Mathematics notes

Primary five

NOTES
CHARTS
EXAMS

1
2
 P.5 MATH LESSON NOTES
TERM I 2023
SET CONCEPTS
What is a set?
i) A set is a collection of clearly defined members.
ii) When you describe a set, it must be clear what that set contains.
iii) You must be able to decide whether or not an object is a member of that set.

TYPES OF SETS

1. EQUAL SETS

i) These are sets that have the same and equal number of members.
ii) The order of arrangement does not matter.

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II

A = {a, b, c, d}…….n(Q) = 4 P = {0, 2, 4, 6}……..n(A) =4

B = {b,c,d,a}……n(X) = 4 R= {6, 0, 2, 4}……..∩(B) = 4

Therefore, A =B Therefore P = R

2. EQUIVALENT SETS

i) These are sets which have equal number of members which MAY NOT
necessarily be the same.
ii) Equivalent can be written using the symbol ( ). For example
A B can be read as; A is equivalent to B.

EXAMPLE

P= V=
o p Q p
q r o r

Set P V

3. NON EQUIVALENT SETS

i) These are sets that have different members and different number of
elements.
ii) The symbol used in non-equivalent sets is ( ).

3
EXAMPLES OF NON EQUIVALENT SETS

i) C D
a b c d 1 3
e f 5 6

Therefore C D Or Set C and D are non Equivalent.

ii) L = {a, e, i, o, u } J = {1, 2, 3, 4 }

Therefore set L and J are non equivalent. Or L J

3. EMPTY SET
i) Empty set is a set that has no member in it.
ii) It is written as { } or Ø

EXAMPLES OF EMPTY SETS

i) A set of wild elephants that are blue.
ii) The sun rises from the North
iii) A set of boys who are pregnant etc.

4. INTERSECTION OF SETS
i) Intersection of sets means the common elements in two or more sets.
ii) The symbol for intersection is written as „‟.
EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
A = {a, b, e, f, g} B = {b, d, f, g } P = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } Q = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }
Find AB Find PQ
A B = { b, e, f, g} PQ = { } or PQ = Ø Ans.

WORK TO DO
A. Write the intersection of the following sets.
1. A = {a, b, c} B = {b, d, e, f} 5. R L
2. P = {a, e, i, o, u} Q = {a, b, 1 3 1 2
c, d, e, f} 7 9 3 4
3. M ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} N = {3, 4, 7} 6. S T
4. X = {odd numbers less than 13} 1, 2, 3,4 2,4,7,8,
Y = {Even numbers less than 12} 10
B. Name the type of set given

4
1. X = {b, c, d, e, f} Y = {f, e, d, c, b} 5. N = {Boys who walk on water}
2. K = {2,4,6,8,10} M = {1,3,5,7,9} 6. Q = {The first four even numbers}
3. A = {k, l, m, n} B = {0, 2, 4} R = {0, 2, 4, 6}
4. J = {A girl with metallic fingers}

FINDING THE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN INTERSECTION.

We find the number of elements by counting the elements in the intersection of sets.

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
J = {a, e, i, o, u} K = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} N Q
Find n(JK) 8 10 12
(JK) = {a, e, i} 9 11 13
n(JK) = 3members 14
Find n(NQ)
(NQ) = {10, 11}
n(NQ) = 2 members
WORK TO DO
Find the number of elements in the intersection of sets.
1. P = { a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} Q = {a, e, i, o, u}
2. A = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,} B = {10, 20, 30,40}
3. R = {p, q, r, s, t} S = {p, s, m, l}
4. X = {m, n, o, p, q} Y = {m, a, n, g, o, e, s}
5. U V 6. S T

REPRESENTING INTERSECTION ON VENN DIAGRAMS

EXAMPLE I
C = {Okot, Kintu, Deborah, Salim}
D = {Namatovu, Kintu, Wasswa, Kasente, Okot}
 CD = {Kintu, Okot}
C D C Deborah
Deborah Kintu Namatovu
Kintu
Kasente Salim
Or Okot Wasswa D
Salim Okot Wasswa Namatovu
Kasentee
5
5. UNION OF SETS
i) Union of sets is a set of all members in the given sets. However, the members
should not be repeated.
ii) The symbol for union is „U‟.

FINDING UNION OF SETS

EXAMPLE I
A = {father, mother}B = {sister, brother}
Find AUB
AUB = {father, mother, sister, brother}

EXAMPLE II
P = {6, 8, 10} Q = {10, 20, 30}
PUQ = {6, 8, 10, 20, 30}

WORK TO DO
Find the union of the following sets.
1. A = {oranges, mangoes, pawpaws} B = {tomatoes, peas, pineapples}
2. M = {2, 4, 5} N = {1, 2, 4, 6}
3. C = {lion, elephant, dog} D = {cat, sheep, goat}
4. R = {Masaka, Sembabule, Rakai} S = {Mbale Palissa, Kumi}
5. K = {2, 4, 6, 8,} L = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
6. X = {a, e, i, o, u} Y = {b, i, g, e, r}

FINDING NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN UNION OF SETS.

EXAMPLE I n(AUB) = 7members.

EXAMPLE II
A B
b P = {Mon., Tue, Wed, Thur}
a d f Q = {Mon., Thur, Fri, Sat}
e g Find n(PUQ)
c
PUQ = {Mon., Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat}
n(PUQ) = 6 member
AUB = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

6
WORK TO DO
Find the number of elements, which are in the union set.
1. A = {a, b} B = {b, c.} What is n(AUB)?
2. P = {1, 2, 3} Q = {3, 4, 5, 6} What is n(PUQ)?
3. R B
q s u x
r t v
p w
What is n(RUB)?
4. J D
1 0
3 9 2 4
5 6
What is n(WUV)?
5. W = {z, k, l, m} V = {i, k, l} What is n(JUD)?
6. K = {a, b, c, d} G = {a, e, i, o, u} What is n(KUG)?

REPRESENTING UNION ON VENN DIAGRAMS

EXAMPLE I
If M = {Matooke, maize, millet, sorghum,}
N = [cabbage, maize, onion, tomatoes eggplant}
Represent MUN on a Venn diagram.
M N

matooke cabbage
Sorghum Maize onions
Millet tomatoes

EXAMPLE II
A = {5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
Represent AUB on the Venn diagram.
A B
10 12 5 7
9 6 11 3 2
8 13
7
WORK TO DO
Draw Venn diagrams to represent union of each set.
1. A = {sweets, bread, biscuits} 3. R = {9, 2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {sodas, biscuits, juice} S = {4, 3, 5, 7, 9}
2. C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
D = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}
6. THE DIFFERENCE OF SETS
i) The difference of two sets, A and B is the set of elements that are in A but not in
B and is written as A – B
ii) B difference of A is written as B – A
Diagrammatically they can be represented as follows.

WORK TO DO
A. Draw Venn diagrams and shade the following
1. P – Q 4. B – A
2. Q – P 5. K – L
3. A – B 6. L – k
B. What does the shaded part represent?

8
LISTING MEMBERS IN THE DIFFERENCE OF SETS
EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
List members in T – V A = { boy, girl, pin, box}
T V B = { pin, box, man, coin, stone}
List members of B – A
a e io u
B – A = {coin, stone, man}
T – V = {a, e}
WORK TO DO
List members in the following difference of sets.
1. K – B 3. P – Q

2. M – N
M = {2, 4, 5, 6} N = { 5, 6, 7, 8}
List members of K – B

FINDING THE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN THE DIFFERENCE OF SETS

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Given: Given: D = { b, d, e}
P Q M = { a, b, e, k}
f a b Find n(M– D)
g h c d e M – D = {k}

Find n(P – Q) n(M – D) = 1 member

P – Q = {f, g, h}
n(P – Q) = 3 members

WORK TO DO
1. Find n(A – B) 2. Find n(Y – W) 3. Find n(M – N)
A B W Y M Maize
v x z 2 6 0 4 millet
w y k s e37 1 8 Rice
beans N
4. Find n(T – V) 5. Find n(–)
Given T = {e, 3, 4, 5} Given; B = {Joe, Betty, Tim} Onions
V = { e, 3, 5, 8, 9} K = {Joe, Tim, Meddy, Halima}
cabbage
9
THE ELEMENTS IN A SET
EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II EXAMPLE III
Shade set Q List the elements in set N List down members of set W
P Q M N W
7 5 8 a, c,
3 6 9 d b f,
4 2 e Z

g,
N = {2, 6, 5, 8, 9} W = {a, b, c, d}
h

WORK TO DO
1. List members in set P 2. List down elements in set N
P Q M N
8 10 9 2 4 5
12 14 13 8 6 9
16 15 7

3. Write down members of set K 4. List down elements in set S

J S
1 4
5 K T k 4 T
3
Z 5 6 8 9
6
2 T 5 2
5. Shade setMC.
C L
2 6 8
1 7 5
2 4

THE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A GIVEN SET

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Given; K = {b, c, d, e, f} Given;
Find n(K) P
John
n(K) = 5 members R
Joe Tom
Jim
Tim
Find n(R)
Daniel
R = { Tom, Jim, Tim, Daniel}
n(R) = 4 members.

10
WORK TO DO
Find the number of elements in the given sets below.
1. S 2. T 3. Given; M = {a, b, c, d}
e, } 1 Find n(M)
K 3 M
Tk4
56 8 9 7 9 1
5 2 2
Joe 3 4
2
SUBSETS OF A SET
i) A subset of a set is made up of any member of that set.
ii) The symbol for subset is .
iii) Any set is a sub set of itself.
iv) The empty set is also a sub set of any given set.

EXAMPLE I
If Y = {1, 2, 3} Find the subsets in set Y.
Method 1
{ }, {1, 2, 3}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {1, 3}
There are 8 subsets.
Method 2
We use the formula Subsets = 2n, where n is the number of elements in a given set.
Subsets () = 2n
= 23
=2x2x2
= 8 Subsets

EXAMPLE II
If P = {a, b, c, d}, Find the number of subsets.
Method 1
{ }, {a, b, c, d}, {a}, {b}, {c}, {d}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {c, d}, {a, c}, {a, d}, {b, d}, {a, b, c}, {b,
c, d}, {a, b, d}, {a, c, d}
There are 16 subsets

Method 2
Subsets = 2n
= 24
=2x2x2x2
= 16 Subsets

11
WORK TO DO
Find the number of subsets in the following sets.
1. K = {2, 4, 6} 4. Z = {Peter, John}
2. M = {a, b, c, d} 5. P = {daddy, mummy, aunt, uncle}
3. N = {b, c, d}

REPRESENTING SUBSETS ON A VENN DIAGRAM

EXAMPLE
If W = {maize, fish, meat, bananas, cassava, millet, bread} and
X = {maize, meat, bread, fish, banana}
Express the following expressions on Venn diagrams
i) WW iv) Empty set  W
ii) XX v) Empty set  X
iii) XW

W X
Cassava maize, bread,
Meat, fish,
millet banana

WORK TO DO
1. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B= {4,5}
Represent B A on the Venn diagram
2. K = {Musa, Tom, John, David} L = {Tom, John, Musa}
Represent L K on a Venn diagram.
3. M = {a, e, i. o, u} N = {e, o}
Represent N M on a Venn diagram
4. If M = {Cotton, coffee, tea}, then which of the following are subsets to M?
i) A = {cotton} vi) F = {tea, rice}
ii) B = {rice, tea} vii) G = {tea}
iii) C = {rice} viii) H= { }
iv) D = {cotton, coffee} ix) I ={coffee, tea}
v) E = {Coffee, cotton, tea}
5. If P = {a, e, i, o, u} then write down three subsets of P.

12
PROBABILITY
Probability is the measure of chance.
Probability = Event
Sample space

PRACTICAL LESSON
Probability using a coin
i) A coin has two faces.
ii) The face with a court of arms is the head (H)
iii) The second face of a coin is the Tail. (T)
iv) When a coin is tossed, the Head (H) or Tail will be seen on the top but not both.
v) The sample space on tossing a coin is two

USING/TOSSING ONE COIN.

PUPILS 1ST TRY 2ND TRY 3RD TRY
Pupil A
Pupil B

i) Toss a coin once. One of the two faces will face up. Assuming it is the tail, there
is one chance out of the two.
ii) The probability that the tail shows up is ½.
iii) The probability that the Head shows up is ½.

Probability using a Dice

i) A Dice has six faces
ii) The faces are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Each number represents one
chance.
iii) Roll a dice many times. There are six possible chances for a number to appear
on top.
iv) The chance that a 5 appears on the top is 1/6.
v) The chance that a 2 shows up is 1/6.

13
Roll a Dice and fill in the possible chances.
IF PROBABILITY PROBABILITY
1
a one appears on top is 1 out of six /6
1
a two appears on top is -- out of six /6
a three appears on top is -- out of six __
a four appears on top is -- out of six __
a five appears on top is -- out of six __
a six appears on top is -- out of six __

ACTIVITY
i) List all even numbers on a dice. How many are they?
The probability or chance of an even number appearing on top is ___ out of 6 or
3
/6.
ii) List all odd numbers on a dice. How many are they? What is the probability of
an odd number appearing on top?

WORK TO DO
Roll a Dice and write the probability.
1. What is the chance of getting a two?
2. There are six possible chances on a dice.
i) How many multiples of 3 are on the dice?
ii) What is the probability of getting a multiple of 3?
iii) How many chances does a dice have altogether?
iv) How many multiples of 2 does a dice have?
v) What is the probability of getting a multiple of 2?
3. There are 6 faces of a dice labeled out of six.
i) How many faces have less than 6 dots.
ii) What is the probability of getting a face with less than 6 dots?

WORK TO DO
Days of the week
1. a) What are the total chances of listing days of the week?
b) How many days begin with letter T?
c) What is the probability of travelling on a day that begins with letter T?
14
2. a) How many days begin with letter F?
b) What is the probability of wedding on the day that begins with letter F?
3. Two teams tossed a coin to decide which side each would play. What is the
probability that each team gets the side they wanted?
4. There are 10 cars of different colours. What is the probability of picking a white car
at random?

15
THE NUMERATION SYSTEM AND PLACE VALUE
THE NUMERATION SYSTEM
i) A number is an idea of how many, how much, and how far.
ii) A numeral is a symbol used to represent a number.
iii) The Hindu – Arabic numerals are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. They are also called
digits.
iv) A numeration system is a way of representing numbers or ideas.
v) The numeration system used in most parts of the world today is Hindu – Arabic.
vi) Other Hindu – Arabic numerals are formed by combining two or more digits.

EXAMPLE I
- 10 is formed by combining digits 1 and 0
- 134 is formed by combining digits 1, 3 and 4.
- 5,879 is formed by combining digits 5, 8, 7 and 9

FORMING NUMERALS FROM DIGITS

The same digits can be used to form different numbers or numerals.

EXAMPLE I
Write down any three digit number formed by the digits 3, 7, 5.
First number – 375
Second number – 753
Third number – 537
EXAMPLE II
Write the smallest number that can be formed using digits 7, 2, 3, 6
We arrange digits in ascending order
ie 2, 3, 6, 7
 The smallest number is 2,367

EXAMPLE III
Write the smallest number that can be formed using digits 7, 2, 0, 6
We arrange digits in ascending order
ie 2, 3, 6, 7
 The smallest number is 2, 067
16
EXAMPLE IV
What is the biggest number that can be formed using the following digits; 1, 5, 0, 8, 3?
We arrange digits from the biggest to the smallest (descending order)
ie 8, 5, 3, 0, 1.
 The biggest number is 85,310
WORK TO DO
Give any four numbers that can be formed using the digits below.
1. 2, 5, 3, 7 3. 5, 0, 4
2. 9, 2, 6, 7, 8 4. 3, 1, 0, 2, 5

WORK TO DO
Write down the smallest that can be formed using all the digits
1. 1, 2, 7 3. 1, 5, 0, 7, 2, 9
2. 3, 5, 2, 4 4. 8, 4, 3, 6, 0
Write down the biggest number that can be formed using all the digits
1. 1, 2, 7 4. 8, 4, 0, 4, 8
2. 3, 5, 2, 4
3. 1, 5, 0, 7, 2, 9

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SMALLEST AND LARGEST NUMBERS

EXAMPLE
What is the difference between the smallest and largest number using the digits 1, 2, 3,
7?
7321
-1 2 3 7
6084

PLACE VALUES OF WHOLE NUMBERS

Study this table with six digits number 124,365
H/Th T/Th Th H T O
1 2 4 3 6 5
Ones
Tens
Hundreds
Thousands
Ten Thousands
Hundred Thousands.
17
EXAMPLE
What is the place value of each digit in the figure below?
H/Th T/Th Th H T O
1 6 7 4 2 3

Ones
Tens
Hundreds
Thousands
Ten Thousands
Hundred Thousand
WORK TO DO
Write the place value of each digit in the numbers below
1. 3,501 3. 445,005
2. 4,774 4. 50,430

PLACE VALUE OF UNDERLINED DIGIT

EXAMPLE I
What is the place value of the underlined digit 16870?
1680

Tens

 The place value of 8 is Tens.

EXAMPLE II
What is the place value of the underlined digit? 56,430
46430

Tens of Thousands.

 The place value of 4 is Tens of Thousands.

WORK TO DO
Write the place values of the underlined digits
1. 189561 4. 390600
2. 689105 5. 387088
3. 308975 6. 468533

18
VALUES OF WHOLE NUMBERS
EXAMPLE I
Write the value of each digit in the number 123,768

2 4 5 9 7 6
Ones = 6x1 = 6

Tens = 7 x 10 = 70

Hundreds = 9 x 100 = 900

Thousands = 5x 1000 = 5,000

Ten Thousands = 4 x 10,000 = 40,000

Hundred Thousands = 2 x 100,000 = 200,000

WORK TO DO
Write the value of each digit
1. 3,450 2. 17,045
3. 19,645

THE VALUE OF THE UNDERLINED DIGIT

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Work out the value of the underlined Work out the value of the underlined
digit digit
1360 34012

Tens Thousands

Value of 6 = 6tens Value of 4 = 4Thousands

= 6 x 10 = 4 x 1000
= 60 = 4,000

EXAMPLE III
Underline the value of the underlined digit
607,788

Hundreds of thousands

Value of 6 = 6Hundreds of thousands

= 6 x 100,000
= 600,000

19
WORK TO DO
Work out the value of the underlined digit
1. 1,250 4. 603,788
2. 413,783 5. 172,600
3. 34,012 6. 42,406
WRITING FIGURES IN WORDS
NOTE:
i) Use Three zeros to write a thousand.
ii) The place value table can help us to write figures in words.
THOUSANDS UNITS
H T O H T O

EXAMPLE I
Write Six thousand in figure.
THOUSANDS UNITS
H T O H T O
6 0 0 0

6,000 in Words is Six thousand in figures

EXAMPLE II
Write 10,000 in words
THOUSANDS UNITS
H T O H T O
1 0 0 0 0
10,000 in words is Ten thousand

EXAMPLE III
Write 156,036 in words
THOUSANDS UNITS
H T O H T O
1 5 6 0 3 6

156,000 - One hundred fifty six thousand

036 - thirty six

20
156,036 One hundred fifty six thousand, thirty six.
WORK TO DO
Write the following figures in words
1. 5,317 5. 111,111
2. 25,000 6. 999,000
3. 22,222 7. 888,015
4. 482,029

WRITING NUMBERS WORDS IN FIGURES

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Write sixty two thousand eight in figures Write fifty six thousand three hundred in
figures.
Sixty two thousand -62,000
Fifty six thousand - 56,000
Eight - + 8
Three hundred - + 300
62,008
56,300

EXAMPLE III
Write Three hundred fifty four thousand, one hundred sixty one in figures
Three hundred fifty four thousand - 354,000
One hundred sixty one - + 161
- 354,161
EXAMPLE IV
Write One hundred nine thousand , thirty four in figures.
One hundred nine thousand - 109, 000
Thirty four - + 34
- 109,034
WORK TO DO
Write the following in figures;
1. Four thousand, sixty five 6. Nine thousand ninety nine
2. Ten thousand one 7. Eight hundred eight thousand, eight
3. Five hundred thousand eighty three hundred eight.
4. One hundred thousand one
5. Eighty seven thousand ninety nine

COMPARING NUMBERS
EXAMPLE I
Arrange from the smallest to the highest EXAMPLE II
256043, 260435, 264530, 206543 Arrange from the biggest to the smallest
= 206543, 256,043, 260435, 264530 809761, 910876, 798670, 987610
21
= 987610, 910876, 809761, 978670
WORK TO DO WORK TO DO
Arrange from the smallest to the biggest
Arrange from the biggest to the smallest
1. 563427, 536427, 367425, 573624
1. 731829, 789321, 879123, 731982
2. 498603, 489630, 630498, 684930
2. 498603, 489630, 630498, 684930
3. 731829, 789321, 879123, 731982
3. 563427, 536427, 367425, 573624

EXPANDING WHOLE NUMBERS USING VALUES

EXAMPLE I
Expand 78,023
T/Th Th H T O
7 8 0 2 3
3x1 = 3

2 x 10 = 20

0 x 100 = 0

8 x 1000 = 8000

7 x 10,000 = 70,000

78,023 = 70,000 + 8,000 + 20 + 3

EXAMPLE II
Expand 1873
Th H T O
1 8 7 3
3x1 =3

7 x 10 = 70

8 x 100 = 800

1 x 1000 = 1,000

1,873 = 1,000 + 800 + 70 + 3

WORK TO DO
Expand the following using values;
1. 89 3. 15,301 5. 19,972 7. 82,61
2. 972 4. 2,873 6. 77,742

22
EXPANDING WHOLE NUMBERS AS MULTIPLIES OF TEN

EXAMPLE I
Expand 13,456
13456 = 10,000 + 3,000 + 400 + 50 + 6
= (1 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10) + (3 x 10 x 10 x 10) + (4 x 10 x 10) + (5 x 10) + (6 x 1)

EXAMPLE II
Expand 789
789 = 700 + 80 + 9
= (7 x 10 x 10) + (8 x 10) + (9 x 1)

WORK TO DO
Expand the following as multiples of ten.
1. 123 3. 1268 5. 2492 7. 2465
2. 493 4. 6471 6. 346

EXPANDING NUMBERS USING POWERS/EXPONENTS

EXAMPLE I
Expand 12,689
1423628190 = (1 x 104) + (2 x 103) + (6 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (9 x 100)

EXAMPLE II
Expand 9381
93328110 = (9 x 103) + (3 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (1 x 100)

WORK TO DO
Expand the following using powers/exponents
1. 6,785 3. 9,381 5. 493 7. 36,045
2. 7,236 4. 1,268 6. 3,819 8. 12,468

FINDING EXPANDED NUMBERS

= 458
EXAMPLE II
EXAMPLE I
Write 3000 + 200 + 60 + 4 as a single
Write (4 x 100) + (5 x 10) + (8 x 1) as a
number
single number.
3000
(4 x 100) = 400
200
(5 x 10) = 50
+ 4
(8 x 1) = + 8
3204
23
EXAMPLE III
Write (4 x 103) + (1 x 102) + (7 x 101) + (8 x 100) as single number.
(4 x 103) = (4 x 10 x 10 x 10) = 4000
2
(1 x 10 ) = (1 x 10 x 10) = 100
(7 x 101) = (7 x 10) = 70
(8 x 100) = (8 x 1) = + 8
4178
WORK TO DO
Write the following as one number
1. (8 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (3 x 1) 6. 9,000 + 30 + 7
2. (5 x 10) + (9 x 10) + (0 x 10) 7. (3 x 104) + (4 x 102) + (5 x 101)
3. 7,000 + 300 + 70 + 7
4. (8 x 104) + (7 x 103) + (4 x 102) + (3 x 101) +(4 x 100)
5. (2 x 10000) + (4 x 1000) + (8 x 100) + 6 x 10) + (5 x 1)
PLACE VALUES OF DECIMALS

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE II
What is the place value of each digit in 0.75? What is the place value of each digit in
64.746
0.75 = 0 . 7 5 6 4 . 7 4 6
Hundredth
Tenth Thousandth

Ones Hundredth
Tenth
Ones
Tens
WORK TO DO
Write the place value of each digit
1. 0.5 4. 0.09 6. 24.312
2. 0.12 5. 4.61 7. 0.67
3. 0.6

PLACE VALUE OF UNDERLINED DIGIT

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Write the place value of the underlined digit in 0.34 Write the place value of the
0.34 underlined digit in 0.24
0.24
Tenth
Hundredth
 Place value of 3 is Tenth  The place value of 4 is Hundredth

24
EXAMPLE III
Write the place value of the underlined digit 64.13
64.13
Tens
 The place value of 6 is Ten

WORK TO DO
Write the place value of the underlined digits
1. 0.87 4. 9.46 6. 12.35
2. 0.68
5. 3.45 7. 125.0
3. 0.457

VALUES OF DIGITS IN DECIMALS

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Find the value of each digit in 0.87 Find the value of each digit in
37.62
0.8 7 3 7 . 6 2

7 x 1/100 = 7/100 2 x 1/10 = 2/100

8 x 1/10 = 8/10 6 x 1/10 = 6/10

0x1 =0 7x1 =7

Value of 0 is 0 3 x 10 = 30
Value of 8 is1/10
Value of 7 is7/100. The value of 3 is 30
The value of 7 is 7
The value of 6 is6/10
The value of 2 is2/100

WORK TO DO
Find the value of each digit in the numbers below
1. 0.75 3. 9.5 5. 12.6 7. 468.57
2. 0.125 4. 0.39 6. 34.81468.57

25
VALUE OF UNDERLINED DIGITS

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
VALUE OF UNDERLINED DIGITS

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Work out the value of the underlined digit Work out the value of the
0.46 = 0 . 4 6 underlined digit 12.35
1 2 . 3 5
Tenth
Value of 4 = 4 tenth Hundredth
= 4 x 1/10 The value of 5 = 5 Hundredth
= 4/10 = 5 x 1/100
= 5/100
EXAMPLE III
Work out the value of the underlined digit 62.12
62.12 = 6 2 . 1 2

Tens
The value of 6 = 6 Tens
= 6 x 10
= 60

WORK TO DO
Work out the value of the underlined digit.
1. 0.75 3. 9.5 5. 315.9
2. 0.125 4. 34.81 6. 0.06
WRITING DECIMAL FRACTIONS IN WORDS
EXAMPLE I
Write 0.5 in words
UNITS DECIMALS
Point
point

H T O . Tth Hth THth

0 5

= 5/10
= Five tenths

26
EXAMPLE II
Write 0.75 in words
UNITS DECIMALS

Point
H T O Tth Hth THth
0 . 7 5

0.75 = 75/100
= Seventy five hundredths

EXAMPLE III
Write 450.9 in words
UNITS Point
DECIMALS

H T O Tth Hth THth

4 5 0 . 9

450.9 = 450 and 9/10

= Four hundred fifty and nine tenth

EXAMPLE IV
Write 40.65 in words
UNITS DECIMALS
Point

H T O Tth Hth THth

4 0 . 6 5

40.65 = 40 and 6/100

=Forty and sixty five hundredth

WORK TO DO
Write the following decimal fractions in words
1. 0.2 4. 4.01 7. 0.62
2. 0.75 5. 4.18
3. 0.48 6. 12.8

27
WRITING DECIMAL FRACTIONS IN FIGURES
EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Write sixty-three and twenty five hundredth in figures Write six tenth in figures
63 and 25/100 = 6325/100 6
/10 =
6
/10
= 63.25 =0.6
EXAMPLE III EXAMPLE IV
Write seven hundredth in figures. Write twenty five hundredth in figures
= 7/100 =25/100
= 0.07 = 0.25

WORK TO DO
Write the following in figures
1. Three tenth. 4. Six and twenty four hundredth
2. Four hundredth 5. Thirteen and seventy nine hundredth
3. Five tenth

EXPANDING DECIMAL NUMBERS

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Expand 0.56 Expand 0.72
0.56 = 0.5 + 0.06 0.72 = 0.7 + 0.02

WORK TO DO
Expand the following
1. 0.22 4. 0.12
2. 0.45 5. 0.62
3. 0.9 6. 0.95

EXPANDING WHOLES AND DECIMALS

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Expand 78.65 Expand 364.27
78.65 = 70 + 8 + 0.6 + 0.05 364.27=300 + 60 + 4 + 0.2 + 0.07
WORK TO DO
Expand the following
1. 8.25 3. 98.75 5. 1305.28 7. 60.78
2. 13.84 4. 68.03 6. 350.53
28
ROMAN NUMERALS AND HINDU ARABIC NUMERALS
i) The numerals we commonly use are called Hindu Arabic numerals.
ii) These are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
iii) Sometimes we use another system called Roman Numerals.

HINDU ARABIC NUMERALS AND THEIR EQUIVALENT IN ROMAN NUMERALS

HINDU ARABIC ROMAN NUMERAL HINDU ARABIC ROMAN NUMERAL
1 I 30 XXX
2 II 40 XL
3 III 50 L
4 IV 60 LX
5 V 70 LXX
6 VI 80 LXXX
7 VII 90 XC
8 VIII 100 C
9 IX 200 CC
10 X 300 CCC
11 XI 400 CD
12 XII 500 D
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX

NOTE THE FOLLOWING:

HINDU ROMAN 40 XL
ARABIC NUMERAL 60 LX
4 IV 90 XC
6 VI 400 CD
9 IX 500 D
11 XI

EXPRESSING HINDU ARABIC NUMERALS AS ROMAN NUMERALS

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II EXAMPLE III

25 = 20 + 5 55 = 50 + 5 89 = 80 + 9
= XX + V =L+V = LXXX + IX

29
 =XXV = LV = LXXXIX
WORK TO DO
Express the following as Roman numerals
1. 19 4. 242 7. 44 10. 547
2. 99 5. 31 8. 189
3. 325 6. 49 9. 483

EXPRESSING ROMAN NUMERALS AS HINDU ARABIC NUMERALS

RULES:
1. -The following Roman Numerals can be repeated: I, X, C, (Maximum 3 times)
-The following Numerals can‟t be repeated: V, L,
2. -When a smaller numeral appears before a bigger numeral, it refers to subtraction
e.g. IV = 5 – 1 = 4, XL = 50 – 10 = 40, XC = 100 – 10 = 90
- When a bigger numeral appears before a smaller numeral, it means addition.
e.g. VI = 5 + 1 = 6, LX = 50 + 10 = 60, LXX = 50 + 20 = 70, LXX X = 50 + 30 = 80.

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Express XIX in Hindu Arabic Express XLIV in Hindu Arabic
XIX = X + IX XLIV = XL + IV
= 10 + 9 = 40 + 4
= 19 = 44
EXAMPLE III EXAMPLE IV
Express LIV in Hindu Arabic Express LXXV in Hindu Arabic
LIV = L + IV LXXV = LXX + V
= 50 + 4 = 70 + 5
= 54 = 75

WORK TO DO
Change the following to Hindu Arabic
1. VI 4. XXIV 7. XLIV
2. IX 5. XXVII 8. LX 10. CCXXV
3. XIX 6. LXX 9. CIX

WORD PROBLEMS
1. Express 29 as a Roman numeral.
2. Express LXXII in Arabic numeral.
3. Change 64 to Roman Numeral.
4. Convert XLVII to Hindu Arabic Numeral.

30
5. There are 74 pupils in Adeke primary 5.Write the numbers of pupils in Roman
Numerals.
6. Nantume had 45 goats. Write the number of goats she has in Roman numerals.
7. Ladu has XXIX chicken. Write this number in Hindu Arabic numerals.
8. Kiiza planted 34 trees last year. Write the number of trees he planted in Roman
numeral.

INTRODUCTION TO ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS

i) When rounding off numbers for example to the nearest tens, the number of tens is
decided by the number in ones place.
ii) A number line can be used to decide which way to round off

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Nearer to zero Middle Nearer to 10

i) 1,2,3 and 4 are nearer to zero. We will therefore round down to zero.
ii) 5 being in the middle proceeds to the nearest ten.
iii) 6,7,8 and 9 are nearer to ten. We will therefore round up to ten.
For example:
1. 21 will be rounded to 20 4. 26 will be rounded to 30
2. 22 will be rounded to 20 5. 27 will be rounded to 30
3. 24 will be rounded to 20 6. 29 will be rounded to 30

ROUNDING OFF TO THE NEAREST TENS

EXAMPLE I
Round off to the nearest tens
T O T O
i) 74 = 7 4 ii) 72 = 7 2
= +0 = +0
7 0 = 7 0
= 74 is nearer to 70 72 is nearer to 70
74  70 72  70
T O H T O
iii) 88 = 8 8 iv) 948 = 9 4 8
= +1 = + 1
= 9 0 9 5 0
= 88 is nearer to 90 948 is nearer to 950
88 90 948 950

31
WORK TO DO
Round off to the nearest tens.
1. 24 4. 75 7. 156 10. 361
2. 36 5. 67 8. 178
3. 42 6. 134 9. 245

ROUNDING OFF TO THE NEAREST HUNDREDS

When rounding off to the nearest hundred‟s, the number of hundreds is decided by the
number in the tens place.
EXAMPLES
Round off to the nearest hundred
HT O
i) 530 = 5 3 0 T H T O
+0 ii) 3872 = 3 8 7 2
5 0 0 = + 100
= 530 is nearer to 500 3900
= 500. = 3872 is nearer to 3900
WORK TO DO
Round off to the nearest hundreds.
1. 136 3. 363 5. 1534 7. 2372
2. 249 4. 421 6. 1247 8. 3613

ROUNDING OFF TO THE NEAREST THOUSANDS

EXAMPLES
i) Round off 4340 to the nearest ii) Round off 7694 to the nearest
thousands. thousands
T HT O T HT O
4340 = 4340 7694 = 7694
= +0 = +1000
 4000  8000

WORK TO DO
1. 1240 3. 3408 5. 5631 7. 2789
2. 1381 4. 3941 6. 6815 8. 4013

ROUNDING OFF DECIMAL NUMBERS

ROUNDING OFF TO THE NEAREST TENTH
EXAMPLE I
Round off to the nearest tenth
O Tth Hth O Tth Hth Thth
i) 6.25 = 6.2 5
= + 1 0
= 6.3 0 ii) 0.478 = 0 . 4 7 8
 6 .3 = + 1 0 0
= 0 . 5 0 0

32
 = 0.500  0.5
WORK TO DO
Round off to the nearest tenth
1. 14.47 3. 0.716 5. 10.174 7. 4.83
2. 2.274 4. 5.3260 6. 9.254

ROUNDING OFF TO THE NEAREST HUNDREDTH

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Round off 0.478 to the nearest hundredth. Round off 14.462 to the nearest
hundredth
O Tth Hth Thth T O Tth Hth Thth
0.478 = 0 . 4 7 8 14.462 = 1 4 . 4 6 2
= + 1 = + 0
= 0 . 4 8 = 1 4 . 4 6 0

 0.48  14.46
WORK TO DO
Round off to the nearest Hundredth.
1. 2.756 3. 4.012 5. 15.423 7. 0.113
2. 1.467 4. 0.007 6. 16.279

ROUNDING OFF TO THE NEAREST THOUSANDTHS

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Round off 0.6257 to the nearest thousandth. Round off 7.1462 to the nearest
thousandth
O Tth Hth Thth T/ Thth O Tth Hth Thth T/ Thth
0.6257= 0 . 6 2 5 7 7 . 1 4 6 2
= + 1 + 0
 0 . 6 2 6  7 . 1 4 6

WORK TO DO
Round off to the nearest thousandth
1. 7.4566 3. 0.5672 5. 1.2672
2. 0.4678 4. 9.1463 6. 8.1477

33
 OPERATIONS ON NUMBERS
ADDITION UP TO SIX DIGITS

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Add: 3 6 8 , 4 7 9 Add: 4 7 3 , 4 4 2
+2 3 4 , 5 6 7 +3 6 9 , 2 1 5
603,046 842,657

WORK TO DO
Add the following

1. 1 1 2 , 2 3 0 4. 345,164
+112,230 +1 3 2 , 2 4 8

2. 123,674 5. 433,185
+1 1 2 , 2 3 0 +1 6 4 , 1 8 2

3. 176,571 6. 453,245
+1 1 2 , 2 3 0 +1 3 2 , 2 4 8

ADDITION IN WORD PROBLEMS

EXAMPLE I
Oundo harvested some maize. His lorry carried the maize in two trips. In the first trip, it
carried sixty thousand, two hundred fifty kilograms. In the second trip, it carried fifty
thousand, six hundred seventy one kilograms. How many kilograms of maize did Oundo
harvest altogether?
60,250
+5 0 , 6 7 1 He harvested one hundred ten thousand nine hundred twenty
11 0 , 9 2 1 one kilograms of maize.

WORK TO DO
1. A factory produced four hundred thousand five hundred bottles of soda in one month.
In the following month, it produces one hundred thousand more bottles. How many
bottles of soda were produced in the two months?
2. Mr. Osiru bought two plots of land in Tororo. One plot cost five hundred thirty
thousand shillings while the other cost three hundred seventy thousand shillings. How
much did Mr. Osiru spend on the two plots?

34
3. Mugaino earns a monthly salary of fifty six thousand four hundred shillings and his
wife earns forty thousand seven hundred fifty. How much money do both of them bring
home at the end of the month altogether?

WORK TO DO
1. Kamya went to the market and bought 10 goats at sh. 135,000 and 12 sheep at sh.
107,900. How much did he spend altogether?
2. A steel rolling factory made 384,721 iron sheets in May. And 297,345 iron sheets in
June. How many sheets were made in the two months?
3. Dairy Corporation processes 456,995 litres of milk. Jesa farm processes 213,143 litres
of milk while Ammatte processes 150,000 litres of milk daily. How much milk do they
process altogether each day?

SUBTRACTION OF NATURAL NUMBERS.

EXAMPLE
123,643
- 3 6 ,7 4 9
86 89 4

WORK TO DO

1. 1 2 3 6 4 5 2. 1 2 4 5 6 7 3. 1 3 4 5 6 7
-12348 - 12540 - 45325

4. 1 4 5 , 5 6 7 5. 3 4 5 6 4 8 6. 234863
- 12 54 0 -48769 - 52684

7. 2 5 7 3 8 9 8. 2 6 3 6 5 4 9. 2 7 4 9 6 3
- 58784 -43995 - 42674

WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING SUBTRACTION (Mk Book 5 Page 51)

MULTIPLICATION BY A TWO DIGIT NATURAL NUMBER

EXAMPLE
1. 3 5 x 1 2
35
x12
+ 70
350
420

WORK TO DO
1. 2 8 x 11 2. 3 4 x 12 3. 5 6 x 2 3 4. 4 5 x 2 5
5. 122 x 1 5 6. 13 6 x 22

35
WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING MULTIPLICATION
1. A rectangular field measures 120m by 48m. Calculate its area.
2. A parade of soldiers was made up of 233 rows. There are 50 soldiers in each row.
How many soldiers were there altogether?
3. A printery produces 495 boxes of books each day. Each box has 24 books. How many
books does it produce each day?
4. A lorry can carry 600 crates of soda. Each crate contains 24 bottles. How many bottles
does the lorry carry?
5. Kampala chalk factory produces 90 cartons of chalk in a day. Each carton contains 36
boxes of chalk. How many boxes of chalk does the factory produce in a day?

DIVISIBILITY TEST
1. Any number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is an even number. e.g.
2. Any number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is a multiple of 3 e.g.
3. Any number is divisible by 4 if its last two digits form a number which is a multiple of 4.
4. Any number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is 5 or 0.
5. Any number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 9.

DIVISION OF THREE DIGIT NUMBERS WITH AND WITHOUT REMAINDERS.

1. 8 6 4  6 (Example) 4. 5106  6 7. 3648  8
2. 5664  6 5. 5523  7
3. 4077  9 6. 6538  7
Note: Emphasize long division.

COMPARING MULTIPLICATION WITH DIVISION

EXAMPLE
1. 4 6 x 1 0 = 4 6 0 so ___  1 0 = 46
2. 763 x 10 = 7630 so 7630  10 = 763

WORK TO DO
1. 9 x 1 0 = 90 So ----  10 = ---- 4. 2 5 x 1 0 = 250 So ----  10 = ----
2. 1 2 x 1 0 = 120 So ----  10 = ---- 5. 4 2 x 1 0 =420 So ----  10 = ----
3. 2 7 x 1 0 = 270 So ----  10 = ---- 6. 5 7 x 1 0 = 570 So ----  10 = ----
WORD PROBLEMS (Mk Book 5 page 58)
36
COMBINED OPERATION OF NUMBERS
We use “BODMAS”
1st Brackets B
2nd Of O
3rd Division D
4th Multiplication M
5th Addition A
6th Subtraction S
EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE III
5 + (3 x 10)
2 – 8 + 9 rearrange
5 + 30 remove the brackets then, add
2 + 9 – 8 add first
5 + 30 = 35
11 – 8 then subtract
=3
EXAMPLE IV
EXAMPLE II
1(8 + 7) x 10 5 x 12  4 divide first
5 x 3 then multiply
15 x 10 remove the brackets
5 x 3 = 15
15 x 10 then multiply
15 x 10 = 150

WORK TO DO
1. ½ of 10 + 15  5 4. 9 x (9 + 3) 7. 32 – 40 + 18
2. 28 – (4 x 5) 8. 8  4 x 2
5. (9 x 9) + 3
3. 8 + 4 x 5 6. 6 – 10 + 7 9. 8  (4 x 2)
10. 2(8 + 7)
FINDING AVERAGE (MEAN) OF NUMBERS
Average = Total (Sum)
Number of items

EXAMPLE
Find the average of 0,2 and 4
Average = Total (Sum)
Number of items

= 0+2+4
3
= 6
3
Average = 2

WORK TO DO
1. What is the average of the first five even numbers?
2. Find the average of 20,15,35,30
3. Musa scored the following marks in the math weekly tests; 80,72,68,70 and 60
4. Find the average of all even numbers between 10 and 20.
37
COMPARING AVERAGES AND TOTAL
1. Total = Number x Average
2. Number = Total
Average

WORK TO DO (Mk book 5 page 66)

USING THE SYMBOLS   AND =

1.  means greater than
2.  means less than
3. = means equal to

REPLACE THE STAR WITH THE CORRECT SYMBOL

EXAMPLE
2+3*2x3
5 6
2 + 3  2 x 3

WORK TO DO
1. 10 x 10 * 10 x 2 5. ½ of 36 * ¼ of 36
2. 3x3*3+3 6. 750gms * 1kg
3. 2x2*2+2
4. 2x3*2+4

BASES FIVE AND TEN

NON- DECIMAL SYSTEM

i) Decimal system means grouping numbers in tens.
ii) Non-decimal system means grouping numbers in other groups which are not tens.
iii) To group numbers in fives, is the base five system of counting
iv) The base five system is called Quinary system.
(Learners will be guided to study the table on page 68 Mk)

COUNTING IN BASE FIVE

In any system of counting, we count the number of groups made and the number of
objects left.

38
EXAMPLE I
- In base ten, /////// means 7.
- If the same number is in base five we group /////// as ///// // which means 1 group of
fives and 2 ones. This is written as 12five
EXAMPLE II
Group the following sticks in fives and write down their number in base five.
i) 3 iii) = 14
= /// = //////////////
= 3 ones = ///// ///// ////
= 3 five = 2 groups of fives, 4 ones
= 24 five
ii) = 6
= ////// iv) = 23
= ///// / = ///////////////////////
= 1 group of fives, 1 ones = ///// ///// ///// ///// ///
= 11 five = 4 groups of fives, 3 ones
= 43 five
NB. The basic digits for base five are 0,1,2,3 and 4.

WORK TO DO
EXERCISE 3 : 21 Mk Pupils Bk 5 Page 69

PLACE VALUES OF EACH DIGIT IN BASE FIVE

NUMBERS PLACE VALUES WE READ AS
12 five 1 group of fives, 2 ones One two base five
231 five 2 groups of five fives, 3 groups of fives, 1ones Two three one base five

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
3 2 five 124
3 2 five Ones
Ones
Fives
Fives
Five fives

WORK TO DO 3. 314 five 6. 234

1. 4 five 4. 300 five
2. 13 five 5. 22 five

39
WRITING BASE FIVE NUMBERS IN WORDS

EXAMPLE S
i) 43five = 4, 3 base five ii) 213 five = 2, 1, 3 base five
= Four three base five = Two one three base five

EXERCISE
1. 11 five 3. 41 five 5. 241 five
2. 123 five 4. 33 five

EXPANDING IN BASE FIVE

EXAMPLE I
Expand 13 five
Place value = 1 3
Ones

Fives
= (1 group of fives) (3 Ones)
= (1 x Fives) + (3 x Ones)
= (1 x 5) + (3 x 1)

EXAMPLE II
Expand 213 five
Place value = 2 1 3
Ones
Fives
Five Fives
= (2 groups of five fives, 1 group of fives, 3 ones
= (2 x five fives + 1 x five) + (3 x ones)
= (2 x 5 x 5) + (1 x 5) + (3 x 1)

WORK TO DO
Expand the following
1. 11 five 3. 43 five 5. 31 five
2. 12 five 4. 232 five 6. 114 five

40
CHANGING BASE FIVE TO BASE TEN
EXAMPLE I
Change 14 five to base ten. EXAMPLE II
14 five = (1 x five) + (4 x ones) Change 213 five to base ten
= (1 x 5 ) + (4 x 1) 213 five = (2 x five fives) + (1 x fives) + (3 x
=5+4 ones)
= 9 base ten = (2 x 5 x 5) + (1 x 5) + (3 x 1)
= 9 ten = (50 + 5 + 3)
= 58 ten

WORK TO DO
Change the following to base ten.
1. 13 five 3. 123 five 5. 104 five
2. 21 five 4. 40 five 6. 313 five

CHANGING BASE TEN TO BASE FIVE

EXAMPLE II
EXAMPLE I Change 58ten to base five
Change 9ten to base five No Rem.
No. Rem. 5 58
5 11 3
5 9
5 2 1
5 1 4

58 ten = 213 five

9 ten = 14 five

WORK TO DO
Change the following to base five.
1. 8 ten 3. 42 ten 5. 74 ten
2. 11 ten 4. 55 ten 6. 33 ten

ADDITION IN BASE FIVE

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
2 five
+1 five 1 2 five
3 five + 3 2 five
4 4 five

41
EXAMPLE III Side work
3 4 five 4+2=6
+ 4 2 five 5÷6 =1r1
1 3 1 five
4 + 4 = (7 + 1) = 8
8÷5=1r3

WORK TO DO
1. 32 five+ 11 five 3. 44 five + 32 five 5. 330 five + 242 five
2. 211 five + 113 five 4. 234 five + 231 five 6. 34 five + 43 five

MULTIPLICATION IN BASE FIVE

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
2 five x 3 421 five x 2
=6 4 2 1 five 1 x 2 = 2 (a base five digit)
6÷5=1r1 x 2 2 x 2 = 4 (a base five digit)
1 group of five, 1 ones 1343 4 x 2 = 8 (not a base five digit)
=8÷5=1r3
= 1 3 five

WORK TO DO
Multiply in base five
1. 3 five x 3 3. 10 five x 3 5. 321 five x 2
2. 42 five x 2 4. 44 five x 4 6. 113 five x 3

CLOCK ARITHMETIC
i) Clock arithmetic refers to the finite system or modular system.
ii) Finite refers to having a definite limit or fixed.
iii) In finite system, the remainder is considered the answer.

EXPRESSING NUMBERS IN FINITE 5 AND 7

The digits used in finite system of 5 are 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 and in finite 7 are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6.
(Class discussion on page 204 – 7 Mk pupils book 5)
EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Write 3 in finite 5 Express 12 in finite 5
3 is less than 5 so it can not be grouped 12 ÷ 5 = 2 r 2
/// = 0 group of fives remainder 3 So 12 = 2(finite 5)
So 3 = 3(finite 5)

42
EXAMPLE III EXAMPLE IV
Write 6 in finite 7 Change 25 to finite 7
6÷7 =0r6 25 ÷ 7 = 3 r 4
So 6 = 6(finite 7) So 25 = 4(finite 7)

NOTE: In finite system, we consider remainders.

WORK TO DO
Express in finite 5 or finite 7
1. 2 finite 5 4. 4 finite 5 7. 10 finite 7 10. 14 finite 7
2. 11 finite 5 5. 24 finite 5 8. 12 finite 7
3. 18 finite 5 6. 5 finite 7 9. 20 finite 7

ADDITION IN FINITE 5 AND 7 USING A DIAL

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Add: 4 + 3 =---- (finite 5) using a dial Add: 4 + 6 = ---(finite 7) using a dial
0 0 1

4 1 6 2

3 2 5 3
4

4 + 3 = 2 finite 5 4 + 6 = 3 finite 7

WORK TO DO

1. 4 + 1 = ---(finite 5) 5. 4 + 4 = ---(finite 7)
2. 1 + 3 + 2 =---(finite 5) 6. 2 + 6 =---(finite 7)
3. 4 + 2 =---(finite 5) 7. 3 + 5 =---(finite 7)
4. 2 + 2 + 3 =---(finite 5) 8. 3 + 1 + 3 =---(finite 7)

ADDITION IN FINITE WITHOUT USING A DIAL

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
2 + 2 = ---(finite 5) 4 + 3 = (finite 5)
2 + 2 = 4 (finite 5) [4 is less than the finite) 4 + 3 = 7 [7 is more than the finite]
7 ÷ 5 = 1 remainder 2
So 4 + 3 = 2 (finite 5)

43
EXAMPLE III EXAMPLE IV
4 + 2 = --- (finite 7) 5 + 5 = --- (finite 7)
4 + 2 = 6 [6 is not more than the finite] 5 + 5 = 10 [10 is more than the finite)
So 4 + 2 = 6 (finite 7) 10 ÷ 7 = 1 remainder 3
So 5 + 5 = 3(finite 7)

WORK TO DO
Work out the following
1. 2 + 3 =---(finite 5) 5. 3 + 4 =---(finite 7)
2. 2 + 2 =---(finite 5) 6. 6 + 6 =---(finite 7)
3. 3 + 3 + 2 =---(finite 5) 7. 6 + 4 + 5 =---(finite 7)
4. 3 + 5 =---(finite 5) 8. 3 + 3 =---(finite 7)

44
 INTEGERS
A study of positive, zero and negative numbers.
(Discussion 1 of diagram on page 95, Mk Bk 5)
SHOWING POSITIVE INTEGERS ON A NUMBER LINE
EXAMPLE I
Show +4 on a number line.
+
4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

EXAMPLE II
Show +6 on a number line.
+
6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

WORK TO DO
Draw number lines to show
1. +4 3. +
7 5. +
9
2. +5 4. +
8 6. +
10

(Discussion II and III on page 96 Mk 5)

THE NUMBER LINE

i) Integers can be represented on a number line.
ii) Integers are made up of Negatives, Zero and Positives.
iii) Zero is neither negative nor positive.
Eg Given a set of integers; …-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …
iv) Positive integers are written with a plus (+) sign or without a plus sign.
v) Negative integers are written with a subtraction sign (-)

EXAMPLE OF A NUMBER LINE

Negatives Positives

- - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Left Right
i) Numbers to the right of zero are called positive numbers.
ii) Numbers to the left of zero are negative integers.
45
ORDERING INTEGERS
i) On a number line, integers are always in order from the smallest to the biggest.
ii) If you choose any two integers at a time, the one to the left is always smaller while
the one to the right is bigger.

EXAMPLE I
Which is smaller -5 or +2
-
5 appears on the left of +2, so
-
5 is smaller than +2
- +
5 < 2
EXAMPLE II
Arrange 1, 3, 0, 2, 3 in order of size starting with the smallest.

- - - - + + +
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
= -3, -2, 0, +1, +3

WORK TO DO
1. Which is bigger 2 or 0? 6. Arrange 1, -2, +3, -4, +5 from the
2. Which is smaller 10 or 3? biggest.
3. Which is bigger 5 or 8? 7. Arrange -3, +3, -4, +4 from the
4. Which is smaller 13 or 13? smallest.
5. Arrange -1, +2, -3, +4 from the 8. Arrange -6, +5, +3, -4 from the biggest.
smallest.

ORDERING INTEGERS USING SYMBOLS <, >.

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
x < 5 (Means x are numbers less than 5) n > -4 (Means n are numbers greater
than –4)
Numbers less than 5
Numbers greater than -4
- - -
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
- - - -
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
4
So numbers less than 5 are;
So numbers greater than –4 are;
x = (4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3…)
n = (-3, -2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …)

46
EXAMPLE III
x > 0 (Means x are numbers greater or equal to zero)
Numbers greater or equal to Zero

- -
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

So numbers greater or less than 0 are; x = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7…)

WORK TO DO
List the set of members in each mathematical sentences below and show them on a
number line
1. x > 2 4. p > 5 7. m > -4
-
2. m < 4 5. p = 5 8. p < 5
3. x < 2 6. m < -4

INVERSE OF NUMBERS
Inverse of integers refers to the opposite of an integer.

- - - - - - + + + + + +
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
- +
1 1
- +
2 2
- +
3 3
- +
4 4
- +
5 5
- +
6 6

WORK TO DO
Name the inverse or the opposite of the following integers.
1. +1 4. +10 7. +31 10. +36
2. +5 5. -7 8. +70 11. +100
3. -9 6. +17 9. -51 12. -500

ADDITIVE INVERSE
i) Additive inverse is a number which gives 0 when added to a number.
ii) The inverse property states that “any number added to its inverse or opposite gives
0”

47
EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
-
+
3 + -3 = 0 -
3 1 + +1 = 0
+
3 +
1
-
1
-
1 0 1 2 3
-
1 0 1 2 3

WORK TO DO
Work out the following additive inverses on a number line.
+
1. 4 + -4 3. +
5 + -5 5. +
6 + -6
2. -8 + +8 4. -7 + +7

ADDITION OF INTEGERS

EXAMPLE I
+
5 + +3
+ +
5 3

- - + + + + + + + +
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

+
5 + +3 = +8

EXAMPLE II
+
6 + -4 -
4
+
6
- - - + + + + + + +
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+
6 + -4 = +2

EXAMPLE III
-
5 + +2 =
+
2
-
5
- - - - - + + + +
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
-
5 + +2 = -3

48
EXAMPLE IV
-
3 + -2 =

- -
2 3
- - - - -
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
-
3 + -2 = -5

WORK TO DO
1. -4 + -2 4. -6 + +3 7. -2 + -1
2. -8 + +3 5. -3 + +4 8. 5 + -2
3. -6 + +2 6. -4 + -6

SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS
EXAMPLE I
Subtract +6 - +2 -
2

- - - + + + + + + +
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+
4
6 – +2 = +4

EXAMPLE II
-
4-3
-
3
-
4

- - - - - - - - + + +
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
-
7
-
4 – 3 = -7

EXAMPLE III
Subtract +1[--] 3 = 1 + 3
+
3
+
1

- - + + + + +
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
+
4
1 - - 3 = +4
49
WORK TO DO
1. +7 – 2 3. +6 – 2 5. +
3 – -3
2. -6 – 3 4. -5 – 3 6. +
3 – -2

FORMING MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS FROM NUMBER LINES

EXAMPLE I
Write a mathematical statement shown on the number line.

- - + + + + + +
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

The mathematical sentence is +3 + -5 = -2

WORK TO DO
Exercise 5: 13 No. 1 – 7. Page 109 – 10 Mk Bk. 5

ADDITION OF INTEGERS WITHOUT USING NUMBER LINE

Points to note:
a) If both integers are positive, the result is positive. Eg. +3 + +2 = +5

WORK TO DO
1. +8 + +3 = 3. +
10 + +15 =
2. +12 + +8 = 4. +
9 + +4 =

b) If both integers are negative, the result is negative. E.g. -2 + -3 = -5

WORK TO DO
1. -8 + -3 = 3. -12 + -8 =
2. -9 + -4 = 4. -20 + -25 =

c) If the positive numeral is bigger, the result is positive. E.g. I) -2 + +3 = +1 ii) +7 + -3 = +4

WORK TO DO
1. +8 + -3 = 3. -20 + +25 =
2. +9 + -4 = 4. -10 + +15 =

d) If the negative numeral is bigger, the result is negative. E.g.

i) +2 + -3 = -1 ii) -7 + +4 = -3

WORK TO DO
-
1 8 + +3 = 3 +
20 + -25 =
-
2 9 + +4 = 4 -
8 + +5 =
50
e) Additive inverse property eg i) -2 ++2 = 0 ii) +7 + -7 = 0

WORK TO DO
1. -8 + +8 = 3. -20 + +20 =
2. +12 + -12 = 4. +18 + -18 =

SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS WITHOUT USING A NUMBER LINE

EXAMPLE I WORK TO DO
1. Simplify +7 – +3 1. +
8 – +4 4. +7 – +4
+
=7–3 2. 13 – +8
+
=4 3. 5 – +3

EXAMPLE II WORK TO DO
Simplify +7 [– -]3 1. +
7 – -7
+
=7+3 2. 10 – -10
+
= 10 3. 8 – -2
+
4. 11 – -9

51
EXAMPLE III WORK TO DO
Simplify -8 - +7 1. -
4 – +11 = 4. -28
– +2 =
= -8 – 7 2. -
15 – +42 =
= -15 3. -
14 – +10 =

EXAMPLE IV WORK TO DO
Simplify -7 [- -]3 1. -11 – -9 4. -9 – 7
= -7 + 3 2. -2 – -11
= -4 3. -14 – -10

TERM TWO
ALGEBRA
COLLECTING LIKE TERMS
Discussion

3 balls + 2 balls = 5 balls

Symbolically the above expression can be represented as follows;
3b + 2b = 5b

B.

1stick + 4 sticks + 2 sticks = 7 sticks

Algebraically, the above expression in short is written as;
s + 4s + 2s = 7s

52
NB. We use letters that will help you to name the item you are collecting.

EXAMPLE I How many altogether?

Write the following in short. 4boys + 3 boys – 5 boys
1pen + 1pen + 1pen + 1pen Let each boy be b
Let each pen be p 4b + 3b – 5b
p+p+p+p
EXAMPLE II
=4p = 7b – 5b
= 4pens = 2b
= 2 boys

EXERCISE A 1
Work out algebraically by choosing the most suitable alphabetical letters .
1. 2 bananas + 2 bananas 4. 12 pots + 8 pots – 10 pots
2. 4 cows + 10 cows – 9 cows 5. 1apple + 2 apples + 3 apples
3. 2 dogs + 3 dogs + 4 dogs 6. 5 eggs + 5 eggs – 3 eggs
7. 3 boys have 3 books, 5 books and 6 books respectively. How many books do they have altogether?
8. A poultry keeper collected 20 eggs on Monday and 30 eggs on Tuesday but sold off 17 eggs. How
many eggs remained?

SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Write in short form. Simplify
q + 7q + 4q 5d + 9d – 4d
=12q =14d – 4d
=10d
1. EXERCISE A 2
2. p + p + p + p 5. 9c - 5c + c
3. 5t + 7t - 9t 6. 15f - 5f + 6f
4. 5e + 5t - 3e 7. 6x + 9x - 11x

COLLECTING AND SIMPLIFYING LIKE TERMS

Example I Example II
Write in short 9 apples + 4 eggs – 5apples
2 balls + 2 pens + 1 ball + 2 pens collect like terms together.
Let balls be b and pens be p = 9 apples – 5 apples + 4 eggs
= 2b + 2p + b + 2p Let apples be a and eggs be e
= 2b + b + 2p + 2p = 9a - 5a + 4e
= 3b + 4p = 4a + 4e

Example III Example IV

Collect like terms Collect like terms
2b + 3t + 3b + t 7y - 8m + y + 10m - 6
= 2b +3b +3t + t = 7y + y + 10m – 8m - 6
= 5b + 4t = 8y + 2m - 6

EXERCISE A 3

Collect like terms and simplify where necessary.

1. 5cats + 2dogs + 3cats + 4dogs 2. a + 2b +3a

53
3. 8d – 4e – 12d + 7d + 9e 4. 5e +5e –3e
5. 3n + 7 +n – 4 6. 6y – 4 + 3x +13
7. 8t + 12k – 10t – 4k + 5t + 2k 8. 9spades + 4hoes – 8spades
9. 12ducks + 18hens – 4ducks + 16hens + 2ducks

FORMING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Discussion
i) 4 more than a = a + 4
ii) x less than 12 = 12 – x
iii) A number added to 10 = 10 + n
iv) Three more than x is equal to seven is x + 3 = 7
v) 2 books weigh 10kg is 2b = 10
vi) Perimeter of a square is 40cm is 4x = 40
vii) A number subtracted from three is 3 – n
viii) A number divided by 2 is n/2
ix) A number multiplied by 6 is y x 6 = 6y
x) Three subtracted from a number is x - 3
xi) Two divide by a number is 2/x
xii) (2 + 4) multiplied by six is 5(2 + 4)
xiii) Peter is 4 years older than x is x + 4
WRITING SENTENCES IN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Examples
1. 3 more than x equals 7
2. 2 books weigh 10g is 2b = 10
3. Perimeter of a square is P = 4x or P = x + x + x + x
EXERCISE A 4

Write Algebraic expressions for the following:

1. A number multiplied by 3 gives 8. 5 boys shared sh 2500 equally
18 9. When p is multiplied by 2 the result
2. 10 less than a number is three is 6
3. A number divided by 12 equals 4 10. Add 9 to a number, the result is 14
4. Ali is 5 years older than 11. 5 boys weigh 90 kg
Namuwenge
5. The sum of 2x, x and 12 1s 30
6. When a number is divided by 3, and 4 is added to the result, the answer is 10
SUBSTITUTION

To substitute means to replace

Example

If a = 3, b = 4. Find the value of:

a) a + b b) 2a + 5b c) a + 2b d) ½ b e) 2a + b - b
=3+4 =2xa+5xb =a+2xb =½x4 =2xa+b-b
=7 =2x3+5x4 =3+2x4 =2 =2x3+4-4
54
 = 6 + 20 =3+8 =6+4–4
= 26 = 11 (add first) = 10 – 4
=6
EXERCISE A 5

1. Given that z = 3, y = 4, k = 1, p = 0 and h = 6; Find:

a) 4z + z + 3z d) 8z – 4y
b) 7h + 2p + 8h e) 10k + 4p – 2z
c) 6y – 2z f) 5y – p
2. Given that a = 12, b = 20 and c = 24. Find;
a) a + b b) ½a + ¼ b c) 2/3c + ½ b d) 4/5b + 4/6c
4
3. Given that f = 8, g = 3, h = 6 and I = 10; Find:
a) 2f + g b) h/I c) g + hi d) hf – 3i e) 2y + 3h = 28 (find y)
SOLVING EQUATIONS
1. An equation is an algebraic expression with an equal sign in between.
2. In the equation like y + 7 = 10, the letter y is called the unknown value.
3. Equations must always balance.
4. Finding the value of the unknown is known as solving the equation.
5. We can balance the equation by using the inverse operation to eliminate the unwanted
from either sides of the equation.
E.g. y + 7 = 10 (subtract 7 from both sides – to eliminate 7 from the left side of the
equation)
y + 7 – 7 = 10 – 7 (+7 – 7 are additive inverse whose result is 0)
y =3

SOLVING EQUATIONS BY SUBTRACTION

Example I Example II
Solve: n + 7 = 13 Solve 16 + a = 20

Subtract 7 from both sides Subtract 16 from both sides

n + 7 – 7 = 13 – 7 16 + a = 20
n = 13 – 7 16 – 16 + a = 20 – 16
n =6 a = 20 – 16
a =4
EXERCISE A 6
1. n + 6 = 13 4. 12 + a = 33
2. x + 9 = 17 5. 32 = 5 + n
3. 17 + y = 27 6. 13 = y + 6
FORMING AND SOLVING EQUATIONS BY SUBTRACTION
Example I

What number when added to 5 gives 11?

55
 Let the number be x
x + 5 = 11
x + 5 – 5 = 11 – 5
x=6

Example II
There are 50 pupils in a class, 30 are boys. How many are girls?
Let the no. of girls be g
Boys + girls = 50
30 + g = 50
30 – 30 + g = 50 – 30
g = 20
There are 20 girls.

EXERCISE A7

1. A box had 12 pens, 5 are red and the rest are blue. How many pens are blue?
2. Apio picked 59 mangoes. 24 of them were raw. How many were ripe?
3. The sum of 2 numbers is 17, one of the numbers is 9. Find the other number.
4. 10 plus a number is 32. Find the number.
5. A school received 80 books. 46 of them were English. The rest were math. Find the
number of math books.
6. What number when added to 19 gives 30.

SOLVING EQUATIONS BY ADDITION

Example I Example II
Find the value of n. n – 5 = 3 Solve for the unknown; g – 50 = 73
n–5=3 g – 50 = 73
n–5+5=3+5 g – 50 + 50 = 73 + 50
n =3+5 g = 73 + 50
n =8 g = 123

EXERCISE A 8
Solve the following equations:
1. n – 8 = 3 4. b – 38 = 75
2. y – 17 = 6 5. 60 = y - 39
3. z – 78 = 65 6. 10 = x - 28

FORMING AND SOLVING EQUATIONS BY SUBTRACTION

Example I
A boy used 3 of his exercise books and remained with 4 books. How
many books did he have first?
Let the number of books he had first be x
x -3=4
x–3+3=4+3

56
 x=7
He had 7 books at first.
Example II
In a class, 12 pupils were absent and 48 present. How many pupils were in the class?
Let the number of pupils in the class be p
P – 12 = 48
P – 12 + 12 = 48 + 12
P = 60
There are 60 pupils in the class
EXERCISE A 9

1. A girl had shillings 500 and bought a book for sh. 150. How much was left?
2. Chebrot had x shillings and Mugisha had Sh 250. They had sh 650 altogether.
How much money did Chebrot have?
3. A woman sold 5 of her hens and remained with 6. How many hens did she
have first?
4. A teacher marked 15 pupils absent and 35 present. How many pupils are in
the class?
5. When 7 is subtracted from a number, the answer is 13. What is the number?
6. A car used 12 litres of fuel and remained with 28 litres. How much fuel did
the car have at first?
SOLVING MIXED EQUATIONS.

Example I

5a – 2a –3 – 12 = 0
3a – 15 = 0
3a – 15 + 15 = 0 + 15
3a
/3 = 15/3
a=5

Example II Example III

3x – 8 = x 8a + 4 = 3a + 14
3x – x – 8 = x – x 8a – 3a + 4 = 3a – 3a + 14
2x – 8 = 0 5a + 4 = 14
2x – 8 + 8 = 0 + 8 5a + 4 - = 14 – 4
2x = 8 5a = 10
2 2 5 5
x=4 a=2

EXERCISE A 10
Solve the equations
1. 4k + 8 – 2k = 16 5. 3x – 5 = x + 3
2. 6x – 5 = x + 3 6. 6x – 12 = 3x
3. 10a – 5 = 5a 7. 3x – 2 – 2x = 10

SOLVING EQUATIONS BY DIVIDING

Example I Example II
Solve: 5a = 20 The length of a rectangle is 9cm and
57
 5a = 20 the width is wcm. If its area is 72cm2.
5 5 Find its width.
a=4 Area = L x W
72 = 9 x w
72 = 9w
9 9
w = 8cm

Example II Example III

x + x + x = 24 2x + 5 = 17
3x = 24 2x + 5 – 5 = 17 – 5
1 8 1
3x = 24 2x = 126
31 31 21 21
x =8 x =6

EXERCISE A 11
Solve:
1. 4x = 16 4. 6r = 24 7. 7x + 7 = 14
2. 7x = 42 5. b + b + b = 18
3. 10t = 50 6. 4n + n = 45
7. What number when multiplied by 12 gives 60?
8. One side of a rectangle is60cm, its area is48cm2. Find the other side.
9. A pen costs sh. 2p and a book costs sh. P. If the total cost of a book and a
pen is sh. 300, find the cost of the book.
10. I think of a number, multiply it by 2, the answer is 30. What is the number?

SOLVING EQUATIONS WITH FRACTIONS

Example I

Solve: x/3 = 4 OR x
/3 = 4/1
Lcm of 3 and 1 is 3 xx1=3x4
3 x x/3 = 4/1 x 3 x = 12
x = 12

Example II
A man divided his money among his 3 children and each got sh 450.How much
money did he give out?
Each child gets[ m/3]
3 x m/3 = 450/3 x 3
M = 1350
He divided sh. 1350

EXERCISE A 12
Find the value of the unknown
n
1. /7 = 18 4. 4b/4 = 10/2
z
2. /6 = 4/12 5. ½ z = 7
1
3. /7j = 49 6. 1/8 f - 5 = 10
58
7. When a number is divided by 7 the result is 8. Find the number.
8. What number when divided by 9 gives 21?
9. A teacher gave out exercise books to 25 pupils and each got 10 books. How many
books did the teacher have?

APPLICATION OF ALGEBRA TO AREA, PERIMETER AND VOLUME.

PERIMETER
i) Perimeter is total distance round a figure.
ii) To find perimeter, we add the measurements of all the sides of a given figure.
Eg.
a) Any four sided figure: P = s + s + s + s
b) A three sided figure: P = s + s + s
c) A five sided figure: s + s + s + s + s etc.

FINDING THE UNKNOWN SIDE WHEN PERIMETER IS GIVEN

a) b) c)

P = s+s+s+s
S SRectangle P =S
Square P = s+s+s+s s+s+s
Triangle

d) Side e) f)

P=s+s+s+s Trapezium
Rhombus Pentagon
P =s+s+s+s
P = s+s+s+s+s

Example I
The perimeter of a square is 36cm. Find its side in cm.
Sketch
Let the side be s
P= s + s + s + s = 36
36 4s = 36
4s = 36
4 4
S = 9cm
One side = 9cm
Example II Example III
The perimeter of a rectangle is 40 cm. The perimeter of a triangle is 24 cm. If the
Its length is 15cm. Find the width. two sides are 7cm and 5cm, find the other
Let the width be w side.
Sketch Sketch.
15cm 5cm 7cm
P=
59 24
 w w
15cm 2a

P=L+W+L+W P=S+S+S
L+W+L+W=P 24 = 2a + 7 + 5
2L + 2 W = P 2a + 12 = 24
15 + 15 + 2W = 40 2a + 12 – 12 = 24 - 12
30 – 30 + 2W = 40 – 30 2a = 12
2W = 10 2 2
2 2 a = 6cm
W = 5cm

EXERCISE A 13

Form an equation and solve the unknown side (NB: Draw sketch diagrams).
1. The perimeter of a regular pentagon is 20cm. Find the other side in cm.
2. The perimeter of a rectangle is 28 cm. Find the width if the length is 8cm.
3. The perimeter of the square below is 32cm. Find its side in centimeters.
4. The perimeter of a rectangle is 46cm. Find its length in centimeters if its width is
42cm.

P = 32cm

5. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 42cm. Find the size of one side.
6. Find the unknown side of the triangle below.

15cm 20cm
P = 50
3a
cm
FINDING UNKNOWN SIDE WHEN AREA IS GIVEN

Example I Example II
2
The area of the rectangle below is 32cm ; The area of the triangle below is 24 cm2
its length is 8cm. Find its width. If its height is 8cm, find its base.
Sketch Sketch

A = 32 cm2 W 8cm

8cm A =24
Area = L x W cm2 b
32 = 8 x W Area = ½ x base x height
8W = 32 24 = ½ x b x 8
8 8 2 x 24 = 8b x 2
W = 4cm 1 2
48 = 8b
8 8
60
 b=6
EXERCISE A 14
1.The area of a rectangle is 12 cm2. Its length is 4cm. Find the width.
4cm
Area = 12 cm2
w

2. Find the length of a rectangle whose area is 105 cm2. and width 7cm.
3. The area of a rectangle I 96 cm2. Its width is 6cm. Find its length.
4. The length of a rectangle is 12cm. Its area is 48 cm2. Find its width.
5. The area of the triangle below is 6 cm2. Find the base if its height is 4cm.
A

4cm

B x C
6. Find the value of h in the triangle below if its area is 35 cm2.

9cm h 6cm

10cm

FINDING THE MISSING SIDE WHEN VOLUME IS GIVEN

Example I

The volume of a box is 60 cm2. Its length is 5cm and width 4cm. Find its height.
Sketch Volume = L x W x H
60 = 5 x 4 x h
H 20h = 60
20h = 60
L=5cm W = 4cm 20 20
H = 3cm
Example II

The volume of a cuboid is 80 cm2. Its length is 8cm and height 2cm. What is its width?
Volume = L x W x H 16w = 80
H = 2cm 80 =8xwx2 16 16
80 = 16w w = 5cm

61
 L = 8cm

EXERCISE A 15
Form equations and solve for the unknown
1. The volume of a box is 24 cm3. Its length is 4cm and width 3cm. Find its height.
2. The volume of a set is 12 cm3. Its length is 3cm and width is 2cm. Find its height
3. The volume of a cuboid is 100 cm3. Its length is 5cm, height 5cm. What is the
width?
4. Find the width of a box with length of 6cm, height of 5cm and a volume of 120 cm3.
5. The volume of a box is 48 cm3. Its length and width are 4cm and 3cm respectively.
Find its height.

NUMBER PATTERNS AND SEQUENCES

EASY COMPUTING SKILLS IN ADDITION

Example I Example II
47 + 29 48 + 23
29 is nearer 30 23 = 20 + 3
so 47 + 30 = 77 so 3 + 48 = 51
but 30 was added instead of 29 now add he 20
so take away 1 = 20 + 51
= 77 – 1 = 71
= 76

EXERCISE B 1
Quickly add the following

1. 54 + 44 4. 78 + 21
5. 57 + 45
2. 49 + 35
3. 63 + 33

EASY COMPUTATION SKILLS IN SUBTRACTION

Example I Example II
57 – 38 74 – 26
38 is nearer to 40 26 = 20 + 6
so 57 – 40 = 17 take away 6
but 40 was subtracted instead of 38 74 – 6 = 68
so add 2 then take away 20
= 17 + 2 = 68 - 20
= 19 = 48
EXERCISE B 2
1. 51 – 39 4. 91 – 53
2. 94 – 22 5. 77 – 32
3. 78 – 38

MULTIPLES OF WHOLE NUMBERS

Example I
Multiples of 5 =(1 x 5) (2 x 5) (3 x 5) (4 x 5) (5 x 5) (6 x 5)
5 10 15 20 25 30…
M5 = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30…}
62
Example II
Write the first six multiples of 9
Multiples of 9 = (1 x 9) (2 x 9) (3 x 9) (4 x 9) (5 x 9) (6 x 9)
9 18 27 36 45 54
M9 = {9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54}

Example III
Find the multiples of 8 between 20 and 40
Multiples of 8 = {8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56}
M8 between 20 and 40 = {24, 32}

EXERCISE B 3
A. Write the first 12 multiples of the following
1. Multiples of 3 5. Multiples of 7 9. Multiples of 11
2. Multiples of 4 6. Multiples of 8 10. Multiples of 12
3. Multiples of 5 7. Multiples of 9
4. Multiples of 6 8. Multiples of 10

B. List the multiples of;

1. 2 between 10 and 20 4. 6 between 1 and 20
2. 3 between 20 and 30 5. 8 less than 90
3. 4 less than 24

FINDING FACTORS OFNUMBERS

A factor is a number that divides another in an exact number of times.

Example I
Find the factors of 12. How many are they?
F12 = 1 x 12 = 12
= 2 x 6 = 12
= 3 x 4 = 12
F12 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}

There are 6 factors.

EXERCISE B 4
1. Find the factors of the following numbers:
a) 4 d) 49 g) 41
b) 916 e) 121 h) 14
c) 13 f) 144 i) 37
2. What have you discovered about the factors of 13, 41 and 37?
3. What do we call such numbers?

ABBREVIATIONS COMMONLY USED

a) LCF - Lowest Common Factors
b) HCF - Highest Common Factors
c) GCF - Greatest Common Factors
d) CF - Common Factors
e) LCM - Lowest Common Factors

GCF and HCF mean the same; and refer to the biggest common factor

COMMON FACTORS AND GREATEST COMMON FACTORS

63
Example I
Find the factors of 12 and 15 and state the LCF and the GCF
F12 F 15
1 x 12 1 x 15
2x6 3x5
3x4
F12 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} F15 = {1, 3, 5, 15}
CF = { 1, 3}
GCF = 3
LCF = 1

NOTE: The LCF of two or more numbers is always 1

EXERCISE B 5
Find the GCF and the LCF of the following pairs of numbers.
1. 6 and 9 3. 18 and 24 5. 16 and 18
2. 12 and 18 4. 30 and 15 6. 14 and 21

TYPES OF NUMBERS
1. Whole numbers
These are numbers with no fraction and begin with zero. Eg 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
2. Counting numbers
These are numbers we use when counting. Sometimes they are called natural numbers. Eg 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…

3. Even numbers
a) These are numbers that are exactly divisible by 2 and give no remainder.
eg. 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, …
b) The first even number is 0.
4. Odd numbers
These are numbers that are not exactly divisible by 2. When divided by 2, it gives 1 as a remainder. Eg. 1, 3,
5, 7, 9, …

5. Prime numbers
a) These are numbers with only two factors; these are 1 and the number itself
eg. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …
b) The smallest prime number is 2.
c) 2 is both a prime and even number.
6. Composite numbers
a) These are numbers with more than two factors eg. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, …
b) The smallest composite number is 4.

7. Square numbers
These are numbers got by multiplying two equal numbers. Eg 1 x 1 = 1, 2 x 2 = 4, 3 x 3 = 9, 4 x 4 = 16…

1, 4, 9, 16, … are square numbers.

8. Triangular numbers

64
 a) These are numbers when whose dots are arranged, form a triangular
pattern. Eg.

The first triangular number is 1

PRIME NUMBERS AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS
CLASS DISCUSSION
Study the factors of the given numbers below

NUMBER FACTORS NUMBER FACTORS

1 {1} 7 {1, 7}
2 {1, 2} 8 {1, 2, 4, 8}
3 {1, 3} 9 {1, 3, 9}
4 {1, 2, 4} 10 {1, 2, 5, 10}
5 {1,5} 11 {1, 11}
6 {1, 2, 3, 6} 12 {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
a) Some numbers have only two factors and others have more than two
factors.
b) Those numbers with two factors are called Prime numbers and those
with more than two factors are called Composite numbers.

Example I
Given {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
Write:
a) A set of prime numbers.
Prime numbers are: {2 ,3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
b) A set of composite numbers.
Composite numbers are: {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20}

DETERMINING WHETHER A NUMBER IS PRIME OR COMPOSITE

Example I Example II
Is 23 prime or composite? Is 24 prime or composite?
23 =1x3 24 = 1 x 24
= {1, 3} 2 x 12
23 has only two factors so it is 3x8
a prime number. 4x6
F24 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}

EXERCISE B 6
Factorise and write prime or composite number.
1. 25 5. 32
2. 28 6. 40
3. 29 7. 37
4. 13 8. 41
PRIME FACTORISATION OF NUMBERS
1. When prime factorising a given number, prime numbers are used.
2. The prime numbers include; 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, …

65
3. The prime number chosen must divide the number exactly without giving a remainder.
4. There are two main ways of carrying out prime factorisation of numbers. These are:
a) Prime factorising using a factor tree.
b) Prime factorising using a ladder.
5. The answer is presented in two different ways;
a) Multiplication form,
b) Set notation (Subscript form)
6. In set notation form we write subscripts (small numbers) below prime factors when
listing them.
7. Prime factorisation can be used to find the; LCM and Square roots of numbers.

PRIME FACTORISING USING A FACTOR TREE

Example I Example II
Prime Factorise 12. Prime factorise 25.
12 25
2 6 5 5
2 3 5 1
3 1
In multiplication form: PF12 = {2 x 2 x 3} In multiplication form: PF25 = { 5 x 5}
In set notation form: PF12 = {21, 22, 31} In subscript form: PF25 = {51, 52}

EXERCISE B 7
Prime factorise the numbers and answer as instructed in the brackets.
1. 4 (set notation) 5. 50 (multiplication)
2. 10 (multiplication) 6. 14 (subscript)
3. 72 (subscript) 7. 56 (multiplication)
4. 27 (set notation)

PRIME FACTORISATION USING A LADDER

Example I Example II
Prime factorise 216 Prime factorise 6 using a ladder

In multiplication form: In multiplication form 6 = 2 x 3

216 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 In subscript form 6 =
{21, 31}
66
In subscript form 216 = {21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33}
EXERCISE B 8

Use a ladder to prime factorise and present your answer as instructed

in the brackets.
1. 60 (Subscript) 5. 58 (subscript)
2. 64 (multiplication) 6. 180 (multiplication)
3. 80 (subscript)
4. 128 (multiplication)

FINDING LCM USING PRIME FACTORISATION

1. To find the LCM of a given pair of numbers, prime factorisation is applied.
2. To prime factorise, remember always to use prime numbers eg. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, …
3. A ladder can be used to find the LCM of a pair of given numbers.
4. Prime factorise the given numbers together and multiply the prime factors to get the
LCM.

Example I Example II
Find the LCM of 12 and 18. Find the LCM of 4 and 3.
Prime factorise 12 and 18 together. Prime factorise 4 and 3 together.
PF Numbe Numbe PF Numbe Numbe
r r r r
2 12 18 2 4 3
2 6 9 2 2 3
3 3 9 3 1 3
3 1 3 1 1
1 1
LCM = (2 x 2) x (3 x 3) LCM = (2 x 2) x 3
= 4 x 9 =4x3
LCM = 36 LCM = 12
LCM of 12 and 18 = 36 LCM of 4 and 3 = 12

EXERCISE B 9
Prime factorise to find the LCM of the following pairs of numbers.
1. 4 and 12 4. 14 and 28
2. 8 and 16 5. 15 and 30
3. 12 and 15 6. 30 and 40

SQUARE NUMBERS
1. Square numbers are numbers got by multiplying two equal numbers. E.g. 2 x 2 = 4
4 is a square number.
2. Square of a number can be written by raising the number by power 2.

67
 Eg. Square of 3 = 32, Square of a = a2

Example I Example II
What is the square of 5? What is the square of 12?
52 = 5 x 5 122 = 12 x 12
= 25 = 144
The square of 5 is 25 The square of 12 is 144

EXERCISE B 10
Find the squares of the following numbers.
1. The square of 6 4. The square of 11
2. The square of 8 5. The square of 13
3. The square of 7
6. If P = 12, what is the value of P2?
7. Find the area of a square whose side is 9cm.

SQUARE ROOTS OF NUMBERS

1. A square root is a number that is multiplied by itself to get a square number.
Eg. 3 x 3 = 9
Square

Square root.

2. The symbol for square root is 

3. We can get the square root of a number by prime factorisation.

Example I ExampleII
Find the square root of 25 Find the square root of 100.
5 25 2 100
5 5 2 50
1 5 25
5 5
1
25 = (5 x 5) 100 = (2 x 2) x (5 x 5)
=5 = 2 x 5
The square root of 25 is 5 = 10
The square root of 100 is 10
EXERCISE B 11

Find the square root of the following numbers;

1. 16 4. 81
2. 36 5. 64
3. 49 6. 144

68
 FINDING ONE SIDE OF A SQUARE USING SQUARE ROOT

Note: The formula for finding area of a square is; Area = s x s

A = s2.
Example I

The area of a square is 9cm2. Find the side of the square.

Sketch

Area =
9cm2

Side x Side gives Area.

S x S = 9 (Show working of finding square root of 9 in side work)

S2 = 9
 S2. = 9
S = 3cm
Example II

The area of a square compound is 100m2. Find the sides in metres.

Sketch
A=
100cm2

S x S = Area
S2. = 100 (Show working of finding square root of 100 in side
work)
S = 10m One side of a square is 10cm

EXERCISE B 12

1. What is the side of a square whose area is 16cm2?

2. Find one side of a square whose area is 81 cm2.
3. A square room has an area of 64m2. How long are its sides?
4. A square garden has an area of 36m2. Find the length of each side of the garden.
5. Find the side and the perimeter of a square whose area is 225cm2.
TRIANGULAR NUMBERS
Discussion
Given 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, …; when represented as dot, will look like as below.

1. When the dots of the above numbers are arranged as above, they form triangles. This
is why they are called triangular numbers.
2. The first triangular number is 1
3. Triangular numbers can be got by adding consecutive numbers starting from 1.
69
 Eg. 1 = 1
1+ 2 = 4
1+ 2+3 = 6
1+ 2+3+4 = 10
1+ 2+3+4+5 = 15

EXERCISE B 13
1. a) Find the next five triangular numbers .
b) Find how many triangular numbers will form a sum of 36.

OPERATION ON PATTERNS AND SEQUENCES

Note:
1. Sum is a result after adding numbers.
Eg. 2 + 4 = 6
The sum of 2 and 4 is 6
2. A difference is a result after subtracting a smaller number from a bigger one.
Eg. The difference between 90 and 30 is 90 – 30 = 60.
3. A product is a result of multiplying 2 or more numbers.
Eg. The product of 3 and 5 is 3 x 5 = 15
4. A quotient is a result after dividing one number by another.
Eg. The quotient of 20 and 5 is 20  5 = 4
5. Average is a result after dividing the sum by the number of items added.

EXERCISE B 14

Work out the following numbers as required.

1. Find the sum of the missing numbers.
1, 4, 9, __25, 36, __, 64.
2. Find the difference between 2 missing numbers in the sequence.
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, __, 19, __.
3. Find the product of the first two odd numbers.
4. Find the quotient after dividing the missing number by 5 in the sequence.
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, __, 40, 45, 50.

FRACTIONS
1. A fraction is part of a whole.
2. A fraction is written with two main parts.
a) The numerator
b) The denominator.
3. the top part of a fraction is the numerator and the bottom part is the denominator.
Eg ½ 1 is the numerator and 2 is the denominator.

70
 TYPES OF FRACTIONS

There are three main types of fractions.

a) Proper fractions
These are fractions whose numerator is smaller than the denominator.
e.g ½ , ¾ , 5/6
b) Improper fractions
These are fractions whose numerator is bigger than the denominator.
e.g. 5/4, 3/2, 19/5
c) Mixed fractions
These are fractions that have both whole numbers and fractions.
e.g. 15/6, 35/6, 121/2

EXPRESSING IMPROPER FRACTIONS AS MIXED FRACTIONS

Example I Example II
Express 9/5 as a mixed fraction. Express 30
/7 as a mixed fraction.
9  5 = 1 remainder 4 30 7 = 4 remainder 2
= 14/5 = 42/7
EXERCISE C 1
Express the following as mixed fractions.
3 15
1. /2 4. /7
11 50
2. /3 5. /8
17 2
3. /4 6. /7
EXPRESSING MIXED FRACTIONS IMPROPER FRACTIONS.
Example I Example II
2
Express 4 /3 as an improper fraction Express 51/4 as an improper fraction.
42/3 = W x D + N 51/4 = W x D + N
D D
=4x3+2 =5x4+1
3 4
= 12 + 2 = 20 + 1
3 4
14 21
= /3 = /4
EXERCISEC 2
Express each of these fractions as improper fractions.
1. 1 ½ 3. 103/5
2. 3 1/10 4. 27/8

71
5. 51/6 6. 43/7

EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS

The diagrams below represent half

2 3
½ =½ /4 = ½ /6 = ½
4
/8 = ½
Example I Example II
Write four fractions equivalent to ½. Write four fractions equivalent to 2/7.
2
½ = 1 x 2, 1 x 3, 1 x 4, 1x5 /7 = 2 x 2, 2 x 3, 2 x 4, 2 x 5
2x2 2x3 2 x4 2x5 7x2 7x3 7 x4 7x5
2 3 4 5 2 4
½ = /4, /6, /8, /10 /7 = /14, 6/21, 8
/28, 10
/35

EXERCISE C 3

A. Write five equivalent fractions to each of these.

2 4
1. /3 4. /9
9 8
2. /10 5. /10
4
3. /5

B. Complete the equivalent fraction below.

1. 2/11 = 4/c, a/33, 8
/d, b/55, 12
/e
2. 2/12 = 4/g, d/36, e
/48, 10
/h, f/72
2
3. /11 = a/16, 9/d, b
/32, 15
/e, c/48

REDUCING FRACTIONS

i) To reduce a fraction is to simplify it to its simplest terms.

ii) This is done by dividing the numerator and denominator by their GCF.
Example I Example II
Reduce 12/24 to its simplest terms. Reduce 18/20 to its simplest terms.
F12 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} F18 = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}

72
F24 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24} F20 = {1, 2, 4, 5, 10,20}}
CF = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} CF = {1,2}

GCF = 12 GCF = 2
12  12 18  2
24  12 20 2
=½ = 9/10
EXERCISE C 4
2 8
1. /4 5. /12
2. 9/10 6. 5
/10
3. 20/30 7. 12
/18
4. 30/90

ORDERING FRACTIONS

1. To order fractions is to arrange fractions in ascending or descending order.

2. Ascending order means from smallest to highest.
3. Descending means from biggest to smallest.
4. We can use the LCM to determine the size of the fraction in natural numbers.

Example I

Arrange 1/3, ½, ¼ in ascending order.

LCM of 3, 2 and 4 = 12 (Find LCM by prime factorisation using the ladder)
1 2 1 6 1 3
/3 x 12 /2, x 12 /4 x 12
1x2=2 1x6=6 1x3=3
Ascending order = ¼, 1/3, ½.

Example II

Arrange 7/12, 3/8, 5

/8 in descending order.
LCM of 12 and 8 = 24 (Find LCM by prime factorisation using the ladder)
7 2 3 3 5 3
/12 x 24 /8, x 24 /8 x 24
7 x 2 = 14 3x3=9 5 x 3 = 15
Descending order = 5/8, 7/12, 3/8

EXERCISE C 5
Arrange the following fractions as instructed in brackets

1. 3/4, 2/3, 1
/2. (ascending) 2. 5/6, 5/8, 5
/12. (ascending)

73
3. 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6. (descending) 6. 5/6, 4/5, 7
/10, 2/3. (descending)
4. 5/6, 4/5, 7
/10, 2/3. (descending) 7. Which is smaller 5/6 or 5/8?
5. 3/4, 2/3, 5
/6. (ascending) 8. Which is bigger 1/2 or 2/12?

ADDITION OF FRACTIONS

To add fractions, find the LCM of the denominators of the fractions.

Example I

Add: ¼ + ½ (Find LCM of 2 and 4 by prime factorisation using the ladder)

= (4 4 x 1) + (4 2 x 1)
=1x1+2x1
4
= 3
4
Example II

Add: 5/6 + 3/8 (Find LCM of 6 and 8 by prime factorisation using the ladder)
20 + 9= 29 (Change to a mixed fraction)
24 24
= 15/24
Example III

EXERCISE C 6
Add the following:
1
1. /3 + 1/2 4. 1
/5 + 1/2
4
2. /3 + 1/2 5. 2
/7 + 3/4
7
3. /10 + 1/20 6. 2
/9 + 1/6

ADDITION OF WHOLES TO FRACTIONS

Example I Example II
Add: ¾ + 5 Add: 3 2/5 + 7
=5+¾ = 3 + 7 + 2/5 (First add the wholes alone)
=5¾ = 10 + 2/5

74
 = 10 2/5
Example III

Add: 5 3/7+ 12
= 5 + 12 + 3/7 (First add the wholes alone)
= 17 + 3/7
= 173/7
EXERCISE C 7
Add the following
1
1. /5+ 3 4. 22 1/5 + 13
2. 10 + 15/7 5. 2 3/7 + 8
3. 4 1/5+ 6 6. 1 1/4+ 9

MORE ON ADDITION

Example I Example II
Add: 62/3 + 5/6 1
/15 + 11/3 + 3/5 (mixed to
fractions)
= 6 x 3 + 2(mixed to improper) = 1/15 +4/3 + 3/5 (LCM of 15, 3 and
5 = 15)
3 = 1 + 20 + 9
20
= /3 + 5/6 LCM of 3 and 6 = 6 15
30
= 40 + 5 = /15 (reduce by the HCF)
6 = 2
45
= /6 Change to mixed fraction
= 73/6

EXERCISE C 8

1. 5 + 42/3 4. 1/15 + 31/2

2. 33/7 + 4 5. 3/4 + 41/8 +25/8
3. 21/5 + 2/3 6. 1/6 + 5/9 + 11/3

75
 WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING ADDITION OF FRACTIONS
Example I

John filled ½ of a tank with water in the morning and 2/5 in the afternoon. Hat fraction
o he tank was full with water?
Morning + Afternoon
½ + 2/5 LCM of 2 and 5 = 10
=5+4
10
= 9/10
The tank was filled with 9/10

Example II

Abdel had 1½ cakes. Jane had 23/4 cakes and Rose had ¾ of a cake. How many cakes
did they have altogether?
Abdel + Rose + Jane
11/2 + 3/4 + +23/4 (Change to improper)
= 3/2 + 3/4 + 11
/4 (LCM of 2 and 4 = 4)
= 6 + 3 + 11
4
20
= /4 (reduce the fraction to its simplest terms)
= 5 cakes.
EXERCISE C 9
2
1. /3 of the seats in a bus is filled by adults and ¼ by children. What fraction of the
seats in the bus is occupied?
2. A worker painted 3 1/9 wall on Monday and 4/9 on Tuesday. What fraction of the
house was painted on Monday?
3. In a school library, 5/15 of the books are mathematics, 1/6 of the books are English
and 1/3 are Science. What fraction do the three books represent altogether?
4. A mother gave sugar canes to her children. The daughter got 1 ½ and the sun got
2¼
How many sugarcanes are these altogether?
5. At Mullisa P. S. 2/3 of the day is spent on classroom activities, 3/12 on music and 1/8
on games. Express these as one fraction.

76
 SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS

Example I Example II
½ – 1/3. LCM of 2 and 3 = 6 5 – 25/12. Change mixed to improper
fraction.
=3–2 = 5/1 – 29/12 LCM of 1 and 12 = 12
6 = 60 – 29
12
= 1/6 = 31
/12
Change to mixed fraction.
= 27/12
Example III

22/5 – 11/4 Change mixed to improper fraction

14
= /5 – 5/4 LCM of 5 and 4 = 20
= 56 – 25
20
31
= /20 Change to mixed fraction.
= 111/20

EXERCISE C 10
4
1. /5 – 1/5 4. 31/5 – 11/10
2. 11/10 – 1/2 5. 33/4 – 11/4
3. 3 – 1/2 6. 23/8 – 11/8

WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS

Example I

A baby was given 5/6 litres of milk and drunk 7/12 litres. How much milk remained?
Given – drunk
= 5/6 – 7/12 LCM of 6 and 12 = 12
= 10 – 7
12
= 3/12. Reduce to simplest term.
= ¼ litres

77
 Example II

2 ½ litres of water were removed from a container of 5 ¼ litres. How much water
remained?
Water remaining =5¼–2½
21
= /4 – 5/2 LCM of 4 and 2 = 4
= 21 – 10
4
11
= /4. Change to mixed fraction.
= 2 ¾ litres of water remained.

ADDITON AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS

Example I Example II
½ + 1/3 – ¼ LCM of 2, 3 and 4 = 12 Work out:
5
= 6 + 4 – 3 Add first /6 – 5/9 + 7/18 Collect positive integers
first
12 = 5/6 + 7/18– 5/ LCM of 6, 18 and 9 = 18
= 10 – 3 = 15 + 7 – 10 Add first
12 18
= 7/12. = 22 – 10 Then subtract
18
12
= /18 Reduce to simplest term
= 12  6 = 2
18  6 = 3
= 2/ 3
Example III

Work out: 71/2 – 31/4 + 13/12

71/2 – 31/4 + 13/12 Change to improper fraction first.
15 13 15
= /2 – /4 + /12 Collect positive terms
15 15 13
= /2 + /12– /4 LCM of 2, 12 and 4 = 12
= 90 + 15 – 39 Add first
12
= 105 – 39
12
= 66  6 = 11
12  6 = 2

78
 11
= /2 Change to mixed fraction.
=5 ½

EXERCISE C 11

1. 5/4 + 1/5 – 1/2

2. 2/3 – 5/6 + ¾ 5. 51/5+ 14/5 – 3
3. 11/2 + 21/3 – ¼ 6. 2/3 + 3/5 – 7/15
4. 21/6 – 31/2 + 5

MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS

Example I Example II
2
¼x3 Make 3 a fraction. /3 x 21 Make 21 a fraction
= ¼ x 3/1 = 2/3 x 21
/1
=1x3 = 2 x 217
4x1 13 x 1

=¾ =2x7
1x1
= 14
Example III Example IV
½ of 16 „of‟ means multiplication 21/3 of 27of means multiplication.
= ½ x 16 make 16 a fraction = 21/3 x 27 make 27 a fraction
16
=½x /1 = 21/3 x 27
/1 mixed to improper fraction
= 1 x 168 = 7/3 x 27/1
12 x 1 = 7 x 279
=1x8 13 x1
1x1 =7x9
=8 1x1
= 63
EXERCISE C 12
Multiply:
1 1
1. /3 x 3 4. /10 x 2/9
2 2
2. /3 of 15 5. /5 x 10
3. 22/5 of 20 6. 15/7 of 21

79
 1 1
7. /2 x ¼ 8. /8 x 1/5

WORD PROBLEMS INVOLVING MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS

Example I

What is ¼ of 1 hour?
= ¼ of 1 hour
= ¼ of 60 minutes
= ¼ x 60
60
=¼x /1.
= 1 x 6015
14 x 1

= 1 x 15
= 15 minutes.

Example II

A mathematics book contains 200 pages. A pupil reads 3/5 of the book. How many
pages did the pupil read?
A pupil read 3/5 of 200 pages.
= 3/5 of 200 pages
= 3/5 x 200
/1
= 3 x 200 40 pages
15 x 1

=3 x 40 pages
1x1
= 120 pages.

EXERCISE C 13

1. What is 1/6 of 24 kilograms?

2. What is 1/5 of 30 litres?
3. A man received of his salary. If his salary was sh. 20,000, how much money did he
receive?

80
4. Sempa wants to visit his uncle who lives near Kabale town. The journey to Kabale is
40 kilometres away. If his uncle‟s home is at 7/8 of the journey, how far is it in km?
5. A man had sh. 1,000. He gave away 2/5 of it to his wife. How much money did he
give to his wife?
6. Find the area of the rectangle below.
12 cm

61/2 cm

RECIPROCALS OF FRACTIONS

1. Reciprocal of a fraction is the opposite of a given fraction.

2. The numerator of the fraction becomes the denominator and the denominator
becomes the numerator.
Eg. a) The reciprocal of ¼ = 4/1
b) The reciprocal of 2/3 = 3/2
c) The reciprocal of 5/8 = 8/5 etc.
3. If a whole number is given, make it a fraction by putting it over 1 and give its
reciprocal
Eg. a) The reciprocal of 6 = 6/1 = 1/6
10
b) The reciprocal of 10 = /1 = 1/10.
4. If a mixed fraction is given, change it to an improper fraction and then give the
reciprocal of the improper fraction.
Eg. a) The reciprocal of 1½ = 3/2 =2/3.
b) The reciprocal of 331/3.= 100
/3 = 3/100.

RECIPROCALS OF FRACTIONS BY CALCULATION

We should take note that a number multiplied by its reciprocal gives 1.

Example I

What is the reciprocal of 3/5?

Let the reciprocal of 3/5 be y
3
/5 x y = 1

81
3
/5 x y/1 = 1
3y
/5 =1 Make 1 a fraction. 3y = 5 divide both sides by 3
3y
/5 = 1/1. Cross-multiply 3y
/3 = 5/3
3y x 1 =5x1 y = 5/3.
3y =5 The reciprocal of 3/5 is 5/3.
EXERCISE C 14

A. Calculate the reciprocal of each of the following.

1. ½ 5. 23
5
2. /3. 6. 14
5
3. /3. 7. 31/8.
4. 7 8. 47/12

B. Find the product of the given number and its reciprocal.

1. 5 4. 10
3 4
2. /8. 5. /9.
3. 3 ½
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
Example I

Divide 1/5  4 Make 4 a fraction

= 1/5  4/1. Change () to (x) then reciprocal of 4/1 = 1/4.
= 1/5 x ¼
=1x1
5x4
= 1/20.
Example II

½¼ Change () to (x) then reciprocal of 1/4 = 4/1.

= ½ x 4/1.
= 1 x 42
12 x 1

=1x2
=2

82
 EXERCISE C 15
1 3
1. /6  4 4. /7  3
1 4
2. /3  2 5. /20 1/4
2
3. /3  4
5
6. /8 of the bread was shared among 16 children. How much bread was given out?

EXPRESSING FRACTIONS AS FRACTIONS DECIMAL.

NOTE:
a) 1/1. = 1 (The denominator has no zero, so gives no decimal place)
b) 1/10. = 0.1 (The denominator has 1 zero, so gives 1 decimal place)
1
c) /100. = 0.01 (The denominator has 2 zeros, so gives 2 decimal places)
Example I

a) Write 25 as a decimal number.

25
= /1. = 25. (No zero, no decimal place)

25
b) Write /10.as a decimal fraction.
25
= /10. = 2.5 (1 zero, 1 decimal place)

25
c) Write /100. as a decimal fraction.
25
= /100. = 0.25 (2 zeros, 2 decimal places)
NB: The zero before the decimal point is used to keep the place of whole numbers.

Example II Example III

Express 31/10. as a decimal number. Express 75/100. as a decimal fraction
First change to improper fraction. First change to improper fraction.
31/10. = (10 x 3) + 1 75/100. = 100 x 7 + 5
10 100
31 705
= /10. = /100.
= 3.1 (1 zero, 1 decimal place) = 7.05 (2 zeros,2 de. places.)
EXERCISE C 16

Express these fractions as decimals

15 65
1. /1. 3. /10.
125 625
2. /100. 4. /1.

83
 625
5. /100. 10. 49/100.
25
6. /10. 11. 158/100.
7. 95/10. 12. 23/10.
8. 525/100.
9. 137/10.
CONVERTING DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS

NOTE.:
a) 1 decimal place gives 1 zero on the denominator. Eg 0.5 = 5/10.
b) 2 decimal places give 1 zeros on the denominator. Eg 0.05 = 5/100.
Example I
Express 6.9 as a common fraction.
69
6.9 = /10. (1 decimal place gives 1 zero on the denominator.)
69
= /10. Change to mixed fraction.
= 69/10.
Example II
Express 3.05 as a common fraction.
305
3.05 = /100. (2 decimal places give 1 zeros on the denominator.)
305
= /100. (Change to mixed fraction)
= 35/100. (Reduce 5/100 to give 1/20.)
= 31/20.

EXERCISE C 17
Express as common fractions and reduce where necessary.
1. 0.1 4. 6.75
2. 2.5 5. 64.41
3. 0.25 6. 11.2
ORDERING DECIMALS
Example I

Arrange from the smallest: 0.1, 1.1, 0.11

Change to common fractions. = 1/10, 11/10, 11
/100.
The biggest denominator is the LCM. = 100
Multiply each fraction by the LCM = 1 x 100 = 10 (1st)
10

= 11 x 100 = 110 (2nd)

84
 10

= 11 x 100 = 11 (3rd)
100
From smallest = 0.1, 0.11, 1.1.
Example II
Arrange from the smallest: 0.22, 0.2, 1.2
22
Change to common fractions. = /100, 2/10, 12
/10.
The biggest denominator is the LCM. = 100
Multiply each fraction by the LCM = 22 x 100 = 22 (2nd)
100

= 2 x 100 = 20 (3rd)
10

= 12 x 100 = 120 (1st)

10
From biggest = 1.2, 0.22, 0.2.

Example III

Which is less than the other? 0.2 or 0.1 (Use < or > correctly)
0.2 0.1
Change to common fractions. = 2/10, 1/10
The biggest denominator is the LCM. = 10
Multiply each fraction by the LCM = 2 x 10 =2
10
= 1 x 10 =1
10
0.2 > 0.1
EXERCISE C 18

A. Arrange the decimals as instructed in the brackets.

1. 0.1, 0.3, 0.33 (from smallest) 3. 1.05, 0.15, 1.5. (from smallest.)
2. 2.2, 0.22, 0.02 (from biggest) 4. 0.08, 0.8, 0.34. (from biggest)
B. Compare by replacing the star with < or > (show your working)
5. 0.2 * 0.3 7. 0.5 * 0.9
6. 5.4 * 5.3 8. 0.8 * 0.9

85
 ADDITION OF DECIMAL FRACTIONS
Example I Example II
Add: 14.9 + 8.02 + 36.48 Add: 0 . 45 + 13 . 2 + 52 . 00
Arrange vertically and put Arrange vertically and put
the decimal point in line the decimal point in line
14 . 90 0 . 45
8 . 02 13 . 2
+ 36 . 48 + 52 . 00
59 . 40 65 . 65
EXERCISE C 19

Add the following:

1. 4.96 + 1.7 + 0.36 4. 2.7 + 8.92 + 0.37
2. 0.56 + 5.8 + 58.00 5. 2.76 + 3.85 + 1.09
3. 0.22 + 2.22 + 22.22 6. 65.5 + 4.5 + 20.8

SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS

Example I Example II
97 .4 – 13 . 69 63 – 19 . 78
Arrange vertically and put Arrange vertically and put
the decimal points in line the decimal points in line
97 . 40 63 . 00
+ 13 . 69 + 19 . 78
83 . 71 43 . 22

EXERCISE C 20
Subtract the following:

1. 73 – 19.5 4. 8.54 – 2.34

2. 12 – 9.5 5. 166 – 66.9
3. 57.9 – 3.51 6. 14.9 – 3.51

86
 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
Example I

Work out 13.75 – 27 + 91 .25

Collect positive terms first.
= 13.75 + 91.25 – 27 (First add)
= 13 . 75
+ 91 . 25
105. 00 (Then subtract)
- 27. 00
78. 00
EXERCISE C 21

Work out:
1. 35.1 – 44.3 + 17.6
2. 8.24 + 22.9 – 7.8
3. 14 – 5.26 + 7.02
4. 6.25 – 4.7 + 3.42
5. 65.6 – 45.9 + 0.36
6. 7.98 – 9.08 + 4.07

87
 P.5 MATHS LESSON NOTES TERM III
GRAPHS
PICTOGRAPHS
i) This is information represented in pictorial form
ii) It always has a title and a scale.
Example
Study the pictograph below and answer the questions that follow:

NUMBER OF PUPILS WHO GOT DIFFERENT GRADES.

Excellent
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor

Scale: = 10 pupils

Questions
i) How many pupils are in the excellent grade?
ii) Which grade had the biggest number of pupils. Find their number.
iii) How many more pupils were in the poor grade than in the very good grade?
Solution:
i) 1 Star = 10 pupils
1½ Star = 3/2 x 10
= 3/2 x 10
= 15 pupils
15 pupils were in the excellent grade.

ii) The „good‟ grade had the biggest number of pupils;

1 star = 10 pupils
9 stars = 9 x 10 pupils
= 90 pupils
iii) Poor grade Very good grade Difference
1 star = 10 pupils 1 star = 10 pupils = 55 – 40 pupils in
5 ½ stars = 5 ½ x 10 4 stars = 4 x 10 pupils = 15 more pupils than in
= 11/2 x 10 = 40 pupils. Very good.
= 55 pupils
EXERCISE A1
A) Teacher will discuss Exercise 10.1 with learners.
B) Learners will do Exercise 10.2. New Mk 2000 Page 214 – 17
88
 Numbers 1 and 2.

READING AND INTERPRETING TABLES

Example
A farmer recorded the number of pineapples he harvested each month as shown in the table
below:
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
No. of pineapples 420 360 330 380 400 480

From the above Table we note that:

i) The highest number of pineapples was harvested in June.
ii) The lowest number of pineapples was harvested in March and they were 330.
iii) The difference between the highest and lowest harvest was:
480 – 330 = 150 Pineapples
iv) The sum of all the pineapples harvested was :
420 + 360 + 330 + 380 + 400 + 480 = 2370 Pineapples.

EXERCISE A2
Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
THE TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF FUEL A CAR USES IN A WEEK.
DAY MON. TUE. WED. THU. FRI.

AMOUNT OF FUEL 10 litres 20 litres 25 litres 15 litres 5litres

a) On which day does the car use a lot of fuel?

b) What is the least amount of fuel used?
c) Calculate the amount of fuel used that week.
d) For how many days did the car use fuel more than 15 litres?
e) What is the difference in fuel used by the car on Monday and Wednesday?
f) Find the average amount of fuel used in litres for the whole week.
g) Which two days did the car use fuel less than 15 litres?
h) If each litre of fuel is sh. 2,300, how much money is required on Thursday and Friday?
DRAWING AND INTERPRETING TABLES
EXAMPLE
A farmer collected20 eggs on Monday, 25 eggs on Tuesday, 15 eggs on Wednesday, 30 eggs on
Thursday and 25 eggs on Friday. Draw a table to show the above information.

DAY MON. TUE. WED. THU. FRI.

20 E 25 15 30 25
g
g
s

a) On which day was the highest number of eggs collected?

The day was Thursday.
b) Which day had the lowest number of eggs collected?
89
 The day was Thursday.
c) What is the sum of eggs for the 5 days?
20 + 25 + 15 + 30 + 25 = 115 eggs.

EXERCISE A3
Read the information and draw a suitable table for it.
1. British Airways recorded Passengers who traveled to Europe in the first half of the year as
follows:
January 120, February 90, March 150, April 160, May 100 and June 200.
a) Draw a suitable table to show this information.
b) What is the sum of all the passengers from January to June?

2. A teacher on duty recorded pupils who came late that week.

Monday 25, Tuesday 15, Wednesday 10, Thursday 8 and 10 on Friday.
a) Put this information on a table.
b) What was the sum of all the late comers that week?
c) On which two days did the teacher record the same number of late comers?

BAR GRAPH

Features of a bar Graph

i) Title – Tells us what the graph is about.
ii) Vertical axis (y) – A line to the left running either upwards or downwards.
iii) Vertical scale - Recording what one small division (square) stands for.
iv) Horizontal axis (x) - A line below running from left to right.
v) Horizontal scale - Recording what one small division (square) stands for.

90
 INTERPRETING BAR GRAPHS
EXAMPLE
THE NUMBER OF EGGS COLLECTED FROM MONDAY TO FRIDAY

Questions
a) On which day were more eggs collected?
b) What is the difference between eggs collected on Wednesday and on Friday?
c) What is the Title of the graph below?
d) Which axis represents:
i) Number of eggs? ii) Days of the week?
e) Describe the scales used on the:
i) Vertical axis ii) Horizontal axis.

EXERCISE A4
Exercise 10:5 New Mk 2000 page 222.

DRAWING A BAR GRAPH FROM TABLES

Example
The table below shows types of food liked by pupils in a P.5 Class.
No. of 10 15 5 20 25 10
pupils
Food Irish (i) Millet (m) Potatoes(p) Cassava(c) Matooke(m) Yams (y)

91
 GRAPH

Questions
a) Which type of food do most pupils prefer?
b) Which food is least liked by pupils?
c) On which axis is “Type of food “ plotted?
d) Describe the scale used on the vertical axis.
e) Which types of food are equally preferred?

EXERCISE A5
The table below shows the Average rainfall at Rocky Hill Academy.
Month: J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rainfall (mm): 90 85 40 15 45 40 60 70 60 70 75 60

RECORDING INFORMATION FROM A BAR GRAPH TO A TABLE.

Example
Study the graph and answer the questions that follow
ONE WEEK‟S ATTENDANCE IN A CLASS.

92
a) Complete the table below?
Mon. D Tue Wed Thu Fri
a
y
s
Absent 10 15 00 10 00
Present 40 35 50 40 50

EXERCISE A6
1. The graph below shows the heights in metres of pupils in a class.

a) How many pupils are below 0.1 metres in height?

b) How many pupils are above 1.2m in height?
c) How many pupils are in this class?
d) Record the information from the graph into the table below.
Height 0.8 0.9 _________ 1.2 _________
No. of pupils. ________ __________ 6 __________ 12

2. The graph below shows the amount of milk sold by Mzee Kali in one week.

93
a) Draw a table to represent the above information.
b) ON which day did Mzee Kali sell most milk?
c) How much milk did he sell the whole week?
d) If he sold each litre at sh 600, how much did he earn the whole week?

BARLINE GRAPH
Instead of bars, we can use lines to form bar line graphs.
Example
The graphs below show the age and weight of 5 pupils.

A:
i) Name the pupils with the same age.
ii) How old is the youngest pupil?
iii) How old is Aisha?
iv) Who is 10 years old?
v) Calculate their average age?
B:
i) How heavy is Ronald?
ii) Name the pupils with same weight?
iii) How much heavier is Hakim than Ronald?
94
 iv) How heavy is Aisha?
v) What is the average weight of the 5 pupils?
vi) Who is 55Kg heavy?

EXERCISE A7
Study the graph below and answer questions below.

a) In which month was the biggest number of babies born?

b) Which two months had the same number of babies produced?
c) How many babies were born in February?
d) Which two months had a total number of births of 200 babies?
e) How many months had less than 100 births?
f) Find the range of babies born.
g) What was the minimum number of births?
h) Find the total births of children in the six months.

DRAWING BAR LINE GRAPHS USING INFORMATION FROM TABLES

Example:
A driver recorded the amount of fuel he used throughout the week. Mon. 10 litres, Tue. 20 litres,
Wed. 25 litres, Thur. 15 litres and Fri. 5 litres.
a) Draw a bar line graph to represent the information.
Days: Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri.
Fuel (litres): 10 20 25 15 5

95
b) Which day did he use least amount of fuel?
c) If he bought each litre at sh. 1600, how much money would he pay on Wednesday?
d) If one litre of fuel covers 2km, how much fuel does he need to cover 30km?

EXERCISE A8
The table below represents the number of eggs laid at Dr Kalyowa‟s farm in a week.

Sun D
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
a
y
200 N
200 150 175 175 200 225
o
.

o
f

E
g
g
s

a) Represent the information on the graph below.

96
a) What is the total number of eggs laid in that week?
b) What is the difference between the maximum and the minimum number of eggs laid that
week?

MEASURES
TEMPERATURE
(Discussion on Mk: old pg. 233)
i) Temperature is a degree of hotness or coldness
ii) We measure temperature using a thermometer.
iii) Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (oC) or Fahrenheit ( oF)

SOLVING PROBLEMS RELATED TO TEMPERATURE

Example:
The temperature of food at a time of serving was 950 C. After leaving it on the plate for 10
minutes, its temperature was 480 C. What was the fall in temperature?
Temp. at serving = 950 C
After 10 minutes = 480C
Fall in Temp. = Serving Temp. – After 10 Minutes.
= 950C – 480C
= 470C

EXERCISE B1
1. What is the difference in temperature below?
a) 100C and 50C
b) 1000F and 500F

97
2. The room temperature was 100F at night and day time 370F. What was the difference
between the night daytime temperature?
3. The boiling point of water is 2120F. Musa got water from the tap at 400F and started heating
it. Through how many degrees will the temperature rise in order for the water to boil?
4. The temperature of a sick person was 39.50C. What was the increase in the patient‟s body
temperature above normal? (NB: Normal body temperature is 36.60C)
5. Kakama got milk from a cow at a temperature of 37C and kept it in a freezer at a temperature
of –8C. What was the fall in the temperature of the milk?
READING MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
i) The highest temperature reading in a day is called Maximum temperature for the day.
ii) The lowest temperature reading in the same day is called Minimum temperature for that
day.
Example
Study the maximum and minimum temperature below

a) Maximum temperature = 40C

b) Minimum temperature = -20C
Difference = 400C - - 200C
= 400C + 200C
= 600C
EXERCISE B2
1. Read and record the maximum and minimum temperatures on the thermometers below.
(NEW MK BK. 5 PG. 235) Diagrams W, X and Y.

98
DRAWING AND INTERPRETING A BAR GRAPH TO REPRESENT MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
Example:
Draw a bar graph to represent the maximum and minimum temperature below.
Time 10pm 11pm 12 Midnight
0
Minimum ( C) 5 10 10
0
Maximum ( C) 10 20 15

EXERCISE B3
Draw a bar graph showing the maximum and minimum temperature s on the following days.
Wed
D Thu. Fri Sat
a
y
:
Max. (0C): 30 10 25 20
Min. (0C): 10 5 15 10

Questions.
a) What was the highest temperature recorded?
b) What was the lowest temperature on Thursday?
c) What was the coolest day of the week?

99
MONEY

BUYING AND SELLING

PROFIT
Profit (P) = Selling price (SP) – Cost Price(CP)/Buying Price(BP)

P = SP –CP

Example I
John bought a bucket for sh. 2,000 and sold it at sh. 2,400. Find his profit.
Cost price = 2,000
Selling price = 2,400
Profit = SP – CP
= 2,400 – 2,000
= 400
Profit = sh. 400

Example II
A man bought a goat for sh. 25,000. He then sold it for sh. 35,000. What profit did he make?
Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price
= 35,000 – 25,000
= 10,000
Profit = sh. 10,000

EXERCISE B4
1. A man bought a tray of eggs at sh 2,800 and then sold the eggs for sh. 3,600. What was his
profit?
2. A woman bought bananas for sh. 850. She then sold them for sh. 2,250. What profit did she
make?
3. Morine bought a bunch of bananas for sh. 3,000. She then sold it at sh.7, 500. What profit did
she make?
4. A trader buys sugar from a whole sale shop at sh. 1,000 per kg. Calculate his profit if he
bought 5kg.
5. After making a suit, Adeke found out that it cost her sh. 135,000. If he sold it at sh. 1,500,
how much profit did she make?
LOSS
Loss = Cost price – Selling Price
= CP – SP

100
 Example I
The cost price of a radio is sh.100, 000. If it is sold at sh. 80,000, Find the loss made.
Loss = CP – SP
= 100,000 – 80,000
= 20,000
Loss = sh. 20,000

Example II
Kagendo bought a dozen of pens at 2400 and later sold each pen at sh. 150. What loss did he
make?
1 dozen = 12 objects.
SP = 150 x 12
= 1,800
Loss = CP – SP
= 2,400 – 1800
= 600
He made a Loss of sh. 600

EXERCISE B5
1. Rita bought oranges for sh. 3,400. She then sold them for sh. 2,850.
What was her loss?
2. Anita sold her dress to Joan for sh. 35,000. She had bought it at sh. 29,000.
What was her loss?
3. Andama bought a bicycle at sh. 90,000 from the factory and sold it at sh. 87,000.
What loss did Andama make?
4. Batto bought a bull for slaughtering at sh. 225,000. When he sold the meat, he earned
sh. 218,000. Calculate hiss loss.
5. Aketch bought 4 ducks at sh. 6,000 each. He sold them at sh. 5,800 each.
Find her loss.
6. Sophia bought 80 mangoes at sh. 150 each. She sold all of them for sh. 10,000.
What loss did she make?
7. Wanjala bought 10 chicken at sh. 2,500 each. She sold 6 of them at sh. 2,500 each
and 4 0f them at sh. 2,600 each. Calculate her loss.

FINDING BUYING PRICE / COST PRICE

i) When a profit is realised, we can calculate the buying price by subtracting the profit from the
selling price.

Buying Price = Selling Price – Profit

ii) When a loss is realised, we can calculate Buying Price by adding loss to profit.
Buying Price = Selling Price + Loss
Example I
Kitanda sold a goat at sh. 225,000 and made a profit of sh. 35,000. What was his buying price?
BP (CP) = SP – P
101
 = 225,000 – 35,000
= 190,000
Cost Price = sh. 190,000

Example II
Matinda sold a goat for sh. 25,000 and made a loss of sh. 3,000. What was the buying price for
the goat?
BP = SP + Profit
= 25,000 + 3,000
= 28,000
Buying price = sh. 28,000

EXERCISE B6
1. Kasim sold a plate for sh. 1,400 and made a profit of sh. 300. At how much did he buy it?
2. Tina sold a blanket for sh. 2,600. She made a Profit of sh. 550. What was the buying price
for the blanket?
3. A factory sells uniforms at sh. 16,000 each and makes a profit of sh. 4,500 on each uniform.
What is the cost price of each uniform?
4. Mulogo sold a jacket for sh. 7,500. He made a profit of sh. 1,200. What was the buying price?
5. Masaba sold a motorcycle at sh. 720,000 and made a profit of sh. 56,500. How much did he
buy it?
EXERCISE B7
1. A Jerrycan of cooking oil is sold at sh. 21,000 making a loss of sh. 6,000. What was the
Buying price of the Jerrycan of cooking oil?
2. Kabode sold 3 tins of onions at sh.15,500 and made a loss of 7,550. Find the cost price of the
onions.
3. A piece of land is sold at sh. 850,000 making a loss of sh. 115,500. What was the buying price
of the piece of land?
4. James sold 2 calculator for sh. 16,000 each calculator making a loss of sh. 4,000 on each
calculator. What was the buying price of the calculator?
5. Lina sold a dress for sh. 1,500. She made a loss of sh. 250. What was the buying price of the
dress?

FINDING SELLING PRICE

i) When Profit is realised, we calculate selling price by adding profit to buying price.
Selling price = Buying price + Profit.

ii) When loss is realised, we calculate Selling Price by subtracting loss from buying price.
102
 Selling Price = Buying – Loss

Example I
A trader bought a shirt at sh. 7,500. She sold it and made a profit of sh. 3,500. What was her
selling price?
Selling Price = Buying Price + Profit
= 7,500 + 3,500
= 11,000
She sold it at sh. 11,000

Example II
Ojambo bought a bicycle for sh. 56,000. He later sold it making a loss of sh. 15,000. What was
the selling price?
Selling price = Buying Price – Loss
= 56,000 – 15,000
= 41,000
Ojambo sold it at sh. 41,000
EXERCISE B8
1. Inzi bought earrings for sh. 6,500. She later sold the making a profit of sh. 2,900. What was
the selling price?
2. Malibu bought 5 goats at sh. 200,000, he sold each of them making at a profit of sh. 8,000.
How much will he earn after selling the goats?
3. Katooke bought a television set at sh. 415,000. He sold it making a profit of sh. 35,800. What
was the selling price of the television?
4. Masaba bought a bicycle for sh. 92,000. After selling it he made a profit of sh. 18,000. What
was the selling price?
5. Sekeba bought a turkey at sh. 12,500. He later sold it making a profit of sh. 1,750. Calculate
the selling price of the turkey.

EXERCISE B9
1. A bunch of matooke was bought at sh. 4,000, it was sold at a loss of sh 1,000. What was the
selling price?
2. A sheep was bought at sh. 70,000. It was sold at a loss of sh. 9,000. What was the selling
price?
3. 2 cupboards were bought at sh. 94,000 and were later sold at a loss of sh 7,000. Calculate
the selling price.
4. Jamwa bought a radio for sh. 96,500. He later sold it making a loss of sh. 1,300. What was
selling price of the radio?

103
5. Nakuya bought 8 tomatoes for sh. 1,50. After selling them, she made a loss of sh 15. What
was the selling price?
SIMPLE RATES I
Example
A book costs sh. 500. What is the cost of 3 similar books?
1 book = 500
3 books = 3 x 500
= 1,500
3 books cost sh. 1,500

EXERCISE B10
1. The cost of 1 table is sh. 10,500. Find the cost of 3 similar tables.
2. One kilogram of sugar costs sh. 2500. Find the cost of 5 kilograms.
3. A pair of shoes costs sh. 50,000. How much shall I pay for 3 pairs of shoes?
4. 1 school bag costs sh. 6,500. What will Mary‟s mother pay if she wants 5 school bags for her
children?
5. Find the cost of 12 colored pencils if each pencil costs sh. 250.

SIMPLE RATES II
Example
6 pens cost sh. 900. What is the cost of one pen?
6 pens = 900
1 pen = 900 ÷ 6
= 150
1 pen = sh 150
EXERCISE B11
1. 2 books cost sh 2,400. What will one pay 1 book?
2. Timothy bought 4 sweets at sh. 1000. What is the cost of 1 sweet?
3. A tin of 40 oranges cost sh. 2,000. Find the cost of 1 orange
4. Hadijja bought 2 skirts at sh. 16,000. What is the cost of one skirt?
5. A dozen of cups costs sh. 6,000. Find the cost of 1 dress.
SIMPLE RATES III
Example I Example II
5 books cost sh. 1,000. Find the cost 10 Mangoes cost sh. 5,000. What is
of 12 similar books. the cost of 7 Mangoes?
5 books = 1,000 10 Mangoes = 5,000
1 book = 1,000 ÷ 5 1 Mango = 5,000 ÷ 10
= 200 = 500

104
 12 books = 12 x 200 7 mangoes = 7 x 500
= 2,400 = 3,500
12 books cost sh 2,400 7 Mangoes cost sh. 3,500
EXERCISE B12
1. 5 pencils cost sh. 450. What is the cost of 10 pencils?
2. 5 mathematical sets cost sh. 7,500. What is the cost of 4 such sets?
3. 4 boxes of chalk cost sh. 10,000. What is the cost of 11 similar boxes of chalk?
4. Sempa went to buy 7kg of sugar. How much will he pay if 6kg cost sh. 7,200?
5. A dozen of pencils cost sh. 2,400. What is the cost of 3 pencils?
6. Two envelopes cost sh. 250. Find the cost of 12 similar envelopes.
7. 8 dresses cost sh. 64,000. Find the cost of 10 similar dresses.
8. 7 bars of soap cost sh. 5,600. Find the cost of 12 such similar bars.
9. 8 show tickets cost sh. 8,000. Find the cost of 23 such tickets.
10. A green grocer sells 8 mangoes for sh 1,600. How much shall I pay if I need 13 such
mangoes?

SHOPPING BILLS (NO TABLES)

Example I
Brenda bought the following items from a shop:
2 loaves of bread for sh. 600 @
4 sodas for sh 500 @
2 kg of sugar at sh 1,000 @
A bail of maize flour for sh 9,000
3 litres of milk for sh 600 @ litre.
a) Calculate her total expenditure.
b) What was her balance if she had a 20,000 shilling note?
Bread Soda Sugar Flour
1 loaf = 600 1 bottle = 500 1kg = 1,000 1 bail = 9,600
2 loaves = 2 x 600 4 bottles = 4 x 500 2kg = 2 x 1,000 = 9,600
= 1,200 = 2,000 = 2,000

Milk Total b) Balance

1 litre = 600 1,200 20,000
3litres = 3 x 600 2,000 - 16,600
= 1,800 2,000 3,400
105
 9,600
1,800
16,600
Example II
A mother bought the following items:
4 kg of rice at sh 800 @ kg
500g of salt at sh 800@ kg
1bunch of matooke for sh. 6,000
a) If she had sh. 10,000, how much balance did she get?
NB: Change grams to Kg
1 kg = 1000g ½ kg = 500g ¼ kg = 25
Rice Salt Matooke
1kg = 800 1kg = 800 1banch = 6,000
4kg = 4 x 800 500g (½ kg) = ½ x 800
= 3,200 = 400 = 6,000
500g =sh. 400

Total Balance
3,200 10,000
400 9,600
6,000 400
9,600 Balance = sh. 400

EXERCISE B13
Prepare bills for the following (show all your working)
1. 3pairs of shoes at sh. 1,500 @
2 blouses at sh 7,000 @
4pens at sh 1,100 @
2 ties at sh. 5,000 @
a) Find the total expenditure
b) Calculate the balance if Alupo bought the above items and had a 50,000shiling note.
2. A head teacher went to the stationary shop and bought the
following.
10 boxes of chalk at sh 2,500 @ box
½ dozen of counter books at sh. 14,000 @ dozen.
12 exercise books at sh. 120 @ book.
6 pencils at sh 100 @

106
 3 ½ cartons of toilet paper at sh. 5,000 @ carton.
a) Calculate his total expenditure
b) If he had sh 60,000, how much did he remain with?

SHOPPING BILLS (TABLES)

Example
Brenda bought the following items from a shop.
2 loaves of bread at sh. 600 @
4 sodas for sh. 500@
2kg of sugar for sh. 1,000@
A bag of maize flour for sh 9,000
a) Prepare a bill table to show her expenditure.
Item Amount
M
e
t
h
o
d
Bread 2 x 600 1,200
= 1,200
Soda 4 x 500 2,000
= 2,000
Sugar 2 x 1,000 2,000
=2,000
Maize 1 x 9,000 9,000
= 9,000
Total 14,200
b) If she went with 15,000, how much did she remain with as her balance?
Balance
15,000
-14,000
800 Her balance is sh. 800

EXERCISE B14
1. A father asked his son to go to the market to buy the following items. He gave him sh.
30,000.
107
 2 chicken at sh. 3,500 @
3¼ kg of rice at 1,200@ kg
5kg of Irish at sh. 400 @ kg
2 bunches of bananas at 3,500 each banch
500g of salt at sh 700@ kg.
a) Draw a bill table to represent the above information. Find out how much the son spent
altogether.
b) What balance does he expect from his son?
2. A pupil who was going back to school prepared the bill below for his requirements.
a) Complete the table correctly.
Item Quantity Unit cost Total
Books 1 ½ dozen Sh. 4,000 Sh._____

Pens _______ Dozen Sh. 2,400 Sh. 600

Tooth Paste 3 Tubes Sh. ______ Sh. 2,700

Omo ½ Kg Sh. 3,600 Sh. _____

Nido Milk _______ Sh. 14,000 Sh. 3,500

Total Sh. _____

b) Calculate the amount of money the pupil is likely to spend.

TRANSPORT CHARGES (WORD)

Example I
A taxi driver charges sh. 2,000 for a trip from Kampala to Jinja per person. How much will 7
people pay.
1 person = 2,000
7people = 7 x 2,000
= 14,000
7people will pay sh. 14,000

Example II
Kagoda traveled from Kampala to Jinja and then back to Kampala. How much will he pay
altogether?
Going – 2,000
Back - 2,000

108
 Total – 4,000
He will pay sh. 4,000
Example III
A man, his wife and2 children traveled to Jinja from Kampala. If the man and his wife were
charged sh 3,000 each, and each child sh. 1,500, how much will they pay altogether?
1 person = 3000 1 child = 1500 Total amount
2people = 2 x 3,000 2 children = 2 x 1,500 6,000
= 6,000 = 3000 + 3,000

9,000
EXERCISE B15
1. A taxi charges sh. 500 for a journey from Kampala Taxi Park to Mpererwe.
a) How much will two people pay from Kampala to Mpererwe?
b) A man boards a taxi with his wife and 3 grown up children. How much will the whole
family pay for the journey?

2. It costs sh. 2,000 to move from Kampala to Jinja and sh. 5,000 From Jinja to Mbale.
a) How much will one pay for a journey from Kampala to Mbale?
b) If 5 people are traveling from Kampala to Mbale, how much will they pay altogether?

TRANSPORT CHARGES (TABULATED)

The table below shows transports charges by train between different towns in Uganda. Use it to
answer questions below it.
Town Charges

Kampala – Kasese Sh.3,500

Kasese – Tororo Sh. 5,500

Kampala – Lugazi Sh. 1,500

Mukura – Kampala Sh. 3,000

a) How much will 3 people pay to travel from Mukura to Kampala by train?
b) Awor traveled from Kampala to Tororo. How much will 5 people pay?
c) How much will I pay if I traveled from Lugazi to Kasese via Kampala?
d) How much will 4 people pay if they make a to and fro. Journey to Tororo from Kasese?

109
 e) If each Wagon carries 60 people, how much will Uganda Railways get from 3 full
wagons transporting people from Kampala to Lugazi?
TRANSPORT CHARGES (GRAPHS)
Example
The graph below shows bus charges along Kampala – Mukono Rd. Use it to answer questions
below it.

a) How much will one pay for a distance of 15km

One will pay sh. 450
b) What distance will require me to pay sh. 400?
Between 10 to 15 km
c) What is the difference in the cost of a journey of 15 km and 5km?
450 – 300 = 150
The difference is sh 150
d) If the cost of travelling 5 km is sh.200. What will I pay if I‟m to travel for
100km?
5km = 200/=
1km = 200  5
= 40/=
100km = 40 x 100
= 4000/=

110
 EXERCISE B16
The graph below shows bus transport charges along Bombo Road. Study it carefully and answer
questions that follow.

a) How much does one pay for a distance of 40km?

b) What is the difference in the cost for a journey of 10km and50km?
c) How much will 4 people pay for a journey of 25 km?
d) Apiriga traveled for a distance of 50km and her husband a distance of 30km. How much did
they pay altogether?
e) If Kampala to Gulu is 120km, how much will Obote pay with his son if each kilometre is sh.
120?
TIME
UNITS OF TIME
1 Hour = 60 minutes
1 Minute = 60 seconds
1 Hour = 3,600 seconds

CONVERTING FROM ONE UNIT OF TIME TO ANOTHER

Example I
Convert 2 hours to minutes
111
1 hour = 60 minutes
2 hours = 2 x 60 minutes
= 120 minutes
Example II Example III
Change 240 minutes to hours Change 40 minutes to hours
60 minutes = 1 hour 60 minutes = 1hour
1 minute = 1/60 1 minute = 1/60
204 minutes =1/60 x 240 40 minutes = 1/60 x 40
= 4 Hours = 2/3 hours
240 minutes = 4 hours. 40 minutes = 2/3 Hours.

EXERCISE B17
1. Convert the following in minutes
a) 2 ¼ Hours d) 11 Hours g) 3 ½ Hour
b) 3 Hours e) 7 Hours
c) 3.5 Hours f) 15 Hours
2. How many seconds are in:
a) 30 Minutes b) 4 Minutes c) 5 ¼ Minutes
d) 12 Minutes e) 1 ½ Minutes
3. Write in hours:
a) 30 Minutes b) 120 Minutes
c) 45 Minutes d) 540 Minutes
e) 90 Minutes f) 1080 Minutes

TELLING TIME USING “AM” OR “PM”

A:
 We use “am” after midnight and in the morning.
 “am” means Anti-meridian – meaning time before midday or noon;
B:
 We use “pm” in the afternoon and evening
 “pm” means Postmeridian – referring to time after noon.
Example
Morning time

112
It is 2.00 O‟clock in the morning. Twenty five minutes past eight in the
or 2.00 am morning or 8:25am.
a) Afternoon time

Quarter past eleven in the afternoon Twenty-five to one in the

afternoon
Or 11:15pm or 1:35 pm.

EXERCISE B18
Learners will do Exercise 11;14 page 251 New Mk Bk5
ADDITION OF TIME

Example I Example II
Work out: Work out:

Hours Minutes Hours

Minutes
10 15 10 50
+2 30 +2 30
12 45 13 20 (80 ÷ 60) = 1 rem 20

= 12 hours and 45 Minutes 13 Hours and 20 Minutes

Example III Example IV

An English paper exam took 2 hours Oluka sat for interviews at 10.20 am.
10 minutes and the Math took 2 hours If the interview lasted 2 hours 30 minutes,
113
15 Minutes. How much time did the two what time did it stop?
examinations take?
Hours Minutes Hours
Minutes
2 15 10 20
+ 2 10 2 30
4 25 12 50

4Hours 25 Minutes It stopped at 12:50 pm.

EXERCISE B19
1. Add the following:
a) Hours Minutes b) Hours Minutes
3 12 3 20
4 25 5 35

b) Hours Minutes d) Hours Minutes

3 20 5 16
5 35 11 38
+ 8 42 + 9 20
The time now is 9.00am. What will the time be;
a) After 2 hours 40 minutes?
b) After 5 hours 10 minutes?
c) After 8 hours?
2. A watchman slept at 11.00pm. He woke up 4hours later.
What time did he wake up?
3. Msafari Bus started from Kampala at 8.00am. It arrived Hoima 3 hours20minutes later. At
what time did it arrive?

SUBTRACTION OF TIME
Example I
Hours Minutes Side work
9
10 30 (60 + 30) = 90
- 2 45 90 - 45
7 45 = 45

114
Example II
Grandma Kali went to her garden and was away from home for 4 hours 25 minutes. If she stayed
in the garden for 2 ours 40minutes, How much time did she spend walking?
Hours Minutes Side work
4 25 (60 + 25) = 85
2 40 85 – 40
1 45 = 45
She spent 1 hour 45 minutes walking.

EXERCISE B20
1. Hours Minutes 2. Hours Minutes
10 10 13 36
6 30 9 45

3. Hours Minutes 4. Minutes Seconds

20 15 42 30
16 30 25 47

4. It took Jane a total of 2 hours 20 minutes to walk to the shops and do her shopping. If
She spent 45 minutes shopping, how much time did she spend walking?
5. English and math examinations took a total of 3 hours 20 minutes. If English exam
took 1hour 30 minutes, how long did the math exam take?

DURATION INVOLVING „AM‟ AND „AM‟ PM, “PM” AND “PM”

Example
Luyiya started walking from her home at 7.05 am and reached town at 9.15 am. How long did it
take her?
Hours Minutes
9 15
-7 05
2hrs 10min. She took 2 hours and 10 minutes.

EXERCISE B21
1. We started our morning lessons at 8.05 am and ended at 11.25am. How long did it take?

115
2. A train started travelling from Jinja at 6.30am. and reached Kampala at 11.00 am. How long
did it take?
3. Nsubuga started his journey at 2.20pm and reached his destination at 4.05pm. How long did
the journey take?
4. A man started digging at 7.30am and stopped at 10.10 am. For how long did he dig?
5. It started raining at 2.20am and stopped at 8.10am. How long did the rain take?
6. A football match started at 3.30pm and ended at 5.30pm. How long was the match?

DURATION INVOLVING “AM” AND “PM”

Example:
A bus started its journey to Mbale at 9.00am and reached its destination at 1.30 pm. How long
did the journey take?
Subtract: 12:00 Next add: 3hrs : 00minutes
- 9:00 +1hour : 30hinutes
3hours 4hours: 30 minutes
EXERCISE B22
1. A church service began at 11.45am. and ended at1.00pm. How long was the service?
2. A show at the theatre began at 11.15am and ended at 8.00pm. How long, how long was the
show?
3. A speech day started at 8.15am. and ended at 5.00pm. How long was the speech day?
4. How long is it from 1.25am to 1.00pm?
5. How much time is between 3.20am and 3.20pm

TIME TABLES.
i) IMPORTANT WORDS:

a) Departure:- Leaving a place

b) Arrival: - Reaching a destination.
Example
The timetable below is a distance timetable for a bus traveling from Masindi to Kitgum. Use it to
answer questions that follow.
Town Dist. From Masindi Arrival Departure
Masindi ? 9.00am
Kigumba 39km 9.40am 10.00am
Kamudini 115km 11.10am 11.25am
Lira 191km 12.30pm 1.00pm
116
 Kitgum 125km 3.15pm 4.55pm

a) At what time did the bus reach Kamudini?

b) What was the departure time of the bus from Lira?
c) What is the distance between Kigumba and Lira?
d) How long does the Bus take to travel from Kamudini to Kigumba?
e) What time of the day did the bus leave Lira?
f) How long did the bus stop at Kigumba?
g) How long did the bus take to travel between Kigumba and Kamudini?
EXERCISE B23(UNDERSTANDING MATH PG. 184)
1. Use the following bus timetable to answer the questions that follow
Station Arua Pakwach Gulu Lira Soroti Mbale Tororo Kisumu
Arrival 7.15pm 9.00pm 10.15pm 11.30pm 1.15am 2.30am 8.00am
Departure 6.15pm 7.30pm 9.15pm 10.30pm midnight 1.30am 3.00am

a) At what time did the bus leave Arua?

b) Was this time morning or evening?
c) At what time did the bus leave Pakwach?
d) How long did the bus stop at Pakwach?
e) At what time did the bus arrive at Gulu?
f) How long did the bus take to travel between Gulu and Lira?
g) At what time did the bus arrive at Tororo?
h) Did it arrive at Tororo during nighttime or daytime?
i) At what station was the bus at midnight?
j) Was this a night bus or a day bus?

2. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
TOWN TIME OF TIME TAKEN TOWN TIME OF
DEPARTURC ARRIVAL

Kampala 7.00am 1hr 38min Masaka 8.38am

Moroto 6.00am 6hrs 50min Kampala 12.50pm
Rukungiri 6.30am 5hrs 15min. Kampala 11.45am
Kampala 6.30am 4hrs 50 min. Bushenyi 11.20am
Lira 7.30am 4hrs 40min. Kampala 12.10pm
Nairobi 7.00am 10hrs 15 min. Kampala 5.15pm

a) At what time did the bus to Masaka leave Kampala?

117
b) Did the bus leave in the morning, evening or in the nighttime?
c) At what time did the bus arrive at Masaka?
d) How long was the journey between Moroto and Kampala?
e) For which journeys did th bus arrive in the evenings?
f) For which journey did the bus arrive in the afternoons?
g) At what time did the bus leave Lira?
h) At what time did the bus from Rukungiri arrive at Kampala?
i) At what time did the bus from Nairobi arrive at Kampala?
j) Which bus had the longest journey?

12 HOUR CLOCK SYSTEM (UNDERSTANDING MATH. PG. 180)

UNITS
i) Morning am. (Anti- meridiem)
ii) Afternoon pm. ( Post-Meridiem)
iii) The use of “to” and “past”
iv) A new day begins at midnight.
v) A day has 24 hours.
Example
What is the time shown by the clock faces A and B

Ten minutes to four or fifty Twenty-five minutes past two or 2.25.

Minutes past three or 3.50
We use “am” referring to time in the morning and “pm” from afternoon to before midnight.

118
 EXERCISE B24
Write the following filling in the gaps with the required information.
1. Use the am/pm guide below to fill in the gaps.
12 : 00 Midnight
1 : 00 a.m.
2 : 00 a.m.
3 : 00 a.m.
4 : 00 a.m.
5 : 00 a.m.
6 : 00 a.m.
7 : 00 a.m.
8 : 00 a.m.
9 : 00 a.m.
10 : 00 a.m.
11 : 00 a.m.
12 : 00 a.m.
1 : 00 p.m.
2 : 00 p.m.
3 : 00 p.m.
4 : 00 p.m.
5: 00 p.m.
6: 00 p.m.
7: 00 p.m.
8: 00 p.m.
9: 00 p.m.
10: 00 p.m.
11: 00 p.m.

1. a.m/p.m. and long form.

a) 1.45pm is a quarter to two in the afternoon.
b) 3.30am. is a half past three in the morning.
c) 7.15 am is quarter past seven in the morning.
d) ______ is half past eight in the morning
e) ______ is half past one in the afternoon.
f) ______ is five O‟clock in the morning.
119
 g) ______ is midday.
h) ______ is a quarter past four in the morning.
i) ______ is twenty minutes to seven in the evening.
j) ______ is quarter past four in the afternoon.
k) ______ is half past eight in the evening.
l) ______ is eleven O‟clock in the morning.
m) 4.30am is _________________________________
n) 4.30pm is _________________________________

2. Fill in the gaps by giving time in words.

a) 7.05am – Kakonge walked to school at __________
b) 5.30pm – Namale closed her shop at ____________
c) 8.15am – Nakafeero started her lesson at _________
d) 7.30pm – Kajjubi ate supper at _________________
e) 5.00am – Lukwago milked the cow at ____________
f) 8.45pm – Katureebe went to sleep at _____________

24 HOUR CLOCK SYSTEM

Units used are hours and written in four digits.
12 Hour Clock 24 Hour Clock
12.00am (Midnight) 0000hrs
1.00am 0100hrs
2.00 am 0200hrs
3.00am 0300hrs
4.00am 0400hrs
5.00am 0500hrs
6.00am 0600hrs
7.00am 0700hrs
8.00am 0800hrs
9.00am 0900hrs
10.00am 10000hrs
11.00am 1100hrs
12.00Noon 1200hrs
1.00pm (1.00 + 12.00) = 1300hrs

120
CONVERTING 12 HOUR CLOCK TO 24HOUR CLOCK
1. In a 12-hour clock system, when time is in the p.m. Scale, you add that hour to 1200hours to
get a 24-hour time.
2. When the time is in the am units, ensure that the dots are removed and the 24hour time has
4 digits.
Example I Example II
What is 1.00pm in 24hour clock? Change 3.45am to a 24-hour time
1.00 3.45 = 0345Hours
+ 12.00
13hours So 1.00pm = 1300hours

EXERCISE B25
1. Change the following 12 hour time to 24hour time
a) 1.20pm b) 3.20pm c) 6.15pm d) 8.25pm
e) 4.40am f) 3.30am g) 1.05am h) 7.35am
i.) 9.50am j) 5.50pm

CONVERTING 24HOUR TIME TO 12 HOUR CLOCK

a) Subtract 1200hours from the given 24hour time.
Example I
Change 1545hours to 12hour clock
15.45
_ 12.00
3.45pm So 1545hours = 3.45pm.
b) Time between 1.00am to 12 noon are written in four digits to change them to
24hour clock

Example
a) What is 7.00am in 24hour clock? b) What is 11.05am in 24hour clock?
7.00am is 0700hours in 24hour time. 11.05am is 1105hours in 24hour clock.
c) 12.00am (midnight) is 0000hours.
EXERCISE B26
2. Change the following 24hour time to 12 hour time
a) 1416hours b) 1820hours c) 1105hours
d) 1040hours e) 1930hours f) 1745hours
g) 0920hours h) 2130hours i.) 1640hours
j) 2300hours
121
 DISTANCE, TIME AND, SPEED
DISTANCE
Distance = Speed x Time Or D =SxT

Example I
Find the distance covered by a driver for 2 hours at a speed of 60km/hr.
Distance = Speed x Time
= 60km/hr x 2hrs
= 60km x 2
= 120km
Distance covered is 120km

EXERCISE B27
1. A train moving at a speed of 5km/hr took 7hours between Tororo and Gulu. What is the
distance between these two towns?
2. A lorry moving at a speed of 66km/hrtakes3hours to move from Kampala to Kinoni. Find the
distance from Kampala to Kinoni.
3. Tebendwana takes 1½ hours to walk from his house to the school at a steady speed of
4km/hr. Find the distance from Tebendwana‟s home to his school.
4. A motorist drove a carat a speed of 90km/hr. If he spent 2hours driving at the same rate,
what distance did he cover?
5. A bus traveled at a speed of 80km/hr for 4 hours. How far did it reach?

SPEED.
Speed = Distance Or S = D
Time T
Example
At what speed does a cyclist travel if he completes a distance of 150km in 3 hours?
Speed = Distance
Time
= 150Km
3hrs.
= 50km/hr
His speed was 50km/hr.

122
EXERCISE B28
1. A man walked a distance of 15km in 3 hours. What was his average speed?
2. A motorist drove her car for 180km in 2 hours. What was her speed?
3. A safari Rally car covered a distance of 600km in 5hours. At what speed was the car moving?
4. The distance from Moroto Kampala is 480km. If the journey from Kampala to Moroto takes 6
hours, find the average speed at which the bus traveled.
5. Kyobe‟s school is 72 km away from his home. If he takes 2 hours riding his bicycle to school,
at what average speed is he cycling his bicycle?
TIME
Time = Distance Or: T=D
Speed S
Example
Calculate the time taken by a car traveling at 60 Km/hr to cover a journey of 480km.
Time = Distance
Speed
= 480km
60km/hr
= 8hours The car took 8 hours.
EXERCISE B29
1. Kiirya rides to school at a speed of 12km/hr. How long will it take him to ride 6km to his
school?
2. The distance from Soroti to Kampala is 360km. If a bus travels at 60 km/hr, how long will it
take to travel from Soroti to Kampala?
3. A car travels at 120km/hr. How long does it take to cover 480km?
4. Namale runs from her home to school at a steady speed of 5km/hr. It takes her 30 minutes to
get to school. How far is the school from Namale‟s home? (first change minutes to hours)
5. Mudoe has to cover a journey of 240km at a speed of 80km/hr. What time does he need?
MEASURES IN LITRES AND MILLILITRES.

CLASS DISCUSSION I (New Mk Bk. 5 Pg. 259)

Study the soda bottles below and answer the questions that follow.

300Ml 300cc 500ml 500cc

123
a) What is the capacity of each bottle in millilitres?
b) What is the capacity of the bigger soda bottle?
c) How many cubic centimetres are equal to 500ml?
CLASS DISCUSSION II
Study the two packets of milk and answer the questions below.

a) What is the capacity of each packet of milk in millilitres?

b) What is the capacity of each packet in litres?
c) What in the volume of the second packet? (Volume = L x W x H)
d) How many cubic centimetres are equal to 1000millilitres?

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

1 litre = ___________cm3 = ___________ Millilitres.
2 litres = ___________ cm3 = ___________ Millilitres.
½ litre = ___________ cm3 = ____________ Millilitres

EXERCISE B30
1. Express 1 litre of juice in: 10. . Write 5 litres of water in:
a) Cubic centimetres (Cm3) a) Cubic centimetres (Cm3)
b) Millilitres (Ml) b) Millilitres (Ml)
2. Express 10 litres of milk in: 4.Express ½ litre of paraffin in:
a) Cubic centimetres (Cm3) a) Cubic centimetres (Cm3
a) b) Millilitres (Ml) b) Millilitres (Ml)
3. Write 20litres of paint in:
a) Cm3
b) Ml
NB: ) One Litre is equal to 1000Cm3 or 1000Ml

4. Copy and fill in the Capacity in Ml or Cm

CUBIC
LITRES MILLILITRES CENTIMETRES
1 Litre

124
 ½ Litre
¼ litre
2 litres
5 litres
10 litres
20 litres
17 litres

5. How many ¼ litre bottles are in 2 litres?

6. How many 200ml tins are in 4 litres?
7. How many ½ litre mugs are in a 10-litre bucket?
8. How many ¼ litre cups are in a 5-litre jerrican?
CHANGING LITRES TO MILLILITRES
Example I Example II
Change 7 litres to Millilitres Change 2 ½litres to millilitres.
1 litre = 1000ml 1litre = 1000ml
7 litres = 7 x 1000ml 2½litres = 2½ x 1000ml
= 7000ml = 5/2 x 1000
2½litres = 2500millilitres
Example III
Change 0.82 litres in millilitres.
1litre = 1000ml
0.82 = 0.82 x 1000
82
= /100 x 1000
= 820ml
0.82litres = 820 millilitres.

EXERCISE B31
Express the following in millilitres.
1) 2 litres 2) 3 ½ litres 3) ¾ litre
4) 0.5 litres 5) 40.09 litres 6) 0.3 litres
7) 2 ¾ litres 8) ¼ litre 9) 0.25 litres.

125
EXPRESSING MILLILITRES AS LITRES
Example I Example II
Change 4200ml to litres Express 9250ml in litres.
1000ml = 1litre 1000ml =1litre
1ml = 1/1000 litres 1ml = 1/1000 litres
4200ml = 1/100 x 4200 9250ml = 1/1000x 9250
42 925
= /10 = /100
4200ml = 4.2litres 9250ml = 9.25litres.

EXERCISE B32
How many litres are in the following?
1) 6000 ml 2) 6300ml
3) 8700ml 4) 3500ml
5) 100ml 6) 250ml
7) 21500ml 8) 200ml
9) 4270ml 10) 2700ml

COMPARING METRIC UNITS

CLASS DISCUSSION
A:
Study the meanings of the metric names from the table below.
Kilo Hecto.
P Deca. Deci. Centi
M Milli
. E
T
v R
a E
l
u
e
1 1 1
Meanin 1000m 100m 10m GRAM /10 of m /100 of m /1000 of m
g
LITRES

126
BASIC MEASURES (UNITS) FOR:
a) Weight – Gram.
b) Length – Metre.
c) Capacity – Litre.

ORDERING OF LENGTH, WEIGHT AND CAPACITY.

Weight Km Hm Dm M dm Cm Mm
Length Kg Hg Dg G dg Cg Mg
Capacity Kl Hl Dl L dl Cl Ml

COMPARING UNITS WITH STANDARD UNITS

LENGTH WEIGHT CAPACITY

1Km - 1000m 1Kg - 1000g 1Kltr - 1000ltrs
1Hm - 100m 1Hg - 100g 1Hltr - 100ltrs
1Dm - 10m 1Dg - 10g 1Dltr - 10ltrs
1m - 1m 1g - 1g 1ltr - 1ltr
1dm - 0.1m 1dg - 0.1g 1dltr - 0.1ltr
1cm - 0.01m 1Cg - 0.01g 1Cltr - 0.01ltr
1Mm - 0.001m 1Mg - 0.001g 1Mltr - 0.001ltr

EXERCISE B33
Write the equivalency of each of the following:
1. 1km = 1000m 9. 1dg = ______ grams
2. 1Hm = _____ Metres 10. 1Cg = ______ grams
3. 1 Dm = _____ Metres 11. 1Kltr = ______litres
4. 1dm = _____Metres 12. 1Hltr = ______ litres
5. 1Cm = _____Metres 13. 1Dltr = ______ litres
6. 1Kg = _____grams 14. 1dltr = ______ litres
7. 1Hg = _____ grams 15. 1Cl = ______ litres
8. 1kg = _____ grams

CHANGING KILOGRAMS TO GRAMS

Example I Example II.
Express 5kg to grams Express 6 ¼ kg in grams. 1kg
= 1000g 1kg = 1000g
5kg = 5 x 1000g 6 ¼kg = 25/4 x 1000
= 5000g = 25 x 250
5kg = 5000grams = 6250gms.
6 ¼kg = 6250grams

127
 EXERCISE B34
Express the following in grams.
1. 2kg 6. 3 ¾ kg
2. 15kg 7. 8 ½kg
3. 11 ¼kg 8. 14 kg
4. 13kg 9. ¼kg
5. 4.5kg
10.

EXPRESSING GRAMS TO KILOGRAMS

Example I Example II
Express 4000g to kilograms Express 3700g as kilograms
1000g = 1kg 1000g = 1kg
1g = 1/1000 1g = 1/1000
4000g = 1/1000 x 4000 1
3700g = /1000 x 3700
= 4kg
37
4000g = 4kg = /10

3700g = 3.7kg

EXERCISE B35
Change the following to kilograms
1. 1500g 4. 500g
2. 750g 5. 7000g
3. 3,200g
6. How many kg are in 12600g
7. Akurut‟s goat weighed 14780g. How many kg did it weigh?
8. .Asingwire bought 50,000g of sugar. How much sugar did she buy in kg?
GEOMETRY
LINES:
1. A line is a union of two opposite rays.
2. A line is also a set (collection) of points.

3. A line segment is a part of a line with two end points.

A B
TYPES OF LINES:
a) Parallel lines.
b) Intersecting lines.
c) Perpendicular lines.
d) Lines of symmetry.
e) Circle.

128
PARALLEL LINES:
1. Parallel lines are lines which do not meet.
2. They have the same distance apart at every point.
3. The symbol for parallel lines is
4. To show that lines are parallel, we use arrows as below.
 A
 B
5.  A
 B
 C
a) Line A is parallel to line B;
b) Line B is parallel to line C;
c) Line A is parallel to line C.
EXERCISE C1
1. Write True or False.

a) Line P is parallel to line Q.

b) Line Q is parallel to line R.
c) Line S is Parallel to line R.
d) Line S is parallel to line T.
e) Line T is parallel to line R.
2. Name pairs of parallel lines.
A B

129
 INTERSETING LINES
Two lines intersect if they meet and cross each other.
ACTIVITY
i) Get two sticks and a string / rubber band.
ii) Tie the sticks so that they form a cross.
1. The points at which the lines meet is called Point of Intersection.
Example.
The point of intersection is O

EXERCISE C2
Name the point of intersection for any two intersecting lines.
1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

130
PERPENDICULAR LINES
1. Two lines which form a right angle are said to be perpendicular lines.
2. The symbol for perpendicular lines is:

ACTIVITY
Identify areas in the class that form a right angle.
3. In the figure below, AB is perpendicular to CD

C D
4. Two adjacent right angles at a point make a straight line.

EXERCISE C3
Study the tables and complete the table.
A
B
SQUARE
RECTANGLE

R
C E
C
TRAPEZIUM D
T
A
N
G
L
E E

RECTANGLE

Figure Parallel sides. Perpendicular sides

A i) PQ is parallel to SR. i) PS is perpendicular to PQ.
ii) PS is parallel to QR. ii) SR is perpendicular to RQ.
B i) i)
ii) ii)

131
 C i) i)
ii) ii)
D i) i)
ii) ii)
E i) i)
ii) ii)

3. Which of the following are perpendicular?

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

LINES OF SYMMETRY
1. a) A line of symmetry is a line that divides a figure or an object into two equal parts
such that when folded, the parts do not overlap but cover each other completely.
b) A fold that divides a figure into identical parts. Sometimes it is also called axes of symmetry.
Lines of symmetry are dotted.
2. A figure is said to be symmetric if it has atleast one line of symmetry; otherwise, it is not
symmetric.
LINES OF SYMMETRY ON DIFFERENT POLYGONS
A. B. C

D. E. F.

132
 EXERCISE C4
How many lines of symmetry do the following polygons have? Draw sketch diagrams.
1. An Isosceles triangle 5. A regular pentagon.
2. An equilateral triangle 6. A kite.
3. A rectangle 7. A Hexagon.
4. A square. 8. A circle.

A CIRCLE
A circle is a simple closed curve.

PARTS OF A CIRCLE

FINDING RADIUS WHEN DIAMETER IS GIVEN

1. Radius is part of a circle that runs from the centre to the circumference.
2. To calculate radius, we use the formula;
Radius = Diameter
2
EXAMPLE I EXAMPLE II
Find the radius of a circle if The diameter of a circle is 13cm.
the diameter is 8cm Find its radius.
Radius = Diameter Radius = Diameter
2 2
= 8cm = 13cm
2 2
= 8  2 (cm) = 13  2 (cm)
Radiu = 4cm
= 6 rem 1
= 6 ½ cm
Radius =6½
133
EXERCISE C5
Find the radius of a circle whose diameter is:
1. 6cm
2. 10cm 5. 20cm
3. 14cm 6. 17cm
4. 15cm

FINDING DIAMETER WHEN RADIUS IS GIVEN

1. Diameter is part of a circle that runs from the circumference through the centre to
the circumference.
2. Th find diameter; we use the formula‟
Diameter = radius x 2
= 2r
EXAMPLE
Find the diameter of a circle whose radius is 13cm.
Diameter = 2r
=2xr
= 2 x 13
Diameter = 26cm

EXERCISE C6
Find the diameter of a circle whose radius is:
1. 7cm 4. 12cm
2. 5cm 5. 14 ½ dm
3. 2 ½ cm 6. 15.5mm

CONSTRACTING CIRCLES
a) When Radius is given
Step I. Adjust your compasses from 0 to the required radius ON A RULER.
Step II. Draw a circle of the required radius and show the radius.

EXERCISE C7
Use a pair of compasses and ruler only to construct a circle of radius.
1. 3cm 4. 4.5cm
2. 2.5cm 5. 5.5cm
3. 5cm
134
b) When diameter is given.
Step I. First find the radius using the formula: Radius = Diameter
2
Step II. Adjust the compasses from 0 to the required radius on a ruler.
Step III. Draw a circle of the required radius and show the diameter.
(Practically done with an example on the blackboard)

EXERCISE C8
Use pair of compasses and a ruler only to construct a circle of diameter;
1. 4cm 4. 8cm
2. 6cm 5. 10cm
3. 7cm 6. 5cm

CONSTRUCTING EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES

EXAMPLE
Construct an equilateral triangle in a circle of radius 2.5cm.
Step I – Draw a ruler of any dimension using a ruler and a well sharpened pencil.
Step II – Adjust the compass from 0 to 2.5cm.
Mark an arc at one side of the line and above. In the same radius mark off an arc on the
opposite side and above, such that the arcs at the top intersect each other.

EXERCISE C9
Construct an equilateral triangle of the following dimensions
1. 4cm 4. 4.5cm
2. 6cm 5. 3.5cm
3. 5cm

CONSTRUCTING AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE IN A CIRCLE

EXAMPLE
Construct an equilateral triangle in a circle of a radius 2.5 cm using a ruler and a pair of
compasses only.
Step I – First construct a circle of radius 2.5cm.
Step II – Use the same radius to mark off points on the circumference.
Step III – Join the points as follows.

135
 EXERCISE C10
Construct equilateral triangles in circles of given radii below:
1. 2.3cm 4. 4cm
2. 3cm 5. 4.5cm
3. 3.4cm

CONSTRUCTING REGULAR HEXAGON

Example
Construct a regular hexagon in a circle whose radius is 2.5cm
Step I – Use pair of compasses to construct a circle of radius 2.5cm.
Step II – Use the same radius to mark off six points and label them PQRSTU.
Step III – Join adjacent points until a hexagon is formed.

EXERCISE C11
Construct a regular hexagon of radii below.
1. 3cm 3. 3.5cm
2. 4cm 4. 4.5cm
ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

ANGLES
An angle is the amount of turning.

ANGLES AND TURNS

1. a) 1 revolution makes 3600
b) A half turn makes 1800
c) A quarter turn makes 900
d) An eighth of a turn makes 450
2. We should also note that;
a) A quarter a turn = 1 right angle
b) A half turn = 2 right angles.
c) Three quarter turns = 3 right angles.
d) One revolution or one full rotation = 4 right angles.

EXERCISE C12.
1. How many degrees are there in a half a turn?
2. How many revolutions are in 3600?
136
3. How many quarter turns are in 2700?
4. A man turns through an angle of 1800. How many quarter turns does he make?
5. How many quarter turns are in a revolution?
6. Use the clock face to describe the turn.
a) b) c) d)

COMPASS DIRECTIONS
Smaller angles and bigger angles between directions

Example
What is the smaller angle between North and East?
The smaller angle is 900.

Example II
What is the smaller angle between East and South west?
The smaller angle is 450 + 450 + 450
= 1350.
Example III
What is the larger angle between North and East?

The larger angle is 900 + 900 + 900

= 2700.

137
 Example IV
What is the larger angle between East and South West?
The larger angle is: 450 + 450 + 450 + 450 + 450
= 900 + 900 + 450
= 1800 + 450
= 2250
The larger angle is 2250.
EXERCISE C13
1. What is the smaller angle between North and West?
2. What is the larger Angle between South and East?
3. What is the smaller angle between Southwest and Southeast?
4. What is the larger angle between Northeast and Southeast?
5. What is the smaller angle between Northwest and Southeast?
6. What is the larger angle between Southwest and West?

CLOCKWISE AND ANTICLOCKWISE TURN

1. Right hand turn is clockwise.

2. Left-hand turn is anti clockwise.

Example I Example II
A boy was facing North. He turned A girl was facing West. She turned 90 anti
clockwise to face Southeast. clock wise. In which direction did she end?
N N
NW NE NW NE

W E W E

SW SE SW SE

S S
Clockwise: Anti-clockwise
= North to East = West through 90
= 450 + 450 + 450 = South
= 1350.

138
EXERCISE C4
1. Through what angle do i turn from North to North East in a clockwise direction.
2. John took a clockwise turn from West through an angle of 2700. Where is he facing now?
3. Kapongoso was facing in the West. He turned anti-clockwise to face NorthEast. Through what
angle did he turn?
4. In which direction will I be facing if I turned 225 from North anti-clockwise.
5. What is the smaller angle between east and North?

TYPES OF ANGLES

ACUTE ANGLE
Is any angle less than 900.

RIGHT ANGLE
Is an angle of 900.

OBTUSE ANGLE
Is any angle greater than 900 but less than 1800.

A STRAIGHT ANGLE
Is angle of 1800.

REFLEX ANGLE
Is any angle greater than 1800 but less than 3600.

AN ANGLE AT A POINT

Is a centre angle/revolution. It is 3600.

139
EXERCISE C15
Name the type of angles below;
1. 450 5. 1500 9. 600
2. 900 6. 700 10. 2000
3. 1200 7. 1350 11. 1790
4. 1800 8. 3000 12. 360

MEASURING ANGLES USING A PROTRACTOR

1. A protractor has two scales;
a) The outer scale
b) The inner scale
2. The inner scale is used when measuring starts from the left-hand side.
3. The inner scale is used when measuring starts from the right hand side.
4. When measuring angles, we start from 00. The 00 on the protractor helps you to
decide which scale to use.

EXERCISE C16
Learners will do exercise 8.15, 8.16 and 8.17.

DRAWING ANGLES USING A PROTRACTOR

Example
Draw an angle of 650.
Step I
Draw a line and on it mark a point (A)
Step II
a) Place a protractor along the line with its centre at A.
b) Let the line on the protractor marked (00 – 1800) lie on top of the line drawn.
c) Read from 00 through 100, 200, upto 650 and mark a point P at 650.
Step III
Join point P to A using a sharp pencil.
EXERCISE C17
Use a protractor to draw angles whose measures are:
1. 400 5. 1300 9. 900
2. 1100 6. 1700 10. 1800
3. 750 7. 1450
4. 850 8. 1000
140
MEASURING ANGLES ON A STRAIGHT LINE
Example
Measure angle x and angle y. Find x + y.

a) angle y =1200
b) angle x = 600.
c) x + y = 1800.

EXERCISE C18
Learners will do exercise 8.19 page 198. MK

FINDING ANGLES MARKED BY LETTERS

1. Supplementary angles add up to 1800.
2. Complementary angles are angles that add upto 900.

Example I Example II

m + 450 = 1800(Sup. Angles) M + 40 = 90(Comp. Angles)

m + 450 – 450 = 1800 – 450 m + 40 – 40 = 90 - 40
m = 1350. m = 500.

EXERCISE C19
Find the size of the unknown angles
1. 2.

a 600 1500 b
3. 4.

141
 1450 c 730 x

5. 6.
400
e 200

y 820

7. 8. 300 r0
2x 400

142