Electrical Distribution System Engineering Dependable Protection Engineering Dependable Protection - Part | “A Simple Approach to Short-Circuit Calculations” Table of Contents Basic Considerations of Short-Gircuit Calulations = Why Shor-Circuft Calculations + General Comments on Short-Crcut Calculations Asymmetrical Components = Interrupting Rating, nterupting Capacity, Short-Circuit Curents| 30 Shortircut Current Calculations, Procedures and Methods = Ohmic Method -Per-Unit Methos = TRON® Computer Software Procedure Point-to-Point Method + Comparison of Results 16 Shor-Ciruit Calculation on 16 Transformer System, Procedures and Methods ~ Per-Unit Method - Line-to-Line Faults - Per-Unit Method - Line-to-Neutral Faults Point-to-Point Method - Line-to-Line Faults Point-to-Point Method - Lne-to-Neutral Fauis = Comparison of Results Data Section, = Table 1 - Transformer Impedance Data + Table 2 - Current Transformer Reactance Data + Table 3 Disconnectng Switch Reactance Data Table 4 - Circuit Breaker Reactance Data = Table 5 - Insulated Conductors Impedance Data + Table 6 ~ °C" Values for PTP Method Data + Table 7 ~ Busway Impedance Data + Table 8 - Asymmetrical Factors Selective Coordination - EDP I Selective Protection EDP IllPart 1 A Simple Approach To Short Circuit Calculations cooker BussmannElectrical Distribution System Basic Considerations of Short-Circuit Calculations Why Shor-Cireuit Calculations Several sections of the National Electrical Code relate to proper overcurrent protection. Safe and reliable application of overcurrent protective devices based on hese sections mandate that a short circuit study and a selective coordination study be conducted These sections include, among others: 110-9 Intorrupting Rating 110-40 Component Protection 230-65 Service Entrance Equipment 240-1 Conductor Protection 250-95 Equioment Grounding Conductor Protection 517-17 Health Care Facies - Selective Coordination Compliance with these code sections can best be accomplished by conducting a short circuit study and a selective cooraination study. The protection for an electrical system should not only bbe safe under all service conditions but, to insure continuity, of service, it should be selectively coordinated as woll. A. coordinated system is one where only the faulted circuit is isolated without disturbing any other part of the system. (Overcurrent protection devices should also provide short- circuit as well as overload protection for system components, such as bus, wire, motor contollars, otc To oblain reliable, coordinated operation anc assure that system components are protected from damage, it's necessary lo first calculate the available fault current al various critical points in the electrical system. Once the short-cirou't levels are determined, the engineer can specify proper interrupting raling require ments, selectively coordinate the system and provide component protection General Comments on Short-Circult Calculations Short Circuit Calculations should be done at all eriical points in the system. These would ineluse: Service Entrance Panel Boards Motor Control Centers Motor Starters Transfer Switches Load Centers Normally, short circuit studies involve calculating a bolted 3-phase fault condition. This can be characterized as all three phases “bolted together to create a zero impedance connection, This establishes a “worst case’ ‘condition, that results in maximum thermal and mechanical stress in the system. From this caleulation, ather types of, fault conditions can be obtained. Sources of short circuit currents under consideration include: = Utlty Generation = Local Generation = Synchronous Motors and Induction Motors fare normally taken Capacitor discharge currents can normally be neglacted due to thir short ime duration. Certain IEEE (institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) publications deta how to caloulate these currents if they are substantial Asymmet Short circuit current normally takes on an asymmetrical characteristic during the first few cycles of duration. Thats, itis offset about the zero axis, as indicated in Figure 1 we Figure 1 In Figure 2, not thatthe total short ict curent lis the summation of wo components the symmetrical MS current Is, and the DC component, Inc. The DC component Isa unction of the storad ororgy win tho syst athe Inttaton of tho shor creut I decays toro aftr afew cyeies due fo FR losses nthe system, at nich pont the hort eu eurent is symmetncal abou the ze aie. The RMS value ofthe symmatical component may be dete. mined using Oars Law To dotermino the asymmotical Component, ts necessary to know the X/R ratio of the fystem, To obtain tho XA ao, to ft resstance and ttl taactance of the cireult to the point of fault must be Goterminad, Maximum thormal and mechanical sass on tho equipment oscure during those frat ow eycles Important (o concentrate on what nappens dung th i al cycle after the intaton of heftElectrical Distribution System Basic Considerations of Short-Circuit Calculations To accomplish ths, study Figure 2, and refer to Table 8 15.450 4 TE Ja Asmat MS Cur lag D¢ carponen: n= Symetecl MS Component Figure 2 Figure 2ilustrates a worst case waveform that 1 phase of the 3 phase system will assume during the first few cycles after the fault initiation For this example, assume an RMS symmetrical short circuit value of $0,000 amperes, at a 15% short circuit power factor. Locate the 15% PF in Tablo 8. Said another way, the XIR short circuit ratio ofthis circuit is 6.6912, The key portions are: ~ Symmetrical RMS Short Circuit Curent Instantaneous Peak Current = Asymmetrical RMS Snort Circuit Current (worst case single phase) = ly From Table &, nate the following relationships. = Symmetrical AMS Current 14x M, (Column 3) He xMp (Column 4) For this example, Figure 2, 1, = 50,000 Amporos RMS Symmotrical 1 = 50,000 x 2.309 ( Column 3) 115,450 Amperes $0,000 x 1.380 (Column 4) 166,500 Amperes RMS Asymmetrical \With this basic understanding, proceed in the systems analysis Interrupting Rating, Interrupting Capacity and Shot-ireuit Currents Interrupting Rating can be defined as. “the maximum short-circuil current that a protective device can safely cloar, under specified test conditions. Interrupting Capacity can be defined as “the actual short circuit current that a protective device has been lested to interrupt" The National Electrical Code requires adequate interrupting ratings in Sections 110-9 and 230-65. Section 110-9 Interrupting Rating. Equipment intended to break current at fault levels shall have an interrupting rating sufficient for the system voltage and the current which is availaole atthe line terminals of the equipment. Section 230-65, Available Short-Circuit Current. Service Equipment shall bo suitable for the short circuit current, available at ts supply terminals. ow voltage fuses have their interrupting rating oxpressed in torms of the symmetrical component of short circuit current, Ig. They are given an RMS symmetrical interrupting rating at a specific power factor. This means he fuse can interrupt any asymmetrical current associated with this rating. Thus only the symmetrical component of short-circult currant need be considered to determine the necessary intertupting rating of alow voltage fuse. For U.L. listed low voltage fuses, interrupting rating equals is interrupting capacity ‘ow voltage molded case circuit breakers also have their interrupting rating expressed in terms of RMS symmetrical amperes at a specific power factor. However itis necessary to determine a molded case circuit breaker's imerupting capacity in order to safely apply t. The reader is ciracted to Buss bulletin PMCS II for an undarstanging of this concept30 Short-Circuit Current Calculations ~ Procedures and Methods ‘36 Shor-Circult Curent Calculations, Procedures and Methods To determine the fault current at any point in the system, first draw 2 one-line diagram showing all of the sources of short-circuit current feeding into the faut, as well as the impedances of the circuit components. ‘To bagin the study, the system components, including hose ofthe utilty system, are represented as impedances in the diagram. The impedance tables given in the Data Section include three phase and single phase transformers, current ransiormers, safely switches, citcuil breakers, cable, anc busway. These tables can be used if information from the manufacturers is not readily availabe, Itmust be understood that short circuit ealeulations are: pporformad without current limiting devices in the systam. Calculations are done as though these devices are replaced with copper bars, to determine the maximum ‘available” short circuit current. This is necessary to project how the system and the current Imiting devices will perfoim, Also, current limiting devices do not operate in series to produce a “compounding” current limiting effect. The downstream, or load sido, fuse will operate alone under a short circuit condition if properly coordinated. system A 30 Single Transformer System alte ity SE. MVA 10,00 1500 KA Tanstorer ove7N, 25 -s0dkem 2 SerPhase ii Saree Erne Conese intel Gant soars * 40m swied Les AK 08? Fa Feeder Fats wmecns.s “S2 Not: The above 150A tanstarme serves 100% moter a6 To begin the analysis, consider the following system. supplied by @ 1800 KVA, three phase transformer having a full load current of 1804 amperes al 480 volts. (See System A, bolow) Also, System B, for a double transformation, wil be studio, To start, obtain the available short-circuit KVA, MVA, or ‘SCA from the local ullty compar, The ulllity estimates that System A can deliver a short- Circuit of 100,000 MVA at the primary of the transformer. System 8 can deliver a short-circuit of 500,000 KVA at the primary of the first transformer, Since the X/R ratio of the uly system is usually quite high, only the reactance need With this available short-circuit information, begin to make the necessary calculations to determine the fault current al any point in the electrical system, Four basic methods will ba prosonted in this text to instruct the reader on short circuit caleulations These include the ohmic method the per unit methoa the TRON® Computer Software method the point to point method system B 1000 VA ransormer, ‘36 Double Transformer System {err ats 38 SASK, ‘vale Uy ‘nua 3,000 ius ak ‘wean switch np 1500 Fue Faux, 00a sues * 2-20 Der Ph tapperin PVC Cont . sin 220 vet 29 0K wR Fut Inti example ssume 0% metro.3 Short-Circuit Current Calculations — Procedures and Methods Ohmic Method '36 Short Circuit Calculations, ‘Ohmic Method Most circult component impedances are given in ohms except utlly and transformer impedances which are found by the following formulae" (Note that the transformer ana Utlty ohms are referred to the secondary KV by squaring the secondary volage.) 1000 (KVsrenes)? Sept. that = S092, Ka (10)(%R**)(KVseeo Step 3. The impedance (in ohms) given for current transformers, large switenes and large circuit breakers is essentially all X. Step 4. Kates Rea Step5. Total all X and all Rin systom to point of faut Step6. Determine impedance (in chms) of the system by: r= NOP Step7. Calculate short-circuit symmetrical RMS amperes: al the point of fault Ese BR) Step 8. Determine the motor load, Add up the full load ‘motor currents. The full joa mator Gurrent inthe systam is generally a percentage of the transformer full load current, depending upon the types of loads. The generally accepted procedure assumes 50% motor load when both ‘motor and lighting loads are consideres, such as supplied by 4 wire, 208¥/120V and 480¥/277V volt 3-phase systems.) "See Siep 7) “UL Unie wansterers 25 KW and rae have ‘Amor exact aeterminaion sepend Imetned nals nach eal mot sehr no rreted besorres mee complicated. ls resonmesded thal he peta a ohmic vals a single ahasecatance one my a 1 moedancetorance, Shot re usualy aut hin eacianee of te ears question ar associated ‘Stommon bus [sometimes rterred ia ae" eae al san ress conservative vans auk erent. More fate vahes involve vectors adaion of “The sims fhe cts components must be refered tthe same veage here's more than one vekage asformai ‘meted be uea fo ease mcaultonwnen move han one sokane ransformaion Step 9. Tho symmetrical motor contribution can bo approximated by using an average multiplying factor associaled with the motors inthe system. This factor varies according to motor design and in this text may be chosen as 4 times motor full load current for approximate calculation purposes. To solve for tho symmetrical motor contrisution: ) Stop 10. The total symmetrical short-cl caloulated as: layman enn = (4) (a cuit RMS current is "Mal ey ns (Um ats) + (Lym mater cn) Step 11 fauk, Determine XIR ratio of the system to the point of Kua MR Fi Step 12, The asymmetrical factor corresponding to the X/R ratio in Step 11 is found in Table 8, Column Mm. This ‘multiplier will provide the worst case asymmetry occurring inthe first 1/2 cyclo, When the avarage 3-phase multiplier is desired use column Me. Step 13, Calculate the asymmetrical RMS short-circuit Ic sro = (I. rman) x (AS Factor) Step 14. The short-circuit current that the motor load ean contrioute is an asymmetrical current usually approximated as being equal to the locked rotor current of the motor. *As a close approximation with @ margin of safety use “Tey mtr cnn = (5) X (lu nea) Step 15, The total asymmetrical short-circuit RMS current is calculated as: Tat. sym = (1 ay ts) + (Lae nto) pensate or inte tree prase shore frmula oy the tation, V3 itamosres canbe afected by this tolerance, Geral chia Ro uty source Imoedances, lees consensve eb inshesystem, the oie3 Short-Circuit Current Calculations ~ Procedures and Methods Ohmic Method — to Faut x; — System A eine ial ty 5,48 10,00 1500 kvATansormr ‘ov, 30. 22 2S, O56 ane = 104 (Table 5) 20008 Site np-c2mnes Fuse (able 3) Motor conten (Table 1.2) [z x 1000(.48)2 _ 100,000,000 0.000023) (10) (8.45) 48) “7500 0.0083 - 0.0053 (10) (56) (487° “F500 7 0.00086 0.00088 | — - 0.000188 25° 0.0288 | Reipgge g = 0-000102 o.oootaz | — X= 0.000050 - 4.000080 Total Rand X= 0.000962 0.00551 -V (0-000862} + (0.00561)? 00862. 4X 1804= 72168 58,7054 ‘an 00551 _ ‘on962 ~*” XR ‘Asym Factor = 1.294 (Table 8) lees = 1.294 X 49,489 = 64,0398 0208 54,039 + 9,020 = 73,0598 ‘nk39 Short-Circuit Current Calculations - Procedures and Methods Ohmic Method — to Fautt X2— System A Fatty 00h Switen UPS 4005 Fe Faux, ne Diagram (Table 3) X = 00008 (Tabte 5) R x X= 0.00551 - 0.00551 R= 0.000962 s.oong62 | — .o0008 50° 5 gg79 x= St x os7a= 0.00188 00189 0. gauss - = 0 5 gees = ooorze a.oorz2 Total RandX= 0.002182 0.00748 Zeatga = V(O.OUETF + (0.007ARF = 0,0077802 Ue panes =—H80 35,6218 500778) imme = 4X 1804 = 7216, haa sms = 35,621 + 7,216 = 42.8370 at 0748 NiRoun= Gupras = 3.43 ‘sym Factor = 1.149 (Table 8) 149 X35,621 = 40,9290 Naa sys coil Note: See Onms Metnes Proce ted uetothempedance oe32 Short-Cireuit Current Calculations - Procedures and Methods Ohmic Method — to Fault x; — System B ‘Touse the OHMIC Method through a second transformer, Step th, Reflect X and R values of all components to the following steps apply: secondary side of transformer Stop 1a. Summarize X and F values of all components on we, primary side of transformer 4m) and proceed with steps 2 thru 16 from page 6. vw, Ree) OnetineDiagram Impedance Diagram 1000 (.48)° 500,000, (10) (3.45) (48) x= CO LAS = 00795 900461 - 00461 raale vii Stoo, A - 00795 {20oKya Traore ove SII son k (Table 1.2) ‘ (10) (60) (48° sonap one | — x= a0, ton - 000227 (Table 5) 30" F006 ooo16s | — “T600A Swied ap-c1s00SP Fuse - 0005 001545008688. ooss24. ano ee mans 008828) 008588 _ 5 6 NiPc = “On 545 ‘Asym Factor = 1.285 (Table 8) le wan = 31,408 X 1,285 = 40,355232 Short-Circuit Current Calculations - Procedures and Methods Ohmic LPs aK ase Fuse 20 PPorPhase Exyprin Pv candut ‘25nun Taneme, Aen see Method — to Fault x,- System B Onetine Diagram Impedane agra X= 008688 R= 001545 | X= 00008, (Table 5) Total R and X (480V) = "To RetlecdX and Rte secondary: 208)? x Re 25 (eon x 002587) _ ‘tho _ OF (10) (-998) (,208)° 109095) wor =,001708 = 000442 ots (ae.2) (10) (666) (.208)2 pn 0) 20EF gay 7 ‘otal R and X (208V) = 003628 XR ‘001722 22.10 Asym Factor =1,0481 (Table 8) Fee ames = 29,911 11.0491 = 10 3808 R x = ooassa onrsas | — - 00008 ~ 900327 ooostz | — 002357 008005 - 001708 ooossz | — - 90192 coos | — oraz 008628 ((OOTTEIF + (-OOSEZEY = ,004ntsc232 Short-Circuit Current Calculations - Procedures and Methods Per-Unit Method ‘36 Short Circuit Calculation Per-Unit Method” ‘The perunt method is generally used for calculating short-circut currents when the electrical system is more. complex, Aller establishing a one-line diagram of the system, proceed to the following calculations: * ¥PUKesiy = — Kane _ Stent. 1PUK C. KVAuuiny step? (el Sep PUK err (LOOONANTE (Ra}( KWAsas Step 4. PURLan (Toon) KY)? Step 5, Next, total all per-unit X and all per-unit Rin system (0 point of fault. Step 6. Determine the per-unit impedance of the system by: PUZr0u= \{PUR + (PUK ole Step 7. Calculate the symmetrical RMS short-circutt current, al the point of fault Step 8, Determine the motor load. Add up the full load motor currents.(Whenever motor and lighting loads are considered, such as supplied by 4 wire, 208¥/120 ana 480/277 volt 3 phase systems, the generally accented procedure is to assume 50% motor load based on the ful load current rating ofthe transformer) “Tre base KYA used svoughou txt will oe 10,00 KV ‘hth te smo metas posed, all chme values se siigl-phate stn ‘acters (See Sep 7) +L Csea vanstrmers 25KVA and lager have a+ 10% imped i ‘mate evacs ecermnaton depends upon ie aubranséntreatanes ot oo would ne tne al ear creukhroedan shortereut amperes Wy pecan is considered nthe roceoure since utey UA rao # usualy auto Man. For move nse deals ootan cevunt fw sure, tea commen bus (comet ° motes addon esuts conservative vahee of auleurent, Morente vluce vee vecioralsdaton ofthe cures Stop 9. The symmetrical motor contribution can be approximated by using an average multiplying factor associated with the motors in the system. This factor varies according to motor design and in this text may be chosen as 4 times motor full load current for approximate calculation purposes. Te solve for the symmetrical motor contribution: (4) X (ht end er) Slep 10. The total symmetrical shor caloulaied as: ts. s(n) +(e mateo) Slep 11. Determine XIR ratio of the systam to the point ot faut. Pux, PUR i XR Step 12, Fiom Table 8, Column Mm, obiain the asymmetrical factor corresponding to the XiR ratio determined in Step 1. This multipir will provide the worst case asymmetry occurring in the fist 1/2 cycle. When the average 3-phase multiplier is desired use column Ms, Step 13. The asymmetrical RMS sho bo caleulatod as: circuit current o lec anymnms= (Usman) x (Asym Factor) Stop 14. Tho short-ctcuit current that the motor load can contribute is an asymmetrical current usually approxirated 2s being equal to the locked rotor current of the motor"** Asa close approximation with a margin of safely use cons *(5)X (hat Step 15, The total asymmetrical short-circuit RMS current is calculated as “ats. snes = (V6 syns) + (ae sero) way, ter compensated or inthe tree phase shor-sreut fomaby the bo atecte by tis tbrance, raed we bu Iles Sonsessive dba 4 zea36 Short-Circuit Current Calculations — Procedures and Methods Per-Unit Method — to Fautt x; - System A SHR i. ov sa Eoraronten) Serco Enrange pedetr Sa 200k swith np-c 2000s Fuse One-Lie Diagram 2 10,000 KVA Base PUR [PU PUK saps nng © 20001 — | aoa ux = Oe) 2300 — | case un = ee = O08rs usr | — Bh 10.00) ux = Toon caaar — * 200688] — | o.cosas van LS cost | noun | — Tolal PUR and PUX® OUATT OZ PUL = \(OOATTFE+ (02807 = 2430 lyme conn = 4X 18 has. ymnns = 49,489 + 7,21 cr =573 Rane = Cary “Asym Factor = 1.294 (Table 8) 54,0308 4891 1.294 1804 9,0208 20 = 73,05983 Short-Circuit Current Calculations - Procedures and Methods Per-Unit Method — to Fautt x, - System A LPs aKtoosP Fw Note contain ne-LineDigram : C 10,000 KVA Base PUR [POX —_ | 20 oar |= (00008) (1,000) =" pono (4805 — | ane pag (0372) x (10,000) Pu eee camor me |— | tee 50 x (.0244) x (10,00 r= ee nies | ose |— (Ho (48 Total PUR and PUX= “09463247 PUL = V(OB4E)E + ( 3247} = 0.3380 10,000 TF asoy( 3380) loys mt cna = 4X 1804 = 7.2168 5,621 + 7,216 = 42,837 ac. am a has. mas = 40,928 + 9,020 = 49,9498 tee 839 Short-Circuit Current Calculations - Procedures and Methods Per-Unit Method — to Faut x, — System B ‘raate vy Sea seob ioe SS san 29 -Sooemit Per Pace Fm PYE Conduit 100A swe nP-c15008° Fase OveLine Diagram | dL. Impedance Diagram 10, 000KVA Base, PUR PUX 10,000. _ PUK = 500,000 ~ m m2 __ (45) (10,000) PUX= ""r00) (7000) == - 38 (6) (10,000) _ _ PUR = 00) 7000) ix (10.00 (1000) (.48)? mes nse zz) pup = 1000) (ay xen) 072 | 0072 (1000) (48) ~ __{-00005) (10,000) _ Pux=“crooo) (aye ~ 9022 - 0022 Total PUR and PUX= 0672 a7 ‘Asym Factor = 1.285 (Table 8) 405 1.28 355839 Short-Circuit Current Calculations - Procedures and Methods Per-Unit Method — to Fautt x,- System B One-tie Diagram | Ty. sn swe ey Sak HR 10,000 KA PUR [PUK = [am on |— 0000 (10.000) _ PRs tron) (ase = 0 — | (20) , (0827) (10,000) __ £1000) “e CC my joe a0) 0812 “00 op ten run = OL = on | ase | — (998) (10,000) _ _ Pux= "Tron (sy 8 485 _ 666) (10,000) Pun" rou sy ~ 788 aT Total PUR and PUX “Sah BHT PURwu = V (39867 10,000 Icom: 9118 VOR) 208), 92 XRrte= SSB3 = 2.10 Sout ‘Asym Factor = 1.0491 (Table 8) lee. amas = 29,911 1.0491 = 31,38003 Short-Circuit Current Calculations ~ Procedures and Methods TRON’* Computer Software Method BUSSPOWER® is a Computer Software Program which calculates three phase fault currents. It is a part of the RON® Software Package lor Power Systems Analysis. The user inputs data which includes: = Cable and Busway Lengths and Types = Transformer Rating and Impecence ~ Faull sources such as Utility Available and Motor Contribution Following the data input phase, the program is ‘executed and an output report reviewed The following is a partial output report of System A, being studied ‘TRON® Software Fault Calculation Program ~ ‘Three Phase Fault Report SYSTEMA Fal ae Record Voliage EAS: Name ue Momentary (asym) x ar following is @ partial output report of the distribution System B. ane Record Voltage A further description of this program and its capable is on the back cover ofthis bulletin,39 Short-Circuit Current Calculations - Procedures and Methods Point-to-Point Method The application of the point-to-point method permits the determination of available short-circuit curronts with a reasonable degree of accuracy at various points for either 38 or 18 electrical distribution systems. This method can ‘assume unlimited primary short-circuit current (infinite bus) Basic Point-to-Point Calculation Procedure Stop 1, Determine the transformer full load amperes from either the nameplate or the following formulas: ‘care Tarsfomer = RUA O08 SeTransemmer oe 16 Transformer |, = KVAx1000 Step 2. Find the transformer mutiplir. Muitipier = 100 . HL eas Siang for ae wakes pray 96a caves second al ed sieuoo ses mad on UL Tate yanslnmer 2sKVA ane lager have & = 10% Impedance tolerance, Show ereut amperes ean be affesed by tis (Ghraree, Step 3. Determine the transformer let-thru short-circuit current Jae = ha x Mattipi Proceed wih this aglusted ‘igure through Steps 4, 5 and & A practical fsimate of molar smorbeieut contusion te fe mutialy the foal mae Step 4. Calculate the factor. ate) 38 Faults elias 18 ine tote (-) axe Faults on 18 Cater (2 Tapped Transtomer = 1 Line t-Neural zeus LN) Fats on ' Cee e CXEn Center Tapped Transformer Where: L elength (feet) of circuit to the faut © = constant from Table 6, page 27. For parallel runs, muliply C values by the number of ‘conductors per phase, | avallable short-crcutt current in ampares at beginning of circuit 1 Note athe fs higher tnan re Le faut current at leghase cenveraoped transformer rer avalabl i} forbs caso n Sp 4 should be ast racslrerfrminle 900008 ALN cenarapoed vanserererminal |5XLA Shor-crclt Amperes at Transformer Terminals se cstarce tom the teminas, depending upon wire size, he LN aut Eutrent it lower than tne LoL fault curren, Tne 1-8 ruiper is an Soprouaion ane wt heartily vary For. 0".87, Tose gues are Based on cnange in fure ratio Bewweon prinary and secondary, inte ures sulle, 2a fee! fom wrminas of ransome, snd 120% ane SSUSAR ior LAN ws, ol resistance and reacanee values, Begin L-N blabons a vanstomer secondary erminals tho proceed paneo-pon Step. Caloulate "M" (muttple) if Step 6. Calculate the available short-circuit symmetrical RMS current atthe point of faut. Calculation of Short-Cireuil Currents at Second Transformer in System Use the following procedure to caloulate the level of fault current at the secondary of a second, downstream transformar in a systam whan the level of fault currant at the luansformer primary is known, {TRANSFORMER 'se. primey hw amu NECTION eps "ee sents Pracedure for Second Transformer in System Step 1. Calculate the 'f factor (lg. panay KNOWN) 30 Transtormer may X Vpn 1-73 (M02) 100,000 KVA ya, 30 fault values) 10 Transtormer may X Voter (62) 100,000 KVA,,, Step 2. Calculate "M" (muhiple). 1 Maat Step 3, Calculate the short-circuit current at the secondary of the transformer. (See Note under Stop 3 of "Basic Point to-Point Caleulation Procedure’) Vora Neeson AM pay38 Short-Circult Current Calculations ~ Procedures and Methods Point-to-Point Method — 1o Faults x; & Xo - System A SES HA Yo 000 eau aaa asia ena 20008 ste np-czonosp Fuse Fouts Urs ax anosP Fuse S50" 500m Fre Water conten 8 Fault X, 1500 1000 ‘a0 x 1.732 Step 1. lu 804K 100 tep2. Multiplier = 100 -28.57 Step Nitin = 108 Step, Ise= 1804 x 28.57 = 51,5408 732X25%51,540 « 9 g349 Step 4. = 'Sy72.1851 480 steps. m=, = 966 +0348 Step 6. —Is.caymnns = 51,540 x 9663 = 49,803 leet 11,808 = 7.2168 Iw mans = 49,808 + 7,216 = 57,019 aah Fault Xe Slop 4, Use lszaysrus @ Fault Xs to calculate 732 x50 x48, 22,185 x 480 4050 1 050 Stop 5. <7 Step 6. Iecomm 9,803 x 7117 = 35,4458 lay mtr = 4X1, 804= 7.2168 Tuas pants = 35,445 + 7,216 = 42,6610 i2 Short-Cireult Current Calculations ~ Procedures and Methods Point-to-Point Method — to Faults X: & Xz - System B Fault X Stept. y= Step 2, Mutipior= 122 28.57 a= 200k 35 ae-sa0.enit Step3. Iee,= 1208 x28.57 = 34,3708 1.73230 x34,371 Steps. (= ay 76.706x480 ~ sa sir Sen. Marr gg” 268 routes Step 6. Is.camnns = 94,370 ,9664 = 33,215A Ursa a508 Fase Famit Xe Step 4. 1 049 0 Teorbhase Expperin PV Condit Steps. 225 Kvn ante, Step 6. Iscamans =33,215 x 905 = 30,0598 i ™ Fault Xe 30,059 2 480 11.732012_ Too.o0o x22 5% m= 206 +s 480 A706 x 30,059 _ Jae mane = 04 SE 29,7318 30 Short-Circuit Current Calculations ~ RMS Amperes Comparison of Results System A Systom 8 Sym Sym. Rey. Sym. Ray. Sym. Ayn. Sym a ee A oS I auton by assuming 1500 HP fas Fest 3 Pon 2, PiBmatnod aad symmetioal stor contibuten at, th 3X. 1°1 Short-Circuit Current Calculations ~ 1 Transformer System Procedures and Methods Short-citeuit calculations on a single-phase center ‘apped transformer system require a slightly different procedure than 32 fauls on 39 systems. 41. IL is necessary thal the proper impedance be used 0 § represent the primary systom. For 30 fault caloulations, a . single primary conductor imoadance is only considered =I: from the source to the transtormer connection. This 's compensated for in the 38 short-circuit formula by rewany seconoant multiplying the single conductor or single-phase impedance by 1.73. ‘ot However, for single-phase faults, a primary conductor a impedance is considered ‘rom the source to the transformer and back to the sourea. Tais is compensated in the calculations by multiplying the 30 primary source impedance by two. 2, Tho impedance of the conter-tapped transformer must, bbe adjusted for the hal-winding (generaly line-to-neutral), fault condition. ‘The diagram at the right ilusrates that during line-to- neutral faults, the full primary winding is involved but, only the haltwinding on the secondary is involves. Therefore, PRIMARY the actual transformer reactance and resistance of the hall- sezowoany winding condition is diferent than the actual transtormar reactance and resistance of the full winding condition. “HORT curr Thus, adjusiment to the %X and %R must be made when considering Iine-to-neutral faults, The adjustment multipliers generally used for this condition are as folows Bow oy 1.5 times full winding %R on full winding basis. 41.2 times full winding %X on full winding basis. ‘aleulatios must be adjusted to iicale tarsforme: KVAV2 3, The impaciance of the cable and two-pale switches on the system must be considered “both-ways" since the. 4 current flows to the fault and then returns to the source, For instance, if a line-to-line fault occurs 0 feet trom a ransformer, then 100 feet of cable impedance mu included in the calculation svoORTciRCUT The calculations on the following pages illustrate te fault calculations on a single-phase trans‘ormar sysiom. Both line-to-ino and line-to-neulral faults are considered, Sater Note in these examples Tho multigliar of 2 for some electrical camponents 0 ‘account for the single-phase fault current flow, bb. The hal-winding transformer %X and %6R multipliers for the line-te-neutral fault situation and «Tho KVA and voltage basas used in the porsuni caleulations 2019 Shorl-Circuit Current Calculations —1g Transformer System Per-Unit Method — Line-to-Line Fault @ 240V - Fault x; 420,900 un ieiseree TSKVA, 18 Trantor, Tie a aon swich Len-nc anes Foe 25 -Sooemi Magni Conduit One-Line Diagram Impedance Digram i a (1.22) (10,000) PUx= "(0 (78) _ 68 (10,000) PUR = (100) (75) sos __ 2.00008) (10,000) PUK= ~ Tranny (2407 2 2x 28x oorax10, 2a PuK= (1000) (.240)2 2, pune eget (Wooo (240}7 Total PUR and PUX = PUL = VOLTA 2 TBA = 2.4532 lee omnase 10.000 ther (240) (2.4582) = 0278 000 3289 00 118 = 16,9844 10,000KVA Base PUR_| PUX - 2000 — | 1.8267 067 | — = 278 = 3289 an | — A185 2.18841 Shott-Circuit Current Calculations ~ 18 Transformer System Per-Unit Method — Line-to-Neutral Fault @ 120V - Fault x, 140,000 ik Weer ‘a Distance 008 sue Magne conde, netine Diagram 7 ine 10,000KVA Base PUR_| PUK PUK so) =2x.1=.2000 — | 2000 2) (1.22) (10,000) _ Pn 1982 — | 1982 (1.5) (.68) (10,000) run see 1.3600 | — (90008) 10,000) _ _ Pun’ = “nny (t20y ~ SE ase 25 2x25 x.0379%10,000 ae 2 000 _ PUR" =~ aggoy aaa “TE nae 2st 2x 2S x o244x10.000 ov a 1008 - - UR «Epos are | Te Tolal PUR and PUX= “2207235236 PU = V2. 2072 + (SBZSEP = 4.158 10.000 ‘sane Cran aay Impedance data thee utp to 2} srt aatcabesnce onal treurlfash ol 21 Short-Circuit Current Calculations ~ 18 Transformer System Point-to-Point Method — Line-to-Line Fault @ 240V - Fault X, Fault Xt rete Diagram ea Pals see sit TBKVA, 18 Transtormer Step 4, f= 2%25422.822 122K, GER - 7,185 x7240 70% Tr 0% Slop 6. Ise. gy) = 22.922 x 8267 = 18,453A 008 swe LPv-RKA00sP Fone Magnet conde a19 Short-Circuit Current Calculations ~ 19 Transformer System Point-to-Point Method — Line-to-Neutral Fault @ 120V — Fault X; Fault Xs Acta uy Stop 1. hy = £1000 332 54 bane 20 Step 2. Step 3. lee. na)=312.5X71.43 = 22,3228 TAY 18 Tastome, Iee.qan* 22,822 41.5" 99,4838 Hao {ena £25 422,822 41, esa Distance Sire 22.185 120 toad 1 steps. M=- 1 Sep Toman = 089 ‘oon Sed Step6. Iee..way 99,483 X 6139 =20,555R 25-0 ms ie Condit 19 Short Circuit Calculations ~ RMS Amperos Comparison of Results Por-Unit Method vs a 24Data Section Impedance and Reactance Data—transtormers and Switches Table 1.1, Transformer Impodance Data Table 1.4. Impodanco Data for Single Phase and Three Phase (OUR Ratio of Transformers — Based on ANSI/IEEE C37.010-1979) _Transformers-Supplement! st ia Suggested w z 20 Ratio for Calelation iw i al 5 x § ts 3a 18 ay 1 nese reoresent actual vansTorme nameplate valnge Taken Wan Fed x | ete: Ute aor 25K and rahe 10% tac on L+-T 1 Table 2. Current Transformer Reactance Data O51 2's 40 20 50100 200 50 1080 Approximate Reactance of Current Transformers Sel-conled Tranter tng in HVA re aren Tense Table hag been rept rom IEE Sid “41-1986, IEEE Recormanced Primary Curent Prance or Elecite Power Dstbion er oust Pa rious Volage Ratings 040 Table 1.2. Impedance Data for Three Phase Transformers 500 e008 oR cn % 00 “his tate nas oon epite tam IEE Sed 241-190, EEE Recormended Pret Baling Power Syslens, Copyght® 1860 bythe IB Stancards Deparner Table 3. Disconnecting Switch Reactance Data (Disconnecting-Switch Approximate Reactance Data, in Ohms“) fmgses| (ta SS Note: UC Lied vansiomers PSXVA and greater have Table 1.3. Impedance Data for Single Phase Transformers Soak ‘Normal Rang XIRRatlo of Percent *Natoal andar do 0 specly Zio aglephase Warfarmer. Cont “Based on alo erent of te nag a-ha nameplate KVA dived ¥y Secondary Ineornastalvaiage) Note ULL tanta 25 KYA aa ste table has been reprinted trom IEEESta 242-1986 (R199 crete Power Systane, Copyright® 1986 by he neue ot eletesl Deparment 2s ‘ohmiple a 6 zor aches rated 400-4000 respec Systems, Copyrght® 1990 by the gees, ne. wm the permission otData Section Impedance & Reactance Datta-circuit Breakers and Conductors Table 4, Circuit Breaker Reactance Data Table S. Impedance Data - Insulated Conductors (Ohms/i000 ft. each conductor - 602) co w spoT 200-80 z (Dilyplel Molded Care Creu Breakerimpedances 3h (ots) 1) Aaa epee ete mld cae rears ae slr eve gen) Ti table has been reprint rom IEEE Sie 24-1900, EEE Recormonded Pracee fo Commerc Bulting copyta Sangsids Deparmen Note: esses ezine of conoss in mane iaceway cue we ete ol hates Vol SKV and 15KV Isuleea Gonductos 7 MaReaRgaOr 7 Malicondaeor Onag, mneduenvokage mpedances Fesclance aleted by cable Faaton or spacing in 8 conauctr ease, ee. “tale nas ween rere em EE Sia 247-199, Bulking Power Systes, copyight © 1990 by Ne stu of 26Data Section "C' Values for Conductors and Busway Table 6, “C” Values for Conductors and Busway ‘AWG Theo Sina Conduciow “Tee Conauctar CR RV _——15 ——oov Sot sn ae 5 nav Sa 5 15511857 50 5 5, 15551558 z 57365570 sot S808 EET a7 — Bier Pa D061 956 Trae Tose 2a T0506, Tiree T1se8 TOE Fi Teo! — T1027 352319088 T2360 356 Tas ee 1306 oo, Tere 1476, Powe? 1887517808 Poet Ts8 ‘asod 71856 2065 oon 2ise7 47857 70053 99005 22097 376 2s SAB Taa6r T5500 2766 T8576 2508 Woe: These vale ate equalle se ovr Ba mpecance por oa inpedances Tound h Table 5. Page Inpatiy — Bay——— ‘Alurinart— Copper owe) 57500_—_—fe500 20109 = — 277 25819 = Inpedancesin Table 7, Page 28 aData Section Busway Impedance Data Table 7, Busway Impedance Data (Ohms per 1000 Feet - Line-to-Neutral, 60 Cycles) Frag Busway ‘pers Rag Resistance Readanes Impede Resistance ~~ Reacanes ——Impedanee 1350 Lowimpedanca Feeder Busway ~ oo Sms he above dala epevenis values which ar &composte of hase Gbluined by 2 Wrvey aly, value Tend be one a 28Data Section Asymmetrical Factors Table 8, Asymmetrical Factors ‘Selective Coordination (Blackout Prevention) Tae Samal RN Apa Having determined the faults that must be Shon Gveut shot asinon phase Maximo TRIES RreTpe TPR interrupted, te next step le to specity Protective BowerFace, Get nsatagons | RNSAMoaat RUS AnDNES! Dovicos that ull proviso a Selectively Coordinated Percent NR Ratio PrakAmperes Me URGrle Mn, MECIIML Sytem wth proper Ileruping Ratings Such a system assures safaty and reliability under all service conditions and prevents neadloss interuption of service on circulls other than the one (on which a fault oceurs. The topic of Selectivity will be Discussed in the next Handbook, EDP Il Component Protection Equipment Damage Prevention) Proper protection of electrical equipmen’ requires that fault current levels be known. The characteristics and let-through values of the overcurrent device must be known, and compared to the equipment withstand ratings. This topic of Component Protection is discussed in the third Hanabook, ED? I. 2areh 1966, copy: TOBE By 2