Advanced Powder Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

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Advanced Powder Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apt

Original Research Paper

Dichlorodimethylsilane mediated one-step synthesis of hydrophilic and

hydrophobic silica nanoparticles
F. Ebrahimi a,⇑, R. Farazi b, E.Z. Karimi c, H. Beygi a
a
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
b
Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
c
Department of Metallurgy and Ceramic, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica nanoparticles were synthesized by a cheap, simple and low temper-
Received 25 October 2015 ature one-step method. The method involves a catalytic reaction between ammonium hydroxide, tetra-
Received in revised form 1 August 2016 ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and dichlorodimethylsilane (DDS) in an ethanol solvent. The effects of different
Accepted 22 December 2016
parameters such as chemical concentration and reaction temperature were investigated on size of the
Available online xxxx
synthesized silica particles. Characterizations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic particles were performed
using dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy
Keywords:
(TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo-
One-step synthesis
Silica nanoparticles
gravimetric analysis (TGA). According to the results, by reducing the amount of ammonium hydroxide,
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic ethanol and temperature, the size of hydrophilic silica particles can be reduced to 129 ± 10.4 nm.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Other sides, addition of DDS agent caused to silica particles found hydrophobic property and size of
the particles reduced to about 65 ± 6.5 nm.
Ó 2016 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder
Technology Japan. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction sol-gel synthesis of silica particles and their surface

functionalization.
Silica nanoparticles have an outstanding position in scientific Recently, a novel one-step method has been introduced for syn-
research, because of their various industrial applications, such as thesis of finer hydrophobic silica particles. The method consists of
pigments and coating [1], rubber [2], cement and concrete [3], cat- a base-catalytic reaction between silicon alkoxide and a catalyst in
alysts [4], pharmacy, electronic, thermal insulators and humidity the presence of a silane coupling agent [14]. One-step method is
sensors [5,6]. more versatile in comparison to the pervious method; it is easier,
Among different methods which have been used to synthesis faster and provides the possibility of synthesizing nano-sized silica
silica nanoparticles, sol-gel method has more advantages because particles [14–16].
of its low temperature process, simplicity, high-quality product Marini et al. [14] used vinyltriethoxysilane (VTEOS) as the
and compositional designing [7–9]. The sol-gel process compro- silane coupling agent for synthesis of functionally modified silica
mises hydrolysis and condensation of metal alkoxides (Si(OR)4) nanoparticles. Final particles were in core-shell structure with a
such as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) or inorganic salts such as carbon-rich phase in the shell and silicon-rich phase in the core.
sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) in the presence of mineral acids (e.g., In that study, TEOS/VTEOS molar ratio of 90/10 and, reaction tem-
HCl) or bases (e.g., NH3) as the catalyst [10]. The silica particles perature of 40 °C using ethanol as the solvent yielded the desired
produced by the sol-gel method are hydrophilic inherently, which core-shell structure after 30 min reaction. Pourabbas and Pilati
make them insoluble and unsuitable in oily media. To overcome [16] investigated one-step synthesis and surface modification of
this limitation and synthesizing hydrophobic nanoparticles, sur- silica particles with the pyrrole-bearing trialkoxysilane com-
face functionalization of silica particles with silane coupling agents pounds. The final polypyrrole-grafted silica nanoparticles had
has been introduced [11–13]. Therefore, the method for the mean diameter of about 220 nm and 50 wt.% of grafted polypyrrole
synthesis of hydrophobic silica particles involves two steps of with respect to the total weight of polypyrrole formed on the
surface of the cores. In other study, vinyl and acrylate modified
⇑ Corresponding author. Fax: +98 5138763305. silica particles were synthesized through one-step method by
E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Ebrahimi). using vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) and 3-(methacryloyloxy)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2016.12.022
0921-8831/Ó 2016 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: F. Ebrahimi et al., Dichlorodimethylsilane mediated one-step synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica nanopar-
ticles, Advanced Powder Technology (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2016.12.022
2 F. Ebrahimi et al. / Advanced Powder Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

propyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). Spherical silica particles with aver- 3. Results and discussion
age diameter ranging from 50 to 700 nm were synthesized, and it
was found that the modifier silane can reduce the size of the silica Proposed one-step synthesis process was performed in the H2O-
nanoparticles due to the non-hydrolysable substitution in its TEOS system, while ethanol and ammonium hydroxide were used
chemical structure [15]. as the solvent and basic catalyst, respectively. The main reactions
In this paper, application of dichlorodimethylsilane (DDS) as a in such system involve hydrolysis and condensation. According
silane coupling agent is studied for surface modification of silica to Eq. (1), hydrolysis reaction causes the ethyl group, R, replaced
particles. Effects of different parameters such as concentration of with H. Subsequently and following the condensation process
ammonium hydroxide, TEOS, DDS, ethanol, as well as reaction (Eq. (2)), SiAOASi network generated.
temperature on the size of the particles have been investigated
and conditions for synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica
nanoparticles presented.

2. Materials and methods

Ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.5%), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Si

(OC2H5)4, 99%), dichlorodimethylsilane (DDS, Si(CH3)2Cl2, 99%)
and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 25%) all from Merck Co. as
well as distilled water were purchased as raw materials.
The first solution was prepared by mixing distilled water,
ammonium hydroxide and ethanol and stirred for 15 min using a
magnetic stirrer. The second solution also prepared by mixing
TEOS and ethanol in a 100 ml volumetric flask. Two solutions were
mixed when their temperature became equal and the resulting Hydrolysis and condensation reactions act as the nucleation and
solution was kept at the desired temperature for 30 min. During growth mechanisms during the synthesis process. Therefore, dif-
this process, the silica nanoparticles begun to sediment and the ferent process parameters which influence on such reactions kinet-
solution became milky color. It should be noted that, after finishing ics can control the size of silica particles.
the above steps, the resulting silica particles have hydrophilic Mean size of the particles as well as their standard deviation
behavior. In order to attain the hydrophobic properties of the measured by DLS and the results were reported in Table 1. Accord-
obtained material, DDS was added to the solution to the desired ing to the array of experiments in this table, different experimental
value in the fifth minute when solution started to become milky runs can be used to investigate the effects of individual parameters
color. Finally, silica particles were collected by centrifugation at on the particle size.
4000 rpm for 1 h and then washed with water and ethanol for The effect of NH4OH concentration was studied under the
two times. Then the final products were dried at 100 °C for 1 h. experiments No. 1–4. Fig. 1 shows the variation of silica mean par-
Table 1 presented the design of experiments used throughout ticle size at different concentrations of ammonium hydroxide. Gen-
this study. Variable parameters of experiments are concentration erally, the particle size increases with increasing the ammonium
of ammonium hydroxide, TEOS, DDS, ethanol, and the reaction hydroxide concentration. It can be explained by the catalyst role
temperature. of ammonium hydroxide which speeds up the hydrolysis and con-
Size distribution of synthesized silica particles was measured densation reactions. It seems that higher ammonium hydroxide
using dynamic light scattering (DLS, Fritsch A22) and standard concentrations are more effective on the condensation reaction
deviation (SD) and mean size of particles in each experiment kinetic so leading to the growth of silica particles. However, lower
reported. Phase identification of silica particles was performed catalyst concentrations may increase the hydrolysis rate and
with a Philips X’ Pert diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation higher nucleation causes to formation of smaller particle size.
(k = 0.15406 nm). Also, investigation of morphology of silica Same observation of other researchers confirm the fact that ammo-
nanoparticles is performed by transmission electron microscopy nium hydroxide concentration is one of the important parameters
(TEM, Philips CM120) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, in controlling the size, shape and size distribution of particles
VEGA/TESCAN) equipped with energy dispersion spectroscopy [7,15,17].
(EDS). Also surface chemical characteristic of the silica nanoparti- The effect of ethanol concentration on the particle size is given
cles was studied by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, in Fig. 2. These effects were investigated in two states of with and
AVATAR 370). In addition, in order to investigation of thermal without DDS addition. First, it was observed that DDS can reduce
behavior of synthesized silica nanoparticles, thermogravimetric the size of synthesized silica particles. On the other hand, ethanol
analysis (TGA) was performed by the STA 503 instrument with a concentration has two different effects on the size of the silica par-
heating rate of 10 °C/min from 25 to 1000 °C under air atmosphere. ticles. While hydrophilic particles (without DDS) size increases

Table 1
Array of designed experiments and corresponding standard deviation and mean size of particles synthesized in each experiment.

Run NH4OH (mmol) C2H5OH (ml) Temp (°C) TEOS (mmol) DDS (mmol) Particle size (nm)
Mean SD
1 24.15 25 40 8.86 0 149 10.6
3 72.45 25 40 8.86 0 263 20.7
5 48.3 12.5 40 8.86 0 129 10.4
7 48.3 25 50 8.86 0 176 13.4
9 48.3 25 40 4.43 0 136 8.6
11 48.3 25 40 8.86 4.53 85 4.4
13 48.3 25 40 8.86 6.8 462 31.8

Please cite this article in press as: F. Ebrahimi et al., Dichlorodimethylsilane mediated one-step synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica nanopar-
ticles, Advanced Powder Technology (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2016.12.022
 F. Ebrahimi et al. / Advanced Powder Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 3

Fig. 1. Silica mean particle size versus variation of NH4OH concentration. Fig. 3. Effect of different temperatures on the mean size of silica particles.

of evaporation the ammonium hydroxide. Outcome of two effects

is that the temperature rising has little effect on the size of the sil-
ica particles. Despite the unfamiliar effect of reaction temperature
on the particle size, it has been known that higher temperatures
decrease the particle size uniformity [15]. Therefore, lower tem-
peratures are recommended to synthesis of silica particles.
Effect of TEOS concentration is also plotted in Fig. 4. TEOS acts
as a precursor to achieve silica particles. Obviously, the increase
in TEOS precursor leads to coarsening of silica particles. More con-
centration of TEOS also increases the rates of hydrolysis and con-
densation reactions, so higher nucleation and growth rate lead to
the formation of larger particles [15,17].
Furthermore, dichlorodimethylsilane (DDS) agent is used for
surface modification of silica particles and synthesis of hydropho-
bic particles. Fig. 5 illustrates schematically the effect of silane
agent on the surface of silica particles before and after the addition
of DDS. As seen, due to the solubility of TEOS in water and ethanol,
the OH functional groups are formed on the surface of silica, which
Fig. 2. Silica particle size variations at different concentrations of ethanol (in the cause to creation of particles with hydrophilic properties. After
presence and absence of silane agent). adding DDS to the solution, OH functional groups react with chlo-
rine and lead to a ligand exchange on the surface of silica particles.
FTIR spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the functional groups
with increasing ethanol concentration, size of hydrophobic parti- on the surface of such synthesized particles (Fig. 6). In the pre-
cles decreases with its increasing. Different effects of ethanol con- sented FTIR spectrum, the peaks between 465 and 1100 cm 1 are
centration can be explained according to the rate of hydrolysis and
condensation reactions. In the case of hydrophilic particles (with-
out DDS), condensation is the domain phenomenon and therefore
more particle growth causes to synthesis of larger particles. Since
ethanol is the solvent, its higher concentration reduces the concen-
tration of other reactants and so decreases the hydrolysis reaction
and subsequently leads to synthesis of larger particles. In the case
of hydrophobic particles, DDS is added to the solution in the first
stages of synthesis and prevents from more condensation and par-
ticle growth. As result, synthesis in the presence of DDS is more
influenced by the hydrolysis reaction which leads to smaller parti-
cles due to higher nucleation rate.
Although it is expected that reaction temperature affects on the
particle size and its uniformity [7], low particle size variations with
temperature are observed in Fig. 3. In general, it can be said that
temperature rising has a controversial effect on the particle size.
With increasing temperature, particles growth rate become much
higher than the nucleation rate; this leads to coarse particles as
well as higher particle size distribution. On the other hand, concen-
tration of ammonium hydroxide is also temperature dependent
and particle size is reduced with increasing temperature because Fig. 4. Silica mean particle size versus variation of TEOS concentration.

Please cite this article in press as: F. Ebrahimi et al., Dichlorodimethylsilane mediated one-step synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica nanopar-
ticles, Advanced Powder Technology (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2016.12.022
4 F. Ebrahimi et al. / Advanced Powder Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Fig. 5. Schematic of silica surface functionalization by dichlorodimethylsilane.

Fig. 6. FTIR spectra of silica nanoparticles synthesized at the presence of

dichlorodimethylsilane.

Fig. 8. Effect of DDS concentration on the mean size of silica particles.

hydrophilic silica particles are added to the oil-water mixture, indi-

vidually. Hydrophilic silica particles are attracted and placed in the
water sector after adding to mixture, which shows the sample is
hydrophilic. In contrast, hydrophobic silica particles are placed in
the oil sector after addition to mixture of water and oil, which indi-
cates that the sample is hydrophobic. The observed results are
entirely consistent with the expectations of materials surface
ligands.
Fig. 8 presents the effect of DDS concentration on mean particle
size of hydrophobic silica particles. As can be seen, increasing DDS
up to 4.5 mmol leads to particle size reduction. Generally, DDS pre-
vents from more condensation and particle growth. In addition,
when synthesis is performed in the presence of DDS, HCl is formed
Fig. 7. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic behavior of synthesized silica particles.
in the reaction bath and reduces the bath pH. This may reduce the
effectiveness of NH4OH and results in finer particles. Unexpectedly,
related to SiAOASi vibrations; SiAOASi bending vibration at further DDS concentrations cause bigger silica particles. It could be
465 cm 1, SiAOASi symmetric stretching at 805 cm 1 and argued that DDS has a critical concentration and its higher concen-
951 cm 1, and SiAOASi asymmetric vibration at 1089 cm 1. The tration changes the colloidal chemistry of the bath and leads to
peaks at 567, 850 and 1405 cm 1 are due to the vibration of SiACl, synthesis of bigger particles. On the other hand, higher concentra-
SiAC bending and SiAC stretching bonds, respectively. Also, the tions of DDS may lead to agglomeration of synthesized particles
peaks between 2808 and 3148 cm 1 are due to the symmetric according to steric attraction forces between the synthesized silica
and asymmetric stretching vibrations of CAH [16,18,19]. These particles.
observations confirm that SiCl(CH3)2 functional groups replace The results show that for synthesizing the smallest hydrophilic
with H on the surface of nanoparticles. Subsequently, these organic silica particles through one-step method, the procedure should be
functional groups cause to distribution of nanoparticles in oily done in the least amount of ethanol and temperature (run 5).
media and lead to the hydrophobic property of silica nanoparticles. Accordingly, the minimum size of 129 ± 10.4 nm is resulted for
Fig. 7 compares the hydrophilic and hydrophobic behavior of hydrophilic silica particles. Size of hydrophobic particles is also
synthesized silica particles. In this experiment, water and octane reduced by reducing the amount of ethanol and DDS (run 12)
are mixed together in a test tube and then placed in a stationary and the minimum size of the hydrophobic silica particles is about
state to be separated. One-step synthesized hydrophobic and 65 ± 6.5 nm.

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 F. Ebrahimi et al. / Advanced Powder Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 5

Fig. 9. TEM micrographs of synthesized silica particles: (a) hydrophilic silica particles (run 5), (b) hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (run 12).

Fig. 11. TGA and dTGA curves of hydrophobic silica nanoparticles.

X-ray diffraction of hydrophobic silica particles. (Fig. 10c), and the

broad peak between 25 and 35° confirmed that amorphous silica
particles (JCPDS card 01-082-1554) are synthesized in the intro-
Fig. 10. (a) SEM micrograph, (b) EDS analysis and (c) XRD pattern of synthesized duced one-step method.
hydrophobic silica particles. In order to measure the modification percentage, thermogravi-
metric (TG) analysis was performed up to 1000 °C in air atmo-
sphere (Fig. 11). As seen, hydrophobic silica nanoparticles had
TEM micrographs of typical synthesized particles were pre- about 21% weight loss up to 1000 °C. According to the dTG curve,
sented in Fig. 9. As seen, hydrophilic silica particles (Fig. 9a) have the weight loss rate is more between 200 and 360 °C. These weight
an average size of 129 ± 10.4 nm and relatively high size distribu- losses can be related to pyrolysis of the organic groups and silanol
tion. In contrast, hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (Fig. 9b) are groups dehydration on the surface of nanoparticles. It should be
mono-disperse with the average size of 65 ± 6.5 nm. What are noted that, a small weight loss about 1 wt.% measured below
the common in both particles are their spherical shape and the lack 200 °C is due to physically combined water, reaction byproducts
of particles agglomeration; this is due to the three-dimensional and residual solvent.
space around the particles because of the functional groups on
the surface of particles.
Energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) was used to investigate 4. Conclusions
the chemical composition of synthesized hydrophobic particles.
As can be seen (Fig. 10b), presence of silicon and oxygen proves One-step synthesis and surface modification of silica particles
the formation of silica particles. Also, it must be noted that the were studied by the means of dichlorodimethylsilane (DDS) as
detection of carbon and hydrogen is difficult by this analysis and the silane coupling agent. By dissolving of TEOS in water and etha-
the chlorine peak to is so weak to detect, so no sign of DDS peaks nol, the OH functional groups are formed on the silica surface,
observed. Furthermore, crystalline phases were not observed in the which leads to creation of hydrophilic particles. After adding

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6 F. Ebrahimi et al. / Advanced Powder Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

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Please cite this article in press as: F. Ebrahimi et al., Dichlorodimethylsilane mediated one-step synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica nanopar-
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