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Contextual variables affect peak running performance in elite soccer players:

A brief report

Article  in  Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · August 2022

DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146

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 TYPE Brief Research Report
PUBLISHED 16 September 2022
DOI 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146

Contextual variables affect peak

OPEN ACCESS running performance in elite
soccer players: A brief report
EDITED BY
Daniel Castillo,
University of Valladolid, Spain

REVIEWED BY
Diego Marqués-Jiménez, Diêgo Augusto1 , João Brito2 , Rodrigo Aquino3 ,
University of Valladolid, Spain
Marta Domínguez, Dailson Paulucio4 , Pedro Figueiredo2,5,6 ,
European University of Madrid, Spain
Bruno Luiz Souza Bedo7 , Deborah Touguinhó1 and
*CORRESPONDENCE
Fabrício Vasconcellos Fabrício Vasconcellos1*
[email protected] 1
Laboratory of Soccer Studies (LABESFUT), Post-graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences,
SPECIALTY SECTION Institute of Physical Education and Sports, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
This article was submitted to 2
Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal, 3 Department of Sports,
Elite Sports and Performance Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo,
Enhancement, Brazil, 4 Biometrics Laboratory (LADEBIO), Physical Education Post-graduate Program, School of
a section of the journal Physical Education and Sports (PPGEF/UFRJ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living Brazil, 5 Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al
Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 6 Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and
RECEIVED 10 June 2022
Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal, 7 School of Physical Education and Sport,
ACCEPTED 16 August 2022
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
PUBLISHED 16 September 2022

CITATION
Augusto D, Brito J, Aquino R,
Paulucio D, Figueiredo P, Bedo BLS, The current brief research report aimed to investigate the influence of
Touguinhó D and Vasconcellos F contextual variables on peak running performance in male elite soccer players.
(2022) Contextual variables affect peak
running performance in elite soccer
We analyzed 29 matches of an elite soccer team during the Brazilian Serie A
players: A brief report. 2019. Twenty players were tracked using GPS units. Peak physical performance
Front. Sports Act. Living 4:966146. was determined using moving average running values with different time
doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146
windows (1, 3, and 5-min periods). The variables analyzed were total distance
COPYRIGHT
© 2022 Augusto, Brito, Aquino,
covered, total distance covered in high-intensity running (≥19.8 km·h−1 ), and
Paulucio, Figueiredo, Bedo, Touguinhó the distance in accelerations (≥2 m·s−2 ) and decelerations (≤-2 m·s−2 ). Four
and Vasconcellos. This is an contextual variables were considered: 1) positional status; 2) match location;
open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons 3) match outcome; and 4) match status. Central defenders showed a lower
Attribution License (CC BY). The use, 1-min peak total distance in relation to all other positions (p = 0.001–0.03).
distribution or reproduction in other
Peak physical performance was higher in away matches for high-intensity
forums is permitted, provided the
original author(s) and the copyright running, acceleration, and deceleration (p = 0.01–0.03). In matches that ended
owner(s) are credited and that the in losses, peak values for high-intensity running and acceleration were higher
original publication in this journal is
cited, in accordance with accepted compared to draws and wins (p = 0.01–0.04). Regarding the match status,
academic practice. No use, distribution higher values were observed in draws than wins and losses (p = 0.01). Peak
or reproduction is permitted which
running performance vary according to contextual variables of the match in
does not comply with these terms.
male elite soccer players. Positional differences were found for peak periods,
and physical performance was higher in away matches.

KEYWORDS

match analysis, GPS, tracking, team sports, worst-case scenario

Introduction
The use of absolute values of external load obtained during a soccer match has been
applied by technical staff for training prescription (Bradley et al., 2010; Barnes et al.,
2014; Aquino et al., 2021). However, the scientific literature has reported that using values
referring to absolute demands can underestimate the match requirements and, therefore,

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Augusto et al. 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146

not transfer the actual value of running to training (Fransson Participants

et al., 2017; Casamichana et al., 2019). In this sense, the peak
physical performance can add value for a better understanding Data were analyzed exclusively for 20 elite male soccer
of the demands of match play (Novak et al., 2021; Rico-González outfield players (25.7 ± 4.4 years; 180.1 ± 6.1 cm; 75.4 ±
et al., 2021). 7.8 kg) who played the full 29 matches (minimum 90 min played
The utilization the peak periods, has been recommended per match). There were 4 Central Defenders, 4 Fullbacks, 7
primarily in moving averages of 1, 3, 5, and 10 min (Martín- Midfielders, and 5 Forwards. Goalkeepers were excluded from
García et al., 2018). Different studies have indicated that the the sample. In total, 175 player observations were considered.
moving average technique is considered more adequate when The tactical systems used in the season were: 1–4–4–2, 1–4–3–3
compared to fixed intervals (Casamichana et al., 2019; Oliva- and 1–3–5–2.
Lozano et al., 2020). In addition, different running metrics
have been used, total distance, high intensity running, sprinting,
accelerations and decelerations (Whitehead et al., 2018). These Procedures
analyzes of peak periods help in the organization of training
microcycles, in addition, athletes analyze in a sport that can meet Each player wore the same 10-Hz GPS unit (Viper pod,
the real requirements of the match (Oliva-Lozano et al., 2022). STATSports, Belfast, United Kingdom) throughout the matches
Peak periods of physical demand have been studied (Jennings et al., 2010; Beato et al., 2018). Following the matches,
according to positional and contextual factors. For instance, data were downloaded using corporative software, and raw data
the position, match half, location, and outcome impacted were exported for further analysis in the Matlab environment
players’ peak of physical demands (Oliva-Lozano et al., 2020). (The MathWorks Inc., Natick, USA). Geographic coordinates
Furthermore, peak periods for high-intensity running can vary were transformed to cartesian coordinates (x, y) and smoothed
by up to 38%, and sprint running by up to 75% during with a Butterworth digital filter (third-order; cut-off frequency:
the competitive season (Novak et al., 2021). Other contextual 0.3 Hz). After that the physical variables were calculated.
factors, such as the style of play and cultural factors of each
soccer league, can generate variations in the values of physical
demand in soccer matches (Dellal et al., 2011). Independent variables
Notably, contextual variables can influence several match
outcomes (Aquino et al., 2020; Augusto et al., 2021; Gonçalves The following metrics were gathered: total distance (TD)
et al., 2021). For example, total distance and high-intensity and total distance covered in high-intensity running (HIR,
running in home matches were higher than in away matches ≥19.8 km·h−1 ), acceleration (≥2 m·s−2 ), and deceleration
(Aquino et al., 2020). In matches won, the distance covered (≤-2 m·s−2 ). The moving average method was applied to
per minutes at high intensity increased compared to ties and calculate the worst-case peak physical performance during
losses (Gonçalves et al., 2021). Regarding the opponent’s level, the match (Whitehead et al., 2018). The average of the
studies have indicated that playing against teams considered 1-, 3-, and 5-min periods were calculated and normalized
stronger causes higher running values (Aquino et al., 2017, by the time in minutes, so that all metrics were presented
2020). However, few studies have investigated the effects of in m/min. The 1-min peak identified from the averages
contextual variables in the most demanding periods in elite determined as each peak (maximum) value was selected for
soccer players to the best of our knowledge (Fransson et al., statistical analysis.
2017; Casamichana et al., 2019). A better understanding of the
influence of the context on peak performance is paramount for
a better prescription of training sessions (Wass et al., 2020; Ju Contextual variables
et al., 2021). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the
influence of contextual variables on peak physical performance Four contextual variables were considered: (i) Positional
in elite male soccer players. status was defined from the calculation of the average
position of each player using Cartesian coordinates. The
position in each game was considered, that is, the same
Methods player can change position in the analysis according
to the game (Central Defender = 49; Fullback = 46;
The present observational brief research report analyzed Midfielder = 45; Forward = 45, observations); (ii) Match
29 matches from one team competing in the Brazilian Serie location (Home = 67; Away = 108, observations); (iii)
A 2019. The study was conducted following the Declaration Match outcome: Defined as the end result of the match
of Helsinki and was approved by the local university ethics (Win = 60; Draw = 57; Losses = 58, observations); (iv)
committee (3.712.816). Match status: Defined as the momentary result during

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Augusto et al. 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146

the match (Winning = 730; Drawing = 1,458; Losing = Results

557, minutes).
The values observed during the matches for the different
variables analyzed were: peak total distance (1-min [182 ± 21
Statistical analysis m/min] 3-min [138 ± 15 m/min], 5-min [126 ± 13 m/min]),
peak high intensity running (1-min [18 ± 11 m/min], 3-min
Data were described as mean and 95% confidence interval [11 ± 7 m/min], 5-min [9 ± 3 m/min]), acceleration (1-min
(CI). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed. [8 ± 4 m/min], 3-min [5 ± 2 m/min], 5-min [4 ± 1 m/min]),
Variables that did not show normality were corrected and and deceleration (1-min [9 ± 5 m/min], 3-min [6 ± 3 m/min],
log-transformed, after which all variables were considered 5-min [5 ± 2 m/min]).
parametric by the same normality test. Separate linear mixed In relation to the positional status, forwards (p = 0.03; ES
models were performed to compare (fixed effects) positional = 0.99), fullbacks (p = 0.01; ES = 0.99), and midfielders (p
status, match location, match outcome, and the match status, = 0.001; ES = 0.99) covered a greater peak total distance in
and to perform within-subject analysis, the ‘player ID’ was the 1-min moving average when compared to central defenders
included as a random effect. The best-fitting covariance (Figure 1). Regarding the location of the match, the peak of high
structure minimized Hurvich and Tsai’s criterion value (Hurvich intensity running (p = 0.03; ES = 0.19) and acceleration (p =
and Tsai, 1989). In addition, multiple comparisons were adjusted 0.03; ES = 0.31) were higher in away matches in the 1-min
by the Bonferroni method. The t-statistical values of the period. Similarly, the distance in deceleration was higher in away
mixed models were converted into correlations, and their effect matches in periods of 1- (p = 0.05; ES = 0.16) and 5-min (p =
size (ES) interpreted as follows: trivial (ES < 0.1), small (ES 0.03; ES = 0.37) (Figure 2).
= 0.1–0.3), moderate (ES = 0.3–0.5), large (ES = 0.5–0.7), When the analyzed team lost the match, there was a higher
very large (ES = 0.7–0.9), and almost perfect (ES > 0.9) peak of distance covered in high-intensity running in the 1- and
(Hopkins et al., 2009). The significance value adopted was 5-min periods compared to the situation of draws (p = 0.01;
p ≤ 0.05. ES = 0.38 and p = 0.02; ES = 0.27, respectively) (Figure 3). In

FIGURE 1
Mean values and 95% CI of physical performance peaks in different metrics and periods according to the positional status. * >Central Defender.
(A) Total distance; (B) High-speed running; (C) Accelerations; (D) Decelerations. CD; Central Defender, FB; Fullback, MF; Midfielder, FW; Forward.

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Augusto et al. 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146

FIGURE 2
Mean values and 95% CI of physical performance peaks in different metrics and periods according to the match location. *Away > Home. (A)
Total distance; (B) High-speed running; (C) Accelerations; (D) Decelerations.

losses, there was also a higher peak distance in acceleration (p = In the comparisons by field positions, defenders showed
0.04; ES = 0.37) and deceleration (p = 0.01; ES = 0.40) in the lower values when compared to all other positions. These
1-min moving average compared to draws. In addition, when results are consistent with data found by others (Martín-
the team won the match, higher peak of total distance covered García et al., 2018; Casamichana et al., 2019; Oliva-Lozano
was identified compared to draws in 3-min periods (p = 0.03; ES et al., 2020). The lower peak physical performance values for
= 0.39). defenders may result from the situational demands of the
Players covered a higher peak of total distance in 1-, 3-, position. For instance, the physical tasks of central defenders
and 5-min periods when winning the match (p < 0.01; ES = are primarily recovery runs, compaction, and coverage (Bradley
0.55–0.84) compared to draws and losses. Also, higher peak and Ade, 2018; Ju et al., 2021). Then, from a physical
distance in 3- (p = 0.01; ES = 0.64) and 5-min (p = 0.01; perspective, defenders might present lower physical demands
ES = 0.52) periods was observed when drawing than loosing for the general values of a full match and the peak values (Di
(Figure 4). Mascio and Bradley, 2013; Bush et al., 2015; Barrera et al.,
2021).
Other factors, such as the influence of playing at home,
have also drawn the attention of researchers from different
Discussion countries (Lago-Peñas and Lago-Ballesteros, 2011; Aquino et al.,
2020; Barrera et al., 2021). In the present brief research report,
The present brief research report aimed to investigate it was observed that in away matches, the 1-min period
the effects of contextual variables on peak physical peak values of distance in high intensity and acceleration
performance in elite male soccer players in Brazil. The and 1- and 5-min periods in deceleration were higher when
main findings indicate that: i) positional differences were compared to home matches. These results agree with the results
found for peak periods; ii) in away matches, physical found by Oliva-Lozano et al. (2020), that also observed higher
performance during peak values was higher, and iii) in values in away matches (Oliva-Lozano et al., 2020). However,
draws, the peak period outcomes were lower than during wins compared with other results found in studies that followed
and losses. absolute values of matches in Brazil and in Portugal, there is

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Augusto et al. 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146

FIGURE 3
Mean values and 95% CI of physical performance peaks in different metrics and periods according to the outcome match. *Win > Draw; # Lose
> Draw. (A) Total distance; (B) High-speed running; (C) Accelerations; (D) Decelerations.

FIGURE 4
Mean values and 95% CI of physical performance peaks in different metrics and periods according to the match status. *Drawing > Winning;
#
Drawing > Losing. (A) Total distance; (B) High-speed running; (C) Accelerations; (D) Decelerations.

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Augusto et al. 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146

a divergence (Aquino et al., 2017, 2020; Barrera et al., 2021), Data availability statement
but it is worth mentioning that these studies were carried out
at the sub-elite level and did not analyze the peak periods. The datasets generated for this study are available on request
Furthermore, Castellano et al. (2011) found no difference for to the corresponding author.
distances covered at different intensities between home and
away matches in Spanish Premier League (Castellano et al.,
2011).
Ethics statement
Regarding the match outcome, higher values of total peak
The studies involving human participants were reviewed
distance covered in 1-min periods were observed in matches that
and approved by State University Rio de Janeiro. The
ended with wins, and higher values of running in high intensity,
patients/participants provided their written informed consent to
acceleration, and deceleration in losses. When compared to
participate in this study.
draws, soccer players in Spain showed higher values of peak
periods in wins than in draws and losses (Oliva-Lozano et al.,
2020). Similarly to Oliva-Lozano et al. (2020) findings, the results Author contributions
of the present brief research report might be related to the fact
that there is a need to equalize the score in defeat situations, DA: conceptualization, data curation, project
resulting in a more significant occurrence of intense actions administration, formal analysis, investigation, methodology,
(Oliva-Lozano et al., 2021). visualization, and writing—review and editing. JB: data
Moreover, when the match status during the match was curation, formal analysis, methodology, visualization, and
analyzed, it was found that the highest peak values for total writing—review and editing. RA: conceptualization, data
distance covered 1-, 3-, and 5-min periods in situations curation, methodology, and writing—review and editing. PF:
of equality in the score when compared with winning and formal analysis, methodology, and data curation. BB and
losing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study DP: data curation and methodology. DT: data curation and
to analyze the influence of the match status on the peak investigation. FV: conceptualization, methodology, project
physical performance of elite soccer players in Brazil. A study administration, supervision, and visualization. All authors
from Spain found that players covered greater distances in contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
all intensity range categories when losing (Castellano et al.,
2011). This contextual variable has been little explored and
limits the discussion and comparisons with previous studies. Funding
However, the results presented can be explained by the fact
that, despite the application of tactical principles being the This research was partially supported by grants from the
main factor for the offensive and defensive organization of the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for the Research Support in
team. The situation of equal results can evidence the players’ Rio de Janeiro State and Brazilian Council for the Technological
search to “unbalance” the opponents, performing a greater and Scientific Development and was financed in part by the
number of physical actions. For example, physical actions can be Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nivel Superior-
performed in situations such as Break into Box, Over/Underlap Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001.
and Run with Ball (Ju et al., 2021). This result can motivate
the performance of a more significant number of physical Conflict of interest
actions (Castellano et al., 2011; Buchheit et al., 2018; Klemp et al.,
2021). The authors declare that the research was conducted in
Coaches and sports scientists can use the results of the the absence of any commercial or financial relationships
current brief research report to improve training tasks in that could be construed as a potential conflict
return-to-play and post-injury conditioning sessions. Although of interest.
peak performance moments vary due to the context, this
should be achieved in training planning to prepare players
for the practical match demands. In addition, this is the Publisher’s note
first study conducted with male elite soccer players in Brazil
reporting the peak values of physical performance during official All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the
matches. Therefore, future research should analyze the peak authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated
moments in the Brazilian scenario involving different teams organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the
and competitions for a better understanding. In addition, to reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or
understand how the moments of running peaks occur in claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed
weekly microcyles. or endorsed by the publisher.

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 Augusto et al. 10.3389/fspor.2022.966146

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