Contents:

• Introduction and Motivation

• Objective

• Literature survey

• Problem Statement

• Abstract

• Block Diagram

• References
 INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION
Antennas are a crucial component of modern communication systems, and they have a wide range
of potential uses. We are interested in developing new antenna designs that could improve the
performance of wireless networks, and we want to create an antenna that is more compact or
efficient than existing designs.
An antenna is a transducer, which transforms electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice
versa. An antenna can be used as a receiving or a transmitting antenna. A transmitting antenna is
one, that transforms electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them into free space,
these EM waves then travel through the air into a receiving antenna, where they are converted back
into electrical signals. Here we will deal with microstrip patch antenna.
 Microstrip patch antennas are the class of planar antennas, which plays the most important
part in any communication system, because of their smaller size, low cost and ease of
fabrication.
 Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate
which has a ground plane on the other side. The patch is generally made of conducting
material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shape.

Fig.1.Typical shapes of microstrip patches

 Microstrip Line Feed

A common approach for feeding microwave and millimeter-wave antennas is called microstrip
feeding. It is a commonly utilized, affordable, and straightforward technique for a variety of uses,
such as radar systems, mobile communication, and satellite communication. The power from a
signal source is transmitted to the antenna using a microstrip transmission line in the microstrip
feeding technique.
To improve the performance, we use some bandwidth enhancement techniques such as
1. New geometries/perturbations to obtain
resonances as well as feed compensation
2. Genetic algorithm
3. Defected ground structure
4. Frequency selective surfaces

A sort of antenna design called Defected Ground Structure (DGS) was created to enhance the
functionality of microstrip patch antennas. A patch of metal, such as copper, is attached to a
dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, to create a microstrip patch antenna. The fact
that microstrip patch antennas are reasonably easy to make and can be manufactured using
inexpensive materials is one of its key benefits. The DGS design employs a discontinuity in the
ground plane of the microstrip patch antenna to get around these restrictions. DGS antennas can
therefore be used in a variety of wireless communication systems, such as satellite communications,
Wi-Fi, and mobile phones.
For this project we are using HFSS software, the behaviour of electromagnetic waves in high-
frequency structures is simulated using the well-known commercial software program known as
HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator). It is made by ANSYS, a well-known developer of
engineering simulation software. To analyse structures under various conditions, HFSS additionally
contains a range of solvers. The solvers include eigenmode, frequency domain, and time domain
solvers. The time domain solver is used to analyse a structure's transient reaction, whereas the
frequency domain solver is used to study a structure's frequency response. A wide range of tools are
also included in HFSS for post-processing the simulation data. These tools include those for
 producing 2D and 3D plots of the results as well as tools for visualizing the electromagnetic fields.
Along with tools for parameter sweeps and optimization, the software also has tools for examining
the S-parameters, far-field patterns, and other data.

OBJECTIVE
 Design and analysis of multiband antenna which can be operated at multiple frequencies.
 Investigating the effects of incorporating various Defected ground structures.
 Enhancement of bandwidth using different Defected ground structures.

LITERATURE REVIEW
A slotted microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) is designed with the
dimensions 24mm x 8mm x 1mm. It shows a dual band nature in the frequency bands of 3.2 to
3.5GHz and 5.6 to 5.8GHz. And the corresponding bandwidths are 800MHz and 255MHz with the
gain 2.39dB. Microstrip feeding technique is used to feed the antenna and Rogers RO4003 of
dielectric constant 3.5 has been chosen as the substrate material. This antenna is suitable for
WiMAX and WLAN applications [1].
A dual-band Defected Ground Structure (DGS), stub slot configuration antenna is
proposed with the dimensions 33.5mm x 33.5mm x 1.59mm. The resonant frequencies of this
antenna is 3.53GHz and 6.83GHz where the gain and bandwidth are 5.26 dB, 4.35 dB and 8.16%,
6.1% respectively. The Rogers RT/Duroid 6202 substrate material is used as a substrate. It is
suitable for WiMAX and WLAN applications [2].
A novel compact microstrip-fed antenna for wireless applications is designed. Defected
Ground Structure(DGS) is used in this antenna, which has a rectangular patch patch with dual J-
shaped strips with dimensions 20mm x 28mm x 2mm. It operates over the frequency ranges 2.35-
2.75 GHz and 3.3-3.83 GHz. And the corresponding bandwidths are 400MHz and 530MHz. FR4
dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. This antenna is suitable for Bluetooth and
WiMAX applications [3].
A dual band circular microstrip patch antenna with the dimensions 40mm x 40mm x 1.6mm
is designed. The resonant frequencies of this antenna is 2.42GHz and 5.33GHz with the
corresponding bandwidths of 78MHz and 190MHz. The gain of the antenna is 3.05 and 2.94 dB
respectively. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. This antenna is best
suitable for Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) and WLAN applications [4].
 A dual band antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) is designed with the dimensions
42mm x 32mm x 1.6mm. The operating frequencies of the designed antenna are 2.5GHz and
5.15GHz. And the corresponding gain is 1.39dB and 1.79 dB Coplanar Waveguide feeding
technique is used to feed the antenna. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used.
This antenna suitable for WiMAX and WLAN applications [5].
A triband antenna is designed for radiolocation (RADAR) using defected ground structure
(DGS) with the dimensions 14mm x 14mm x 1.87mm. Microstrip line feeding technique is used to
feed the antenna. It operates over the frequency ranges 5.84-6.03GHz, 9.0-9.32GHz and 10.43-
10.73GHz with resonant frequencies 5.9, 9.1 and 10.4GHz. The DGS structure increases the
antenna's gain, which was formerly 2.3, 5.8 and 4.6dB at resonant frequencies and was increased to
2.5, 6.1 and 5.3dB with DGS. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. The
radiolocation (industrial, biomedical, military, and cellular telephony) application of RADAR uses
all three bands [6].
For three frequency bands, a simple defected ground microstrip patch antenna is designed
with the dimensions 32mm x 34mm x 1.6mm. By integrating an H-shaped DGS with an inverted L-
DGS, the size of the patch is reduced. The resonant frequencies are 1.82, 2.4 and 5.52 GHz. And the
corresponding bandwidths are 34.1, 236.2 and 763.6MHz. The gain of the antenna is 2.83, 2.04 and
4.51 dB respectively. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. This antenna is
suitable for GSM, WLAN and WiMAX applications [7].
A simple triple band antenna with dimensions 40mm x 30mm x 1.6mm is designed.
This antenna can transmit a triple band of frequencies that satisfies WLAN 2.4/5.3 GHz and Wi-
MAX 3.9 GHz requirements. The proposed triple band antenna has a bandwidth of 2.2 - 2.4, 3.7 -
3.92, and 5.2 - 5.4 GHz. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. Microstrip
feeding technique is used to feed the antenna. The proposed triple band antenna suggest that it
would be a strong choice for WLAN and Wi-MAX applications [8].
A microstrip patch antenna in the form of a slotted fan with three working frequencies is
designed with the dimensions 31.34mm x 28.33mm x 1.6mm. At three X-band frequencies, the
antenna is tuned to resonate. The antenna design incorporates Defected Ground Structure to
enhance antenna performance (DGS). The resonant frequencies are 9.93, 10.81 and 11.56 GHz. And
the corresponding bandwidths are 470, 590 and 420MHz. The gain of the antenna is 3.33, 2.85 and
1.17dB respectively. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. In particular for
radar, the proposed model is quite effective for triple band operating in the X-band frequency range
[9].
 A quadband transmission line feed tortoise-shaped microstrip patch antenna with optimal
self-similar slotted ground structure is designed with the dimensions 33mm x 28mm x 1.6mm.
Operating frequencies for this antenna are 4.12GHz, 5.92GHz, 7.72GHz, and 12.40GHz. And the
corresponding bandwidths are 860, 1070, 590 and 1100MHz. The gain of the antenna is 2.97, 3.69,
2.67 and 4.69dB respectively. FR4 dielectric substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 is used. This
antenna works well for applications in the C and Ku bands. In satellites, the military, and
surveillance systems, these frequency bands are employed [10].
A quad band double-PIFA is designed with the dimensions 56mm x 60mm x 1.52mm. The
designed antenna gets four bands at 900MHz, 1.8GHz, 2.6GHz and 5.0GHz. And the corresponding
bandwidths are 60, 200, 150 and 800MHz. The gain of the antenna is 0.8, 2.28, 3.77 and 2.9 dB
respectively. Roger RO4350B substrate with relative permittivity of 3.48 is used. It works well with
both wide-band wireless communication networks and Internet of Things devices [11].
The proposed triple band antenna is designed by using simple stub geometry having
dimensions 16mm x 16mm x 0.82mm. Operating frequencies of this antenna are 6.40, 12.50
and 19.15 GHz. The gain of the antenna are 1.17, 4.32 and 3.87dB respectively. For MIMO
applications, a small two-port, triple band circularly polarized slot antenna has been proposed [12].
An innovative dual-band, 4-shaped, printed multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) antenna
system with two elements is created for Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless handheld and portable
terminals. The printed MIMO antenna system had an overall dimension of 50mm x 100mm x 1.56
mm. 803 to 823 MHz in the low frequency band and 2440 to 2900 MHz in the high frequency band
are covered. And the corresponding bandwidths are 20 and 460MHz. The gain of the antenna is -4
and 2.4dB respectively [13].
The above mentioned each survey is tabulated as follows:

Gain
Reference Dimensions Frequencies Bandwidth (dB) Substrate Applications
(mm3) (GHz) (MHz)
[1] 24 x 8 x 1 3.2 – 3.5 800 2.39 Rogers WiMAX and
5.6 – 5.8 255 RO4003 WLAN
[2] 33.5 x 33.5 x 1.59 3.532 - 5.26 RT Duroid WiMAX and
6.835 4.36 WLAN
[3] 20 x 28 x 2 2.35 – 2.75 400 1.9 FR4 epoxy WiMAX and
WLAN
 3.3 – 3.83 530 2.7
[4] 40 x 40 x 1.6 2.42 78 3.05 FR4 epoxy ISM and WLAN
5.33 190 2.94
[5] 42 x 32 x 1.6 2.5 - 1.39 FR4 epoxy WiMAX and
5.15 1.79 WLAN
[6] 14 x 14 x 1.87 5.9, 9.1, 10.4 190, 320, 390 2.5 FR4 epoxy RADAR
6.1
5.3
[7] 32 x 34 x 1.6 1.82, 2.4, 5.52 34.1, 236.2, 2.83 FR4 epoxy GSM, WLAN and
763.6 2.04 WiMAX
4.51
[8] 40 x 30 x 1.6 2.3, 3.9, 5.3 2.2 - 2.4 - FR4 epoxy WiMAX and
3.7 - 3.92 WLAN
5.2 - 5.4
[9] 31.34x28.33x1.6 9.93, 10.81, 470, 590, 420 3.33 FR4 epoxy X band applications
11.56 2.85
1.17
[10] 33 x 28 x 1.6 4.12, 5.92, 860, 1070, 2.97 FR4 epoxy C and Ku band
7.72, 12.40 590, 1100 3.69 applications
2.67
4.69
[11] 56 x 60 x 1.52 900MHz, 1.8, 60, 200, 0.8 Roger IoT devices
2.6, 5.0 150, 800 2.28 RO4350B
3.77
2.9
[12] 16 x 16 x 0.82 6.40, 12.50, - 1.17 - MIMO applications
19.15 4.32
3.87
[13] 50 x 100 x 1.6 2.44, 2.9 20, 460 -4 - Wireless
2.4 applications
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

 The present day wireless communication systems require antennas with multiband
operations.

 In case of a single band antenna, it can operate at one frequency only.

 The multiband antenna using Defected Ground Structure finds application in various
wireless communication systems.

ABSTRACT
A microstrip patch antenna with a slotted fan shape and Defected Ground structure (DGS) for
wireless applications is proposed. With an overall size of 31.34 x 28.33 x 1.6 mm 3, this designed
antenna generates four distinct resonances to cover 4 GHz, 6.8 GHz, 9.2 GHz and 10.1 GHz using
a widely accessible FR-4 substrate with a permittivity of ε r=4.4. These frequencies are appropriate
for various wireless applications such as Wi-Fi, weather radar systems, magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) and X-band applications. The designed microstrip patch antenna comprises of a slotted
circular patch in the centre attached with three rectangular strips that act as fan blades along with
circular defects on the ground surface and a microstrip feed line is used. By keeping slots on the
patch and ground plane, the antenna is made to operate at four frequencies. This antenna has gains
of 3.5 dB, 4.2 dB, 5.6 dB and 4.9 dB along with impedance bandwidths of 1.74% (3.97 – 4.04),
3.06% (6.74 – 6.95), 4.45% (9.00 – 9.41) and 4.06% (9.89 – 10.30) respectively. Many parametric
optimization studies, field distributions, and currents are used to analyze the antenna performance.
It is observed that the simulation and measurement results are in perfect agreement.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
The above figure describes the design flow of the proposed antenna. Initially, HFSS
design environment is created. However, we know that microstrip antenna consists of
3 layers. They are ground, substrate and patch. First the ground plane is drawn using
rectangle shape tool. The ground and the patch are two dimensional. Substrate layer is
created by using box as it is having thickness of 1.5mm. Patch is also drawn using
rectangle tool and dimensions are given as per the requirement. Now, the input to the
microstrip antenna can be given by using offset feeding technique and it is also drawn
using rectangle shape. Since the ground and patch are conducting materials, we assign
boundary as Perfect E (copper material) and substrate is taken as FR4 epoxy
material. Excitation is given through lumped ports. In this design as we are dealing
with radio waves, we need to simulate the results in a closed chamber. Thus, after
completion of design of antenna structure we go for validation check and then
checking results whether the results obtained are satisfied with our requirements. If
not, further we go for either modifying shape of patch or introducing defected ground
structure. After getting optimized results we stop the process.

RESULTS
This paper presents and analyses a patch antenna with defective ground structure (DGS) that
operates in four frequency bands. The designed antenna generates four distinct resonances to cover
4 GHz, 6.8 GHz, 9.2 GHz and 10.1 GHz, which is appropriate for various wireless applications
such as Wi-Fi, weather radar systems, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-band applications.
Its impedance bandwidth impedance is 1.74% (3.97-4.04 GHz), 3.06% (6.74-6.95 GHz), 4.45%
(9.00-9.41 GHz) and 4.06% (9.89-10.30 GHz) with gains of 3.5 dB, 4.2 dB, 5.6 dB and 4.9 dB. As
a result, the designed antenna provides good radiation characteristics in terms of return loss,
bandwidth, VSWR and gain.

Fig.2: Proposed Antenna (a) Front view (b) Bottom view

Fig.3: Simulated return loss for the proposed Antenna

REFERENCES
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