CE 7d Hydrology

Republic of the Philippines Course Name: HYDROLOGY

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
Tagbilaran City, Bohol Course Description:
The course deals on the hydrologic cycle and the different processes such as
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, overland flow, groundwater flow and
Civil Engineering Department
surface runoff generation.
Course objectives:
VISION: A premier Science and Technology university for the formation of a
world class and virtuous human resource for sustainable development
To develop technical skills for modelling and quantifying hydrological
in Bohol and the country. processes. Development of research capabilities so that the students
MISSION: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and completing the course shall be capable of pursuing further works on water
sciences, as well as in the professional and technological fields;
undertake research and development, and extension services for management, integrated water resources management, urban water
sustainable development of Bohol and the country. management, flood control, managing climate change impacts on the water
GOALS: 1. Pursue faculty and education excellence and strengthen the current cycle, canal design, etc.
viable curricular programs and develop curricular programs that are
responsive to the demands of the times both in the industry and the Syllabus:
environment. 1. Definition of Hydrology
2. Promote quality research outputs that respond to the needs of the
local and national communities. 2. The Hydrologic Cycle
3. Develop communities through responsive extension programs. 3.
4. Adopt efficient and profitable income generating projects/enterprise ,
for self-sustainability.
5. Provide adequate, state-of-the-art and accessible infrastructure
support facilities for quality equation.
6. Promote efficient and effective good governance supportive of high
quality education. Point rainfall to areal rai
CORE VALUES: 4. ration,
1. Search for Excellence
2. Responsiveness to Challenges
3. Student Access -
4. Public Engagement models to infiltration data using Excel
5. Good Governance
5. Evaporation (Here only discussions of basic concepts are introduced.
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES:
BSCE 1. Provide a technologically advanced curriculum to develop highly
The detaile
analytical and competent graduates;
2. Prepare learners to apply operational researches to further new
knowledge and technology and to involve students in research-
based extension activities; methods/procedures for estimating evaporation from open water
3. Perform managerial activities through actual project construction; 6. Basic Subsurface
4. Provide the necessary facilities, effective services and humane
learning environment; and
5. Inculcate the culture of excellence, instill personal values,
professional ethics and respect for nature through sustainable green
engineering.

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CE 7d Hydrology
unconfined aquifer Introduction
aquifer
7. Rainfall- Water is the most abundant substance on earth, the principal constituent of
all living things, and a major force constantly shaping the surface of the earth.
It is also a key factor in air-conditioning the earth for human existence and in
influencing the progress of civilization. Hydrology, which treats all phases of
Expected outcome: The students shall be able to formulate hydrological the earth's water, is a subject of great importance for people and their
processes in mathematical terms; be able to work with and recognize the environment. Practical applications of hydrology are found in such tasks as
limitations of hydrological data; be able to employ mathematical and the design and operation of hydraulic structures, water supply, wastewater
computational techniques to solve real life hydrological problems. treatment and disposal, irrigation, drainage, hydropower generation, flood
Texts: control, navigation, erosion and sediment control, salinity control, pollution
1. V.T. Chow, D.R. Maidment, and L.W. Mays, Applied Hydrology, McGraw abatement, recreational use of water, and fish and wildlife protection. The
Hill, 1998. role of applied hydrology is to help analyze the problems involved in these
2. V.P. Singh, Elementary Hydrology, Prentice Hall, 1993. tasks and to provide guidance for the planning and management of water
References: resources.
1. H.M. Raghunath, Hydrology – Principles, Analysis and Design, Wiley
Eastern Ltd., 1986. 2. The hydrosciences deal with the waters of the earth: their distribution and
2. A.M. Michael, Irrigation – Theory and Practice, Vikas Publishing House, circulation, their physical and chemical properties, and their interaction with
1987. 3. the environment, including interaction with living things and, in particular,
3. D.K. Todd, Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons, 1993. 4. human beings. Hydrology may be considered to encompass all the
4. K. Linsley, Water Resources Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1995. 5. hydrosciences, or defined more strictly as the study of the hydrologic cycle,
5. S.K. Garg, Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Khanna that is, the endless circulation of water between the earth and its
Publishers, 1992. 6. atmosphere. Hydrologic knowledge is applied to the use and control of water
6. H.P. Ritzema (Editor-in-Chief), Drainage Principles and Applications, ILRI resources on the land areas of the earth; ocean waters are the domain of
Publication 16, 1994. ocean engineering and the marine sciences.

Assessment: Changes in the distribution, circulation, or temperature of the earth's waters

40% - Major Exam can have far-reaching effects; the ice ages, for instance, were a manifestation
30% - Quizzes of such effects. Changes may be caused by human activities. People till the
20% - Project soil, irrigate crops, fertilize land, clear forests, pump groundwater, build
10% - Activities and Assignments/Attendance dams, dump wastes into rivers and lakes, and do many other constructive or
destructive things that affect the circulation and quality of water in nature.

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CE 7d Hydrology
Hydrology
“Hydrology is the science that treats the waters of the earth, their occurrence,
circulation and distribution, their chemical and physical properties, and their
reaction with their environment, including their relation to living things. The
domain of hydrology embraces the full life history of water on the earth”

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Water on earth exists in a space called the hydrosphere which extends about
15 km up into the atmosphere and about 1 km down into the lithosphere, the
crust of the earth. Water circulates in the hydrosphere through the maze of
paths constituting the hydrologic cycle.

The hydrologic cycle is the central focus of hydrology. The cycle has no
beginning or end, and its many processes occur continuously. As shown
schematically in Fig. 1.1.1, water evaporates from the oceans and the land
surface to become part of the atmosphere; water vapor is transported and
lifted in the atmosphere until it condenses and precipitates on the land or the
oceans; precipitated water may be intercepted by vegetation, become
overland flow over the ground surface, infiltrate into the ground, flow
through the soil as subsurface flow, and discharge into streams as surface
runoff. Much of the intercepted water and surface runoff returns to the
atmosphere through evaporation. The infiltrated water may percolate
deeper to recharge groundwater, later emerging in springs or seeping into
streams to form surface runoff, and finally flowing out to the sea or
evaporating into the atmosphere as the hydrologic cycle continues.

Estimating the total amount of water on the earth and in the various
processes of the hydrologic cycle has been a topic of scientific exploration
since the second half of the nineteenth century. However, quantitative data
are scarce, particularly over the oceans, and so the amounts of water in the
various components of the global hydrologic cycle are still not known
precisely.

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CE 7d Hydrology

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CE 7d Hydrology
The very short residence time for moisture in the atmosphere is one reason
why weather cannot be forecast accurately more than a few days ahead.
Residence times for other components of the hydrologic cycle are similarly
computed. These values are averages of quantities that may exhibit
considerable spatial variation.

One reason why weather cannot be forecast accurately more than a few
days ahead.

Residence Time
Residence time: Average travel time for water to pass through a subsystem
of the hydrologic cycle.

Residence time of global atmospheric moisture

Volume (storage) of atmospheric water: 12,900 𝑘𝑚3 Flow rate of moisture
from the atmosphere as precipitation = 577,000 km3/yr 𝑇𝑟=
PROBLEMS
12,900/577,000 = 0.022 yr = 8.2 days
1.1.1. Assuming that all the water in the oceans is involved in the
hydrologic cycle, calculate the average residence time of ocean
The volume of atmospheric moisture (Table 1.1.1) is 12,900 km3. The flow
water.
rate of moisture from the atmosphere as precipitation (Table 1.1.2) is 1.1.2. Assuming that all surface runoff to the oceans comes from rivers,
458,000 + 119,000 = 577,000 km3/yr, so the average residence time for
calculate the average residence time of water in rivers.
moisture in the atmosphere is Tr = 12,900/577,000 = 0.022 yr = 8.2 days.
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CE 7d Hydrology
1.1.3. Assuming that all groundwater runoff to the oceans comes from
fresh groundwater, calculate the average residence time of this
water.
1.1.4. The world population in 1980 has been estimated at about 4.5
billion. The annual population increase during the preceding decade
was about 2 percent. At this rate of population growth, predict the
year when there will be a shortage of fresh-water resources if
everyone in the world enjoyed the present highest living standard,
for which fresh-water use is about 6.8 m3/day (1800 gal/day) per
capita including public water supplies and water withdrawn for
irrigation and industry. Assume that 47,000 km3 of surface and
subsurface runoff is available for use annually.
1.1.5. Calculate the global average precipitation and evaporation (cm/yr).
1.1.6. Calculate the global average precipitation and evaporation (in/yr).
1.1.7. Select a major water resources project in your area. Explain the
purposes of the project and describe its main features.
1.1.8. Select a water resources project of national or international
significance. Explain the purposes of the project and describe its
main features.
1.1.9. Select three major agencies in your area that have hydrologic
responsibilities and explain what those responsibilities are.
1.1.10. Select a major hydrologic event such as a flood or drought that
occurred in your area and describe its effects.

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