1.

Given that a student has an engineering background, what is the probability they
score 70 or less in component 1? (Do not use the data set for this question) [5
Points]

A.1 The probability that a student with an engineering background scores 70 or less in
component 1 is approximately 0.0475

2. In the given data set, what fraction of students with an engineering background
have scored 70 or less in component 1? [5 Points]

A.2 Fraction = (Number of engineering students who scored 70 or less) / (Total number of
engineering students)

Fraction = 8 / 184
Fraction = 0.04347

Therefore, the fraction of students with an engineering background who scored 70 or less in
component 1 is 0.0435 or approximately 4.35%

3. Given the distributions, what is the expected value of the class score in
component 1? (Do not use the data set for this question) [5 Points]

A.3 Expected value of the class score in component 1 is 76.3

4. In the given data set, what is the average score by students in component 1? [5
Points]

A.4 The average score by students in component 1 is 75.4733

5. Given that a student scored 80 or more in component 1, what is the probability

A.5 The probability that a student who scored 80 or more in component 1 is neither from an
engineering background nor a commerce background is approximately 0.2935

6. What percentage of the students who have scored over 80 in component 1 are
neither from an engineering background nor a commerce background? [5
Points]

A.6 37.93% of the students who have scored over 80 in component 1 are neither from an
engineering nor a commerce background

7. The final score obtained by a student is the average of the scores in the three
components. Draw a sample of the students by choosing students with serial
numbers 1, 11, 21, … 291. Assume this to be a random sample.
 ● Based on this sample, what is a point estimate of the mean score of
students taking this course?

A.7.1 The point estimate of the mean score of students taking this course is 74.9958

● Based on this sample, what is a 95% confidence interval of the mean

A.7.2 We can say with 95% confidence that the true mean score of students taking this course
falls between 70.54 and 78.10

8. Suppose that the data set here represents a sample from a population of similar
students. Based on the data set, would you conclude that students with
engineering backgrounds have an average score of 75 in component 1? (Use
α=0.05.) [15 Points]

A.8 Calculate the mean:

mean = 74.826065

Calculate the sum of the squared differences from the mean:

Divide the sum of the squared differences by the sample size minus 1:
Sample variance = sum sq. diff./(len(data)-1)
Sample variance = 3.2846

Calculate the square root of the sample variance to get the sample standard deviation:
Sample standard deviation = sqrt(sample variance)
Sample standard deviation = 1.8123

Therefore, the sample standard deviation of the data set with a mean of 74.8260 is
approximately 1.8123.

n = 184
x̄ = 74.8260
s = 1.8123

t = (74.8260 - 75) / (1.8123/ sqrt(184))

n -1 = The critical value for a one-tailed test with a significance level of 0.05 and 183 degrees
of freedom is approximately 1.645.
The critical values for a two-tailed test with a significance level of 0.05 and 183 degrees of
freedom are approximately -1.973 and 1.973 (since the area in each tail is 0.025).

Since our calculated t-statistic (-1.3023) is outside the critical values, we can reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that the average score of students with engineering backgrounds in
component 1 is significantly different from 75, at the 0.05 level of significance.

Therefore, based on this data set, we cannot conclude that students with engineering
backgrounds have an average score of 75 in component 1.

9. Suppose we choose two random samples of 30 students each from the class. The
first sample contains students who have commerce backgrounds, and the second
sample contains students who have engineering backgrounds. The average of the
scores of the first sample is 75.8333, with a sample standard deviation of 5.7813.
The average of the scores of the second sample is 74.7444, with a sample
standard deviation of 3.4416. Based on these samples, would you conclude that
students with commerce backgrounds scored better than students with
engineering backgrounds? (Use α=0.05.) [15 Points]

A.9 The null hypothesis (H0) is that there is no significant difference between the mean
scores of the two groups.

The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is that the mean score of the commerce group is higher than
the mean score of the engineering group.

Conducting a two-sample t-test at a significance level of α=0.05 with the given data, we
obtain a p-value of 0.094, which is greater than the significance level. Therefore, we fail to
reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no significant difference between the
mean scores of the two groups.

[Calculations: Sample size (n1) = 30, mean (x̄1) = 75.8333, standard deviation (s1) = 5.7813
for the commerce group

Sample size (n2) = 30, mean (x̄2) = 74.7444, standard deviation (s2) = 3.4416 for the
engineering group

Pooled Standard deviation

sp = sqrt[((n1 - 1)s1^2 + (n2 - 1)s2^2) / (n1 + n2 - 2)]

Calculating t-statistics = t = (x̄1 - x̄2) / [sp * sqrt(1/n1 + 1/n2)]

Determination of degrees of freedom= df = n1 + n2 - 2

Calculation of p-value using the t-distribution with df=58 = 0.094]

However, we can still make some observations based on the sample data. The average score
of the commerce group is 75.8333, while the average score of the engineering group is
74.7444. This indicates that, on average, students with commerce backgrounds may have
performed slightly better than students with engineering backgrounds.

Moreover, the standard deviation of the commerce group is 5.7813, which is higher than the
standard deviation of the engineering group (3.4416). This suggests that the performance of
students with commerce backgrounds is more variable than the performance of students with
engineering backgrounds.

Overall, while we cannot conclude that students with commerce backgrounds scored
significantly better than students with engineering backgrounds based on the given samples,
the data suggests that there may be a slight difference in performance between the two
groups.

10. Based on the average of all three components, grades are awarded to students.
The rulebook says that no more than 20% of the students can score the highest
grade: A, and together, no more than 60% of the students can score the highest
and second highest grade i.e., A and B. Students who score neither A nor B get a
C grade. Now, the instructor wants to give as many A and B grades as the rule
book permits. In this context, answer the following questions: [20 Points]

a)What is the average score obtained by students with A grades?

b)What is the average score obtained by students with B grades?

c)What fraction of students with an engineering background have scored A grades?

d)Among students who scored A grade, what fraction had engineering backgrounds?

A.10 (a) According to the rulebook, the maximum number of students who can score an A
grade is 0.2 * 300 = 60

Total score for all students = Average score * Number of data points
= 75.1244 * 300
= 22537.32
.
Total score for A grades = Total score for all students - Total score for B grades
= 22537.32 - (180 * 75.1244)
= 9014.928

Average score for A grades = Total score for A grades / Number of A grades
= 9014.928/ 60
= 150.2488

Therefore, the average score obtained by students with A grades is 150.2488

A.10 (b) According to the rulebook, the maximum number of students who can score either
an A or B grade is 0.6 * 300 = 180.

The total score obtained by students with B grades is:

Total score for B grades = Number of B grades * Average score for B grades

Since we have already assigned 60 A grades, the maximum number of students who can
receive B grades is 120. So, the number of B grades is 120.

Average score for all students = Total score for all students / Number of all students

We can find the total score for all students by multiplying the average score with the number
of data points:

Total score for all students = Average score * Number of data points
= 75.1244 * 300
= 22537.32

Now we can find the total score obtained by students with B grades by subtracting the total
score obtained by students with A grades from the total score for all students:

Total score for B grades = Total score for all students - Total score for A grades
= 22537.32 - (60 * 75.1244)
= 16363.96

Average score for B grades = Total score for B grades / Number of B grades
= 16363.96 / 120
= 136.36633
Therefore, the average score obtained by students with B grades is 136.36633

A.10 (c) If there are 184 engineering students and a maximum of 60 students can score an A
grade, then the fraction of engineering students who can score an A grade at most is:

60 / 184

This simplifies to approximately 0.326 or 32.6%. Therefore, at most 32.6% of the

A.10 (d) If at most 32.6% of the students who score an A grade can be engineering students,
then the remaining 67.4% of A grade students must be non-engineering students.

So, the average score obtained by engineering students who scored an A grade is:
0.326 * 150.2488 (Average score obtained by students with A grade) = 48.9811088

Therefore, it can be said that among students who scored an A grade, the fraction that had an
engineering background is 0.326 or approximately 32.6%.