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Lecture 10

The document discusses the process of decrypting ciphertext using a cipher matrix. It provides examples of decrypting ciphertext encrypted with different cipher matrices. It begins by explaining that decryption involves converting ciphertext to plaintext using the inverse of the cipher matrix. It then works through an example decrypting ciphertext encrypted with a 3x3 matrix. The next examples decrypt ciphertext encrypted with 2x2 and 3x3 matrices. Questions are provided at the end to practice decrypting additional ciphertext using given cipher matrices.

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ahmed nadeem
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46 views

Lecture 10

The document discusses the process of decrypting ciphertext using a cipher matrix. It provides examples of decrypting ciphertext encrypted with different cipher matrices. It begins by explaining that decryption involves converting ciphertext to plaintext using the inverse of the cipher matrix. It then works through an example decrypting ciphertext encrypted with a 3x3 matrix. The next examples decrypt ciphertext encrypted with 2x2 and 3x3 matrices. Questions are provided at the end to practice decrypting additional ciphertext using given cipher matrices.

Uploaded by

ahmed nadeem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Deciphering/Decryption

The process of converting from cipher text to plain text is called deciphering.
The following example will explain the procedure for deciphering.
3 3
Example 6. Decipher the Cipher text = MOFZ for Key matrix = [ ].
2 5
Solution: Recall the formula which we used for enciphering
C = KP (mod 26)
Formula for deciphering
P = 𝐾 −1 𝐶(mod 26)
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐾)
𝐾 −1 = (mod 26)
det(𝐾)

Thus each plain text vector can be recovered from ciphertext vector by multiplying
it on the left by 𝐾 −1 (mod 26).
Step 1 First find 𝐾 −1 , so
3 3
det(K) = |𝐾| = | | = 15 − 6 = 9
2 5
5 −3
[ ] 5 −3
−1 −2 3
𝐾 = = 9−1 [ ]
9 −2 3
What is the inverse of 9 modulo 26? Let it be x, then 9x = 1(mod 26)

9.1 = 9 ≠ 1(mod26)

9.2 = 18 ≠ 1(mod26)

9.3 = 27 = 1(mod26)

Hence, 9−1 = 3 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 26)


Therefore,
5 −3 5 −3 15 −9 15 17
𝐾 −1 = 9−1 [ ] = 3[ ]=[ ]=[ ] (𝑚𝑜𝑑26)
−2 3 −2 3 −6 9 20 9
Step 2 Now, we will decipher MO first, then we will decipher FZ. For this we take
𝑀 13
C=[ ]=[ ]
𝑂 15
15 17 13 450 8
P = 𝐾 −1 𝐶(mod 26) = [ ][ ] = [ ](mod 26) =[ ]
20 9 15 395 5
𝐻
Alphabets equivalent of the vector is [ ]
𝐸
𝐹 6
For FZ, C= [ ]= [ ]
𝑍 0
15 17 6 90 12
and P = 𝐾 −1 𝐶(mod 26)= [ ][ ] = [ ] (𝑚𝑜𝑑 26) = [ ]
20 9 0 120 16
𝐿
Alphabets equivalent of the vector is [ ]
𝑃
So all plain text is HELP.
Example 7. Decode the following Hill 2-cipher, which was enciphered by the
5 6
matrix 𝐾 = [ ]
2 3
GTNKGKDUSK
Solution: We first find the inverse of K (mod 26) as
3 −6 3 −6
𝐾 −1 = 3−1 [ ] = 9[ ]
−2 5 −2 5
27 −54 (𝑚𝑜𝑑26) 1 24
=[ ] =[ ]
−18 45 8 19
Next we write numerical equivalent of cipher text, which is

Which yields the message STRIKE NOW


Example 8 Decode the Hill 3-cipher XCVAFA which was enciphered by the
matrix key
1 2 0
𝐾 = [ 0 1 2]
0 1 1
Solution:
First we have to calculate the inverse of K
1 2 0 1 0 0
[0 1 2 0 1 0 ]
0 1 1 0 0 1
.
.
.
Work to do
Question 1. Determine whether the matrix is invertible modulo 26. If so, find its
inverse modulo 26 and check your work by
𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼(𝑚𝑜𝑑 26)
9 1 1 8 2 1
a) A= [ ] b) B=[ ] c) A= [ ]
7 2 1 3 1 7

Question 2.
4 1
Decode the following Hill 2-cipher which was enciphered by the matrix [ ]
3 2
SAKNOXAOJX
Question 3.
Decode the Hill 3-cipher LQVGKE which was enciphered by the matrix key
1 2 4
𝐾 = [0 −1 2 ]
0 1 −1
Important Note:

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