Assignment#1

Fundamentals of Power systems (AEE 3210)

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Introduction:

Given that we can reliably create useful energy from them, renewable resources will play a key
role in power generation in the near future. Nuclear power, renewable energy, and fossil fuels are
the three main categories of energy resources. Between 15 and 20% of the world's energy is
produced. This will result in a multitude of problems, such as the exhaustion of fossil fuels, and
unsustainable circumstances. Fuels, tensions over the environment and geography, global
warming, and shifting fuel prices. Additionally, it helps society on many levels. According to its
definition, sustainable energy is limitless or never runs out, like the sun. Renewable energy
sources are frequently referred to as "alternative energy" when the word is utilized. It makes
reference to alternative energy sources to the most popular non-sustainable ones, including coal.

Currently, the most widely used renewable energy sources are:

1. Solar energy.

2. Wind energy.

3. Hydro energy.

4. Tidal energy.

5. Geothermal energy.

6. Biomass energy

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Solar Energy:

Thus, one of the most available and plentiful sources of energy on our planet is sunshine. More
solar energy than the earth needs in a single year is delivered to the surface of the Earth in just
one hour. The level of solar energy we can have varies, the weather of the year, and our area,
despite the fact that it can seem like the best renewable energy source. Your usage of solar
energy as a best resource is becoming more and more trending these days. Read our guide on
solar energy to determine if it is appropriate for you.

Advantages of Solar energy:

 Renewable energy source.

 Lowers electricity costs.

 Low Costs of Maintenance.

 Technological advancement.

Solar energy disadvantages include:

 Cost.

 Weather-Dependent.

 The cost of solar energy storage.

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  Related to pollution.

 Takes Up a Lot of Room.

Wind Energy:

A significant renewable energy source is wind. There are more wind farms prevalent as wind
power's contribution to the National Grid increases. Wind turbines drive generators that supply
electricity to the National Grid in order to produce electricity. Even while there are ways to
generate electricity for your home "off-grid," not every home. It is a home windmill. Visit our
website to learn more about wind energy.

Advantages of Wind Energy:

 There is wind practically everywhere.

 Anywhere there are distant locations, wind power is fantastic.

 Long- and medium-term wind patterns are predictable.

 Fantastic efficiency of conversion.

 Very little land is needed for wind energy.

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  There is little environmental impact.

Disadvantages of Wind Energy:

 Unpredictability.

 Threat to wildlife,

 Limited locations suitable for wind turbines.

Hydro Energy:

Hydropower is one of the energy sources with the much greater level of financial security. It is
good to use a sizable reservoir to have a natural flow of water that will give energy to a turbine
and have the electricity. Because it may be stored for use during times of high demand, this is
sometimes more a kind of dependable as compared to solar or wind power. Hydropower can be
used for residential, "off-grid," generating, and, like wind power, On occasion, it might be a
more economical source of energy for businesses (depending on the type and when compared to
other sources of energy).For additional information, see our page on hydropower.

Advantages of Hydro Energy:

 Cost-effective energy source.

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  Hydropower plants are quick and flexible.

 Water carries a lot of energy.

 Demand-driven production is possible.

 Minimal indirect emissions

 For smaller plants, secondary water flows are appropriate.

 Utilizing hydropower as a reclamation technique.

Disadvantages of Hydro Energy

 It has an effect on the environment. The effect hydroelectric electricity may have on the
environment is arguably its biggest drawback.

 People are moved by it.

 It costs a lot.

 Reservoirs are Strictly Limited.

 Droughts do exist.

 It isn't always secure.

Tidal Energy:

With twice-daily tidal currents, this extra hydro energy source powers turbine generators.
Contrary to Tidal flow is not constantly present, unlike some other hydro energy sources, but it is
reasonably predictable and may therefore make up for times when it is weak. For additional
information, see our article on marine energy.

Advantages of Tidal Energy:

 Tides can be predicted with ease.

 Inexpensive to keep up.

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  Reliable and renewable energy source.

 Superior than other renewable energy sources in terms of energy density.

 Neither greenhouse emissions nor other trash are produced.

Disadvantages of Tidal Energy:

 The cost of construction is relatively expensive initially.

 Silt formation behind the barrage.

 Effect on nearby tidal stations' native wildlife and vegetation.

 A dearth of places that are ideal for barrage construction.

 Disturbs oceanic wildlife's travel patterns.

Geothermal energy:

Geothermal energy can be used to make the electricity by clicking into the natural present heat
under the earth or to heat homes directly. Despite the fact that geothermal energy comes from
beneath our feet, locations like Iceland, where it is far more common to find geothermal heat,
make it unimportant.

Advantages of Geothermal Energy:

 Constantly accessible.

 Does not require a lot of area.

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  Hushed power.

 It generates an unprecedented number of jobs.

 More energy is provided for a given nominal power.

 Permits recycling twice.

 The plants are dependable, durable, and safe.

 Minimal maintenance is needed.

Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy:

 Restrictive of location. The geographical specificity of geothermal energy is its biggest

drawback.

 Consequences for the environment.

 Earthquakes.

 High expenses

 Sustainability.

Biomass Energy:

In this method, electricity is produced

using solid fuel made of botanical ingredients.
Even if producing energy by burning
organic molecules is at the heart of biomass,
this method is now more energy- and environmentally-friendly.

Advantages of Biomass Energy:

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  As a renewable energy source, biomass is consistently and readily accessible.

 It is carbon-free.

 It lessens our over-dependence on fossil fuels.

 Cheaper than fossil fuels in price.

 For manufacturers, the production of biomass adds another revenue stream.

 Less waste dumped in landfills.

Disadvantages of Biomass Energy:

 Fossil fuels are more efficient than biomass energy. The efficiency of some biofuels, such
as ethanol, is inferior to that of gasoline.

 It is not completely tidy.

 Can result in the loss of forests.

 The size of biomass plants is significant.

What kind of energy isn't renewable?

Fossil fuels are not renewable energy sources because there is a finite amount of them.
Additionally, they contribute to the loss of carbon dioxide from our atmosphere, hastening
global. Compressed briquettes and wood pellets are made from by-products of the wood
processing sector, which might be considered waste recycling. Compared to logs, compressed
biomass fuels are also more exciting. However, burning wood, whether it be untreated or waste,
—produces emissions of airborne particulates. As the world's population continues to rise, there
will likely be a greater need energy to run our buildings, workplaces, and neighborhoods.

The challenges facing utilization of each source:

The challenges facing utilization of solar energy:

1. The production of solar energy rises during the day, peaks in the late afternoon, and then
declines as night falls. Since quick increases in demand (a smaller peak in the morning

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 and a greater peak when the sun sets) do not correspond with increases in solar energy
output, the problem is with its consumption.

2. Manufacture-related environmental costs. If solar panels be used for the recommended 20

to 25 years, as specified by their warranty, they can be a very clean source of electricity.

3. Utility-grade solar installations require regions that are abnormally large to fit enough
solar panels (or mirrors, in case of concentrated solar). When there is available space,
solar glass or roofing provides an excellent opportunity to start producing and using
green energy locally in urban areas becomes a problem. With ongoing technological
developments, there will be a wide range of rooftop solar solutions available in the near
future.

The challenges facing utilization of wind energy:

1. Isolated regions are typically where you'll find the best wind spots.

2. Wind farms might endanger the local fauna. More research is still required to minimize
wind-animal interactions even if wind energy programmes have less of an adverse impact
on wildlife than other energy endeavors.

The challenges facing utilization of hydro energy:

1. It Has an Effect on the Environment.

2. Reservoirs Drive People Away: Reservoirs drive both people and animals away from
their natural habitats. The local population may suffer significant suffering as a result of
this hydroelectricity defect. Those who have spent their entire lives in one location may
be forced to move, and while doing so is usually rewarded, it does not make up for what
they have lost.

3. The initial cost of building a dam is high. Even if they are inexpensive to operate, a dam
may take a while to pay for itself.

4. The Number of Reservoirs is Limited.

5. Droughts are a problem.

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The challenges facing utilization of biomass energy:

The intrinsic heterogeneity in structure and composition of biomass, which has the potential to
degrade product quality, is a significant obstacle. Furthermore, using biomass results in low
economic benefit and efficiency for conventional chemical and energy conversion technology.

The challenges facing utilization of geothermal energy:

Such hard to go might take into account a finite supply, a dearth of suitable geographic sites,
transmission losses, and the knowledge for dry-up of underground wells. The fact that
geothermal energy is site-specific is its best difficulty. Since geothermal plants must be
constructed where the source of energy is located, some places cannot take into account this
resource.

The challenges facing utilization of tidal energy:

Although tidal power is a promising renewable energy source, its development is constrained by
high production costs, a shortage of suitable locations, and technical difficulties. Tidal power
converts potential or kinetic energy from rising and falling ocean tides into other energy sources,
frequently electricity. There are a few drawbacks to tidal power, including its restricted
availability, high cost, potential influence on the local ecosystem, and inconsistent power output
relative to peak energy demand.

The current and future developments of each source:

The current and future developments of solar energy:

 Presenting AI. Sectors that have implemented AI have had their chance and are
benefiting from it.

 Lower Prices and Greater Affordability.

 Enhancements to the durability of solar panels.

 Growing need for solar energy jobs.

 Using tax credits and being concerned about climate change.

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The current and future developments of wind energy:

In 2021, 830 GW of wind energy were installed, with onshore systems accounting for 93% of the
total. Offshore wind farms providing the remaining 7%. 115 countries throughout the world
employ onshore wind, which is a more developed technology than offshore wind. which is still
in its infancy and only has capacity in 19 countries. It is expected that by 2030, the wind will
produce 20% of the world's electricity, resulting in 2.4 million new jobs and a more than 3.3
billion tonne reduction in CO2 emissions. Since 2009, the cost of wind turbines has dropped by
around one-third annually. In 2019, the total wind energy capacity reached 645GW. In contrast
to conventional offshore wind farms, multi-turbine technology employs numerous 1 MW
turbines set together in a lattice.

The current and future developments of hydro energy:

The growth of hydropower has the potential to significantly disrupt the current equilibrium
between man and his environment. Along the path of rivers, farming and population tend to be
concentrated. Water continues to be the foundation for animals outside of populated areas and a
significant landscape component. Modernizing the current hydroelectric infrastructure might
boost output, make up for some drought-related losses, and guarantee that the plants can run for
many years to come. Between now and 2030, $127 billion will be spent globally on replacing
ageing facilities.

The current and future developments of biomass energy:

Because it can be created from sources that are renewable and can be continuously replenished,
such as garbage and plants, bioenergy, also known as energy obtained from A sustainable
alternative to fossil fuels is biomass and decrease our gasoline supply, compromising our
national security. In terms of the emergence of the hydrogen economy, biomass is anticipated to
continue playing crucial roles in the large-scale production of hydrogen. Additionally, biomass
has a history of innovation leadership, utilizing ground-breaking technology to produce negative
emissions.

The current and future developments of geothermal energy:

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The clean, sustainable energy source known as geothermal energy essential to the long-term
growth of the energy sector. Geothermal exploration and resource evaluation have seen major
breakthroughs in recent decades. Since geothermal energy can supply base load electricity when
neither the wind nor the sun are blowing, it will play a crucial role in the future energy mix.
Energy security will be achieved by creating a well-balanced combination of these renewable
energy sources.

The current and future developments of tidal energy:

Tidal energy is a clean, sustainable, and underutilized resource that offers great potential for
supplying the world's growing energy demands both now and in the future. There are no current
plans to build supply networks or advance this technology. As a result, tidal energy prices are
anticipated to continue high. To find innovative techniques that can reduce costs, further
technological investigation is required.

What are the pros and cons of renewable energy?

Renewable energy sources, such as hydropower, solar power, geothermal power, tidal energy,
and hydro are gaining popularity as we work toward a future without carbon emissions. Nations,
companies, and individuals are embracing clean energy for a range of advantageous factors, such
as reduced air pollution and cost savings. In this essay, we'll look at some of the advantages and
disadvantages of renewable energy.
Advantages of renewable energy:
Over fossil fuels, there are several benefits of using renewable energy, some of the best
advantages of choosing an alternate energy source are as follows:
1. Renewable energy sources are abundant.
2. Less maintenance is required for renewable energy.
3. Cheap renewable energy sources are available.
4. Using renewable energy has a number of environmental benefits.
5. Renewable energy sources lessen reliance on foreign energy imports.
6. Water and air are made cleaner by using renewable energy.
7. Jobs are created by renewable energy.
8. Waste can be reduced by using renewable energy.
Disadvantages of renewable energy:
Although renewable energy offers numerous advantages, things aren't always as they seem. In
comparison to conventional fuel sources, the following are some drawbacks of renewable
energy:

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1. The cost of renewable energy is considerable up front.
2. Renewable energy sources are sporadic.
3. Renewable energy sources can be stored.
4. There are geographical restrictions on renewable energy sources.
5. Renewables don't always have a zero carbon footprint.

Major challenges still exist for renewable energy:

Some of these problems are endemic to all new technologies, while others are the result of a
flawed legislative and market framework. Concentrating on solar and wind power, this website
examines the obstacles to renewable energy in great depth.
 The majority of the expense is paid in the technology's development because solar and
wind power are among the most economical renewable energy sources because they
have no "fuel" costs and don't need any upkeep. Due to higher construction costs, higher
interest rates on loans, and more difficulty for utilities or developers to defend the
investment, financial institutions may regard renewable energy projects as risky.
 Transmitting and locating, Energy sources like natural gas, coal, and nuclear rely on a
small number of large power plants, which makes them incredibly concentrated. On the
other hand, wind and solar power propose a decentralized system in which a broad area
is covered by a number of smaller power-generating units that cooperate to produce
electricity. Decentralization offers a number of notable benefits, including increased grid
resilience being the most notable one, but it also has disadvantages linked to siting and
transmission. Sitting is the process of placing equipment like solar farms and wind
turbines in specific locations on a piece of land. This calls for discussions, agreements,
authorizations, and community involvement, all of which can raise costs and increase the
likelihood that projects will be delayed or abandoned.
 For the majority of the 20th century, a few key players— fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and
most recently, natural gas —dominated the US electrical market. These highly
developed, well-understood technologies, which have great market power, have attracted
significant investment from utilities across the nation.
 Unfair playing field: The fossil fuel business is hardly an anomaly. You rarely watch
industries worth billions of dollars without also watching disproportionate political
power. According to an estimate by Oil Change International, the some regions annually
spends $37.5 billion on fossil fuel subsidies.  Taxpayer’s support the industry's R&D,
mining, drilling, and electricity production. Subsidies have probably enhanced domestic
production, but they have also taken money away from more profitable endeavors.
 Myths regarding dependability: Critics of renewable energy frequently point out that the
sun and wind are unpredictable in order to support coal, gas, and nuclear power facilities
serves as a rhetorical roadblock to greater adoption of wind and solar energy,
undermining significant expenditures in renewable energy. However, the truth is

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 considerably more in favor of clean energy. When distributed over a sufficiently wide
area and combined with complementing generation sources.

Which two sources of renewable energy mostly utilized in Saudi Arabia and
why? Give details?
Solar and wind energy will make significant contributions to Saudi Arabia's future energy
needs.

Saudi Arabia's choice of wind turbines for power generation:

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To transform wind energy into electricity on a commercial basis, a sizable wind turbine is
needed. Currently, Vestas and Goldwind are the two top producers of wind turbines. They
have put in a sizable number of turbines for the production of commercial wind energy
worldwide. The right wind turbine should be chosen based on the local wind conditions,
including energy availability and wind speed characteristics. Vestas wind turbines are a
reasonable and sustainable option to invest in and create electricity in Yanbu where the
average wind speed is over 8 mph, according to the statistics on wind speed accessible for
various sites in KSA.
Reasons of Solar Energy:
Its main advantage is that It is a reliable, renewable source of power. Solar energy may be
scaled up. It can therefore be used to power many homes or on a huge scale, contribute to a
reduction in carbon footprint. Due to its proximity to Africa, Europe, and other Middle
Eastern nations as well as its abundance of sunshine, the Gulf region has a clear geographic
advantage in the solar energy sector, positioning it to eventually become an energy exporter.
"We can reduce carbon emissions, lower costs associated with business operations and
maintenance, and improve air quality while advancing development in the sector by
capturing photovoltaic energy from the universe's largest source and granting access to
electricity to areas that still rely on fossil fuels. The adoption of a circular carbon economy
approach, a significant tree-planting initiative, a decrease in carbon emissions of more than
4% of global emissions, and actions to stop pollution and land degradation are all part of
Saudi Arabia's plans to promote sustainability. The nation also intends to launch its first
green bond early this year that conforms with issues related to governance, social issues, and
the environment.

Conclusion:
Oil, gas, and coal are common sources of energy, and their availability is crucial for a
nation's economy to grow. Pakistan is totally dependent on conventional energy sources
despite the fact that they have detrimental effects. In addition to having access to hydro,
wind, and geothermal energy, Pakistan is an ideal location for the production of solar energy.
However, the two main barriers to producing electricity Politics and money are renewable
resources. When classifying renewable energy sources, all aspects are taken into account,
photovoltaic. Biomass is viewed as suitable for small-scale businesses because it saves a
substantial amount of fuel. When renewable energy sources are used effectively, they can
lead to growth in effects, the development of social ties, and community growth. Although
they have benefits, renewable energy sources are also challenging to install and delicate to
the local ecology. Its forecasting, implementation, and planning require more thinking and
knowledge than other programmes do.

References:
https://www.edfenergy.com/for-home/energywise/renewable-energy-sources
https://news.energysage.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-renewable-energy/

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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-020-01013-4
https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/renewable-energy#:~:text=Renewable
%20energy%20comes%20from%20sources,geothermal%20energy%2C%20and
%20hydroelectric%20power.

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