagram, a universal set is represented by a rectangle and a subset of it is
represented by a circle inside it. The different Venn diagrams and their significance is given in the tabular form.
These are explained with the help of examples.

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Permutation, Combination and Probability [267]

Venn diagram Significance

Complement of a set (A) U and A be two sets such thatA  U,

U
as A .
For example : If U is the set of alphabets then,
A the complement of vowels are consonants.

A

Union of set (A  B) If A and B are two sets, then the union of

A and B, denoted by A  B, is the set of all
A B U
A and B.
A B For example : The union of consonants and
vowels is a set of alphabets.

Intersection of set (A  B) If A and B are sets, then the intersection of

A and B, denoted by A  B, is the set of all
A B U elements belong to both A and B.
n(A  B)  n (A)  n(B)  n (A  B)
A–B B–A
For example : Intersection of set of prime

(A  B) the number 2.
i.e. If A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.....}
and B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10,.....}
then A  B  (2)

Difference of sets (A – B) If A and B are sets, then the difference of A

and B, written as {A – B}, is the set of all those
A B U elements of A which do not belong to B.
For example : If A is the set of natural numbers
A–B B–A
a set of odd numbers.

Infinity Educations India

Permutation, Combination and Probability [287]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

5. In a school of 1000 students, 300 students play

Previous Years GATE Questions chess and 600 students play football. If 50 students
play both chess and football, the number of students
1. Four persons, P, Q, R and S are to be seated in
who play neither is _____.
a row. R should not be seated at the second
position from the left end of the row. The number (a) 150 (b) 50
of distinct seating arrangements possible is (c) 100 (d) 200
(a) 24 (b) 9 [CE, GATE-2020]
(c) 6 (d) 18 6. In a sports academy of 300 people, 105 play only
[CE(II), GATE-2021] cricket, 70 play only hockey, 50 play only football,
2. Two identical cube shaped dice each with faces 25 play cricket and hockey, 15 play both hockey
numbered 1 to 6 are rolled simultanenously. The and football and 30 play both cricket and football.
probability that an even number is rolled out on The rest of them play all three sports. What is
each dice is the percentage of people who play at least two
sports?
1 1
(a) (b) (a) 25.00 (b) 28.00
8 4
(c) 23.30 (d) 50.00
1 1 [CE, GATE-2019]
(c) (d)
12 36 7. In a college, there are three student clubs. Sixty
[CE(II), GATE-2021] students are only in the Drama club, 80 students
3. There are five bags each containing identical sets are only in the Dance club, 30 students are only
of ten distinct chocolates. One chocolate is picked in the Maths club, 40 students are in both Drama
from each bag. The probability that at least two and Dance clubs, 12 students are in both Dance
chocolates are identical is ____. and Maths clubs, 7 students are in both Drama
(a) 0.4235 (b) 0.8125 and Maths clubs and 2 students are in all the
(c) 0.3024 (d) 0.6976 clubs. If 75% of the students in the college are
not in any of these clubs, then the total number
[CH, CS(I), GATE-2021]
of students in the college is _____.
4. A box contains 15 blue balls and 45 black balls.
(a) 225 (b) 1000
If 2 balls are selected randomly, without
replacement, the probability of an outcome in (c) 975 (d) 900
which the first selected is a blue ball and the [CS, GATE-2019]
second selected is a black ball, is_____. 8. A three member committee has to be formed
3 3 from a group of 9 people. How many such distinct
(a) (b) committees can be formed?
4 16
45 1 (a) 27 (b) 72
(c) (d)
236 4 (c) 81 (d) 84
[ME(II), GATE-2021] [CE, GATE-2018]

Infinity Educations India

[288] Aptitude & Reasoning
9. A six sided unbiased dice with four green faces 13. To pass a test, a candidate needs to answer at
and two red faces is rolled seven times. Which of least 2 out of 3 questions correctly. A total of
the following combinations is the most likely 6,30,000 candidates for the test. Question A was
outcome of the experiment? correctly answered by 3,30,000 candidates.
(a) Three green faces and four red faces Question B was answered correctly by 2,50,000
(b) Four green faces and three red faces candidates. Question C was answered correctly
(c) Five green faces and two red faces by 2,60,000 candidates. Both questions A and B
(d) Six green faces and one red face were answered correctly by 1,00,000 condidates.
Both questions B and C were answered correctly
[CS, GATE-2018]
by 90,000 candidates. Both questions A and C
10. A cab was involved in a hit and run accident at
were answered correctly by 80,000 candidates.
night. You are given the following data about the
If the number of students answering all questions
cabs in the city and the accident.
correctly is the same as the number answering
(i) 85% of cabs in the city are green and the none, then how many candidates failed to clear
remaining cabs are blue. the test?
(ii) A witness identified the cab involved in the (a) 30,000 (b) 2,70,000
accident as blue. (c) 3,90,000 (d) 4,20,000
(iii) It is known that a witness can correctly identify [IN, GATE-2018]
the cabs colour only 80% of the time. 14. An unbiased coin is tossed six times in a row and
Which of the following options is closest to the four different such trials are conducted. One trial
probability that the accident was caused by a blue implies six tosses of the coin. If H stands for
cab? head and T stands for tail, the following are the
(a) 12% (b) 15% observations from the four trials:
(c) 41% (d) 80% (1) HTHTHT (2) TTHHHT
[EC, GATE-2018] (3) HTTHHT (4) HHHT_____
11. A class of twelve children has two more boys than Which statement describing the last coin tosses
girls. A group of three children are randomly of the fourth trial has the highest probability of
picked from this class to accompany the teacher being correct?
on a field trip. What is the probability that the group (a) Two T will occur
accompanying the teacher contains more girls than (b) One H and one T will occur
boys? (c) Two H will occur
(d) One H will be followed by one T
325 [ME, GATE-2018]
(a) 0 (b)
864 15. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The
probability that the product of the numbers
525 5 appearing on the top faces of the dice is a perfect
(c) (d)
864 12 square is
[EE, GATE-2018] (a) 1/9 (b) 2/9
12. An e-mail password must contain three characters. (c) 1/3 (d) 4/9
The password has to contain one numeral from 0 [CE, IN, GATE-2017]
to 9, one upper case and one lower case character 16. There are 3 red socks, 4 green socks and 3 blue
from the English alphabet. How many distinct socks. You choose 2 socks. The probability that
passwords are possible? they are of the same colour is
(a) 6,760 (b) 13,520 (a) 1/5 (b) 7/30
(c) 40,560 (d) 1,05,456 (c) 1/4 (d) 4/15
[EE, GATE-2018] [CS, EE, GATE-2017]

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Permutation, Combination and Probability [289]
17. A test has twenty questions worth 100 marks in 23. A person moving through a tuberculosis prone
total. There are two types of questions. Multiple zone has a 50% probability of becoming infected.
choice questions are worth 3 marks each and essay However, only 30% of infected people developed
questions are worth 11 marks each. How many the disease. What percentage of people moving
multiple choice questions does the exam have? through a tuberculosis prone zone remains infected
(a) 12 (b) 15 but does not show symptoms of disease?
(c) 18 (d) 19 (a) 15 (b) 33
[CS, EE, GATE-2017] (c) 35 (d) 37
18. The probability that a k-digit number does NOT [EC, ME, GATE-2016]
contain the digits 0, 5 or 9 is 24. Shaquille O’Neal is a 60% career free throw
(a) 0.3k (b) 0.06k shoots, meaning that he successfully makes 60
k
(c) 0.7 (d) 0.9k free throws out of 100 attempts on average. What
[CS, EE, GATE-2017] is the probability that he will successfully make
19. 500 students are taking one or more courses out exactly 6 free throws in 10 attempts?
of Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. (a) 0.2508 (b) 0.2816
Registration records indicate course enrollment as (c) 0.2934 (d) 0.6000
follows; Chemistry (329), Physics (186), [EE, GATE-2016]
Mathematics (295), Chemistry and Physics (83), 25. Four cards are randomly selected from a pack of
Chemistry and Mathematics (217), and Physics 52 cards. If the first 2 cards are kings, what is
and Mathematics (63). How many students are the probability that 3rd card is king?
taking all 3 subjects? 4 2
(a) 37 (b) 43 (a) (b)
52 50
(c) 47 (d) 53
 1   1   1   1  1 
[EC, GATE-2017] (c)      (d)        
 52   52   52   51   50 
20. There are 3 Indians and 3 Chinese in a group of
[CE, GATE-2015]
6 people. How many subgroups of this group can
26. There are 16 teachers who can teach
we choose so that every subgroup has at least one
thermodynamics (TD); 11 who can teach Electrical
Indian?
Science (ES) and 5 who can teach both TD and
(a) 56 (b) 52
(Engineering Mechanics). There are a total of 40
(c) 48 (d) 44
teachers. 6 cannot teach any of the three subjects,
[EC, GATE-2017]
i.e. EM, ES or TD. 6 can teach only ES. 4 can
21. There are 4 women P, Q, R, S and 5 men V, W,
teach all 3 subjects i.e. EM, ES and TD; 4 can
X, Y, Z, in a group. We are required to form pairs
tach ES and TD. How many can teach both ES
each consisting of one woman and one man. P is
and EM but not TD.
not to be paired with Z, and Y must necessarily
(a) 1 (b) 2
be paired with someone. In how many ways can
(c) 3 (d) 4
4 such pairs be formed?
[CE, GATE-2015]
(a) 74 (b) 76
27. Ram and Ramesh appeared in an interview for
(c) 78 (d) 80
two vacancies in the same department. The
[ME, GATE-2017]
probabilities of Ram’s selection is 1/6 and that of
22. A couple has 2 children. The probability that both
Ramesh is 1/8. What is probability that only one
children are boys if the older one is a boy, is
of them will be selected?
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/3
(a) 47/48 (b) 1/4
(c) 1/2 (d) 1
(c) 13/48 (d) 35/48
[ME, GATE-2017]
[EC, ME, GATE-2015]
Infinity Educations India
Permutation, Combination and Probability [297]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(d) 2.(d) 3.(d) 4.(c) 5.(a) 6.(a) 7.(d) 8.(d) 9.(c) 10.(a)
11.(b) 12.(c) 13.(d) 14.(b) 15.(b) 16.(d) 17.(b) 18.(c) 19.(d) 20.(a)
21.(c) 22.(c) 23.(c) 24.(a) 25.(b) 26.(a) 27.(b) 28.(b) 29.(b)30.(0.8119)
31.(b) 32.(b) 33.(a) 34.(b) 35.(c) 36.(c) 37.(c) 38.(b) 39.(c) 40.(c)
41.(b) 42.(c) 43.(a) 44.(c) 45.(a) 46.(d) 47.(b) 48.(a) 49.(d) 50.(a)
51.(a) 52.(b) 53.(c) 54.(b) 55.(a) 56.(a) 57.(a) 58.(c)59.(i) a, (ii) b60.(i)c,(ii) d
61.(b) 62.(b) 63.(a) 64.(a) 65.(b) 66.(c) 67.(b) 68.(c) 69.(b) 70.(c)
71.(d) 72.(a) 73.(b) 74.(b) 75.(a) 76.(b) 77.(a) 78.(d) 79.(b) 80.(b)
81.(b) 82.(c) 83.(c) 84.(a) 85.(b) 86.(c) 87.(a) 88.(d) 89.(c) 90.(a)
91.(d) 92.(d) 93.(d) 94.(c) 95.(c) 96.(c) 97.(d) 98.(a) 99.(c) 100.(c)
101.(b) 102.(b) 103.(d) 104.(b) 105.(a) 106.(c) 107.(b)


3. (d)
Previous Years GATE Solutions The set of bags may be shown as below.
1. (d)
Possible arrangements:

P = 3! 10 10 10 10 10
Total number of ways to choose chocolates,
Q = 3! N = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
= 105
S = 3! Probability to choose one chocolate from each
bag,
So, total number of ways N(x = 0) = 10P5
= 3 × 3! So the required probability,
= 18
2. (d)  N(x  0) 
P(x  2) = 1 –  
Let,  N
E1 = occurrence of even number on first dice 10
P5
E2 = occurrence of even number on second dice = 1–
105
3 1
 P(E1) =  = 0.6976
6 2
4. (c)
3 1
and P(E2) =  Total number of balls in the bag
6 2
 P(E1  E2) = P(E1) × P(E2) = 15 + 45 = 60
Here, 15 balls are blue and 45 balls are black.
1 1 1
=  = If, the two balls are drawn without replacement,
2 2 4 the required probability of getting first ball blue

Infinity Educations India

[298] Aptitude & Reasoning
and the second ball back will be; 7. (d)
Data given is question is represented as,
15 45
P= 
60 59
Dance
60 38 80
45
=
236 Drama 2
5 10
5. (a)
Let x, number of students play neither chess nor
30
football.

Chess Football Maths

Total number of students
250 50 550 = 60 + 80 + 30 + 38 + 5 + 10 + 2
= 225
x
Let total students is college are x.
 250 + 50 + 550 + x = 1000  25% of x = 225
x = 150 students 225
 x=  100
6. (a) 25
Data given in question is represented as, = 900 students
Cricket 8. (d)
Required number of ways
Hockey
9! 98 7
105
25 70 = 9C3 = 6!  3!  6
 84

5
30 15 9. (c)
Probability of four green and two red faces,
respectively;
50
Football 4 2
P(G) = 
No. of players plays all three sports 6 3
= 300 – 295 2 1
P(R) = 
=5 6 3
No. of players plays at least 2 sports Dice rolled total number of times,
= 25 + 5 + 30 + 15 n=7
= 75 Option (a):

Percentage of players playing at least 2 sports 2 1

3 4
7
P(G = 3) = C3    
75  3 3
=  100
300
35  23 17.5  2 4
= 
= 25% (3) 7 (3) 7

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 Volume-B

Reasoning Aptitude
 Chapter

9. Direction Sense
9.1 Introduction
The questions on direction sense typically involve a person moving certain distances in specified directions.
Then, the student is asked to find out the distance between the initial and final points or to find out the direction
of final point with respect to initial point. Hence, we will discuss the easiest way to solving these types of problems.
9.2 Problem Solving
Direction and distance are generally very easy but occasionally you get tricky ones. The key to solving such
questions is to get yours basics clear, to make easier to analyze and calculate direction and distance there are
following methods:
(i) Consider all eight directions while solving the given question; draw the different directions out as
North
North West (N) North East
(NW) (NE)

West East
(W) (E)

South West South East

(SW) South (SE)
(S)
(ii) Always consider yourself as facing north. Solve the question accordingly. Now your left hand is to
the west and righthand is to the east.
(iii) For rotation based questions, rotate the person in determine or anticlockwise direction relative to
direction. Rotation to right is clockwise and rotation to left is anticlockwise when looking down to
paper. This is irrespective of direction which you are facing.
When you have to find the distance between two points, the Pythagoras Theorem play an important role.
From Pythagoras Theorem,
AC 2 = AB2 + BC2
b2 = c2 + a2
C

b a

A c B
[314] Aptitude & Reasoning
Crux: When a person moves and takes right and left turns, always remember that the left hand side of the
person in the question will be the left turn and similary, right hand side of the person in the question will
be the right turn.
Example 9.1: Ram walks 10 m south from the house, turns left and walks 23 m, again turns left and walks
40 m, then turns right and walks 5 m to reach his school. In which direction is the school from his house?
(a) East (b) North-East (c) South-West (d) North
Solution: (b) Whatever is mentioned in the problem, we will draw on direction plane and then we can easily
get the required answer.
Assuming starting point (house) at origin, proceed the problem.
Hence, the direction of school from Ram’s house is North-East (NE).
N
NE
5m
School

40 m

House
W E
10 m

23 m

S
Example 9.2: I am facing West. I turn 45 in the clockwise direction and then 180o in the same direction
o

and then 270o anticlockwise. Which direction am I facing now?

(a) South-West (b) South (c) West (d) North-West
Solution: (a)
From direction plane, it is that at the end I am facing towards South-West direction.
N
NW NE

45° 180°
W E
270°

SW SE
S
Example 9.3: Two buses start from the opposite points of a main road, 150 km apart. The first bus runs
for 25 km, takes a right turn and then runs for 15 km. It then turns left, runs for another 25 km and takes
the direction back to reach the main road. In the meantime, due to a minor breakdown, the other bus has
run only 35 km along the main road. What would be the distance between the two buses at this point?
(a) 65 km (b) 80 km (c) 75 km (d) 85 km
Solution: (a)
Let the initial points of buses 1 and 2 are A and B, respectively and the final points are A and B
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Direction Sense [317]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

(a) 15 (b) 25
Previous Years GATE Questions (c) 35 (d) 30
1. On a planar field, you travelled 3 units East from [CE, GATE-2019]
a point O. Next you travelled 4 units South to 5. There are five buildings called V, W, X, Y and Z
arrive at point P. Then you travelled from P in the in a row (not necessarily in that order). V is to
North-East direction such that you arrive at a the West of W. Z is to the East of X and the
point that is 6 units East of point O. Next, you West of V. W is to the West of Y. Which is the
travelled in the North-West direction, so that you building in the middle?
arrive at point Q that is 8 units North of point P. (a) V (b) W
The distance of point Q to point O, in the same (c) X (d) Y
units, should be_____. [CS, EE, GATE-2017]
(a) 4 (b) 5 6. Fatima starts from point P, goes North for 3 km
(c) 6 (d) 3 and then East for 4 km to reach point Q. She
[CE(II), GATE-2021] then turns to face point P and goes 15 km in that
2. Ms. X came out of a building through its front direction. She then goes North for 6 km. How far
door to find her shadow due to the morning sun is she from point P, and in which direction should
falling to her right side with the building to her she go to reach point P?
back. From this, it can be inferred that building is (a) 8 km, East (b) 12 km, East
facing _____. (c) 6 km, East (d) 10 km, North
(a) East (b) North [EC, GATE-2017]
(c) South (d) West 7. Michael lives 10 km away from where I live.
[ME(I), GATE-2021] Ahmed lives 5 km away and Susan lives 7 km
3. The front door of Mr. X’s house faces East. Mr. away from where I live. Arun is farther away
X leaves the house, walking 50 m straight from than Ahmed but closer than Susan from where I
the back door that is situated directly opposite to live. From the information provided here, what is
the front door. He then turns to his right, walks one possible distance (in km) at which I live from
for another 50 m and stops. The direction of the Arun’s place?
point Mr. X is now located at with respect to the (a) 3.00 (b) 4.99
starting point is ______. (c) 6.02 (d) 7.01
(a) North-East (b) South-East [CH, GATE-2016]
(c) West (d) North-West 8. M and N start from the same location. M travels
[ME(II), GATE-2021] 10 km East and then 10 km North-East. N travels
4. On a horizontal ground, the base of a striaght 5 km South and then 4 km South-East. What is
ladder is 6 m away from the base of a vertical the shortest distance (in km) between M and N
pole. The ladder makes an angle of 45o to the at the end of their travel?
horizontal. If the ladder is resting at a point located (a) 18.60 (b) 22.50
at one-fifth of the height of the pole from the (c) 20.61 (d) 25.00
bottom, the height of the pole is _____ meters. [EC, ME, GATE-2016]

Infinity Educations India

[318] Aptitude & Reasoning
9. Mr. Vivek walks 6 m N-E, then turns and walk (a) 25 metres (b) 50 metres
6 m S-E, both at 60o to East. He further moves (c) 140 metres (d) none of these
2 m South and 4 m West. What is the straight 14. Vinod walks 20 metres towards North. He then
distance in meter between the point he started turns left and walks 40 metres. He again turns
and the point he finally reached? left and walks 20 metres. Further, he moves 20
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 metres after turning to the right. How far is he
from his original position?
(c) 2 (d) 1 / 2
(a) 20 metres (b) 30 metres
[CE, GATE-2015]
(c) 50 metres (d) 60 metres
10. Four branches of a company are located at M, N,
O, and P. M is north of N at a distance of 4 km; 15. A rat runs 20 toward East and turns a right, runs
P is south of O at a distance of 2 km; N is 10 and turns to right, runs 9 and again turns to
southeast of O by 1 km. What is the distance left, runs 5 and then turns to left, runs 12 and
between M and P in km? finally turns to left and runs 6. Now, which
(a) 5.34 (b) 6.74 direction is the rat facing?
(c) 28.5 (d) 45.49 (a) East (b) West
[CS, EE, GATE-2015] (c) North (d) South
16. A man walks 1 km towards East and then the he
Previous Years ESE Questions turns to South and walks 5 km. Again he turns to
11. A man walked 3 km towards East, then 5 km East and walks 2 km, after this he turns to North
towards North-East, then 8 km towards South, and walks 9 km. Now, how far is he from his
and finally 5 km towards North-East direction. starting point?
The distance of his present location from the (a) 3 km (b) 4 km
starting point will be (c) 5 km (d) 7 km
(a) 9 km (b) 11 km 17. Going 50 m to the South of her house, Radhika
(c) 15 km (d) 21 km turns left and goes another 20 m. Then, turning to
[ESE-2020] the North, she goes 30 m and then starts walking
12. A person travelled by car 70 km towards North to her house. In which direction is she walking
to A then covered 30 km turning left to B. Again now?
he turned towards left and travelled 110 km to C. (a) North-West
Then he cycled at the rate of 10 km/hour towards (b) North
the starting point. The time taken by him to reach (c) South-East
the starting point from C will be
(d) East
(a) 3 hours (b) 5 hours
18. The door of Aditya’s house faces the East. From
(c) 7 hours (d) 21 hours
the back side of his house, he walks straight 50
[ESE-2019]
metres, then turns to the right and walks 50 metres
Practice Questions again. Finally he turns towards left and stops after
walking 25 metres. Now, Aditya is in which
13. Rakesh starts walking straight towards east. After direction from the starting point?
walking 75 metres, he turns to the left and walks (a) South-East
25 metres straight. Again he turns to the left,
(b) North-East
walks a distance of 40 metres straight, again he
(c) South-West
turns to the left and walks a distance of 25 metres.
How far is he from the starting point? (d) North-West

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Direction Sense [321]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(b) 2.(c) 3.(d) 4.(d) 5.(a) 6.(a) 7.(c) 8.(c) 9.(a) 10.(a)
11.(b) 12.(b) 13.(d) 14.(d) 15.(c) 16.(c) 17.(a) 18.(d) 19.(d) 20.(b)
21.(d) 22.(b) 23.(a) 24.(b) 25.(b) 26.(a) 27.(a) 28.(a) 29.(d) 30.(c)
31.(a) 32.(c) 33.(d) 34.(d) 35.(d) 36.(a)


From above, it can be inferred that building is

Previous Years GATE Solutions facing South.
1. (b) 3. (d)
According to question, following diagram may be End point
drawn. Right N-W N
Starting point
Q W 50 m (Back door) W E
N

W E Left S
4 units 50 m House Front door
S
So, the present direction of Mr. X from the starting
O 3 units 3 units R point will be North-West.
4. (d)
4 units

Pole
P
Hence required distance,
H
OQ = 2 2
(3)  (4) H Ladder
5
= 5 units
2. (c) 45°
From the given information, following may be 6m
drawn. Here tan 45 = 1o

Building H
=6
N 5
W E
Direction of H = 30 m
shadow (West) Morning S
Ms.X sun 5. (a)
(East)
As given, V is to west of W,
Building facing
 V W ...(1)
(South)

Infinity Educations India

[322] Aptitude & Reasoning
Z is to east of X and west of V, 8. (c)
X Z  V ...(2) According to the given statements the directional
diagram can be drawn as shown below:
W is to the west of Y,
North
 W Y ...(3)
M  10  5 2, 5 2 
From (1), (2) and (3), we have the order of
10 km
direction as
M 10 km 45°
West East

West 
East N (10,0)
5 km
X ZVWY S(0, 5)
4 km
Hence, the middle building is V. 45°
N 2 2,  5  2 2 
6. (a)
According to the problem the diagram can be South
drawn as below Coordinate of M;
4 km
R Q x-coordinate = 10  5 2

3 km N
5 km y-coordinate = 5 2
B Coordinate of N;
 P W E

6 km 10 km S x-coordinate = 2 2

y-coordinate = 5  2 2
A
So final distance between M and N is
From the figure,
2 2
d= (10  3 2) 2  (5  7 2) 2
PQ = 3  4
= 5 km = 20.61 km
From similar triangles PQR and ABP 9. (a)
According to the given statements the directional
4 BP
cos =  diagram can be drawn as shown below.
5 10
N
 BP = 8 km
So to go from point B to P, she should go 8 km 60°
East. 6m
7. (c) V 60°
(6, 0)
According to the given statements, the directional (0, 0) 2m
(6, –2)
diagram can be drawn as shown below. V 4 m
0 5 7 10
From above figure, distance between V and V,
Me Ahmed Susan Michael
Arun VV = 22  2 2
Appropriate position for Arun lies in between 5 to
7 km, so option (c) is correct. = 2 2 m

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 Chapter

10. Clocks and Calendars

10.1 Introduction
The problems on clocks and calendars are very frequently asked in every competitive exams. It is always
better to understand some of the basic principles and types of problems that get asked. In this chapter we would
explain the types of problems, some formulae and simple methods to solve these types of problems. Firstly we will
explain the topic clocks and then calendars.
10.2 Clocks
A clock has two hands, the smaller one is called the hence hour hand or short hand while the larger one
is called minute hand or long hand.
The dial of the clock is circular in shape and was divided into 60 equal minute spaces.
60 minute spaces trace an angle of 360°. So, 1 minute space traverses an angle of 6°.
In 1 hour, minute hand traverse 60 minute space or 360°, hour hand traverses 5 minutes space or 30°.
The hands of the clock are perpendicular in 15 minute spaces apart.
The hands of the clock are in straight line when they coincide (0°) or opposite (180°) to each other.
The hands of the clock are opposite to each other for 11 times in 12 hours and coincides with each other
for 11 times in 12 hours i.e., 22 times a day.
12
11 1
10 2
9 3
8 4
7 5
6

360  1  
The speed of hour hand =    per minute
12  60  2 
Since, both (minute hand and hour hand) are moving in the same direction, so the relative speed of both the
hands with respect to each other

 1   11  
=  6   per minute =   per minute
 2 2
[330] Aptitude & Reasoning
The time taken by the minute hand to overtake hour hand

Distance 360 5
 =  65 minutes
Relative speed  11   11
  per min
2
Example 10.1: Assume that
I. The hour and minute hand of a clock move without jerking.
II. The clock shows a time between 8 o’clock and 9 o’clock.
III. The two hands of a clock are one above the other.
After how many minutes (nearest integer) will the two hands be again lying one above the other.
(a) 60 (b) 62 (c) 65 (d) 67
Solution: (c)

 11  
The angular distance to be covered by both the hands is 360° and the relative speed is   per minute.
2
So, the two hands will be again lying one above the other, after the time

360 5
t=  65 min
 11   11
  per min
2

10.3 Types of Problems

The problems on clocks are categorized in various types:
(1) Angle between two hands when time is given.
(2) Time when the angle between two hands is given.
(3) Slow and fast clocks.
(4) Gain or loss.
(5) Mirror based problems.
Now, we will explain the each type of problems one by one.
10.3.1 Angle Between Two Hands (when time is given)
The angle between the two hands is given by

 11  
 = 30H  M 
 2 
where, H is the hour reading and M is the minute reading.
10.3.2 Time (when angle between two hands is given)
If the two hands of the clock are together, between H and (H + 1) o’clock, at an angle  then, the time
by the clock is given by
2
t= [30H  ]
11
10.3.3 Slow and Fast Clocks
In this type of problems, you have to find that an inaccurate clock is running fast or slow with respect to
an accurate one.

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[336] Aptitude & Reasoning

Previous Years and Practice Questions

(a) 0° (b) 15°

Previous Years GATE Questions (c) 22.5° (d) 7.5°
1. A digital watch X beeps every 30 seconds while [EC, GATE-2020]
watch Y beeps every 32 seconds. They beeped 5. A worker noticed that the hour hand on the factory
together at 10 AM. The immediate next time that clock had moved 225 degrees during her stay at
they will beep together is_____. the factory. For how long does she stay in the
(a) 10:00 PM (b) 10:08 AM factory?
(a) 8.5 hours (b) 7.5 hours
(c) 11:00 AM (d) 10:42 AM
(c) 3.75 hours (d) 4 hours and 15 minutes
[ME(II), GATE-2021]
[ME, GATE-2019]
2. For the year 2019, which of the previous year's
6. A faulty wall clock is known to gain 15 minutes
calendar can be used?
every 24 hours. It is synchronized to the correct
(a) 2011 (b) 2013
time at 9 AM on 11th July. What will be the
(c) 2012 (d) 2014 correct time to the nearest minute when the clock
[CE, GATE-2020] shows 2 PM on 15th July of the same year?
3. The global financial crisis in 2008 is considered to (a) 12:45 PM (b) 12:58 PM
be the most serious worldwide financial crisis, (c) 1:00 PM (d) 2:00 PM
which started with the sub-prime lending crisis in [CE, GATE-2018]
USA in 2007. The sub-prime lending crisis led to 7. Two and a quarter hours back, when seen in a
the banking crisis in 2008 with the collapse of mirror, the reflection of a wall clock without
Lehman Brothers in 2008. The sub-prime lending number markings seemed to show 01:30. What is
refers to the provision of loans to those borrowers the actual current time shown by the clock?
who may have difficulties in repaying loans, and (a) 08:15 (b) 11:15
it arises because of excess liquidity following the (c) 12:15 (d) 12:45
East Asian crisis. [EC, ME, GATE-2016]
Which one of the following sequences shows the 8. At what time between 6 am and 7 am will the
correct precedence as per the given passage? minute hand and hour hand of a clock make an
(a) Global financial crisis East Asian crisis  angle closest to 60°?
banking crisis subprime lending crisis (a) 6:22 am (b) 6:27 am
(b) Subprime lending crisis global financial crisis (c) 6:38 am (d) 6:45 am
 banking crisis  East Asian crisis [CS, EE, GATE-2014]
(c) East Asian crisis  subprime lending crisis
banking crisis global financial crisis Previous Years ESE Questions
(d) Banking crisis subprime lending crisis  9. A clock strikes once at 1 o'clock, twice at 2 o'clock,
global financial crisis East Asian crisis thrice at 3 o'clock and so on. The number of
[EC, GATE-2020] times it strikes in 24 hours will be
4. It is quarter past three in your watch. The angle (a) 116 (b) 136
between the hour hand and the minute hand is (c) 156 (d) 196
_____. [ESE-2020]

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Clocks and Calendars [337]
10. The 12 digits on the face of a clock are to be 17. A class starts after lunch at 1 pm and lasts till
represented employing contributions of only the 3.52 pm. Four periods are over during this interval.
number 9 as either 9 or After every period, 4 minutes are allowed for
9. The other prescribed
going from one classroom to another. What is the
conditions are (i) the least number of users alone
exact duration of each period held?
are permitted; and (ii) when alternates are possible,
(a) 42 minutes (b) 41 minutes
use of 9 will by preferred over use of9, which (c) 40 minutes (d) 39 minutes
should be used minimally. How many times would 18. A clock gains 5 minutes in one hour. Therefore,
9 have to be used? the angle traversed by the minute hand in one
(a) 6 (b) 5 hour is
(c) 4 (d) 3 (a) 360° (b) 390°
[ESE-2018] (c) 390.5° (d) None of these
19. Outside a meeting room, Madhukar was told by a
Practice Questions person that each meeting takes place after 13/4
11. March 1, 2008 was Saturday. Which day was it h. The last meeting has been over just 45 min ago
in March 1, 2002? and the next meeting will take place at 2 pm. At
(a) Thursday (b) Friday what time did Madhukar receive this information?
(c) Saturday (d) Sunday (a) 10:20 am (b) 11:30 am
12. If Republic Day in 1980 falls on Saturday, X was (c) 11:40 am (d) 11:50 am
born on March 3, 1980 and Y is younger to X by 20. A person goes to a market between 4 pm and 5
four days, then Y’s birthday fall on pm when he comes back, he finds that the hour
(a) Thursday (b) Friday hand and the minute hand of the clock have
(c) Wednesday (d) None of these interchanged their positions. For how much time
th
13. 29 February of the year 2000 was Tuesday. After (approximately) was he out of his house?
this date how many times 29th February falls on (a) 55.38 min (b) 55.48 min
Tuesday in the whole century?
(c) 55.57 min (d) 55.67 min
(a) 3 (b) 4
21. An accurate clock shows 12 o’clock in the noon.
(c) 5 (d) 6
Through how many degrees will the hour hand
14. A class starts at 11:00 am and lasts till 2:27 pm.
rotate when the clock shows 5 o’clock on the
Four periods of equal duration are held during this
same evening?
interval. After every period a rest of 5 minutes is
given to the students. The exact duration of each (a) 150° (b) 140°
period is (c) 125° (d) 120°
(a) 48 minutes (b) 50 minutes 22. At what time between 2 and 3 will the hour and
(c) 51 minutes (d) 53 minutes minute hands of a clock be 12 minutes divisions
rd apart?
15. If the 3 day of a month is Monday, which one
of the following will be the fifth day from 21st of (a) 20 minutes past 2
this month?
5
(a) Monday (b) Tuesday (b) 24 minutes past 2
(c) Wednesday (d) Friday 11
16. The number of times in a day the hour hand and (c) 24 minutes past 2
the minute hand of a clock at right angles is
12
(a) 44 (b) 48 (d) 24 minutes past 2
13
(c) 24 (d) 12

Infinity Educations India

Clocks and Calendars [339]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(b) 2.(b) 3.(c) 4.(d) 5.(b) 6.(b) 7.(d) 8.(a) 9.(c) 10.(b)
11.(b) 12.(b) 13.(a) 14.(a) 15.(c) 16.(a) 17.(c) 18.(b) 19.(b) 20.(a)
21.(a) 22.(c) 23.(c) 24.(b) 25.(a) 26.(c) 27.(d)


1 
Previous Years GATE Solutions  Angle = (60  3  11  15)
2
1. (b) 1 
Clock X beeps after 30 seconds, and clock Y = (180  165)
2
beeps after 32 seconds. = 7.5°
So, the LCM of both time 5. (b)
= 25 × 3 × 5
We know that hour hand of a watch completes
= 480 seconds
one rotation (360°) in 12 hours.
In 480 seconds, there is
So, for 225°,
480
= 8 minutes  225 
60 Corresponding time =    12
So, after 10 AM, both clock will beep  360 
simultaneously at 10:08 AM. = 7.5 hours
2. (b) 6. (b)
Difference in 9 AM of 11th July and 2 PM on 15th
Year Number of odd days
July = 101 hours.
2013 1
2014 1  15 
  24   hours of incorrect clock
2015 1  60 
2016 2 = 24 hours of correct clock
2017 1  1 hour of incorrect clock
2018 1 96
= hours of correct clock
Total 7 97
So, 101 hour of incorrect clock
Number of odd days in 2019 is 1, so 2013 calendar
is same as 2019. 96
=  101 hours of correct clock
3. (c) 97
4. (d) = 99.958 hours of correct clock
The angle between the hands can be found using = 99 hours + 0.95876 × 60 minutes
the formula, = 99 hours + 57.525 minutes
1  = 99 hours and approximate 58 minutes
Angle = (60H  11M)
2 So, correct time will be
Where H is the hour (= 3) and M is the minute 9AM of 11th July + (99 hours and 58 minutes)
(= 15). = 12:58 PM on 15th July

Infinity Educations India

 Chapter

11. Dice and Cubes

11.1 Dice
A dice is small cube which has side having different member of placed on it.
Base dice has two types:
(1) Standard dice: If on a two dices no numbers are matched each other, then it is a standard dice.
(2) Ordinary dice: If a number of two dice are matched, then it is called an ordinary dice.
11.2 Cubes
A cube is a 3-dimensional solid object bounded by six faces. All the edges of a cube are equal and hence
all the faces are square in shape.
B
A
Edge
C Number of edges : 12
D
Number of faces : 06
Face
E F Number of corners : 08

Corner
G H
If each of the six faces of a cube are rectangle, then it called a cuboid.
11.3 Types of Problems
The problems on dice and cubes are divided into the following categories:
Type-1
Some cubes are placed on each other in which some are not shown, then you have to answer that how many
cubes are there.
Example 11.1: Count the number of cubes in the given figure.

(a) 14 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 8

[344] Aptitude & Reasoning
Solution: (c)
The given figure can be assumed as composed of three different set of cubes as shown below.

= + +

Now, we can count the number of cubes.

The total number of cubes = 6 + 3 + 1 = 10
Example 11.2: Count the number of cubes in the given figure.
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 15

Solution: (d)
The similar procedure can be followed here also.

= + +

(9 cubes) (5 cubes) (1 cube)

The total number of cubes = 9 + 5 + 1 = 15
Example 11.3: Count the number of blocks in the given figure.

(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9

Solution: (b)
Type-2
The different views (generally two or three) of a complete cube or dice are given in problem and you have
to find out which face is opposite to a particular face.
NOTE: Opposites cannot be together.
A cube has six faces out of which three are opposite faces, we cannot see three of its faces i.e. the opposite
faces of a cube are not visible to us.
Example 11.4: Three positions of a cube are given. Based on them, find out which number is found
opposite the number 2 in the given cube.

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Dice and Cubes [351]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

5. How many minimum cuts you have made?

Previous Years GATE Questions (a) 15 (b) 18
1. A cube is built using 64 cubic blocks of side one (c) 21 (d) 9
unit. After it is built, one cubic block is removed 6. How many cubes are coloured with exactly two
from every corner of the cube. The resulting colours?
surface area of the body (in square units) after (a) 48 (b) 36
the removal is _______. (c) 51 (d) 50
(a) 56 (b) 64 7. How many cubes are there which are coloured
(c) 72 (d) 96 with exactly three colours?
[CE, CS, GATE-2016]
(a) 6 (b) 4
2. A cube of side 3 units is formed using a set of
(c) 2 (d) 8
smaller cubes of side 1 unit. Find the proportion
of the number of faces of the smaller cubes visible 8. How many cubes are painted with multiple colours?
to those which are NOT visible. (a) 51 (b) 53
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 115 (d) 120
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 3 Directions for Questions 9 to 16:
[EC, GATE-2015] Questions are based on the following information.
3. A regular dice has six sides with numbers 1 to 6 Three adjacent faces of one cube is painted in
marked on its sides. If a very large number of pink, one adjacent pair of faces is painted in black
throws show the following frequencies of and the remaining faces are painted in violet. The
occurrence: cube is cut into 216 identical cubes.
1  0.167; 2  0.167; 3  0.152; 4  0.166; 9. How many of cubes will have all three colours on
5  0.168; 6  0.180. them?
Then, we call this dice (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) Irregular (b) Gaussian (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) Biased (d) Insufficient
10. How many of the smaller cubes have only pink
[EC, ME, GATE-2014]
and black colours on them?
Practice Questions (a) 16 (b) 18
(c) 19 (d) 24
Directions for Questions 4 to 8:
11. How many smaller cubes or cubes have exactly
A cube is divided into 343 identical cubes. Each
two colours on them?
cut is made parallel to some surface of the cube.
But before doing that the cube is coloured with (a) 32 (b) 36
green colour on one set of adjacent faces, red on (c) 37 (d) 42
the second and blue on the third set. 12. How many cubes have exactly two painted
4. How many cubes are there which are coloured surface in two different colours?
with exactly one colour? (a) 36 (b) 32
(a) 180 (b) 150 (c) 48 (d) 38
(c) 165 (d) 148
Infinity Educations India
[352] Aptitude & Reasoning
13. How many of the cubes have exactly one colour 19. A cuboid has six sides of different colours. The
on them? red side is opposite to black. The blue side is
(a) 107 (b) 109 adjacent to white. The brown side is adjacent to
(c) 96 (d) 113 blue. The red side is face down. Which one of
the following would be the opposite to brown?
14. How many of the cubes have exactly one painted
surface of exactly one colour? (a) Red (b) Black
(a) 84 (b) 108 (c) White (d) Blue
(c) 96 (d) 102 20. Three views of a cube following a particular
15. How many cubes do not have pink colour on motion are given below.
them?
(a) 120 (b) 100 K H B
(c) 150 (d) 125 A B M K P H
16. How many cubes have black or violet colour on
them but not pink colour on them? (I) (II) (III)
(a) 60 (b) 59 What is the letter opposite to A?
(c) 61 (d) 64 (a) H (b) P
17. How many cuboids of dimensions 4 × 5 × 6 are (c) B (d) M
required to form a cube of least size if cuboids
21. A cube has six numbers marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
have to be placed adjacent, above or below each
on its faces. Three views of the cube are shown
other? below:
(a) 1600
(b) 1800 1 3
(c) 1200 6 4 1 2
(d) None of these
(I) (II)
18. Six faces of a cube are numbered from 1 to 6,
each face carrying one different number further,
(I) The face 2 is opposite to the face 6. 3

(II) The face 1 is opposite to the face 5 5 6

(III) The face 3 is between the face 1 and the

(III)
face 5
What possible numbers can exist on the two faces
(IV) The face 3 is adjacent to the face 2. marked (A) and (B), respectively on the work
Which one of the following is correct? cube?

(a) The face 2 is adjacent to the face 3

B
(b) The face 6 is between the face 2 and the
face 4 A 5
(c) The face 1 is between the face 5 and the
face 6. (a) 2 and 3 (b) 6 and 1
(d) None of the above (c) 1 and 4 (d) 3 and 1

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Dice and Cubes [355]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(d) 2.(c) 3.(c) 4.(c) 5.(b) 6.(c) 7.(c) 8.(b) 9.(b) 10.(c)
11.(c) 12.(b) 13.(d) 14.(c) 15.(d) 16.(c) 17.(b) 18.(a) 19.(c) 20.(b)
21.(a) 22.(a) 23.(c) 24.(a) 25.(d) 26.(c) 27.(c) 28.(b) 29.(a) 30.(a)
31.(d) 32.(d) 33.(d) 34.(d) 35.(c) 36.(a) 37.(c) 38.(c) 39.(b) 40.(d)
41.(c) 42.(b) 43.(a) 44.(a) 45.(c)


3. (c)
Previous Years GATE Solutions For a very large number of throws, the frequency
1. (d) is not same, hence, dice is biased.
On removing the corner cube, 3 faces will be
Solutions of Practice Questions
removed while 3 new faces will be exposed. So
total area is still same as without removing cubes. 4. (c)
 Area = 6 × (4 × 4) = 96 From each face 5 × 5 = 25 cubes are painted in
2. (c) one colour. Such total = 25 × 6 = 150 cubes. Further
because each face is having one similar colour to
adjacent face and 3 other different coloured faces,
hence 5 × 3 = 15 extra cubes will come from three
edges, where adjacent faces of similar colour are
meeting, hence total = 150 + 15 = 165 cubes will be
then coloured in exactly one colour.
5. (b)
Total number of faces n3 = 343 = 73
= n3 × 6 = (3)3 × 6  n=7
= 27 × 6 Minimum number of cuts = 3(n – 1)
= 162 = 3(7 – 1)
Total number of visiable faces, when = 3 × 6 = 18
1 face is visible = 6
Blue
2 faces are visible = 8 × 2 + 4 × 2 = 24
3 faces are visible = 8 × 3 = 24
So, total number of visible faces
= 24 + 20 + 6 = 54
Hence, total number of not visible faces
= 162 – 54 = 108 Green
Now, the required ratio Red
54 1 As we can see in above figure, 3 faces are visible
= = in 3-different colours, out of hidden faces; bottom
108 2
is red, one is green and another is blue.

Infinity Educations India

[356] Aptitude & Reasoning
6. (c) (b) At the three edges each of PP category
Number of cubes with no face painted = 3(6–2) = 12
= (n – 2)3 (c) At the one edge of BB category
= (7 – 2)3 = 125 = 1(6 – 2) = 4
No. of cubes with 2 colours (d) At the middle of each of the six faces
= Total no. of cube – [cubes = 6 × (6 – 2)2 = 96
with one colour + cubes with So, total cubes with exactly one colour
no colour + cubes with three = 1 + 12 + 4 + 96
colour] = 113
= 343 – [165 + 125 + 2] = 51 14. (c)
7. (c) In this question only the cubes from middle of
Only two cubes one is visible in figure and 2nd faces of cube will be considered = 6 × (6 – 2)2
one exactly diagonally opposite corner of it will = 96 cubes.
be coloured with 3 three colours. 15. (d)
8. (b) The number of cubes with no pink colour = 216
No. of cubes with multiple colour – (36 from one pink surface + 30 from second +
= No. of cubes with three colour 25 from third) = 125 cubes.
+ No. cubes with two colour 16. (c)
= 2 + 51 = 53 Here cubes without any face coloured has to be
9. (b) removed. The number of cubes with black or violet
The small pieces with three colour will form but not pink = 125 –(6 – 2)3 = 61.
corners. Only 2 such diagonal opposite the cubes 17. (b)
are possible. Least possible dimension of cube is LCM of (4,
10. (c) 5, 6) = 60
The cubes with only pink and black are found at The number of cuboids required
corners and along the edges. Hence, required
60  60  60
cubes = = 1800
= 2PPB cubes + 1 BBP cube + 4 edges × (6 – 2) 45 6
= 2 + 1 + (4 × 4) 18. (a)
= 19 cubes The given question may be understand with below
11. (c) figure.
The cubes with exactly two colours are found at M
L
corners and along the edges having different Q
P
colours on either side = 5 corner pieces + 8 edges O
N
× (6 – 2) = 37 cubes.
S R
12. (b)
Let LMNOL is face 2, then from statement (I),
In the previous question there is no. restriction on
the face 6 will be PQRSP; and if face LOSPL is
the number of painted surfaces. But in this question
face 1, then from statement II, MNRQM will be
there is a restriction. The paint should be only on
face 5.
two faces. Hence, we’ll not consider cubes from
Now, from statement (III) and (IV), face 3 and
corner. Hence, there will be only 32 cubes.
4 will be either LMQPL or NOSRN. The face 2
13. (d)
will be adjacent to the face 3. Hence, option (a)
The cubes with exactly one colour are
is correct.
(a) One exactly at corner (PPP) = 1

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 Chapter

12. Blood Relations

12.1 Introduction
In this blood relation chapter there are given some human relations, in which you would see relation that
may depend on the mother side or father side; you need to do it to understand the relation between the parents,
according with you.
The relations given on the mother side are called maternal relations and on the father side are called paternal
relations. There is a table given following to memorize some important blood relations.
st
1 Generation
Grandparents
(Grandfather, Grandmother, Granduncle, Grandaunt)
nd
2 Generation

Parents and in-Laws

(Father, Mother, Uncle, Aunt, Father-in-Law, Mother-in-Law)

3rd Generation

Siblings, Spouse and in-Laws

(Brother, Sister, Cousin, Wife, Husband, Brother-in-Law,Sister-in-Law)

4rd Generation
Children and in-Laws
(Son, Daughter, Niece, Nephew, Son-in-Law, Daughter-in-Law)

th
5 Generation
Grand Children
(Grandson, Grand daughter)

The candidates are supposed to be familiar with the knowledge of different relationships in the family. So,
we are giving a list of various relations that will be useful in solving problems. This list, given below, is quite
helpful in recognizing some indirect relationships.
[360] Aptitude & Reasoning
Mother’s or Father’s mother Grandmother
Mother’s or Father’s father Grandfather
Grandmother’s brother Granduncle
Grandmother’s sister Grandaunt
Grandfather’s brother Granduncle
Mother’s or Father’s brother Uncle
Mother’s or Father’s sister Aunt
Mother’s or Father’s daughter Sister
Uncle or Aunt’s son or daughter Cousin
Husband’s or Wife’s sister Sister-in-Law
Husband’s or Wife’s brother Brother-in-Law
Sister’s husband Brother-in-Law
Brother’s wife Sister-in-Law
Children of same parents Siblings
(could be all brothers, all sisters or some brothers and some sisters)
Sister’s or Brother’s son Nephew
Sister’s or Brother’s daughter Niece
Son’s wife Daughter-in-Law
Daughter’s husband Son-in-Law
Children Son, Daughter
Children’s children Grand Children
The easiest method for solving problems on blood relationships is the use of family diagram. In drawing
family diagram for solving the problems, we use some symbols. These are discussed in next section.
12.2 Symbols used in Family Diagram
By using some symbols the presentation of family relationships get easier. These symbols are given in
table below.
SYMBOLS
Father +
Male + Female –
Son +
Husband + Wife – Mother –

Brother + Brother + Son +

Father +
Sister – Sister –
Daughter –

Brother + Sister – Mother –

Daughter –
12.3 Types of Problems
The problems on blood relationship are generally divided into three types:
(1) Single person blood relationship
(2) Mixed blood relationship
(3) Coded blood relationship
12.3.1 Single Person Blood Relationship
In this type of problems, the relationships are between two people only.
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[364] Aptitude & Reasoning

Previous Years and Practice Questions

(a) X is the mother-in-Law of R

Previous Years GATE Questions
(b) P and R are not married to each other
1. P, Q, R, S and T are related and belong to the (c) P is a son of X and Y
same family. P is the brother of S. Q is the wife (d) Q cannot be married to R
of P; R and T are the children of the siblings P [EC, GATE-2017]
and S, respectively. Which one of the following
statements is necessarily FALSE? Practice Questions
(a) S is the sister-in-Law of Q
Directions for Questions 5 to 10:
(b) S is the aunt of R
Read the following information carefully and
(c) S is the brother of P answer the questions below it.
(d) S is the aunt of T A family consists of six members P, Q, R, X, Y
[CE, GATE-2019] and Z; Q is the son of R but R is not mother of
2. M and N had four children P, Q, R and S. Of Q. P and R are a married couple. Y is the brother
them, only P and R were married. They had of R. X is the daughter of P. Z is the brother of
children X and Y, respectively. If Y is a legitimate P.
child of W, whcih one of the following statements 5. Who is the brother-in-Law of R?
is necessarily FALSE? (a) P (b) Z
(a) W is the wife of R (c) Y (d) X
(b) R is the father of Y 6. Who is the father of Q?
(c) M is the grandmother of Y (a) R (b) P
(d) W is the wife of P (c) Z (d) None of these
[ME, GATE-2019] 7. How many children does P have?
(a) One (b) Two
3. Hema’s age is 5 years more than twice Hari’s
age. Suresh’s age is 13 years less than 10 times (c) Three (d) Four
Hari’s age. If Suresh is 3 times as old as Hema, 8. How many female members are there in the
how old is Hema? family?
(a) 14 (b) 17 (a) One (b) Two
(c) 18 (d) 19 (c) Three (d) Four
[CE, GATE-2018] 9. How is Q related to X?
4. Each of P, Q, R, S, W, X, Y and Z has been (a) Husband (b) Father
married at most once. X and Y are married and (c) Brother (d) Uncle
have two children P and Q, Z is the grandfather 10. Which is a pair of brother?
of the daughter S of P. Further, Z and W are (a) P and X (b) P and Z
married and are parents of R. Which one of the
(c) Q and X (d) R and Y
following must necessarily be FALSE?
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Blood Relations [367]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(d) 2.(d) 3.(d) 4.(b) 5.(b) 6.(a) 7.(b) 8.(b) 9.(c) 10.(d)
11.(c) 12.(a) 13.(a) 14.(d) 15.(a) 16.(a) 17.(c) 18.(d) 19.(c) 20.(d)
21.(a) 22.(a) 23.(d) 24.(c) 25.(b) 26.(c) 27.(a) 28.(d) 29.(c) 30.(c)
31.(a) 32.(a)

Hence as required, age of Hema is 19 years.
Previous Years GATE Solutions 4. (b)
1. (d) To satisfy the condition given in question, P and R
Brother are married to each other. Hence, option (b) is
P S necessarily FALSE.
Wife R
T Solutions of Practice Questions
Q 5. (b)
P is brother of S, and P is male. 6. (a)
S is male or female. 7. (b)
Hence, it may be inferred, 8. (b)
S is sister-in-Law of Q may be possible. 9. (c)
S is brother of P may be possible. 10. (d)
S is aunt of R may be possible. 11. (c)
S is the aunt of T is impossible in this case, because Akash father Wife
given T is child of S. Hence, option (d) is
necessarily FALSE. Boy in blue Daughter Akash
2. (d) shirt = brother
M N
Hence, that boy is brother of Akash.
12. (a)
P Q RW S
Woman’s mother Mother’s brother
X Y
W can’t be wife of P. Woman Son (Man)
W can be husband or wife of R. Hence man is woman’s nephew.
R can be father or mother of Y. 13. (a)
M can be grandfather or grandmother of Y. The family tree diagram can be drawn as follows.
Hence, option (d) is necessarily FALSE. Grandfather +
3. (d)
Given, Hema = 2 Hari + 5 ...(1) Father +
Suresh = 10 Hari – 13 ...(2)
Suresh = 3 Hema ...(3) Woman – Man + Brother +
From (1), (2) and (3), From above tree it is clear that woman is man’s
Hari = 7, Hema = 19, Suresh = 57 sister.
Infinity Educations India
 Chapter

13. Puzzles
13.1 Introduction
Now a day, the topic ‘puzzles’ is very frequently asked in different competitive exams. This chapter of
analytical reasoning covers the problems on various topics. Some of the important types of problems are listed
below.
(i) Problems of categorization
(ii) Blood relationship and professions problems
(iii) Sequencing problems
(iv) Comparison problems
(v) Conditional selection problems
(vi) Miscellaneous problems
13.2 Problems of Categorization
The most simple type of problems in this lesson falls under this category where you would the supposed
to analyze the given data and simply place different items in different categories according to given information.
13.2.1 Problem Solving Steps
Write each information given in the problem and then collect data, in tabular form or in any other form, which
make things clear to understand.
There are following steps to be followed while solving the problems of categorization.
Step 1: Take a quick glance on the given information.
Step 2: Write each useful information, in the form of statements.
Step 3: Make conclusions from the information collected in step 2.
Example 13.1: Three persons A, B and C wore shirts of black, blue and orange colours (not necessarily
in that order) and pants of green, yellow and orange colours (nor necessarily in that order). No person wore
pant and shirt of the same colour. Further, it is given that
(i) A did not wear shirt of black colour.
(ii) B did not wear shirt of blue colour.
(iii) C did not wear shirt of orange colour.
(iv) A did not wear pant of green colour.
(v) B wore pant of orange colour.
What were the colours of pant and shirt worn by C, respectively?
(a) Yellow and Black (b) Yellow and Blue
(c) Green and Blue (d) Orange and Black
[370] Aptitude & Reasoning
Solution: (c)
Step 1: Take a quick glance on the given information.
Step 2: From the given information we can make a table for proper conclusion.
Colours
Black Blue Orange Green Yellow
Shirt × 
A
Pant × 
Shirt  × × 
B
Pant   
Shirt ×  × 
C
Pant   
Step 3: From statement (v), A can’t wear pant of orange colour so, he will wear pant of yellow colour.
Hence, C will wear green colour pant.
Now as B wear orange colour pant so, he can not wear blue and orange colour shirt. Hence,
B will wear black colour shirt and C will wear blue colour shirt.
Directions for Examples 13.2 to 13.4:
Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below.
(I) There are five types of cards viz. A, B, C, D and E. There are three cards of each type. These are
to be inserted in envelopes of three colours – Red, Yellow and Brown. There are five envelopes of
each colour.
(II) B, D and E type cards are inserted in Red envelopes. A, B and C type cards are to be inserted in
Yellow envelopes and C, D and E type cards are to be inserted in Brown envelopes.
(III) Two cards each of B and D type are inserted in Red envelopes.
Example 13.2: Which of the following combinations of types of cards and the number of cards and colour
of envelope is definitely correct?
(a) A-2, B-2, C-1: Yellow (b) C-2, D-1, E-2: Brown
(c) C-1, D-2, E-2: Brown (d) B-2, D-2, A-1: Red
Solution: (b)
Step 1: Take a quick glance on the given information.
Step 2: (i) There are five types of cards; A, B, C, D and E.
(ii) There are three cards of each type.
(iii) There are five envelopes each of three colours; Red, Yellow and Brown.
(iv) In Red envelopes; B, D and E type cards, in Yellow envelopes; A, B and C type cards,
in Brown envelopes; C, D and E type cards, are inserted.
(v) Two cards each of B and D type are inserted in red envelopes.
Step 3: From (v), in Red envelopes only one E type card can be inserted.
Envelopes: Red (B-2, D-2, E-1) ...(1)
Now, only one card of D type and two cards of E type are remaining and they can be inserted
in Brown envelopes and remaining two cards will be C type
Envelopes: Brown (C-2, D-1, E-2) ...(2)
and
Envelopes: Yellow (A-3, B-1, C-1) ...(3)
From (2), in above discussion, we can say option (b) is correct.

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Puzzles [371]
Example 13.3: Which of the following combinations of colour of the envelope and the number of cards
is definitely correct in respect of E-type cards?
(a) Red-1, Yellow-2 (b) Yellow-1, Brown-2
(c) Red-2, Brown-1 (d) None of these
Solution: (d)
From (1) and (2), for card type E;
Red-1, Brown-2
Example 13.4: Which of the following combinations of the type of cards and the number of cards is
definitely correct in respect of Yellow coloured envelopes?
(a) A-2, E-1, D-2 (b) A-2, B-1, C-2
(c) A-3, B-1, C-1 (d) B-1, C-2, D-2
Solution: (c)
From (3), in Yellow coloured envelopes;
A-3, B-1, C-1
13.3 Blood Relationship & Professions Problems
This type of problems are very much similar to the blood relationship problems. In this type of problems one
more dimension is added to the blood relationship problems. This extra dimension is the professions of various
family members. To illustrate this type of problems, let us take some examples.
Directions for Examples 13.5 to 13.7:
Study the information given below to answer these questions.
(i) There is a family of 5 persons A, B, C, D and E.
(ii) They are working as a doctor, a teacher, a trader, a lawyer and a farmer.
(iii) B, an unmarried teacher, is the daughter of A.
(iv) C is the husband of the only married couple in the family.
(v) A, a farmer, is a father of two sons and an unmarried daughter.
(vi) Daughter-in-law of A is a doctor.
Example 13.5: Which of the following is a group of male members in the family?
(a) B and D (b) A, B and C (c) A, C and E (d) A, C and D
Solution: (c)
From (v), A, a farmer is a father of two sons and an unmarried daughter, hence, E, C and B are the three
children of A.
From (iv) and (vi), C is the husband of doctor D.
Hence, the family tree diagram can be drawn as below.
Farmer A +

Doctor C – Trader C + Lawyer E + Teacher B –

Hence, the group of male members in the family is A, C and E.
Example 13.6: Which of the following is a group of female members in the family?
(a) D and E (b) B and D (c) A, C and E (d) B and C
Solution: (b)
From above, it is clear that female members in the family are D and B.

Infinity Educations India

Puzzles [381]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

Previous Years GATE Questions

1. The mirror image of the below text about the x- (a) (b)
axis is
y

(c) (d)

TRIANGLE [CH, CS(I), GATE-2021]

x
4. A jigsaw puzzle has 2 pieces. One of the pieces
(a) (b) is shown below. Which one of the given options
(c) (d) for the missing piece when assembled will form a
[CE(I), IN, GATE-2021] rectangle? The piece can be moved, rotated or
2. The mirror image of the below text about the x- flipped to assemble with the below piece.
axis is
y

PHYLAXIS
x
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(a)
[CE(II), GATE-2021]
3. A circular sheet of paper is folded along the lines
in the directions shown below.

(b)

The paper, after being punched in the final folded

state as shown and unfolded in the reverse order (c)
of folding, will look like _____.

Infinity Educations India

[382] Aptitude & Reasoning
P

(d)

5. A transparent square sheet shown below is folded

along the dotted line. The folded sheet will look
like______.
Q

(a) 7 (b) 6
(c) 4 (d) 3
[EC, GATE-2021]
8.

(a) (b)

A transparent square sheet shown above is folded

along the dotted line. The folded sheet will look
like______

(c) (d)
(a) (b)

[CS(II), GATE-2021]
6. Six students P, Q, R, S, T and U, with distinct
heights; compare their heights and make the (c) (d)
following observations.
Observation I: S is taller than R. [EE, GATE-2021]
Observation II: Q is the shortest of all. 9. Seven cars P, Q, R, S, T, U and V are parked in
Observation III: U is taller than only one student. a row not necessarily in that order. The cars T
and U should be parked next to each other. The
Observation IV: T is taller than S but is not the
cars S and V also should be parked next to each
tallest.
other, whereas P and Q cannot be parked next to
The number of students that are taller than R is
each other. Q and S must be parked next to each
the same as the number of students shorter than
other. R is parked to the immediate right of V. T
_____.
is parked to the left of U.
(a) T (b) R
Based on the above statements, the only incorrect
(c) S (d) P option given below is
[CS(II), GATE-2021] (a) There are two cars parked in between Q and V
7. The least number of squares that must be added (b) Car P is parked at the extreme end
so that the line P-Q becomes the line of symmetry (c) V is the only car parked in between S and R
is______. (d) Q and R are not parked together
[EE, GATE-2021]
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Puzzles [383]
10. A jigsaw puzzle has 2 pieces. One of the pieces 12. After the inauguration of the new building, the
is shown below. Which one of the given options head of the department (HoD) collated faculty
for the missing piece when assembled will form a preferences for office space. P wanted a room
rectangle? The piece can be moved, rotated or adjacent to the lab. Q wanted to be close to the
flipped to assemble with the below piece. lift. R wanted a view of the playground and S
wanted a corner office.
Assuming that everyone was satisfied, which
among the following shows a possible allocation?
PLAYGROUND

S R P HoD

(a)

ROAD
Q LIFT

LAB

(a) PLAYGROUND

HoD S R Q

(b) ROAD
P LIFT

(b) LAB

PLAYGROUND

S R HoD Q

(c)
ROAD

(c) P LIFT

LAB

PLAYGROUND

HoD Q R S
(d)
(d)
ROAD

P LIFT
[ME(I), GATE-2021]
11. If 0, 1, 2 .... 7, 8, 9 are coded as O, P, Q, .... V, LAB
W, X; then 45 will be coded as _____.
[CE, GATE-2020]
(a) ST (b) SS
13. If P, Q, R, S are four individuals, how many teams
(c) SU (d) TS of size exceeding one can be formed, with Q as
[CE, GATE-2020] a member?

Infinity Educations India

[384] Aptitude & Reasoning
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 7 (d) 8 WR Z
[EE, GATE-2020]

Garden
N E
14. Find the missing element in the following figure.

5
(b) Entrance
t h
n
? x Y
W S

Garden
9

WR X
(a) w (b) y
(c) d (d) e
[ME, GATE-2020]
WR
15. Three of the five students allocated to a hostel

Garden
put in special requests to the warden. Given the
N E
floor plan of the vacant rooms, select the allocation
plan that will accommodate all their requests.
Request by X: Due to pollen allergy I want to
(c) Entrance
avoid a wing next to the garden.
Request by Y: I want to live as far from the
washrooms as possible, since 1 am very sensitive Y
W S

Garden
to smell.
Request by Z: I believe in Vaastu and so want to
WR X Z
stay in the South-West wing.
The rooms after then discussed in question are
aleady occupied. WR is washroom.
WR
Garden

WR X
N E
Garden

N E

(d) Z Entrance
(a) Z Entrance

W S
Garden

S Y
W
Garden

WR X Y
WR
[CS, GATE-2019]

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Puzzles [397]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(b) 2.(d) 3.(a) 4.(a) 5.(b) 6.(c) 7.(b) 8.(c) 9.(a) 10.(a)
11.(a) 12.(c) 13.(c) 14.(d) 15.(c) 16.(d) 17.(b) 18.(c) 19.(c) 20.(b)
21.(d) 22.(a) 23.(c) 24.(b) 25.(d) 26.(c) 27.(b) 28.(b) 29.(c) 30.(b)
31.(a) 32.(d) 33.(c) 34.(d) 35.(b) 36.(d) 37.(d) 38.(c) 39.(d) 40.(d)
41.(a) 42.(c) 43.(b, c) 44.(c) 45.(d) 46.(d) 47.(b) 48.(c) 49.(d) 50.(b)
51.(c) 52.(c) 53.(b) 54.(b) 55.(c) 56.(a) 57.(a) 58.(b) 59.(c) 60.(b)
61.(c) 62.(a) 63.(d) 64.(b) 65.(a) 66.(c) 67.(b) 68.(b) 69.(c) 70.(d)
71.(c) 72.(d) 73.(d) 74.(d) 75.(a) 76.(b) 77.(c) 78.(a) 79.(a) 80.(b)
81.(d) 82.(b) 83.(b) 84.(c) 85.(b) 86.(c) 87.(a) 88.(a) 89.(d) 90.(b)
91.(d) 92.(b) 93.(c) 94.(c) 95.(d) 96.(a) 97.(d) 98.(d) 99.(a) 100.(d)
101.(d) 102.(d) 103.(a) 104.(d) 105.(a) 106.(c) 107.(b) 108.(a) 109.(a)


4. (a)
Previous Years GATE Solutions
The correct figure is represented as,
1. (b)
y

5. (b)
Figure given in question, after folding along the
dotted line, will look like as;

Hence, option (b) would be correct.

2. (d)
y

6. (c)
From the given constraints, following may be
obtained in reducing order of heights;
P> T > S > R > U> Q
PHYLAXIS
x Hence, number of students taller than R
=3
Hence, the correct choice would be option (d). This value would also be meet out to number of
3. (a) students shorter then S. Therefore, option (c)
Option (a) would be the right answer as per the would be correct here.
paper folding technique.

Infinity Educations India

[398] Aptitude & Reasoning
7. (b)
To make P-Q as line of symmetry, a total number Size of 2 Size of 3 Size of 4
of 6 squares must be added as shown below by PQ PRQ
dark shaded colour. RQ PSQ PSQR
SQ RSQ
P
Hence, total number of teams possible = 7
14. (d)

5
t h
n
? x
Q
9
8. (c)
The correct figure of folded sheet would be, (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
a b c d e f g h i
(10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
j k l m n o p q r
(19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26)
s t u v w x y z
9. (a)
The possible arrangement of 7 cars with the given
5
constraints is,
20 8
T UQSV R P 14
Hence, there are 2 cars parked in between Q and ? 24
V is the only wrong statement 9
10. (a)
To form a rectangle, the correct choice of shape 5
would be of option (a).
11. (a) 20 1 8
4+
6 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 14 1 4–
          14 +
–10 10
4 14 24
O P Q R S T U V W X
Hence, 45 is coded as ST. 9
12. (c)
4 is denoted by d so, the correct option is (c).
Option (c) is correct choice.
15. (c)
13. (c)
16. (d)
P, Q, R, S are four individuals.
If ‘>’ implies ‘taller than’, then from the given
Teams of size exceeding one: information;

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 Chapter

14. Sitting Arrangements

14.1 Introduction
Sitting arrangement is a process of making a group of people to sit in a predefined manner. The problems
on sitting arrangement are most common in nearly all the competitive exams. In these problems, some conditions
are given on the basis of which you are required to arrange the objects, either in a circular manner or in a row.
14.2 Types of Problems
The problems on sitting arrangement are basically divided into four types:
(i) Linear arrangement
(ii) Circular arrangement
(iii) Double row arrangement
(iv) Rectangular arrangement
14.2.1 Linear Arrangement
In linear arrangement type problems, people or objects are arranged in a line or row and you have to find
out the positions of different people or objects.
14.2.1.1 Terminology
For better understanding, the terminology used in this type of problems is presented in pictorial form, as
shown below.
If all the persons are facing towards North then;
Extreme Extreme
Right Centre Left

A D C E B

Left to C Right to C
N

W E

S
From above diagram it is clear that
[406] Aptitude & Reasoning
(i) D, C, E and B are right to A, but D is immediate right to A.
(ii) A, D, C and E are left to B, but E is immediate left to B.
If all the persons are towards South then;
Left to C Right to C

A D C E B

Extreme Centre Extreme

Right N Left

W E

S
Similar conclusions can be drawn for this diagram also.
(i) A, D, C and E are right to B but E is immediate right to B.
(ii) D, C, E and B are left to A, but D is immediate left to A.
14.2.2 Circular Arrangement
In circular arrangement type problems, people or objects are arranged in circular way i.e., people are seated
on the circumference of circle or round table.
14.2.2.1 Terminology
The terminology used in this type of problems is presented in pictorial form for better understanding.
If people are facing toward the centre of the table then;

Right Left

Left Right

Right Left
Left Right

(i) Left movement is called clockwise rotation.

(ii) Right movement is called anticlockwise rotation.
14.2.3 Double Row Arrangement
In these questions, there will be two groups of persons. You have to arrange one group in one row and the
other group in other row. The persons in these rows normally face each other.
14.2.4 Rectangular Arrangement
These arrangements are almost similar to the circular arrangements, the only difference is that the persons
are sitting around a rectangular table.
To understand the concept more clearly lets take some examples.

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Sitting Arrangements [411]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

Which of the following must be true?
Previous Years GATE Questions (a) P is not seated opposite to Q
(b) R is the left neighbour of S
1. Four presons P, Q, R and S are to be seated in
(c) Q is a neighbour of R
a row, all facing the same direction, but not
(d) P is a neighbour of R
necessarily in the same order. P and R cannot sit
[CH, GATE-2020]
adjacent to each other. S should be seated to the
6. P, Q, R, S, T and U are seated around a circular
right of Q. The number of distinct seating
table. R is seated two places to the right of Q. P
arrangements possible is
(a) 8 (b) 6 is seated three places to the left of R. S is seated
(c) 4 (d) 2 opposite to U. If P and U now switch seats, which
[CE(I), IN, GATE-2021] of the following must necessarily be true?
2. Five persons P, Q, R, S and T are sitting in a row (a) P is immediately to the right of R
not necessarily in the same order. Q and R are (b) T is immediately to the left of P
separated by one person, and S should not be (c) T is immediately to the left of P or P is
seated adjacent to Q. The number of distinct seating immediately to other right of Q
arragements possible is (d) U is immediately to the right of R or P is
(a) 10 (b) 4 immediately to the left of T
(c) 16 (d) 8 [CE, IN, GATE-2017]
[ME(I), GATE-2021] 7. Six people are seated around a circular table.
3. Five persons P, Q, R, S and T are to be seated in a There are at least two man and two woman.
row, all facing the same direction, but not necessarily There are at least three right-handed persons.
in the same order. P and T cannot be seated at Every woman has a left-handed person to her
either end of the row. P should not be seated immediate right. None of the woman are right-
adjacent to S. R is to be seated at the second position handed. The number of woman at the table is
from the left end of the row. The number of distinct (a) 2 (b) 3
seating arrangements possible is (c) 4 (d) Cannot be determined
(a) 4 (b) 3 [CS, EE, GATE-2017]
(c) 2 (d) 5 8. Rahul, Murali, Srinivas and Arul are seated around
[ME(II), GATE-2021] a square table. Rahul is sitting to the left of Murali.
4. Five friends P, Q, R, S and T went camping. At Srinivas is sitting to the right of Arul. Which of the
night, they had to sleep in a row inside the tent, following pairs are seated opposite each other?
P, Q and T refused to sleep next to R since he (a) Rahul and Murali
snored loudly. P and S wanted to avoid Q as he (b) Srinivas and Arul
usually hugged people in sleep. (c) Srinivas and Murali
Assuming everyone was satisfied with the sleeping (d) Srinvas and Rahul
arrangements, what is the order in which they slept? [CS, EE, GATE-2017]
(a) RSPTQ (b) QRSPT 9. S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z are seated around a
(c) QTSPR (d) SPRTQ circular table. T’s neighbours are Y and V; Z is
[CE, GATE-2020] seated third to the left of T and second to the right
5. P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are seated around a of S. U’s neighbours are S and Y; and T and W
circular table. are not seated opposite each other. Who is third
(i) S is seated opposite to W. to the left of V?
(ii) U is seated at the second place to the right of R. (a) X (b) W
(iii) T is seated at the third place to the left of R. (c) U (d) T
(iv) V is a neighbour of S.
[EC, GATE-2017]
Infinity Educations India
[412] Aptitude & Reasoning
16. How many people sit between B and C when
Practice Questions counted in anticlockwise direction from B?
Directions for Questions 10 to 13: (a) Four (b) One
Study the following information carefully and (c) Two (d) Three
answer the questions given below. 17. Who amongst the following is the wife of C?
Six friends A, B, C, D, E and F are sitting in a (a) D (b) F
row facing towards North. C is sitting between A (c) B (d) G
and E. D is not at the end. B is sitting immediate 18. What is the position of E with respect to C?
right to E. F is not at the right end. (a) Immediately to the left
10. How many persons are there to the right of D? (b) Second to the right
(a) One (b) Three (c) Third to the right
(c) Four (d) None of these (d) Second to the left
11. Which of the following pairs is sitting to one side Directions for Questions 19 to 23:
of D? Read the following information and answer the
(a) FB (b) FC
questions that follow.
(c) FE (d) None of these
(I) Eight persons A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are
12. Who is immediate left of C?
(a) A (b) E seated around a circular table facing the
(c) Either E or A (d) Cannot be determined centre.
13. Who is at the right end? (II) C and E are not adjacent to each other.
(a) A (b) B (III) B is on the left of E.
(c) E (d) None of these (IV) H is on the right of D.
Directions for Questions 14 to 18: (V) There are three persons between B and H.
Study the following information carefully and (VI) A is adjacent to F.
answer the questions given below. (VII) F is one the left of C.
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a 19. Assuming A to be at the first position and moving
square table in such a way that four of them sit clockwise, who occupies the sixth position?
at four corners of the square while four sit in the (a) B (b) G
middle of each of the four sides. The ones who (c) C (d) None of these
sit at the four corners face the centre while those
20. Which of the following statements is true?
who sit in the middle of the sides face outside.
(a) C is second to the right of E
Two females sit in the middle of the sides and two
at the corners. A sits second to the left of G. G sits (b) A is on the immediate right of F
in the middle of one of the sides. C sits in the middle (c) E is on the immediate left of D
of one of the sides. C sits fourth to the right of the (d) B is on the immediate right of C
wife and his wife is not an immediate negihbour of 21. Which of the following is an incorrect pair of
A or G. B sits third to the right of her husband. B persons seated opposite each other?
does not sit at any of the corner. Only D sits (a) EA (b) DC
between B and H. H is the husband of A. E is a (c) BA (d) None of these
male. 22. If each person interchanges his or her position
14. Which of the following is true with respect to the with the person seated opposite, who will be on
given sitting arrangement? the right of D?
(a) No two males are immediate neighbours of (a) E (b) F
each other (c) G (d) H
(b) E and D are immediate neighbours of each
23. If A interchanges his position with D, and so do
other
(c) F is a male and sits diagonally opposite to E H and C, which of the following will be true?
(d) A sits in the centre of one of the sides of the (a) H is second to the left of E.
square table (b) B and A are opposite to each other.
15. Who amongst the following is B’s husband? (c) F is on the immediate left of C.
(a) C (b) G (d) A is on the immediate left of H.
(c) E (d) F 

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Sitting Arrangements [413]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(b) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4.(a) 5.(a) 6.(c) 7.(a) 8.(c) 9.(a) 10.(c)
11.(d) 12.(a) 13.(b) 14.(d) 15.(c) 16.(c) 17.(a) 18.(b) 19.(a) 20.(d)
21.(c) 22.(d) 23.(a)

3. (b)
Previous Years GATE Solutions According to the given conditions, let’s draw the
1. (b) line diagram as follows;
With the given constraints, the number of possible 1st Possibility:
ways would be:
Q R P T S Direction
(i) PQSR (ii) PQRS
(iii) QPSR (iv) RQSP Fixed
(v) RQPS (vi) QRSP 2nd Possibility:
Hence, there would be a total 6 ways.
2. (c) S R P T Q
The question may be solved in following way. rd
3 Possibility:
Case I: Q at first position.
Total possible ways = 4
S R T P Q
QPRST, QTRSP, QPRTS, QTRPS
So, there are three possible combination for seating
Case II: Q at second position.
arrangements according to the given conditions in
Total possible ways = 2
question.
TQPRS, PQTRS
4. (a)
Case III: Q at third position.
Option (a) satisfies the given conditions in the
Total possible ways = 2
paragraph, as
SPQTR, STQPR (i) P, Q and T are not next to R.
Case IV: R at first position. (ii) P and S are not next to Q.
Total possible ways = 2 5. (a)
RPQTS, RTQPS From the given data, we have the following
Case V: R at second position. diagram.
Total possible ways = 2 S
SRPQT, SRTQP V U
Case VI: R at third position.
Total possible ways = 4
SPRTQ, STRPQ, PSRTQ, TSRPQ T P or Q
Hence, total distinct seating arrangements
=4+ 2+2+2+2+4 P or Q R
= 16
W

Infinity Educations India

[414] Aptitude & Reasoning
It can be concluded from above, P must not be 2. At least 3-right handed persons.
seated opposite to Q. 3. Every woman has a left-handed person to her
immediate right and all woman are left-handed.
6. (c)
Let us choose at least two woman (minimum),
The sitting arrangement is shown in figure below. then total left-handed persons = 2 + 1 (1 man is
Before switching of seats of P and U; immediate right of one woman when both woman
are sitting together) = 3.
Remaining three will be right handed.
Q P Hence, correct answer is (a).
8. (c)
According to the given statements, the sitting
S or U U or S arrangement is shown below
Srinivas

R T

After switching the positions of P and U, the two

Rahul

Arul
possibilities can be drawn as follow.

S Q
Murali
U Hence; Srinivas and Murali, Arul and Rahul are
R U seated opposite to each other.
9. (a)
The sitting arrangement of different people
T P according to question is shown below.

Z
1st possibility
W X

Q U
V S

P S
T U
Y
R T
So, X is third to the left of V.
2nd possibility Solutions of Practice Questions
From the possibilities 1st and 2nd above, option (c)
shall be necessarily true. 10. (c)
7. (a) Step 1: Take a quick glance on the given
Total persons = 6. information.
Conditions: Step 2:
1. At least two man and two woman. (i) There are total six friends.

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 Chapter

15. Data Interpretation

15.1 Introduction
Data interpretation is a way to organize and present a large volume of data into a compact and precise form.
In data interpretation, candidate are required to draw conclusions and inferences from a comprehensive data
presented numerically in tabular form means of an graphical image (graphs, pie-chart, etc.). Thus, the act of
organizing and interpreting data to get meaning full information is data interpretation.

15.2 Tables
It is the systematic presentation of numerical data. It helps the person to make comparisons and draw quick
conclusions. Tabular presentation make complicated information easier to understand. In a table, data is arranged
systematically in columns and rows.
For example, the figures for a country’s foreign trade for the 2010-11 to 2015-16 are given in the below
table:
A country’s Foreign Trade (Rs. in crores)

Year Exports Im ports Trade deficit

2010  11 6711 12549 5838
2011  12 7806 13608 5802
2012  13 8803 14293 5490
2013  14 7971 14031 6060
2014  15 11855 17173 5318
2015  16 10420 18371 7951
Now, the questions can be like;
In which year, the ratio of imports to exports was maximum?
Or in which year, the percentage increase in the exports was maximum?
To solve these type of problems, a simple mathematical calculations are required.
Directions for Examples 15.1 to 15.4:
Study the table to answer these questions.
[418] Aptitude & Reasoning
World Bank Aided Development Programmes Targets,
Achievements and Investments (2001-06)
No. of families Funds Credit
assisted (in lakh) (in Rs. crores) mobilized
(in Rs. crores)
Period Target Achievement Allocation Utilization

2001-02 44 46 204 220 500

2002-03 55 57 448 460 800
2003-04 59 62 424 440 850
2004-05 51 57 395 490 900
2005-06 40 41 190 350 950
NOTE: Investment = Funds Utilized + Credit Mobilized = Assistance Provided.
Example 15.1: When was the achievement closest to the target?
(a) 2004-05 (b) 2003-04 (c) 2002-03 (d) 2005-06
Solution: (d)
From the table, the difference between target and achievement for different period is shown below.
Period (Achievement)  (T arg et)
2001  02 2
2002  03 2
2003  04 3
2004  05 6
2005  06 1
Hence, in the period 2005-06, the achievement is closest to the target.
Example 15.2: In which year was the allocated funds per family minimum?
(a) 2004-05 (b) 2005-06 (c) 2001-02 (d) 2003-04
Solution: (c)
The table for allocated funds per family is shown below.
Period Allocated funds per family
2001  02 204 / 46  4.435
2002  03 448 / 57  7.860
2003  04 424 / 62  6.839
2004  05 395 / 57  6.930
2005  06 190 / 41  4.634
Hence, correct option is (c).
Example 15.3: What amount of assistance (approx.) did each family receive in 2004-05?
(a) Rs. 4810 (b) Rs. 3460 (c) Rs. 2440 (d) Rs. 1220
Solution: (c)
Amount of assistance received by all families in 2004-05
= Fund utilized + Credit mobilized
= 490 + 900 = 1390 crores
So, amount of assistance received of each family in 2004-05
1390  107
= = 2438.6 = Rs 2440
57  105

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Data Interpretation [419]
Example 15.4: The amount of credit mobilized constituted the maximum part of investment in the year
(a) 2005-06 (b) 2004-05 (c) 2001-02 (d) 2002-03
Solution: (a)
The amount of credit mobilized in year 2005-06 is maximum so it will cover the maximum part of investment.
15.3 Graphs
15.3.1 Line Graph
A line graph depicts the variation of a quantity with respect to the two parameters calibrated on the x and
y axes, respectively. In most of the cases the quantity is measured as a function of time, that is, the variation in
the quantity as time changes.
(a) x-axis represents the time parameter (may be year or month) and y-axis represents any other variable
parameter which have different values with respect to time.
(b) The line going up indicates increase in the quantity with time.
(c) The line going down indicates decrease in the quantity with time.
(d) A horizontal line indicates no change in the quantity over that period.
For example, the following line graph represents the yearly sales figures of a company in the years 2006-15.

10
9
8
Sales (in Rs. crores)

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015

Years
Now, the questions can be like;
By what percent did the sales in 2013 decreases in comparison to the sales in 2006?
or what is the ratio of sales in 2007 to that is 2012?
Let us take an example to illustrate this type of problem.
Example 15.5: Given is a line graph showing the number of accidents in a city during the first 6 months of 1999.

43
Number of

32
Accidents

30
25 27
23

J F M A M J
Month

Infinity Educations India

[426] Aptitude & Reasoning

Previous Years and Practice Questions

Y X
Previous Years GATE Questions
Sunday 65
55
1. The number of units of a product sold in three Saturday 50
different years and the respective net profits are 60
presented in the figure below. The cost/unit in Friday 35
20
Year 3 was 1, which was half the cost/unit in Thursday 55
Year 2. The cost/unit in Year 3 was one-third of 60
the cost/unit in Year 1. Taxes were paid on the Wednesday 50
60
selling price at 10%, 13% and 15%, respectively Tuesday 65
for the three years. Net profit is calculated as the 55
difference between the selling price and the sum Monday 70
45
of cost and taxes paid in that year.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
350
The number of days in the given week in which
300
296 300 one of the students spent a minimum of 10%
more than the other student, on a given day, is
250 240 (a) 7 (b) 5
200
210 (c) 4 (d) 6
200 [EC, GATE-2021]
3. The number of students passing or failing in an
150
exam for a particular subject is presented in the
100 bar chart below.
100
70
50 60 60

50 50 50
0
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 40
Number of units Net Profit (Rs) 30
20
The ratio of the selling price in Year 2 to the 10
10 5 3
selling price in Year 3 is _____. 0
year 1 year 2 year 3
(a) 4 : 3 (b) 1 : 1 Pass Fail
(c) 3 : 4 (d) 1 : 2 Students who pass the exam cannot appear for
[CS(II), GATE-2021] the exam again. Students who fail the exam in the
first attempt must appear for the exam in the
2. The number of minutes spent by two students, X
following year. Students always pass the exam in
and Y, exercising every day in a given week are
their second attempt. The number of students who
shown in the bar chart below.
took the exam for the first time in the year 2 and
the year 3 respectively, are______.
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Data Interpretation [427]
(a) 55 and 48
1
(b) 55 and 53 7
5% 2
(c) 65 and 53 25% 10%
(d) 60 and 50
[EE, GATE-2021] 15% 3

4. The distribution of employees at the rank of 20%

6
executives, across different companies C1, C2, 15%
10%
....., C6 is presented in the chart given below. The 4
ratio of executives with a management degree to 5
those without a management degree in each of
1 Health (5%)
these compaines is provided in the table below.
The total number of executives across all 2 Transport (10%)
companies is 10000.
3 Household items (15%)

4 Education (15%)
C6

C1 20%
1
5%

5 Leisure (10%)
C5 20% 5% C2
C3 8% 6 House rent (20%)

C4 32% 7 Others (25%)

(a) 33.3 (b) 50
(c) 100 (d) 5
Company Ratio [CE, GATE-2020]
C1 3:2 6. The montly distribution of 9 watt LED bulbs sold
C2 1:4 by two firms X and Y from January to June 2018
C3 5:3 is shown in the pie-chart and the corresponding
table. If the total number of LED bulbs sold by
C4 2:3
two firms during April-June 2018 is 50000, then
C5 9:1
the number of LED bulbs sold by the firm Y
C6 3:4
during April-June 2018 is _____.
The total number of management degree holders Percentage of 9 watt LED bulbs sold
among the executives in companies C2 and C5 by the firms X and Y from
together is_____. January 2018 to June 2018
(a) 2500
6 1
(b) 600
5 10% 15%
(c) 225
10%
(d) 1900
[ME(I), GATE-2021] 15% 20% 2
4
5. The total expenditure of a family, on different
activities in a month, is shown in the pie-chart. 30%
The extra money spent on education as compared
to transport (in precent) is _____. 3

Infinity Educations India

[428] Aptitude & Reasoning
8. The following figure shows the data of students
1 January (15%)
enrolled in 5 years (2014 to 2018) for two school
2 Februray (20%) P and Q. During this period, the ratio of the average
number of the students enrolled in school P to the
3 March (30%) average of the difference of the number of
students enrolled in school P and Q is _____.
4 April (15%)
9 School P School Q

5 May (10%) 8

Numbers of students
7

(in thousands)
6 June (10%) 6
5
Month Ratio of LED bulbs sold by 4
two firms (X : Y) 3
2
January 7:8
1
February 2:3
0
March 2:1 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
April 3:2 Year

May 1:4
(a) 23 : 8
(b) 31 : 23
(c) 23 : 31
(d) 8 : 23
June 9 : 11
[EC, GATE-2020]
(a) 11250 (b) 9750 9. The revenue and expenditure of four different
(c) 8250 (d) 8750 companies P, Q, R and S in 2015 are shown in the
[CE, GATE-2020] figure. If the revenue of company Q in 2015 was
20% more than that in 2014, and company Q had
7. The profit shares of two companies P and Q are
earned a profit of 10% on expenditure in 2014,
shown in the figure. If the two companies have
then its expenditure (in million rupees) in 2014
invested a fixed and equal amount every year,
was _____.
then the ratio of the total revenue of company P
Revenue and expenditure (in million rupees)
to the total revenue of company Q, during 2013-
of four companies P, Q, R and S in 2015
2018 is _____.
1 Revenue 2 Expenditure
Company P Company Q
70 50
Profit percentage

60 45
Revenue/Expenditure

50 40
(in million rupees)

40 35
30 30
20 25
10 20
0 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 15
Year 10
5
(a) 15 : 17
0
(b) 16 : 17 Company Company Company Company
P Q R S
(c) 17 : 15
(a) 32.7 (b) 33.7
(d) 17 : 16
(c) 34.1 (d) 35.1
[CH, GATE-2020]
[EE, GATE-2020]
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Data Interpretation [445]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(a) 2.(d) 3.(a) 4.(d) 5.(b) 6.(*) 7.(b) 8.(a) 9.(c) 10.(a)
11.(b) 12.(b) 13.(d) 14.(c) 15.(c) 16.(b) 17.(b) 18.(a) 19.(c) 20.(2006)
21.(d) 22.(d) 23.(120) 24.(c) 25.(48) 26.(d) 27.(d) 28.(22)29.(20000) 30.(c)
31.(140) 32.(d) 33.(d) 34.(d) 35.(b) 36.(c) 37.(a) 38.(a) 39.(c) 40.(a)
41.(d) 42.(b) 43.(b) 44.(b) 45.(d) 46.(b) 47.(b) 48.(b) 49.(a) 50.(c)
51.(d) 52.(b) 53.(d) 54.(d) 55.(b) 56.(c) 57.(c) 58.(b) 59.(c) 60.(b)
61.(b) 62.(a) 63.(d) 64.(c) 65.(d) 66.(d) 67.(b) 68.(a) 69.(c) 70.(a)
71.(b) 72.(d) 73.(d) 74.(d) 75.(d) 76.(c) 77.(d) 78.(d) 79.(a) 80.(c)
81.(a) 82.(b) 83.(b) 84.(d) 85.(d) 86.(c) 87.(b) 88.(d) 89.(a) 90.(c)
91.(b) 92.(b) 93.(d) 94.(d) 95.(d) 96.(b) 97.(b) 98.(b) 99.(c) 100.(a)
101.(c) 102.(c) 103.(b) 104.(a) 105.(b) 106.(a) 107.(a) 108.(c) 109.(c) 110.(c)
111.(c) 112.(b) 113.(d) 114.(a)


However, on Saturday and Wednesday X spent a

Previous Years GATE Solutions minimum of 10% more than the Y.
1. (a) Hence, there would be 6 days in the given week
in which one of the students (either X or Y) spent
According to question;
a minimum of 10% more than the other student,
Cost/unit in Year 3= Rs 1
on a given day.
Cost/unit in Year 2= Rs 2
3. (a)
Cost/unit in Year 1= Rs 3
In year 1, total students
Given, = 50 + 10 = 60
Net Profit = Selling Price – (Cost + Taxes) Out of these 60 students,
or NP = SP – (Cost + Taxes) Pass = 50
Hence for Year 2, Fail = 10
296 = SP – (2 × 200 + 0.13 SP) Those who fail in year 1, will go in year 2.
 SP = Rs 800 Now, in year 2, total students
and for Year 3, = 60 + 5 = 65
210 = SP – (1 × 300 + 0.15 SP) Out of this, 10 students are those who came from
 SP = Rs 600 year 1 and giving the exam as second attempt.
So, the required ratio Hence, the students who took the exam for first
= Rs 800 : Rs 600 time in the year 2
= 65 – 10 = 55
=4:3
Similarly, students who took the exam for first
2. (d)
time in the year 3
From the given bar chart;
= (50 + 3) – 5
On Sunday, Friday, Tuesday and Monday Y spent
= 48
a minimum of 10% more than the X.
Infinity Educations India
[446] Aptitude & Reasoning
4. (d)
50000
The total number of management degree holders =  19.5
35
among the executives in companies C2 and C5
together = M(C2) + M(C5). = 27857.142
Here, Hence, no one option is correct.
7. (b)
1 Suppose Rs x (amount) is invested every year by
M(C2) = 0.05   10000
5 company P and company Q, then the total revenue
= 100 by P from 2013-2018
9 x
M(C5) = 0.2   10000 = × [110 + 120 + 140 + 140 + 150 + 140] = 8x
10 100
= 1800 And, the total revenue by Q company from 2013-
Hence, required sum 2018
= 100 + 1800 x
= 1900 = × [120 + 130 + 130 + 150 + 160 + 160]
100
5. (b)
85x 17x
Let total monthly earining = Rs 100 = 
10 2
15 17x
Monthly spent on education =  100 = Rs 15 Required ratio = 8x :
100 2
= 16 : 17
10
Monthly spent on transport =  100 = Rs 10 8. (a)
100
From the figure,
Percent money, extra spent on education as
Number of students enrolled in school P from
compared to transportation
2014 to 2018 are 3000, 5000, 5000, 6000, 4000.
15  10 So, average number of students enrolled in school P
=  100 = 50%
10 3000  5000  5000  6000  4000
6. (*) =
5
LED bulbs sold by Y firm in
23000
2 = = 4600 ...(1)
April =  15 = 6% 5
5
Difference of the number of students enrolled in
4 schools P and Q from 2014 to 2018 are 1000,
May =  10 = 8%
5 2000, 3000, 1000, 1000.
So, average of difference of the number of
11 students enrolled in schools P and Q
June =  10 = 5.5%
20
1000  2000  3000  1000  1000
LED bulbs sold by Y firm during April-June 2018 =
5
= (6 + 8 + 5.5)% = 19.5%
Total LED bulbs sold by X and Y both firms is 8000
35% in April-June 2018. = = 1600 ...(2)
5
So, LED bulbs sold by Y firm (April-June 2018),
From (1) and (2),
alone
Required ratio = 4600 : 1600 = 23 : 8

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 Chapter

16. Venn Diagram

and Syllogism
16.1 Introduction
A Venn diagram (also called primary diagram, set diagram or logic diagram) is a diagram that shows all
possible logical relations between a finite collection of different sets. A Venn diagram consists of multiple overlapping
closed curves, usually circles each representing a set. The curve overlapped in every possible way showing all
possible relation between the rest. Venn diagram in which the area of each shape is proportional to the number
of dements it contains is called an area proportional or scaled Venn diagram.
The word ‘syllogism’ is given by Greeks which means ‘inference’ or deduction. It was introduced by
Aristotle.
A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based
on two or more premises (also called proposition) that are asserted or assumed to be true.
Conclusion in the contest of syllogism implies any statement that can be derived from the given statement
or statements. Hence conclusions can be of two types single statement conclusions and multiple statement
conclusions
For example:
Statements: (i) All plants are trees.
(ii) No trees are green.
Conclusion: No plants are green.
This is a typical questions of syllogism. Here the conclusion follows the statements. How conclusion follow
the statement, we will discuss later. Before this we have to know about different terms related to syllogism.
Crux: An important thing to be kept in mind is that one has to the given statements to be true even if they
seem to be at variance from commonly known facts.
16.2 Basic Syllogism Terminology
16.2.1 Proposition
A proposition is sentence that makes a statement and give a relation between two or more terms. In logic,
any statement is termed a proposition.
For example:
• Some tables are chairs.
• All boys are good.
• Some girls are bad.
[462] Aptitude & Reasoning
16.2.2 Parts of Proposition
The parts of proposition are given below;
(i) Subject: A subject is the part of the proposition about which something is being said.
(ii) Predicate: Predicate is the part of the proposition which is affirmed or denied about the subject.
For example:
In the proposition all novels are songs, something is being said about novels. So, novels is the subject.
Songs is the predicate here because it affirmed about the subject.
16.3 Venn Diagrams
There are maximum eight primary logical statements, these are;
(i) All P are Q (ii) Some P are Q
(iii) Some P are not Q (iv) No P is Q
(v) All Q are P (vi) Some Q are P
(vii)Some Q are not P (viii) No Q is P
NOTE: If one of the eight statements is made then there is an impact on the rest of the seven statements.
To cover all these eight primary logical statements, there can be a maximum five different Venn diagrams
between two sets P and Q with a total of four conclusion each.
Venn diagram-1

(I) Some P are Q

Q (II) Some P are not Q
P
(III) Some Q are P
(IV) Some Q are not P

Venn diagram-2

(I) All P are Q

Q P (II) Some P are Q
(III) Some Q are P
(IV) Some Q are not P

If All P are Q is valid then Some P are Q is also valid because, if the whole set there, then the part of
it, is also there.
Vann diagram-3

(I) All Q are P

P (II) Some Q are P
Q
(III) Some P are Q
(IV) Some P are not Q

Venn diagram-4

(I) All P are Q

(II) Some P are Q
Q=P
(III) All Q are P
(IV) Some Q are P

If No P is Q is valid, then Some P are not Q is also valid because, if the whole set is not there, then
the part it, is also no there.
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Venn Diagram and Syllogism [463]
Venn diagram-5

(I) No P is Q
(II) Some P are not Q
Q P
(III) No Q is P
(IV) Some Q are not P

16.4 Classification of Propositions

In syllogism, there are four types of propositions. These are discussed below.
16.4.1 Universal Affirmative Proposition
A proposition of the form All P are Q is called a universal affirmative proposition. It is denoted by A.
For example:
• All who are sincere are graduates.
• All Barbarians are rule.
There are total of seven conclusion (definitely true, probable and definitely false) for any of the single statements.

Statement Inferences
Probable

If All P are • Some P are Q • All Q are P • No P is Q

Q is valid • Some Q are P • Some Q are • Some P are not Q
not P • No Q is P

16.4.1.1 Possible Venn Diagrams

For universal affirmative statements, the possible Venn diagrams are given below.

Q P Q P

(I) (II)
Example 16.1: Direction: A single statement is given below, followed by four conclusions numbered I, II,
III and IV. You have to take the given statement to be true even if they seen to be at variance from
commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and decide which of the given conclusions logically follows
from the given statement, disregarding commonly known facts.
Statement: All lions are ducks.
Conclusions: I. Some lions are not ducks.
II. Some ducks are lions.
III. Some ducks are not lions.
IV. Some lions are ducks.
(a) I and II only (b) II and IV only (c) II and III only (d) All of the above
Solution: (b)
If All P are Q is valid then Some P are Q and Some Q are P, are definitely true. So, from the given
statements, we can conclude “Some lions are ducks and Some ducks are lions”.
16.4.2 Particular Affirmative Proposition
A proposition of the form Some P are Q is called a particular affirmative proposition.

Infinity Educations India

[464] Aptitude & Reasoning
For example:
• Some chalks are boards.
• Some dusters are pens.
• Some birds can fly.

Statement Inferences
Probable

If Some P • Some Q are P • All Q are P • No P is Q

are Q • All P are Q • No Q is P
• Some Q are
not P
• Some P are
not Q

16.4.2.1 Possible Venn Diagrams

For universal particular statements, the possible Venn diagrams are given below.

Q P Q P

(I) (II)

P Q Q=P

(III) (IV)
Example 16.2: Direction: A single statement is given below, followed by four conclusions numbered I, II,
III and IV. You have to take the given statement to be true even if they seen to be at variance from
commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and decide which of the given conclusions logically follows
from the given statement, disregarding commonly known facts.
Statement: Some pens are pins.
Conclusions: I. Some pins are not pens.
II. Some pins are pens.
III. All pins are pens.
IV. Some pens are not pins.
(a) II and III only (b) I and IV only (c) II only (d) II and IV only
Solution: (c)
If Some P are Q is true then, Some Q are P is definitely true. So, for the given statements, the conclusion
Some pins are pens would be definitely true.
16.4.3 Universal Non-Affirmative Proposition
A proposition of the form No P is Q is called a universal non-affirmative proposition. It is denoted by E.

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Venn Diagram and Syllogism [465]
For example:
• No Rat is fly.
• No wife is a life.
• No tricks are shrieks.

Statement Inferences
Probable

If No P is Q • Some P are • Some P are Q

is valid not Q • Some Q are P
• Some Q are • All P are Q
not P • All Q are P
• No Q is P

16.4.3.1 Possible Venn Diagrams

For universal non-affirmative statements, the possible Venn diagram is given below.

Q P

(I)
Example 16.3: Direction: A single statement is given below, followed by four conclusions numbered I, II,
III and IV. You have to take the given statement to be true even if they seen to be at variance from
commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and decide which of the given conclusions logically follows
from the given statement, disregarding commonly known facts.
Statement: No truck is chair.
Conclusions: I. Some trucks are not chairs.
II. Some chairs are not trucks.
III. All trucks are chairs.
IV. No chair is truck.
(a) I and II only (b) I, II and IV only (c) II and III only (d) All of the above
Solution: (b)
If No P is Q is valid then Some P are not Q, Some Q are not P, and No Q is P are definitely true. So, from
the given statement, we can conclude “Some trucks are not chairs, Some chairs are not trucks and No chair
is truck”.
16.4.4. Particular Non-Affirmative Proposition
A proposition of the form some P are not Q is called a particular non-affirmative proposition. It is denoted
by Q.
For example:
• Some jingoes are not tingoes.
• Some toys are not dolls.
• Some baskets are not buckets.

Infinity Educations India

Venn Diagram and Syllogism [499]

Previous Years and Practice Questions

Conclusion I: Some black are purple.

Previous Years GATE Questions Conclusion II: No black is purple.
1. In a company, 35% of the employees drink coffee, Based on the above statements and conclusions,
40% of the employees drink tea and 10% of the which one of the following options is logically
employees drink both tea and coffee. What correct?
percentage of employees drink neither tea nor (a) Both conclusions I and II are correct
coffee? (b) Only conclusion I is correct
(a) 25 (b) 15 (c) Only conclusion II is correct
(c) 40 (d) 35 (d) Either conclusion I or II is correct
[CE(I), IN, GATE-2021] [EC, GATE-2021]
2. Statement 1: Some football players play cricket. 5. Given below are two statements 1 and 2, and two
Statement 2: All cricket players play hockey. conclusions I and II.
Among the options given below, the statement Statement 1: All entrepreneurs are wealthy.
that logically follows from the two statements 1 Statement 2: All entrepreneurs are risk seekers.
and 2 above, is
Conclusion I: All risk seekers are wealthy.
(a) All hockey players play football
Conclusion II: Only some entrepreneurs are risk
(b) No football player plays hockey
seekers.
(c) All football players play hockey
Based on the above statements and conclusions,
(d) Some football players play hockey
which one of the following options is correct?
[CE(II), GATE-2021]
(a) Neither conclusion I nor II is correct
3. Given below are two statements 1 and 2, and two
(b) Only conclusion II is correct
conclusions I and II.
(c) Only conclusion I is correct
Statement 1: All bacteria are microorganisms.
Statement 2: All pathogens are microorganisms. (d) Both conclusions I and II are correct
Conclusion I: Some pathogens are bacteria. [ME(II), GATE-2021]
Conclusion II: All pathogens are not bacteria. 6. The police arrested four criminals – P, Q, R and
Based on the above statements and conclusions, S. The criminals knew each other. They made
which one of the following options is logically the following statements.
correct? P says “Q committed the crime.”
(a) Neither conclusion I nor II is correct Q says “S committed the crime.”
(b) Either conclusion I or II is correct R says “I did not do it.”
(c) Only conclusion I is correct S says “What Q said about the me is false.”
(d) Only conclusion II is correct Assume only one of the arrested four committed
[CH, CS(I), GATE-2021] the crime and only one of the statements made
4. Given below are two statements and two above is true. Who committed the crime?
conclusions. (a) R (b) P
Statements 1: All purple are green (c) S (d) Q
Statements 2: All black are green. [CS, GATE-2019]

Infinity Educations India

[500] Aptitude & Reasoning
7. Consider the following three statements. (c) Neither (I) nor (II) follows
(i) Some roses are red. (d) Both (I) and (II) follows
(ii) All red flowers fade quickly. [EC, ME, GATE-2015]
(iii) Some roses fade quickly. 11. Given below are two statements followed by two
Which of the following statements can be logically conclusions. Assuming these statements to be true
inferred from the above statements? decide which one logically follows.
(a) If (i) is true and (ii) is false, then (iii) is false Statements:
(b) If (i) is true and (ii) is false, then (iii) is true (1) No manager is a leader.
(c) If (i) and (ii) are true, then (iii) is true (2) All leaders are executives.
Conclusions:
(d) If (i) and (ii) are false, then (iii) is false
(I) No manager is an executive.
[ME, GATE-2018]
(II) No executive is a manager.
8. Consider the following sentences.
(a) Only conclusion I follows
All benches are beds.
(b) Only conclusion II follows
No bed is a bulb.
(c) Neither conclusion I nor II follows
Some bulbs are lamps. (d) Both conclusions I and II follows
Which of the following can be inferred? [IN, ME, PI, GATE-2015]
(I) Some beds are lamps. 12. Read the statements.
(II) Some lamps are beds. All women are entrepreneurs.
(a) Only (I) (b) Only (II) Some women are doctors.
(c) Both (I) and (II) (d) Neither (I) nor (II) Which of the following conclusions can be logically
[CE, GATE-2017] inferred from the above statements?
9. Some tables are shelves. Some shelves are chairs. (a) All women are doctors
All chairs are benches. Which of the following (b) All doctors are entrepreneurs
conclusions can be deduced from the preceding (c) All entrepreneurs are women
sentences? (d) Some entrepreneurs are doctors
(I) At least one bench is a table. [CH, GATE-2014]
(II) At least one shelf is a bench.
Practice Questions
(III) At least one shelf is a table.
(IV) All benches are chairs. Directions for Questions 13 to 20:
(a) Only I (b) Only II In a party there were 70 people who took tea.
(c) Only II and III (d) Only IV There were 80 people who took coffee. If there
[EC, GATE-2017] were total 120 people in the party then
10. Given below are two be statements to followed 13. What is the maximum possible no. of people who
by two conclusions. Assuming these statements took none of these two?
to be true, decide which one logically follows. (a) 60 (b) 30
Statements: (c) 40 (d) None of these
(1) All film stars are play back singers. 14. What is the maximum possible number of people
(2) All films directors are film stars. who took exactly one of these two drink?
Conclusions: (a) 80 (b) 90
(I) All film directors are playback singers. (c) 120 (d) 100
15. What is the maximum possible number of people
(II) Some film stars are film directors.
who took both of the tea and coffee?
(a) Only conclusion (I) follows
(a) 80 (b) 90
(b) Only (II) follows
(c) 70 (d) 100

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Venn Diagram and Syllogism [519]

Solutions and Explanations

1.(d) 2.(d) 3.(a) 4.(d) 5.(a) 6.(a) 7.(c) 8.(d) 9.(b) 10.(d)
11.(c) 12.(d) 13.(c) 14.(b) 15.(c) 16.(a) 17.(b) 18.(c) 19.(b) 20.(d)
21.(c) 22.(b) 23.(b) 24.(b) 25.(a) 26.(c) 27.(a, d) 28.(c, d) 29.(c) 30.(d)
31.(b) 32.(b) 33.(b) 34.(b) 35.(d) 36.(a) 37.(b) 38.(c) 39.(a) 40.(d)
41.(b) 42.(c) 43.(a) 44.(b) 45.(d) 46.(a) 47.(b) 48.(a) 49.(d) 50.(c)
51.(d) 52.(d) 53.(c) 54.(a) 55.(a) 56.(d) 57.(a) 58.(d) 59.(d) 60.(c)
61.(d) 62.(c) 63.(d) 64.(a) 65.(d) 66.(a) 67.(c) 68.(d) 69.(d) 70.(d)
71.(b) 72.(a) 73.(a) 74.(d) 75.(d) 76.(d) 77.(d) 78.(c) 79.(d) 80.(c)
81.(b) 82.(d) 83.(d) 84.(a) 85.(d) 86.(d) 87.(c) 88.(b) 89.(d) 90.(d)
91.(d) 92.(d) 93.(d) 94.(b) 95.(d) 96.(d) 97.(a) 98.(b) 99.(c) 100.(d)
101.(a) 102.(d) 103.(a) 104.(c) 105.(d) 106.(c) 107.(a) 108.(d) 109.(d) 110.(d)
111.(a) 112.(a) 113.(d) 114.(b) 115.(b) 116.(d) 117.(d) 118.(c) 119.(c) 120.(d)
121.(b) 122.(a) 123.(b) 124.(d) 125.(b) 126.(a) 127.(d) 128.(d) 129.(b) 130.(a)
131.(d) 132.(d) 133.(b) 134.(b) 135.(b) 136.(c) 137.(a) 138.(c) 139.(b) 140.(d)
141.(b) 142.(a) 143.(c) 144.(d) 145.(b) 146.(b) 147.(a) 148.(d) 149.(b) 150.(a)
151.(a) 152.(a) 153.(b) 154.(a) 155.(b) 156.(a) 157.(c) 158.(a)


Previous Years GATE Solutions

Football
1. (d)
According to given data, following Venn diagram Hockey
(ii)
may be drawn.
Cricket
Coffee Tea

25% 10% 30% From above two Venn diagrams, it may be logically
followed that some football players play hockey.
3. (a)
As we take the intersection of all the possibilites,
Hence, employees drink neither tea nor coffee
we can say neither conclusion is correct. It is not
= 100 – (25 + 10 + 30) = 35%
compulsory that some pathogens are bacteria or
2. (d)
all pathogens are not bacteria. It may also happen
From given statements, following may be drawn.
that none of the pathogen is bacteria.
Football 4. (d)
Cricket
From the given conditions, following may be drawn,
(i) Hockey where ‘P’ represents Purple, ‘G’ represents Green
and ‘B’ represents Black colours.

Infinity Educations India

[520] Aptitude & Reasoning
Statements: Case I:
G G Criminals P Q R S
P
P B Assumption T F F F
B Result QC SNC RC SC
Q, R and S are criminals in the result is impossible
because only one person comitted the crime.
Conclusions: Case II:
G G Criminals P Q R S
B
Assumption F T F F
P B P
Result Q NC SC RC SC
S and R are criminals in the result is impossible
because only one person committed the crime.
Hence, from above, either conclusion I or II is Case III:
correct. Criminals P Q R S
5. (a) Assumption F F T F
Statement 1: All entrepreneurs (E) are wealthy Result Q NC SNC R NC SC
(W). SNC and SC in the result which is contradiction.
Case IV:
W Criminals P Q R S
Assumption F F F T
E Result Q NC SNC RC SNC
R is criminal in the result.
Hence, this case satisfies only one person
committed the crime. So, option (a) is correct.
Statement 2: All entrepreneurs those are wealthy 7. (c)
(W) are risk seekers (R). Red flowers are sub-set of fade quickly as all red
flowers fade quickly.
R
W Fade quickly

E Red
flowers

Conclusion I: All risk seekers are wealthy. That is Red flowers and fade quickly is sub-set of roses
incorrect because only few risk seekers are as only some red roses gets faded.
wealthy.
Roses
Conclusion II: Some entrepreneurs are risk
Fade
seekers. That is also incorrect because all the quickly
entrepreneurs are risk seekers. Red
So, neither conclusion I nor II is correct here. flowers

6. (a)
Suffix C as criminal, NC as not criminal.
Hence, option (c) is correct.
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Venn Diagram and Syllogism [521]
8. (d) Some executives are not managers ...(i)
(1) All benches are beds. ...UA From statement (2) we can deduce
(2) No bed is a bulb. ...UNA Some leaders are executives ...(ii)
(3) Some bulbs are lamps ...PA and some executives are leaders ...(iii)
From Stated statement (1) and (2), the Hence, neither conclusions I nor II follows.
conclusion would be 12. (d)
No bench is bulb ...(i) (1) All women are entrepreneurs. ...UA
and bulb is bench ...(ii) (2) Some women are doctors ...PA
From statement (3), we can conclude From statement (1) and (2), the conclusion
Some lamps are bulbs ...(iii) would be
From conclusion (i) and (iii), we can deduce Some doctors are entrepreneurs ...(i)
Some lamps are not benches ...(iv) and some entrepreneurs are doctors ...(ii)
Hence, no conclusion can be drawn. Hence, option (d) is correct.
9. (b)
Solutions of Practice Questions
Tables
Shelves 13. (c)
120 people
Chairs
80 coffee 40

70 tea
Benches Maximum possible number of people took none of
Hence, at least one shelf is a bench. So, option these two
(b) is correct. = 120 – 80 = 40
10. (d) 14. (b)
(1) All film stars are play back singers ...UA To maximize the number of only one drink taken
(2) All film directors are film stars ...UA try to minimize both and none.
120 people
From statement (1) and (2), the conclusion
would be
80 coffee
All film directors are playback singers
30
...conclusion (I)
70 tea
From statement (1), we can inferred, Maximum number of people, only one drink took
Some film stars are play back singers ...(i) = (80 – 30) + (70 – 30)
and some play back singers are film stars = 90
...(ii) 15. (c)
and from statement (2), 120 people
Some film directors are film starts ...(iii)
and some film stars are film directors 80 coffee
...conclusion (II) 70 tea
Hence, both conclusions (I) and (II) follows. Maximum number of people who took both = 70
11. (c) 16. (a)
(1) No manager is a leader ...UNA 120 people
(2) All leaders are executives ...UA
80 coffee
From statement (1) and (2), the conclusion
would be 30
70 tea

Infinity Educations India

 Chapter

17. Critical Reasoning

17.1 Introduction
Critical reasoning involves the ability to actively and skillfully conceptualize, analyze, questions and evaluate
ideas and beliefs. Critical reasoning is the opposite of dogma. Dogma is information that is embraced without the
intervention of active though or criticism.
Critical reasoning questions test your ability to evaluate and argument in its parts. Before evaluating an
argument, you should recognize its parts.
17.2 Critical Reasoning Terminology
There are certain key terms associated with critical reasoning.
(1) Evidence
(2) Assumption
(3) Inference/Argument/Conclusion
17.2.1 Evidence
Evidence is a term that we use for such facts (verifiable claims) that we use as base to our Inference,
Argument or Conclusion. We have no right to challenge the evidence.
17.2.2 Assumption
Assumption is a term that we use for such unstated (but assumed) claims that serve as base to Inference,
Argument or Conclusion. Unlike a evidence, an assumption may or may not be logically consistent. The validity
of an Argument, Inference or Conclusion depends on the validity of assumptions. An Argument, Conclusion or
Inference is said to be valid if and only if so long as the assumption/assumptions behind it is/are valid.
17.2.3 Inference
Inference implies such conclusion/conclusions which is/are implicit (not directly stated but definitely true)
in the given statements. Though there is a difference in the literal meaning of the terms Inference, Argument and
Conclusion, still from the perspective of logic they are logically same. In other words, Inference, Argument and
Conclusion, each require, Evidence + Assumption.
(1) Evidence(s) + Assumption(s) = Inference.
(2) Evidence(s) + Assumption(s) = Argument.
(3) Evidence(s) + Assumption(s) = Conclusion.
17.3 Steps Followed in Critical Reasoning
While targeting a question of critical reasoning we must follow the following sequence of steps.
Step 1: First identify the Argument/Inference/Conclusion.
Step 2: Second identify the Evidence (given and verifiable supportive, claims/facts/figures etc.).
Step 3: Third think other than Evidence what else though unstated is required for the Inference or Argument
or Conclusion.
[532] Aptitude & Reasoning
17.4 Types of Questions
A critical reasoning questions, irrespective of variety, has three parts:
(1) Paragraph
(2) Questions Statement
(3) Options
We can thus divide the critical reasoning questions in primarily two types.
17.4.1 Type-1
In this type, the Argument/Conclusion/Inference is given in the paragraph before the question statement.
17.4.1 Type-2
In this type, the Argument/Conclusion/Inference is given in the option after the question statement.
The classification of questions in the above stated two types can help us, use the following equation (used
for both types) better.
Evidence(s) + Assumption(s) = Inference/Argument/Conclusion.
If the Argument/Inference/Conclusion is given in the paragraph before the question statement and not in
options, then we must try to find the assumption before going to the options. The options may hinder our ability
to find the assumption because they are likely to make us biased.
But if the Argument/Inference/Conclusion is given in the options then we have to go to the option to find
the assumption(s).
PARAGRAPH
Example 17.1: A law requiring companies to after employees unpaid time off to care for their children will
harm the economic competitiveness our nation’s business. Companies must be free to set their our employment
policies without mandated parental leave regulations.
The above paragraph has two sentences and both of them are opinions. Hence the primary argument must
be between the two sentences.
Opinion 1: Law will harm economic competitiveness of our nation’s business.
Opinion 2: Companies must be free to set their own employment policies without mandated parental leave
regulations.
If we observe the above case, we can understand that the second opinion is implicit or a product of the
first one.
The writer’s primary argument (companies must be free to set their own employment policies without
mandated parental leave regulations) is based on two evidences:
(1) Existence/Proposal of a law.
(2) Secondary opinion law will harm the economic competitiveness.
Therefore, the writer’s assumption is that
“Economic competitiveness of a nation is in compatible with a law providing for parental leave regulation”.
Now we can go for options after question statement.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion of the argument above?
(a) Parental leave law will serve to strengthen the family as a social institution this country
(b) Many businesses in this country already offer employees some form of parental leave
(c) Some of the countries with the most economically competitive businesses have strong parental leave
regulations
(d) Only companies with one hundred or more employees would be subject to the proposed parental leave
law
Solution: (c)
In order to weaken an argument or a conclusion we must prove the assumption wrong.
If we recall the assumption, the only option that proves the assumption wrong is (c). Option (a) does not
refer to ‘economic competitiveness’. Option (b) even if correct does not prove any thing against the
assumption. Similarly other options also fail to prove the option wrong.
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Critical Reasoning [533]
Example 17.2: Below is an excerpt from a letter that was sent by the chairman of a corporation to the
stockholders.
A number of charges have been raised against me, some serious, some kivial. Individuals seeking to control
the corporation for their own purposes have demanded my resignation. Remember that no court of law in
any state has found me guilty of any criminal offence what so ever. In the Indian tradition, as you know,
an individual is considered innocent until proven guilty. Further more, as the corporations unbroken six year
record of growth will show, my conduct of my official duties as chairman has only helped enhance the
success of the corporation, and so benefited every stockholder.
Which of the following can be properly inferred from the excerpt?
(a) The chairman believes that all these who have demanded his resignation are motivated by desire to
control the corporation for their own purpose
(b) Any misdeeds that the chairman may have committed were motivated by his desire to enhance the
success of the corporation
(c) The chairman is innocent of any criminal offence
(d) The corporation has expanded steadily over the past six years
Solution:
An option is correct only if the assumption behind that option is correct. The first option in invalid because
the assumption behind it is invalid.
The evidence of the first option is the line from the paragraph “individuals seeking ... my resignation.”
This option has a assumption.
Individuals seeking to control the corporation for their own purposes have demanded my
resignations.
Option (a): All those who have demanded resignation are motivated by desire to control the corporation
for their own purpose.
All those who have demanded resignation = All Individuals seeking to control the corporation for their own
purposes. (Therefore invalid)
Option (b): It is also invalid because of the invalid assumption. The evidence for it is the success of the
corporation. The assumption is ‘only the chairman is to be credited with the success or every deed of the
chairman right/wrong was to help the corporation succeed.
Option (c): It is based on the evidence no court of law in any state has found the chairman guilty then,
the chairman is not guilty. But this is not valid because there is no data to suggest whether all cases against
the chairman have been settled or not. He has not been found guilty in cases that are settled but there may
be some cases that are still pending.
Hence, option (d) is correct answer.
PASSAGE
Example 17.3: A recent study found that school-age children who participate in school-related sports
activities fightless during school or school related activities than those children who do not participate. It was
conclude that sports must satisfy an aggressive impulse which would otherwise be released through fighting.
Which of the following, if true, weakens the conclusion referred to in the above passage?
(a) School-related sports activities are always supervised by adults
(b) Supervisors of school-related sports activities discourage participants from being extremely aggressive
(c) Children who participate in school-related sports activities tend to be more aggressive physically than
those who do not participate
(d) Most schools suspend those who fight during school or school-related activities from the school’s sports
teams

Infinity Educations India

[538] Aptitude & Reasoning

Previous Years and Practice Questions

Which of the following can be logically inferred

Previous Years GATE Questions from the information presented in the above
1. Some people suggest anti-obesity measures statement?
(AOM) such as displaying calorie information in (a) The people in the state have increased
restaurant menus. Such measures sidestep awareness of health hazards causing by
addressing the core problems that cause obesity: consumption of junk foods
poverty and income inequality. Which one of the (b) Leading a healthy lifestyle is related to a diet
following statements summarizes the passage? with leafy vegetables
(a) AOM are addressing the problem superficially (c) The people in the state did not consume leafy
(b) The proposed AOM addresses the core vegetables earlier
problems that cause obesity (d) Consumption of leafy vegetables may not be
(c) If obesity reduces poverty will naturally reduce, the only indicator of healthy lifestyle
since obesity causes poverty [ME(I), GATE-2021]
(d) AOM are addressing the core porblems and 4. The American psychologist Howard Gardner
are likely to succeed expounds that human intelligence can be sub-
[CH, CS(I), GATE-2021] categorised into multiple kinds, in such a way that
2. Computers are ubiquitous. They are used to individuals differ with respect to their relative
improve efficiency in almost all fields from competence in each kind. Based on this theory,
agriculture to space exploration. Artificial modern educationists insist on prescribing multi-
Intelligence (AI) is currently a hot topic. AI dimensional curriculum and evaluation parameters
enables computers to learn, given enough training that enable development and assessment of multiple
data. For humans, sitting in front of a computer intelligences.
for long hours can lead to health issues. Which of Which of the following statements can be inferred
the following can be deduced from the above from the given text?
passage? (a) Howard Gardner wants to develop and assess
(i) Now-a-days, computers are present in almost the theory of multiple intelligences
all places. (b) Howard Gardner insists that the teaching
(ii) Computers cannot be used for solving problems curriculum and evaluations needs to be multi-
in engineering. dimensional
(iii) For humans, there are both positive and (c) Modern educationists want to develop and
negative effects of using computers. assess the theory of multiple intelligences
(iv) Artificial Intelligence can be done without data. (d) Modern educationists insist that the teaching
(a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv) curriculum and evaluations needs to be multi-
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv) dimensional
[EC, GATE-2021] [CE, GATE-2020]
3. “The increased consumption of leafy vegetables 5. Repo rate is the rate at which Reserve Bank of
in the recent months is a clear indication that the India (RBI) lends commercial banks, and reverse
people in the state have begun to lead a healthy repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money
lifestyle”. from commercial banks.
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Critical Reasoning [539]
Which of the following statements can be inferred (a) the in-flight announcements being made in
from the above passage? English
(a) Decrease in repo rate will increase cost of (b) the English announcements being clearer than
borrowing and decrease lending by commercial the French ones
banks (c) equal importance being given to English and
(b) Increase in repo rate will decrease cost of French
borrowing and increase lending by commercial (d) the English announcements being longer than
banks the French ones
(c) Increase in repo rate will decrease cost of [EC, GATE-2020]
borrowing and decrease lending by commercial 8. Non-performing Assets (NPAs) of a bank in India
banks is defined as an asset, which remains unpaid by
(d) Decrease in repo rate will decrease cost of a borrower for a certain period of time in terms
borrowing and increase lending by commercial of interest, principal, or both. Reserve Bank of
banks India (RBI) has changed the definition of NPA
[CH, GATE-2020] thrice during 1993-2004, in terms of the holding
6. Hit by floods, the kharif (summer sown) crops in period of loans. The holding period was reduced
various parts of the country have been affected. by one quarter each time. In 1993, the holding
Officials believe that the loss in production of the period was four quarters (360 days). Based on
kharif crops can be recovered in the output of the the above paragraph, the holding period of loans
rabi (winter sown) crops so that the country can in 2004 after the third revision was _____ days.
achieve its food-grain production target of 291 (a) 45 (b) 135
million tons in the crop year 2019-20 (July-June). (c) 90 (d) 180
They are hopeful that good rains in July-August [EE, GATE-2020]
will help the soil retain moisture for a longer period, 9. Crowd funding deals with mobilization of funds
helping winter sown crops such as wheat and for a project from a large number of people, who
pulses during the November-February period. would be willing to invest smaller amounts through
Which of the following statements can be inferred web-based platforms in the project.
from the given passage? Based on the above paragraph, which of the
(a) Officials declared that the food-grain following is correct about crowd funding?
production target will be met due to good rains (a) Funds raised through large contributions on
(b) Officials want the food-grain production target web-based platforms
to be met by the November-February period (b) Funds raised through forced contributions on
(c) Officials feel that the food-grain production web-based platforms
target cannot be met due to floods
(c) Funds raised through voluntary contributions
(d) Officials hope that the food-grain production on web-based platforms
target will be met due to a good rabi produce
(d) Funds raised through unwilling contributions
[CH, GATE-2020]
on web-based platforms
7. The Canadian constitution requires that equal
[ME, GATE-2020]
importance be given to English and French. Last
10. “A recent High Court judgement has sought to
year Air Canada lost a lawsuit, and had to pay a
dispel the idea of begging as a disease – which
six-figure fine to a French-speaking couple after
leads to its stigmatization and criminalization –
they filed complaints about formal in-flight
and to regard it as a symptom. The underlying
announcements in English lasting 15 seconds, as
disease is the failure of the state to protect citizens
opposed to informal 5 second messages in French.
who fall through the social security net”.
The French-speaking couples were upset at ____.

Infinity Educations India

[576] Aptitude & Reasoning

Solutions and Explanations

1.(a) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4.(d) 5.(d) 6.(d) 7.(d) 8.(c) 9.(c) 10.(b)
11.(a) 12.(b) 13.(d) 14.(c) 15.(d) 16.(c) 17.(d) 18.(b) 19.(b) 20.(c)
21.(b) 22.(a) 23.(c) 24.(a) 25.(b) 26.(c) 27.(d) 28.(d) 29.(b) 30.(b)
31.(b) 32.(a) 33.(d) 34.(b) 35.(d) 36.(b) 37.(c) 38.(c) 39.(d) 40.(a)
41.(d) 42.(b) 43.(b) 44.(b) 45.(a) 46.(b) 47.(b) 48.(d) 49.(a) 50.(c)
51.(d) 52.(c) 53.(d) 54.(a) 55.(d) 56.(a) 57.(c) 58.(d) 59.(d) 60.(a)
61.(d) 62.(c) 63.(d) 64.(d) 65.(d) 66.(c) 67.(d) 68.(d) 69.(a) 70.(c)
71.(b) 72.(c) 73.(b) 74.(a) 75.(d) 76.(c) 77.(a) 78.(b) 79.(d) 80.(b)
81.(a) 82.(d) 83.(b) 84.(d) 85.(d) 86.(d) 87.(a) 88.(b) 89.(a) 90.(a)
91.(b) 92.(a) 93.(a) 94.(a) 95.(c) 96.(a) 97.(a) 98.(c) 99.(a) 100.(d)
101.(d) 102.(d) 103.(a) 104.(d) 105.(d) 106.(d) 107.(d) 108.(a) 109.(a) 110.(a)
111.(d) 112.(a) 113.(d) 114.(a) 115.(c) 116.(d) 117.(d) 118.(d) 119.(a) 120.(a)
121.(c) 122.(c) 123.(c) 124.(b) 125.(d) 126.(a) 127.(c) 128.(b) 129.(a) 130.(d)
131.(b) 132.(a) 133.(c) 134.(d) 135.(d) 136.(b) 137.(c) 138.(d) 139.(a) 140.(d)
141.(a) 142.(d) 143.(b) 144.(d) 145.(d) 146.(d) 147.(d) 148.(d) 149.(d) 150.(a)
151.(d) 152.(b) 153.(d) 154.(d) 155.(a) 156.(b) 157.(d) 158.(d) 159.(a) 160.(a)
161.(d) 162.(d) 163.(a) 164.(b) 165.(d) 166.(a) 167.(a) 168.(a) 169.(d) 170.(b)
171.(d) 172.(d) 173.(a) 174.(a) 175.(a) 176.(c) 177.(d) 178.(c) 179.(c) 180.(a)
181.(a) 182.(b) 183.(b) 184.(c) 185.(d) 186.(c) 187.(d) 188.(d) 189.(c) 190.(d)
191.(d) 192.(d) 193.(a) 194.(c) 195.(c) 196.(c) 197.(d) 198.(b) 199.(c) 200.(d)
201.(a) 202.(d) 203.(b) 204.(c) 205.(d) 206.(a) 207.(b) 208.(c) 209.(a) 210.(d)
211.(c) 212.(c) 213.(a) 214.(b) 215.(d) 216.(a) 217.(a) 218.(c) 219.(c) 220.(a)
221.(b) 222.(d) 223.(a) 224.(c) 225.(c) 226.(b) 227.(a) 228.(d) 229.(c)


3. (b)
Previous Years GATE Solutions From the given information, it may be inferred
1. (a) that leading a healthy lifestyle is related to a diet
with leafy vegetables.
Superficial means not complete and involving only
4. (d)
the most obvious things. Hence, option (a)
5. (d)
summarizes the passage.
6. (d)
2. (c)
7. (d)
From the given passage, it may be inferred that in
8. (c)
today’s time, computers are available at all places, As given in question holding period was reduced
however it has both positive and negative by one quarter each time. Therefore, after third
consequences on humans depending on their uses. revision, holding period remains 90 days.
Hence, option (c) is correct here.
www.onlineverdan.in
Critical Reasoning [577]
9. (c) 16. (c)
In the given paragraph, it is said that crowd funding ‘‘Farmers want to access the new technology even
deals with mobilization of funds for a project from if it is not legal’’.
a large number of people (it does not mean large The argument emphasizes on the widespread use
contribution. It means, small contribution from a of the new cotton technology despite it being illegal.
large number of people), who would be willing Detail about price is just an additional detail.
(i.e. voluntary or freewill) to invest smaller amounts 17. (d)
through web-based platform. 18. (b)
So, the correct statement about crowd funding is 19. (b)
to fund raised through voluntary contributions on The newspaper is just reporting the matter, it cannot
web-based platforms. be responsible for duping the tribals.
10. (b) A top forest official made statement about tribals
The passage states that the underlying disease being duped hence officials cannot be responsible
behind begging is the failure of the state to protect for duping the tribals.
citizens who fall through the social secuity net.
20. (c)
Only option (b) can be inferred from this.
Statement (ii); the concluding statement of the
11. (a)
para suggests that finding a complete captain is a
‘‘Most households that subsribe to X’s loyalty
tough task as it took John many years to become
membership discontinue watching cable
a successful and calculative batsman-captain.
television’’.
Statement (iv), can be explicitly concluded from
It is estimated that if X continues to offer of
the last 4 lines of the para. Hence, option (c) is
loyalty membership, the number of subscribers of
correct.
X will outgrow that of cable television. It is cased
21. (b)
on the assumption that most of the households
Option (a) is beyond the scope of given information;
subscribing to X don’t watch cable television any
option (c) can also be discarded on the same
longer.
grounds.
12. (b)
The argument deals with the coastal region
It is explicitly stated that the writer was suprised
becoming crowded and polluted because of the
at receiving stories from the students that were
upcoming luxury resort. Hence, option (b),
all set in distant places.
precisely underlines the theme of the para.
13. (d)
As the paragraph states, dictator Mobuto wanted 22. (a)
to Africanise the name of Congo but could not From the given graph; it is clear that there is a
succeed as the new name given to the country strong correlation between crow birth and cracker
was Portugese alteration of some other term. sales.
14. (c) 23. (c)
Remaining three options would lead to the prisoner From the information given is question;
being hanged or shot. This answer choice creates K<G
two contradictory situations. S<P< G<D
15. (d) Hence, (ii) and (iv) are correct.
The paragraph deals with the increasing interest 24. (a)
in tribal characters and further goes on to describe 25. (b)
that tribal characters haven’t attained any special 26. (c)
status. There have been very few stories woven 27. (d)
around these characters. Cleaving = spliting, separating.

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