DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Term: Summer 2019/2020

Spec.: 4th Electrical

Instructors:
Brig. Asoc. Prof. Fathy Abdel Kader
Col. Dr. Wael Mofadal Mahfouz
Let.Col.Dr. Ahmed Fouad Yousef

Lecture # 1 1
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
•Properties and characterization of digital signals and systems.

•Interrelations between Continuous Time Signal (CTS) and Discrete

Time signal (DTS).
Mathematical transforms used in digital signal processing [Z -
transform, Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT), Discrete
Fourier Transform (DFT), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)].

Digital processing of DTS. Digital filters design [Finite Impulse

Response (FIR or nonrecursive) and Infinite Impulse Response
(IIR or recursive).

Lecture # 1 2
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
•Upon a successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:

• Understand the properties and characterization of digital signals and

systems.

• Understand the interrelations between CTS and DTS.

•Calculate and Compare among various mathematical Transforms used in

DSP.

• Investigate different problems of DTS and CTS and then propose

approaches to their solution.

•Design and implement the nonrecursive and recursive digital filters

having specified time or frequency domain characteristics.

Lecture # 1 3
 REFERENCES
1- A. Antonio, “Digital Filters: Design and Analysis”, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1979.

2-L.R. Rainier, B. Gold, “Theory of Digital Signal Processing”, Prentice-

Hall, Inc, 1975.

3- Vinay K. “Digital Signal Processing using MATLAB’, BROOKS/Cole

Publishing Company, 2000 (Item #1886).

4- James H. McClellan, “DSP DIRISTA A multimedia approach”

,Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998.

Lecture # 1 4
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

Printed Lectures (Item 1889)

Lecture # 1 5
 GRADING SYSTEM

Control Test 30 Points Homework 10 Points

Exams and Quizzes
Practical 10 Points Final Exam 50 Points
Total 100 Points

Lecture # 1 6
 COURSE OUTLINES
Wee Lect Lecture Title Exercise
k

1 1 Chapter 1: Introduction Assignment # 1

一Overview of DSP - DSP Categories Discrete-Time
二Course Organization Signals
2 Chapter 2: Discrete–Time Signals and Systems Assuagement # 2
一 Discrete – Time Signals : -Representation -Types Discrete–Time
二Operations -Spectrum -Correlation Energy and Power Systems
2 3 一Discrete Time Systems: -Representation - Properties
-Characteristics and Convolution

3 4 Chapter 3: The Discrete Time Fourier Analysis Assignments # 3

一The Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) Time–Domain
二 The Frequency Domain Representation of Analysis of LTI
三 LTI Systems System (Convolution)
5 一Sampling and Reconstruction of Analog Signals
4 6 Chapter 4 : The Z- Transform Assignment # 4
一Z-Transform - Properties Frequency-Domain
二Inversion of Z- Transform Representation LTT
Systems
5 7 Chapter 4 : The Z- Transform
一Systems Representation the Z- Domain
二 Solution of the Difference equation
8 Chapter 5: The Discrete Fourier Transform Assignment # 5
一DFT - Properties System Repression
二Quiz # 1 Covers all the Previous Topics in the Z- Domain
6 9 一Linear Convolution using the DFT
Lecture # 1 7
 COURSE OUTLINES (Contd.)
Wee Lect Lecture Title Exercise
k

7 10 一The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Assignment # 6

The Discrete Fourier
11 Chapter 6: Digital Filter Structure
Transform (DFT)
一Finite Impulse Response (FIR)
二Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)
8 12 Makeup – Review - Midterm # 1 Exam
9 13 Chapter 7 : Design of Non-recursive Digital Falter Assignment # 7
一Fourier Series Method. The FFT
14 一Windowing Technique Assignment # 8
Digital Filter Structure

10 15 一Frequency Sampling Technique Assignment # 9

二Statistical Methods Nonrecurise Digital Filter
三Quiz # 2 Covers all the Previous Topics Design
11 16 Chapter: 8 Design of Recursive Digital Filter
一Impulse Invariant -Modified Impulse Invariant
17 一Bilinear Z-Transformation -Matched Z- Transformation

12 18 DSP Applications Assignment # 10

Recursive Digital Filter
13 19 Final Review
Design
20

Lecture # 1 8
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

LECTURE OUTLINES

• 1.1 Introduction.
• 1.2 Overview of Signal Processing.
• 1.3 Analog Signal Processing.
• 1.4 Digital Signal Processing.
• 1.5 Digital Signal Processing Categories.
• 1.6 Course Organization.

Lecture # 1 9
 1.1 INTRODUCTION
• Digital Signal Processing (DSP) has grown to be important
theoretically and technologically.

• The major reason for its success in industry is due to the

low-cost software and hardware (computers).

• DSP applications are primarily algorithms that are

implemented either on a DSP (processor) or in software
such as MATLAB.

Lecture # 1 10
 APPLICATIONS OF DSP INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING FIELDS

1- Digital Communications.
2- Radar Applications.
3- Image Processing.
4- Speech Processing.
5- Electronic Warfare (ECM, ECCM and ESM).
6- Guidance Systems.
7- Biomedical Engineering.

Lecture # 1 11
 Radar1
1

Radar2
4

Radar3 Radar4

ESM System
(Reconnaissance)
ECM System

(Jamming or Deception)

Lecture # 1 12
 Received pulse
stream

Extracted parameters
Radar No.1 PRI= 1121 µ Sec.
PW = 10 µ Sec.
AOA= 50

Extracted parameters
Radar No.2
PRI= 800 µ Sec.
PW = 6 µ Sec.
AOA= 70

Radar No.3
Extracted parameters
PRI= 1000 µ Sec.
PW = 8 µ Sec.
AOA= 60
Lecture # 1 13
 Extracted data

Type of Modulation:
Binary Amplitude
SIGNAL Shift Keying.
1
Carrier Frequency:
200 kHz.

Bit rate:
20 kHz.

Extracted data

Type of Modulation:
Binary Frequency
SIGNAL
2
Shift Keying.

Carrier Frequency:
150 kHz.

Lecture # 1 Bit rate: 14

15 kHz.
 3.1.Three pulse canceller

X(n) Y(n)
-2
Delay
Tr
Delay
Tr

Fig.3. structure of the three-pulse canceller

Difference equation: Y(n)=X(n)-2*X(n-1)+X(n-2)

Transfer function : H(z)= 1 - 2*Z-1 + Z-2

Lecture # 1 15
Output of Doppler filter
8- range cells Test 8- range cells
Cell
Ym after weighting

Summing Circuit Summing Circuit

Average

Threshold Gain
x Target
Comparator
Adaptive Threshold
No target

CFAR scheme

Lecture # 1 16
1.2 Overview of Signal Processing

Useful Signal Signal Processor Output

Analog or Digital

The signal processor is designed for

• Extracting
• Enhancing the useful information

Lecture # 1 17
 1.3 Analog Signal Processing

H(s)

X(s)
Analog Signal Y(s)
Processor
Input Analog Analog output
h(t)
Signal active or passive circuit elements
Signal
X(t) y(t)
Example: radio and TV receivers

Figure 1.1 Processing of analog signals

Lecture # 1 18
 1.4 Digital Signal Processing

H(z)

Digital Signal
X(z) Processor Y(z)
Input Digital Digital output
Digital hardware
Signal Signal
Example: adders, multiplexers, logic y(nT)
X(nT)
elements, microprocessors,…etc.
h(nT)

Figure 1.1 Processing of digital signals

Lecture # 1 19
 Digital Signal Processing (Contd.)

• Analog signals are converted to a form suitable for digital

hardware (binary numbers or bits).

y(t)
Pre-filter X(t) ADC X(n) DSP y(n) DAC Post-filter
Analog Analog
Signal Signal
X(t) y(t)

Produces a staircase smoothes out the

limits the Converts Digital
waveform from a staircase waveform
signal BW to analog hardware
sequence of binary into the desired
prevent signals into
numbers analog signal
aliasing digital ones

Lecture # 1 20
 COMPARISON BETWEEN ASP AND DSP
ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

1- limited scope for performing 1- Systems can be developed using

complicated signal processing software running on a general
applications. purpose computer. Therefore, it is
convenient to be developed and
tested
2- nonflexible in processing 2- It can be easily modified

3-complexity in system design 3- low cost due to VLSI technology.

4- At very high frequency ASP is 4- The principle disadvantage of

utilized due to its speed operation DSP is the speed of operation,
especially at very high frequency
ASP is utilized.
Lecture # 1 21
 1.5 DSP CATEGORIES
Digital Signal Applications

Signal Analysis Signal Processing

Signal Parameter Measurements Example digital filters

•Spectrum (frequency or phase ) •Removal of noise.

analysis. •Removal of interference.
•Speech recognition. •Separation of signals.
•Target detection. •Shaping of signal spectrum

In some applications such as voice synthesis, a signal is first analyzed to study its
characteristics, which are often used in digital filtering to generate a synthetic
voice.
Lecture # 1 22
 1.6 COURSE ORGANIZATION
• Chapter 2 introduces basic description of discrete –time signals
and systems.
• Chapter 3 analyzes the signals and systems in frequency
domain.
• Chapter 4 analyzes the signals and systems in a generalized
frequency domain called z-domain.
• Chapter 5 discusses the practical algorithms for generating the
Fourier Transform [Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier
Transform].
• Chapter 6 describes various implementation and structures of
digital filter.
• Chapter 7 provides design techniques and algorithms of Finite
Impulse Response (FIR).
• Chapter 8 provides a similar treatment for Infinite Impulse
Response (IIR).
• Finally, some practical applications are given.
Lecture # 1 23