ME1100 - Thermodynamics

Pallab Sinha Mahapatra

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Room No. FF4-CFD Center,
IIT Madras
Chennai, India
Phone: 044-2257-4692
Teaching Assistants

Mr. Billa Prasanna Kumar

Email: [email protected]
Mr. Hemanth D
Email: [email protected]

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras 2

Change of Phase: heating at a constant pressure
(For substances whose volume increases after melting)
Solid + Liquid
P Critical Point

Liquid P, T increases
P3
1” 2” 3” 4”
P2
Solid 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ Vapour
1 2 3 Liquid + Vapour 4 P1

Triple Line
Solid + Vapour
Change of Phase: heating at a constant pressure
(For water whose volume decreases after melting)
P Critical Point

Liquid P, T increases
P3
4”
2” 3” 1”
P2
2’ 3’ 1’ 4’
Solid Vapour
2 3 1 4 P1
Liquid + Vapour
Triple Line
Solid + Vapour

v
Change of Phase: heating at a constant pressure
P (For water whose volume decreases after melting)
Critical Point
T increases
Liquid
P3
4”
2” 3” P2
2’ 3’ 4’ Vapour
2 3 Liquid + Vapour4 P1
Triple Line

v
A critical point, also called a critical state, specifies the
conditions (temperature, pressure) above which distinct
liquid and vapour phases cease to exist.
Water: 647 K (374 °C) and 22.064 MPa.
Change of Phase : heating at a constant pressure
P
Critical Point
T increases
Liquid
P3
4”
2” 3” P2
2’ 3’ 4’ Vapour
2 3 Liquid + Vapour4 P1
Triple Line

v
Triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at
which three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance
may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Water: 273.16 K, 611.66 Pa and density of 999.8 kg/m3
Change of Phase: heating at a constant pressure
Subcooled/
P increases
Compressed
liquid

Superheated
Vapour
Liquid + Vapour
Change of Phase: depressurization at a constant temperature
p-v-T surface of a substance
that contracts on freezing
p-v-T surface of a substance
that expands on freezing
Change of Phase: p-T curve
Change of Phase: Quality/Dryness fraction
Quality (dryness fraction)
mg
Critical Point x=
ml + mg
x f = 0; xg = 1
i

vi - v f xi - x f
Saturated Vapour = = xi
Saturated Liquid vg - v f xg - x f
vi = v f + xi ( vg - v f )
f
i
(1 - x ) g
= xi vg + (1 - xi ) v f
xg = 1
i

xf = 0 xi
Change of Phase: Use of Steam Table

If xi=0.3
Change of Phase: Use of Steam Table

If xi=0.4
Change of Phase: Use of Steam Table

Use interpolation suitably to get properties like u, v,

h as a function of (p, T)
Change of Phase: Use of Steam Table
If the condition pertains to sub-cooled liquid, then use
temperature-based saturation table and write

h = u f + pv f At a temperature Tf

This value of enthalpy will usually be very close to hf

Mollier diagram
1. Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of water at the following
conditions and sketch p-v or T-v diagrams showing the location of each state with
respect to the saturation lines.

(a) 5 bar, 151.9oC (b) 5 bar, 200oC (c) 2.5 MPa, 200oC (d) 4.8 bar, 160oC.
Solution:
(a) 5 bar, 151.9oC Can not be determined

T
State (b)
T=151.9 °C
p= 5 bar
(b) 5 bar, 200oC

Superheated
V
1. Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of water at the following
conditions and sketch p-v or T-v diagrams showing the location of each state with
respect to the saturation lines.

(a) 5 bar, 151.9oC (b) 5 bar, 200oC (c) 2.5 MPa, 200oC (d) 4.8 bar, 160oC.
Solution:
(c) 2.5 MPa, 200oC Subcooled

T=223.2 °C
p= 2.5 MPa
State (c)

V
2. Using steam tables, determine the specified property data for
each of the following states. Show the location of each state with
respect to the saturation lines. (a) 3 bar, 240°C, find v and u; (b) 3
bar, 0.3 m3/kg, find T and u; (c) 10 bar, 400°C find v and h; (d)
320°C, 0.026 m3/kg find p and u.
(a) p = 3 bar, T = 240°C, Tsat@3 bar = 133.6°C, so state is super heated.
Using superheated table corresponding to 3 bar, by interpolation, v =
0.78 m3/kg and u = 2713.4 kJ/kg.

(b) p = 3 bar, v = 0.3 m3/kg. vg@3 bar=0.606 m3/kg, state is saturated.

T=133.6°C, x=(v - vf)/(vg -vf)=(0.3-0.001073)/(0.606-0.001073) =0.4941, u =
uf(1-x)+ugx = 561(1-0.4941)+2544(0.4941)=1540.77 kJ/kg.

(c) p=10 bar, T=400°C, Tsat@10 bar = 179.9°C, state is super heated. From
super heated tables ≡ 10 bar, v = 0.307 m3/kg, h = 3264 kJ/kg.

(d) T=320°C, v=0.026 m3/kg, vg@320°C=0.015 m3/kg, since v>vg, state is

super heated; p is less than psat@320°C. From super heated tables, ≡ 80 bar,
by interpolation, v is found to be 0.026 m3/kg at about 320°C, Thus, p = 80
bar and by interpolation, u = 2645.6 kJ/kg.
 3) 1 kg of water at 0.2 MPa is initially enclosed within a volume of 0.10 m3 in a
vertical piston-cylinder arrangement. The piston initially rests on stops and will
move when the pressure is 1.0 MPa. During a certain process, an amount heat
equal to 2500 kJ is transferred to the water. Determine the work done and the final
state of the water.

Solution: Initial volume: 0.1 m3 v1= 0.1 m3/kg

Let us denote intermediate state as 2 when
pressure reaches 10 bar and the piston is just
about to move
v2= 0.1 m3/kg
Since volume remains constant between 1-2 è W=0
From the first law of Thermodynamics for a system
Q
Q – W = DU
 3) 1 kg of water at 0.2 MPa is initially enclosed within a volume of 0.10 m3 in a
vertical piston-cylinder arrangement. The piston initially rests on stops and will
move when the pressure is 1.0 MPa. During a certain process, an amount heat
equal to 2500 kJ is transferred to the water. Determine the work done and the final
state of the water.

Q = DU v1= v2= 0.1 m3/kg

From saturated steam (pressure) table

v f < v1 < vg v f < v2 < vg u1 = (1-x1)uf+x1ug u2 = (1-x2)uf+x2ug

= 730.95 kJ/kg = 1,695.81 kJ/kg
x1 = (v1-vf)/(vg-vf) x2 = (v2-vf)/(vg-vf) h2= (1-x2)hf+x2hg
= 0.1118 = 0.5126 = 1,795.79 kJ/kg
3) 1 kg of water at 0.2 MPa is initially enclosed within a volume of 0.10 m3 in a
vertical piston-cylinder arrangement. The piston initially rests on stops and will
move when the pressure is 1.0 MPa. During a certain process, an amount heat
equal to 2500 kJ is transferred to the water. Determine the work done and the final
state of the water.

u1 = 730.95 kJ/kg u2 = 1,695.81 kJ/kg Q1-2 = DU=964.86 kJ

Remaining heat (2500-964.86) kJ is available for lifting of the piston to
its final state 3.
Q2-3 = 1535.14 kJ
Pressure remains constant between 2 and 3 è p2=1 MPa
From the first law of Thermodynamics for a system between 2 and 3

Q2-3 – W2-3 = DU Q2-3 = (U3-U2)+P2(V3-V2)=(U3+P3V3)-(U2+P2V2)

Q2-3=H3-H2
 3) 1 kg of water at 0.2 MPa is initially enclosed within a volume of 0.10 m3 in a
vertical piston-cylinder arrangement. The piston initially rests on stops and will
move when the pressure is 1.0 MPa. During a certain process, an amount heat
equal to 2500 kJ is transferred to the water. Determine the work done and the final
state of the water.

H2=mh2= 1,795.79 kJ Q2-3=H3-H2 Q2-3 = 1535.14 kJ

H3=Q2-3+H2= 3,330.93 kJ

For 1 MPa pressure,

hg= 2,778 kJ/kg è Superheated
h 3> h g
u3 - 2957 3330.93 - 3264 u3= 3,008.99 kJ/kg
=
3124 - 2957 3479 - 3264
u2 = 1,695.81 kJ/kg
Q – W = DU è W = 221.96 kJ
4) A system consisting of 1 kg of steam/water substance at
150°C is contained in a frictionless piston-cylinder mechanism.
From an initial volume of 0.35 m3, the steam is compressed
slowly until the volume has been reduced to 10% of the initial
volume. During the process heat transfer occurs at such a rate
as to keep the temperature constant at 150°C. Indicate the
initial and final states and the compression process on a p-v
diagram clearly, showing the saturation lines. Calculate the
work and the heat interactions for the system.

25
m =1 kg, T1 = 150°C, V1 = 0.35 m3, V2 = 0.035 m3.
v1 = 0.35 m3/kg, v2 = 0.035 m3/kg.
For 150°C, 0.35 m3/kg, state is saturated since vf < v < vg.
Initial quality, x1 = (0.35 - 0.001091) / (0.393 - 0.001091) =
0.89.
Final state is also saturated,
x2 = (0.035 - 0.001091) / (0.393 - 0.001091) = 0.0865.
The pressure also remains constant at psat @ 150°C = 4.758 bar.
Specific internal energies:
u1 = 631.7 + 0.89 (2559 - 631.7) = 2347 kJ/kg,
u2 = 631.7 + 0.0865 (2559 - 631.7) = 798.4 kJ/kg.
ΔU = -1548.58 kJ.
W = pΔV = 4.758 × 105 × (0.035 - 0.35) = -149.877 kJ.
Q = W + ΔU = -1548.58 - 149.877 = -1698.45 kJ.
26
5) A two-phase mixture of water with a quality of 25% is
contained in a piston cylinder assembly as shown. The
mass of the piston is 40 kg and its diameter is 10 cm. The
initial and final positions of the piston are shown in the
figure. The water is heated until the pressure reaches 300
kPa. Determine the total amount of heat transfer. Take patm
= 100 kPa.

27
x1 = 0.25, mp = 40 kg , dp = 10 cm, p2 = 300 kPa and patm = 100
kPa.
p1 = 105 + 40 × 9.81 / {𝝅(0.12)/4} = 150 kPa.
v1 = vf1 + x1 (vg1 - vf1) = 0.2906 m3/kg.
m = V1/v1 =[𝝅(0.1)2 × 0.01/4] / 0.2906 = 2.70268 × 10-4 kg.
u1 = uf1 + x1 (ug1 - uf1) = 980.175 kJ/kg.
V2 = 𝝅(0.1)2 × 0.045 / 4 =3.53 × 10-4 m3.
v2 = V2/m = 1.3077 m3/kg.
For the final pressure and specific volume, state is superheated; by
interpolation u2 = 3264 kJ/kg. Considering water as the system,
Q1-2 = W1-2 + ΔU1-2 = 2.70268 × 10-4 × 150 (1.3077 - 0.2906) +
2.70268 × 10-4 × (3264 - 980.175) = 658.47 × 10-3 kJ or 658.47 J.

28
4) 5 kg of saturated mixture of R134a is enclosed in a rigid container at the initial
pressure of 1 bar. When the mixture is heated, it finally attains the critical state. Find
the initial quality of the mixture and the heat transferred to the system during the
process. Properties of R134a at the critical state are as follows:
T (oC) P (MPa) v (m3/kg) u (kJ/kg) h (kJ/kg)

101.06 4.0591 0.001954 381.71 389.64

Solution: Rigid container è volume is constant
Mass fixed è specific volume is constant v1=v2=vcr=0.001954 m3/kg

x1 = (v1-vf)/(vg-vf)
= (0.001954 - 0.000726)/( 0.19256- 0.000726)
= 0.0064
u1 = (1-x1)uf+x1ug = 166.64 kJ/kg
4) 5 kg of saturated mixture of R134a is enclosed in a rigid container at the initial
pressure of 1 bar. When the mixture is heated, it finally attains the critical state. Find
the initial quality of the mixture and the heat transferred to the system during the
process. Properties of R134a at the critical state are as follows:
T (oC) P (MPa) v (m3/kg) u (kJ/kg) h (kJ/kg)
101.06 4.0591 0.001954 381.71 389.64

u1 = 166.64 kJ/kg u2=ucr=381.71 kJ/kg

From the first law of Thermodynamics for a system
Q – W = DU

Q =5*(381.71-166.64)=1075 kJ
5) A system consisting of 10 kg of R134a at 0oC is contained in a frictionless piston-
cylinder mechanism. From an initial volume of 0.35 m3, the steam is compressed
slowly until the volume has been reduced to 10% of the initial volume. During the
process heat transfer occurs at such a rate as to keep the temperature constant at 0o
C. Indicate the initial and final states and the compression process on a P-v diagram
clearly, showing the saturation lines. Calculate the work and the heat interactions for
the system.
Solution: Initial volume= 0.35 m3 Initial specific volume (v1)= 0.035 m3/kg
Final volume= 0.035 m3 Final specific volume (v2)= 0.0035 m3/kg

v f < v1,2 < vg Saturated (wet) region u1 = (1-x1)uf+x1ug

= 288.93 kJ/kg
x1 = (v1-vf)/(vg-vf) x2 = (v2-vf)/(vg-vf) u2 = (1-x2)uf+x2ug
= 0.4994 = 0.0398 = 206.88 kJ/kg
5) A system consisting of 10 kg of R134a at 0oC is contained in a frictionless piston-
cylinder mechanism. From an initial volume of 0.35 m3, the steam is compressed
slowly until the volume has been reduced to 10% of the initial volume. During the
process heat transfer occurs at such a rate as to keep the temperature constant at 0o
C. Indicate the initial and final states and the compression process on a P-v diagram
clearly, showing the saturation lines. Calculate the work and the heat interactions for
the system.
u1 = 288.93 kJ/kg v1= 0.035 m3/kg u2 = 206.88 kJ/kg v2= 0.0035 m3/kg
Pressure remains constant è p=0.2928 MPa
For constant pressure process, W = pm ( v2 - v1 ) = -92.23 kJ
From the first law of Thermodynamics for a system
Q – W = DU Q = DU + W = -912.73 kJ
 Thank you

Pallab Sinha Mahapatra

Multiscale Multiphysics Group (MMG)
Fluid Systems Laboratory (FSL)
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://home.iitm.ac.in/pallab

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras